Feed for improving growth, body color and muscle quality of prawns
By using intestinal membrane protein to replace fishmeal in shrimp feed, the problem of excessive fishmeal consumption has been solved, resulting in improved shrimp growth and muscle quality, and promoting the sustainable development of aquaculture.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-14
AI Technical Summary
In current shrimp farming, the large amount of fishmeal used leads to limited resources and supply shortages. There is a need to develop suitable sustainable protein sources to replace or reduce the amount of fishmeal used in order to improve shrimp growth, body color and muscle quality.
Intestinal membrane protein (HPM) was used to replace 20%-50% of fishmeal to make isonitrogenous and isolipid shrimp feed. This feed was fed regularly in Litopenaeus vannamei farming and combined with optimized water quality management for an 8-week farming experiment.
It significantly improves the growth, body color, and muscle quality of shrimp, reduces dependence on fishmeal, and promotes the green, efficient, and sustainable development of aquaculture.
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Figure CN121845174A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of aquaculture technology, specifically to a feed that improves the growth, body color, and muscle quality of shrimp. Background Technology
[0002] Litopenaeus vannamei is a major farmed shrimp species in China and globally. In 2022, its global farmed production reached 6.8 million tons, making it the highest-producing aquatic economic species in the world. With the rapid development of shrimp farming, the demand for feed meal continues to grow. However, meal resources are limited, and the supply shortage is becoming increasingly severe, urgently requiring the development of suitable and sustainable protein sources to replace or reduce meal usage.
[0003] HPM (Hypermeable Protein) is derived from the mucosa of the small intestine in pigs and is a byproduct of the production of heparin sodium, an anticoagulant, after high-temperature spray drying. As a novel functional source of animal protein, HPM has been widely used in lactating sows and weaned piglets due to its high protein content, balanced amino acid composition, abundant small peptides, free amino acids, and high safety profile. However, research on the application of HPM in aquatic animals, particularly its impact on meat quality, is scarce. In aquaculture, only one study on carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been reported to date, showing that replacing fishmeal with 3% HPM equivalent had no significant effect on growth performance, but significantly reduced intestinal fold depth and villus height. No reports have been found on HPM in shrimp. Summary of the Invention
[0004] The purpose of this invention is to solve the problem of excessive fishmeal usage in shrimp farming in the prior art, and to provide a feed that improves shrimp growth, body color and muscle quality.
[0005] The technical solution adopted in this invention is as follows: a feed for improving the growth, body color and muscle quality of shrimp, wherein the feed formula is: 150.0-240.0 g / kg fish meal, 68.0-170.0 g / kg intestinal membrane protein, 200.0-212.0 g / kg wheat flour, 160.0 g / kg soybean meal, 93.5 g / kg peanut meal, 50.0 g / kg shrimp shell powder, 20.0 g / kg chicken blood meal, 100.0 g / kg chicken meal, 30.0 g / kg soybean oil, 20.0 g / kg calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.5 g / kg multivitamins, and 5.0 g / kg multiminerals.
[0006] Preferably, the feed is a hard-particle cooked feed with a diameter of 1.0 mm.
[0007] This invention also provides the application of the above-mentioned feed in the cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei. 18,000 Litopenaeus vannamei with an initial weight of 0.2±0.02 g are stocked in a culture pond for cultivation. The shrimp are fed 6 times a day at 9:00, 13:00, 17:00, 21:00, 1:00 and 5:00, with a daily feed amount of 5%-10% of their body weight.
[0008] Preferably, during the aquaculture process, after removing waste from the bottom of the pond each day, about 1 / 2 of the water has been treated by the filter.
[0009] Preferably, the breeding cycle is 8 weeks.
[0010] Further preferred, during the breeding process, the temperature is 28-30℃, the pH is 6.9-7.5, the dissolved oxygen is ≥5.9mg / L, the ammonia nitrogen is ≤0.05mg / L, and the nitrite is ≤0.04mg / L.
