Container type energy storage battery pack
By using modular cell design and efficient heat dissipation structure, the problems of complex cell installation and uneven heat dissipation in traditional containerized energy storage battery packs have been solved, enabling convenient replacement and uniform heat dissipation, and improving the stability and safety of the battery pack.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-14
AI Technical Summary
Traditional containerized energy storage battery packs have complex cell installation, are difficult to replace, and have uneven heat dissipation, which affects stability and safety.
The modular cell design, combined with components such as insulation board, anti-detachment structure, limiting plate, horizontal air duct and cooling fan, enables convenient installation and uniform heat dissipation of the cells.
It reduces the difficulty and cost of replacing battery cells, improves the stability and safety of battery packs, and ensures uniform heat dissipation.
Smart Images

Figure CN121862972A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of energy storage battery technology, specifically to a containerized energy storage battery pack. Background Technology
[0002] In today's energy sector, the development of energy storage technology plays a crucial role in the stable operation of power systems and the effective utilization of renewable energy. Containerized energy storage battery packs, as a common energy storage solution, are widely used in distributed energy, emergency power, and other fields due to their advantages such as high integration and ease of transportation and installation.
[0003] However, existing containerized energy storage battery packs still have some problems that need to be solved in actual use. Traditional containerized energy storage battery pack cells are usually installed in a relatively complex way inside the container. The connection and fixing structure between the cells is complicated. When one or more cells fail and need to be replaced, the operation is difficult and time-consuming, which not only increases maintenance costs, but may also cause the energy storage system to be unable to operate normally during maintenance, affecting the stability of power supply. At the same time, the heat dissipation method mostly adopts a simple air-cooling or water-cooling structure, which makes it difficult to achieve uniform heat dissipation for each cell. The unreasonable air flow path design leads to poor heat dissipation effect for some cells, affecting the stability and safety of the entire energy storage battery pack.
[0004] Therefore, developing a containerized energy storage battery pack that enables modular cell replacement and has an efficient heat dissipation structure is of great practical significance. Summary of the Invention
[0005] To address the problems mentioned in the background art, the present invention aims to provide a containerized energy storage battery pack that has the advantages of enabling modular cell replacement and possessing an efficient heat dissipation structure. This solves the problem that traditional containerized energy storage battery packs typically have cells installed in a complex manner inside the container, with complex connection and fixing structures between cells. When one or more cells fail and need to be replaced, the operation is difficult and time-consuming, and it is difficult to achieve uniform heat dissipation for each cell.
[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a containerized energy storage battery pack, comprising a container body, wherein an integral frame is fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the front and rear sides of the inner wall of the container body, and a plurality of insulating plates that cooperate with each other are fixedly connected inside the integral frame, the plurality of insulating plates being evenly distributed, and battery cells being disposed on the inner side of the insulating plates that cooperate with each other; a plurality of anti-detachment structures corresponding one-to-one with the battery cells are disposed on the front side of the integral frame, the back side of the anti-detachment structures being in contact with the front side of the battery cells; a circuit box is fixedly connected to the surface of the integral frame, and positive and negative terminals are disposed on the side of the battery cells near the circuit box; the inner wall of the integral frame is fixedly connected to the container body. The container is equipped with plug-in terminals that mate with the positive and negative terminals. The end of the plug-in terminal away from the battery cell extends through to the surface of the overall frame and is electrically connected to the circuit box. Horizontal air ducts are fixedly connected to the center of both the front and rear sides of the inner wall of the container. Several evenly distributed air pipes are connected to the upper and lower sides of the horizontal air ducts. The end of the air pipe away from the horizontal air duct is connected to the overall frame. Several evenly distributed heat dissipation slots are opened on the front and back of the container body, and cooling fans are fixedly connected inside the heat dissipation slots. The input end of the cooling fan is connected to the horizontal air duct. An air intake duct is connected to the top of the container body, and air intake fans are installed on both the left and right sides inside the air intake duct.
[0007] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, limiting plates are fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the rear of the inner wall of the overall frame. The inner side of the limiting plate is in contact with the back of the battery cell, and the surface of the limiting plate is provided with a plurality of air grooves corresponding one-to-one with the battery cell.
[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, T-shaped strips are fixedly connected to both the left and right sides of the battery cell, and a slot for cooperating with the T-shaped strips is provided on the inner side of the insulating plate, with the surface of the T-shaped strips fitting against the inner wall of the slot.
[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the anti-detachment structure includes a stop bar that is attached to the surface of the battery cell. Both ends of the stop bar are provided with circular grooves, and a track bar is slidably connected inside the circular grooves. The outer end of the track bar is fixedly connected to the surface of the overall frame, and the inner end of the track bar is fixedly connected to the surface of the insulating plate. A compression spring is sleeved on the surface of the track bar, and the two ends of the compression spring are fixedly connected to the outer end of the track bar and the surface of the stop bar, respectively.
[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a support roller is rotatably connected to the inner wall of the integral frame near the side of the transverse air duct, the surface of the support roller is in contact with the surface of the battery cell, and a rubber layer is provided on the surface of the support roller.
[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the bottom of the air intake duct is provided with a plurality of evenly distributed air intake holes that communicate with the container body, and the diameter of the top of the air intake hole is larger than the diameter of the bottom, and the output end of the air intake fan faces the top of the air intake hole.
[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each of the four corners of the top of the container body is fixedly connected with a support rod, and the top of the support rod is fixedly connected with a protective top cover located at the top of the air intake duct. The protective top cover and the surface of the container body are both provided with an anti-rust coating, and the inner wall of the container body is provided with an insulating coating.
[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the front and back of the container body are both fixedly connected with protective frames located on the surface of the heat dissipation groove by bolts, and a protective net is fixedly connected inside the protective frame.
[0014] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:
[0015] 1. This invention, by mounting the battery cells within an insulating plate inside the overall frame, without the cells contacting the inner wall of the frame, ensures the insulation of the cells while facilitating installation and disassembly, reducing the difficulty and cost of cell replacement. The anti-detachment structure effectively prevents cell displacement, ensuring cell stability. The cooperation between the plug-in terminals and the positive and negative connection terminals enables convenient electrical connection between the cells and the circuit box. In terms of heat dissipation, the horizontal air duct, air pipe, heat dissipation slot, cooling fan, intake air duct, intake fan, and dust filter together constitute a highly efficient heat dissipation system. The horizontal air duct and air pipe introduce airflow into the overall frame to dissipate heat from the cells, the cooling fan exhausts hot air, and the intake fan draws in fresh air from the air inlet, achieving uniform heat dissipation for each cell and improving the stability and safety of the entire energy storage battery pack.
[0016] 2. The present invention uses limiting plates fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the rear of the inner wall of the overall frame, whose inner side is in contact with the back of the battery cell, to further enhance the stability of the battery cell installation and prevent the battery cell from shifting back and forth during use; the air grooves opened on the surface of the limiting plates, which correspond one-to-one with the battery cells, ensure the limiting of the battery cells while not obstructing the flow of air, so that the heat dissipation airflow can pass smoothly, which helps to improve the heat dissipation effect of the battery cells, thereby further improving the performance and safety of the entire energy storage battery pack. Attached Figure Description
[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
[0018] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the frontal cross-sectional structure of the present invention;
[0019] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the left sectional view of the present invention;
[0020] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the rear cross-sectional structure of the present invention;
[0021] Figure 5 For the present invention Figure 2A magnified structural diagram of A in the middle;
[0022] Figure 6 For the present invention Figure 4 A magnified structural diagram of B in the diagram.
[0023] In the diagram: 1. Container body; 2. Overall frame; 3. Insulation board; 4. Battery cell; 5. Anti-detachment structure; 6. Circuit box; 7. Positive and negative terminals; 8. Plug-in terminal; 9. Horizontal air duct; 10. Air duct; 11. Cooling fan; 12. Air intake duct; 13. Air intake fan; 14. Limiting plate; 15. Air slot; 16. T-shaped strip; 17. Slot; 18. Stop bar; 19. Track bar; 20. Compression spring; 21. Support roller; 22. Air inlet; 23. Protective top cover; 24. Protective frame. Detailed Implementation
[0024] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0025] like Figures 1 to 6As shown, the present invention provides a containerized energy storage battery pack, comprising a container body 1. An integral frame 2 is fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the front and rear sides of the inner wall of the container body 1. Several insulating plates 3, used in pairs, are fixedly connected inside the integral frame 2, and the insulating plates 3 are evenly distributed. A battery cell 4 is disposed inside the insulating plates 3, with the top and bottom of the battery cell 4 not in contact with the inner wall of the integral frame 2. Several anti-detachment structures 5, corresponding one-to-one with the battery cell 4, are disposed on the front of the integral frame 2, and the back of the anti-detachment structures 5 is attached to the front of the battery cell 4. A circuit box 6 is fixedly connected to the surface of the integral frame 2. Positive and negative terminals 7 are disposed on the side of the battery cell 4 closest to the circuit box 6. Insertion terminals 8, which cooperate with the positive and negative terminals 7, are fixedly connected to the inner wall of the integral frame 2. The end of the insertion terminal 8 away from the battery cell 4 extends through to the surface of the integral frame 2 and is electrically connected to the circuit box 6. An output terminal is disposed on the right side of the container body 1. The control box has an output port on its surface. The circuit box 6 is electrically connected to the output control box via wires. The output control box and output port facilitate the power output and control of the energy storage battery pack. The center of the front and rear sides of the inner wall of the container body 1 is fixedly connected to the transverse air duct 9. The upper and lower sides of the transverse air duct 9 are connected to several evenly distributed air pipes 10. The end of the air pipe 10 away from the transverse air duct 9 is connected to the overall frame 2. The front and back of the container body 1 are provided with several evenly distributed heat dissipation slots, and the heat dissipation slots are fixedly connected to the heat dissipation fans 11. The input end of the heat dissipation fans 11 is connected to the transverse air duct 9. The top of the container body 1 is connected to the air intake duct 12. The left and right sides of the air intake duct 12 are provided with air intake fans 13. The top of the air intake duct 12 is provided with an air inlet, and the air inlet is fixedly connected to a removable dustproof net. The left side of the container body 1 is hinged with a door (not shown).