[0011] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: By replacing 20%-50% of the fishmeal content in the basal diet with intestinal membrane protein, this invention produces an isonitrogenous and isolipid-rich shrimp feed. When this shrimp feed is used in Litopenaeus vannamei farming, it can significantly improve the growth, body color and muscle quality of shrimp, and significantly reduce the dependence of aquaculture on fishmeal, thus promoting the green, efficient and sustainable development of aquaculture. Attached Figure Description
[0012] Figure 1 To investigate the effects of replacing lamb powder with intestinal membrane protein powder on the growth performance and body size indicators of Litopenaeus vannamei.
[0013] Figure 2 Effects of HPM as a substitute for fishmeal in feed on the whole shrimp and muscle composition (g / kg) of Litopenaeus vannamei.
[0014] Figure 3 Effects of HPM as a substitute for starch on amino acid composition of Litopenaeus vannamei muscle (dry matter basis, %).
[0015] Figure 4 Free amino acid composition (mg / kg fresh weight) of Litopenaeus vannamei muscle fed HPM as a substitute for gluten meal.
[0016] Figure 5 Muscle texture, water retention, and body color parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei after feeding HPM to replace gluten meal.
[0017] Figure 6 Serum and muscle biochemical parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei fed HPM as a substitute for wheat meal.
[0018] Figure 7The effect of feeding HPM as a substitute for gluten meal on the quantitative fluorescence expression of the smych genotype in Litopenaeus vannamei. Detailed Implementation
[0019] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
[0020] Example 1
[0021] 1. Feed and grouping
[0022] The formula for the basic shrimp diet is as follows: 300.0g / kg fish meal, 220.0g / kg wheat flour, 160.0g / kg soybean meal, 93.5g / kg peanut meal, 50.0g / kg shrimp shell meal, 20.0g / kg chicken blood meal, 100.0g / kg chicken meal, 30.0g / kg soybean oil, 20.0g / kg calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.5g / kg multivitamins, and 5.0g / kg multiminerals.
[0023] Four isonitrogenous and islipinous diets were prepared by replacing 20% (H2O), 30% (H3O), 40% (H4O), and 50% (H5O) of fishmeal with intestinal membrane protein, respectively (the basal diet and the feed formulation after replacement are shown in Table 1, and the amino acid composition of the basal diet, HPM, and fishmeal is shown in Table 2).
[0024] A control group was set up, which was fed a basal diet with 0% replacement of intestinal membrane protein (H0). Four experimental groups were set up, which were fed isonitrogenous and isolithic diets (H20, H30, H40, H50) after replacing fishmeal with the above four intestinal membrane proteins.
[0025] 2. Shrimp farming and feeding management
[0026] Shrimp with an initial weight of 0.2 ± 0.02 g were randomly assigned to 20 rearing ponds (30 m³ per pond), with 4 replicate ponds per group, and 18,000 shrimp stocked per pond. During the feeding period, shrimp were fed six times daily at 9:00, 13:00, 17:00, 21:00, 1:00, and 5:00, with a daily feed amount of 5%-10% of their body weight. The feeding amount was dynamically adjusted based on feeding behavior, water temperature, and weather conditions to ensure no uneaten feed remained in the ponds after feeding. After removing waste from the pond bottom each day, approximately half of the water was replenished using a filter. The rearing cycle was 8 weeks. Daily water quality data were monitored as follows: temperature 28-30℃, pH 6.9-7.5, dissolved oxygen ≥5.9 mg / L, ammonia nitrogen ≤0.05 mg / L, and nitrite ≤0.04 mg / L.
[0027] Table 1. Composition of basal and alternative feeds for shrimp (air-dried basal, g / kg)
[0028]
[0029] (1) All raw materials were purchased from Qingdao Qihao Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd. The protein content of each raw material is as follows: fish meal 660.5g / kg, intestinal membrane protein 590.2g / kg, soybean meal 442.1g / kg, peanut meal 478.2g / kg, shrimp shell powder 330.3g / kg, chicken blood powder 828.3g / kg, and chicken meat powder 540.2g / kg.