[0026] refer to Figure 6 Limiting plates 14 are fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the inner wall of the frame 2. The inner side of the limiting plate 14 is attached to the back of the battery cell 4. Several air grooves 15 corresponding to the battery cell 4 are opened on the surface of the limiting plate 14.
[0027] As a technical optimization of the present invention, the limiting plate 14 fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the inner wall of the overall frame 2, with its inner side in contact with the back of the battery cell 4, further enhances the stability of the battery cell 4 installation and prevents the battery cell 4 from shifting back and forth during use; the air grooves 15 opened on the surface of the limiting plate 14, which correspond one-to-one with the battery cell 4, ensure the limiting of the battery cell 4 while not obstructing the airflow, allowing the heat dissipation airflow to pass smoothly, which helps to improve the heat dissipation effect of the battery cell 4, thereby further improving the performance and safety of the entire energy storage battery pack.
[0028] refer to Figure 5T-shaped strips 16 are fixedly connected to both sides of the battery cell 4. The inner side of the insulating plate 3 is provided with slots 17 that cooperate with the T-shaped strips 16. The surface of the T-shaped strips 16 is in contact with the inner wall of the slots 17.
[0029] As a technical optimization of the present invention, by setting T-shaped strips 16 fixedly connected to the left and right sides of the battery cell 4 and using them in conjunction with slots 17 opened on the inner side of the insulating plate 3, the surface of the T-shaped strips 16 fits against the inner wall of the slots 17. This structure not only enables the battery cell 4 to be accurately aligned during installation, improving installation efficiency, but also enhances the stability of the battery cell 4 in the left and right directions, preventing the battery cell 4 from shifting left and right when the container body 1 shakes or is subjected to external forces, ensuring the stability and reliability of the connection between the battery cells 4, and thus improving the working stability of the entire energy storage battery pack.
[0030] refer to Figure 5 The anti-detachment structure 5 includes a stop bar 18 attached to the surface of the battery cell 4. Both ends of the stop bar 18 are provided with circular grooves, and a track bar 19 is slidably connected inside the circular grooves. The outer end of the track bar 19 is fixedly connected to the surface of the overall frame 2, and the inner end of the track bar 19 is fixedly connected to the surface of the insulating plate 3. A compression spring 20 is sleeved on the surface of the track bar 19, and the two ends of the compression spring 20 are fixedly connected to the outer end of the track bar 19 and the surface of the stop bar 18, respectively.
[0031] As a technical optimization of the present invention, by setting a stop bar 18 to fit against the surface of the battery cell 4 and sliding on the track bar 19 through the circular groove, and in conjunction with the action of the compression spring 20, a stable pressure can be applied to the battery cell 4, effectively preventing the battery cell 4 from coming out of the overall frame 2; when the battery cell 4 needs to be replaced, simply overcome the elastic force of the compression spring 20 to pull the stop bar 18 open, and the battery cell 4 can be easily removed, which is simple and quick to operate; it not only ensures the stability of the battery cell 4 during normal use, but also facilitates the replacement and maintenance of the battery cell 4, reduces maintenance costs and time, and improves the maintainability of the energy storage battery pack.
[0032] refer to Figure 5 A support roller 21 is rotatably connected to the inner wall of the overall frame 2 near the side of the transverse air duct 9. The surface of the support roller 21 is in contact with the surface of the battery cell 4, and a rubber layer is provided on the surface of the support roller 21.