[0030] (2) Each kilogram of vitamin premix contains: vitamin D3 1.28*106 IU, vitamin E 2.76*104 mg, vitamin B12 11.9 mg, vitamin A 6.55*106 IU, folic acid 1.97*103 mg, D-pantothenic acid 8000 mg, nicotinamide 10000 mg, L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate 40000 mg, vitamin B6 5000 mg, and vitamin B2 5000 mg.
[0031] (3) Each kilogram of mineral premix contains: 6177 mg of iron, 12639 mg of zinc, 11519 mg of manganese, and 3281 mg of copper.
[0032] Table 2 Amino acid composition of basal diet, HPM and fishmeal
[0033]
[0034] 3. Indicator Measurement
[0035] Before the feeding experiment, 100 shrimp were randomly collected from the initial population and stored at -20℃ for approximate composition analysis.
[0036] After the experiment, all shrimp were fasted for 12 hours. Then, 20 shrimp from each pond were taken to measure their body length, body weight, liver weight, and meat weight to calculate weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), liver-to-body ratio (HSI), and meat yield (MY).
[0037] Ten whole shrimp and ten muscle samples were taken from each pond to determine their crude composition.
[0038] Blood was collected from 10 fish in each pool and collected from the pericardial cavity. The blood was then quickly transferred to a 4°C refrigerator and left to stand for 12 hours. The fish were then centrifuged (4°C, 3500 rpm / min, 15 min), and the supernatant serum was collected and stored at -80°C for later use.
[0039] Muscle samples were collected and stored at -80°C for the determination of amino acid content, biochemical indicators, collagen content, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
[0040] Ten shrimp were taken from each pond and the muscle texture of the second abdominal segment was measured on the spot.
[0041] Ten shrimp were taken from each pond. The first and second abdominal segments were used to determine the water loss rate due to evaporation, and the third and fourth abdominal segments were used to determine the water loss rate due to boiling.
[0042] Ten shrimp from each pond were taken and their color was measured on-site before and after steam treatment.
[0043] Ten muscle samples were taken from each pool and placed in 4% paraformaldehyde for the preparation of paraffin sections.
[0044] All the above detection and analysis were performed using existing technologies. The primer sequences for real-time quantitative PCR are shown in Table 3.
[0045] Table 3 Primer sequences for real-time quantitative PCR
[0046]
[0047] 4. Test results as follows Figures 1-7 As shown.
[0048] (1) Growth performance and body index
[0049] Depend on Figure 1 It was observed that intestinal membrane protein replacement of meat meal exhibited a quadratic effect on final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (P < 0.05), with all values reaching their maximum in the H40 group. Compared to the control group, the liver-to-body ratio gradually increased with increasing replacement ratio, showing a significant difference when the replacement ratio reached 30% (P < 0.05). Regarding meat yield, except for the H40 group, which was significantly higher than the control group, there were no significant differences among the other groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in condition factor among the groups (P > 0.05).
[0050] (2) Whole shrimp and muscle composition
[0051] like Figure 2 As shown, feed HPM levels did not exhibit significant linear or quadratic effects on the approximate composition of whole shrimp and on total collagen, heat-soluble collagen, and heat-insoluble collagen in shrimp meat. Crude protein content in muscle showed a quadratic effect with increasing substitution levels, reaching its maximum in group H40. Muscle ash content increased with substitution levels, and group H50 was significantly higher than group H0 (P < 0.05).
[0052] (3) Amino acid composition of muscle
[0053] like Figure 3 As shown, there were no significant differences in non-essential amino acids and total amino acids among the groups (P > 0.05). When the substitution ratio reached 50%, the contents of methionine and arginine among the essential amino acids were significantly lower than those in the other groups (P < 0.05).
[0054] (4) Composition of free amino acids in muscle
[0055] like Figure 4 As shown, arginine was the most abundant free amino acid in the muscle of each group, followed by glycine, while aspartic acid and methionine were the least abundant. When the HPM substitution ratio did not exceed 30%, there were no significant differences in umami amino acids and total amino acids among the groups (P > 0.05). However, the values of experimental groups with HPM substitution ratios exceeding 30% were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Among umami amino acids, glutamic acid showed a significant quadratic relationship with the substitution level, while glycine and alanine showed a significant negative linear relationship with the substitution level (P < 0.05), and the contents of H40 and H50 were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The contents of isoleucine in the H50 group and arginine in the H20-H50 group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The contents of proline in the H20, H30, and H40 groups were significantly higher than those in the H0 and H50 groups (P < 0.05).
[0056] (5) Meat quality parameters
[0057] like Figure 5 As shown, HPM substitution for fishmeal had a significant quadratic relationship with muscle firmness, chewiness, adhesiveness, and shear force (P < 0.05). Group H40 showed significantly higher levels of firmness, chewiness, and shear force than group H0 (P < 0.05). The body color L* value, b* value, and evaporation water loss rate of cooked shrimp in groups H30 and H40 were significantly higher than those in group H0 (P < 0.05).
[0058] (6) Serum and muscle biochemical indicators
[0059] like Figure 6 As shown, there were no significant differences in serum glucose, total protein, and albumin levels among the groups (P>0.05). HPM replacement levels showed significant linear and quadratic correlations with triglyceride and cholesterol levels, respectively (P < 0.05), increasing with increasing replacement ratio. HPM replacement levels showed a significant linear correlation with total muscle antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05), decreasing with increasing replacement ratio.
[0060] (7) Relative mRNA expression level
[0061] like Figure 7 As shown, there were no significant differences in the relative expression levels of the slow-twitch muscle fiber genes smych1, smych2, and smych6a among the groups (P>0.05). The relative expression level of the fast-twitch muscle fiber gene smych5 in groups H30 and H40 was significantly higher than that in group H0 (P<0.05). The relative expression level of the fast-twitch muscle fiber gene smych15 in group H40 was significantly higher than that in group H0 (P<0.05).
[0062] In summary, the present invention uses hydrolyzed pig mucosa (HPM) to replace pork starch in the cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei, which can significantly improve its growth, body color and muscle quality.
[0063] The specification and drawings of this invention are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Based on this invention, those skilled in the art can make substitutions and modifications to some of the technical features without creative effort, and all such modifications are within the scope of protection of this invention.
Claims
1. A feed for improving shrimp growth, body color, and muscle quality, characterized in that, The feed formula is as follows: 150.0-240.0 g / kg fish meal, 68.0-170.0 g / kg intestinal membrane protein, 200.0-212.0 g / kg wheat flour, 160.0 g / kg soybean meal, 93.5 g / kg peanut meal, 50.0 g / kg shrimp shell powder, 20.0 g / kg chicken blood meal, 100.0 g / kg chicken meat meal, 30.0 g / kg soybean oil, 20.0 g / kg calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.5 g / kg multivitamins, and 5.0 g / kg multiminerals.
2. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The feed is a hard, cooked pellet feed with a diameter of 1.0 mm.
3. The application of the feed as described in claim 1 in Litopenaeus vannamei farming, characterized in that, 18,000 Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp with an initial weight of 0.2±0.02 g were stocked in the culture pond. The shrimp were fed 6 times a day at 9:00, 13:00, 17:00, 21:00, 1:00 and 5:00, with a daily feed amount of 5%-10% of their body weight.
4. The application according to claim 3, characterized in that, During the aquaculture process, after removing waste from the bottom of the pond each day, about half of the water is replenished after being treated by the filter.
5. The application according to claim 3, characterized in that, The breeding cycle is 8 weeks.
6. The application according to claim 3, characterized in that, During the breeding process, the temperature is 28-30℃, the pH is 6.9-7.5, the dissolved oxygen is ≥5.9mg / L, the ammonia nitrogen is ≤0.05mg / L, and the nitrite is ≤0.04mg / L.