[0033] As a technical optimization of the present invention, by setting a support roller 21, the surface of which is in contact with the surface of the battery cell 4, a stable support can be provided for the battery cell 4. During the use of containerized energy storage battery packs, they may be affected by factors such as transportation bumps and external vibrations. The support roller 21 can effectively reduce the shaking and displacement of the battery cell 4 caused by these external forces, and prevent the connection between the battery cells 4 from becoming loose or damaged, thereby ensuring the stability and reliability of the entire energy storage battery pack. In addition, the rotation characteristics of the support roller 21 make the installation and removal of the battery cell 4 smoother. When it is necessary to replace or repair the battery cell 4, the support roller 21 can rotate with the movement of the battery cell 4, reducing the frictional resistance between the battery cell 4 and the support roller 21, reducing the difficulty of operation, improving maintenance efficiency, and providing convenience for the daily maintenance and management of the energy storage battery pack.
[0034] refer to Figure 2 The bottom of the air intake duct 12 is provided with several air intake holes 22 that are evenly distributed and communicate with the container body 1. The diameter of the top of the air intake hole 22 is larger than the diameter of the bottom, and the output end of the air intake fan 13 faces the top of the air intake hole 22.
[0035] As a technical optimization of the present invention, the air inlet 22 opened at the bottom of the air inlet duct 12 has a top diameter larger than the bottom diameter, and the output end of the air intake fan 13 faces the top of the air inlet 22. This design is conducive to air flow. The larger top diameter can more effectively collect the air drawn in by the air intake fan 13, while the smaller bottom diameter can make the air form a certain pressure when entering the container body 1, accelerate the air flow speed, improve the air intake efficiency, provide more fresh air for the heat dissipation system, enhance the heat dissipation effect on the battery cell 4, and help maintain the stable operation of the energy storage battery pack.
[0036] refer to Figure 1 Each of the four corners of the top of the container body 1 is fixedly connected with a support rod, and the top of the support rod is fixedly connected to a protective top cover 23 located on the top of the air intake duct 12. The protective top cover 23 and the surface of the container body 1 are both provided with an anti-rust coating, and the inner wall of the container body 1 is provided with an insulating coating.
[0037] As a technical optimization of this invention, by setting support rods and protective top covers 23 fixedly connected to the four corners of the top of the container body 1, a protective function is provided for the air intake duct 12, preventing damage to the air intake duct 12 from external objects and ensuring the normal operation of the air intake duct 12. The anti-rust coating on the surface of the protective top cover 23 and the container body 1 can effectively prevent the metal parts from rusting and corroding, extending the service life of the container body 1 and the protective top cover 23. The insulating coating on the inner wall of the container body 1 further improves the insulation performance of the energy storage battery pack, reduces the probability of safety accidents such as leakage, and ensures the safety and reliability of the entire energy storage battery pack.
[0038] refer to Figure 1 The front and back of the container body 1 are both fixedly connected with protective frames 24 located on the surface of the heat dissipation groove by bolts, and protective nets are fixedly connected inside the protective frames 24.
[0039] As a technical optimization of this invention, the protective frames 24 and protective nets on the front and back of the container body 1 protect the heat dissipation ducts. The protective nets prevent external debris and dust from entering the heat dissipation ducts, avoiding blockage of the cooling fans 11 and affecting airflow, thus ensuring the normal operation of the heat dissipation system. Simultaneously, the protective frames 24 and protective nets prevent accidental contact with the cooling fans 11, improving safety during use. The bolted connection facilitates the installation and disassembly of the protective frames 24 and protective nets, making cleaning and maintenance easier.
[0040] The working principle and usage process of this invention are as follows: During use, the battery cell 4 is inserted into the slots 17 inside the insulating plate 3 via the T-shaped strips 16 on its left and right sides, so that the battery cell 4 is positioned between the mating insulating plates 3 and remains in contact with the inner wall of the overall frame 2. Simultaneously, the limiting plate 14 at the rear of the inner wall of the overall frame 2 limits the back of the battery cell 4, and the stop bar 18 of the anti-detachment structure 5 adheres to the surface of the battery cell 4 under the action of the compression spring 20, preventing the battery cell 4 from shifting. After the battery cell 4 is inserted into the overall frame 2, the positive and negative terminals are connected to the plug-in terminals 8. The plug-in terminals 8 penetrate the surface of the overall frame 2 and are electrically connected to the circuit box 6. The circuit box 6 is then connected to the output control box via wires, completing the circuit setup. When an external power source is connected, the battery pack begins to store energy, and the battery cell 4 converts electrical energy into chemical energy. The control system monitors the status of the energy storage container and controls energy storage based on energy demand and storage capacity. When external devices need power, the control system controls the battery pack to release energy, converting chemical energy into electrical energy, which is then output to external devices through the output control box and output port. During battery pack operation, the cooling system works continuously. The intake fan 13 draws in fresh air from the air intake port at the top of the air intake duct 12. The air enters the air intake duct 12 after being filtered by a removable dust filter. The air intake hole 22 at the bottom of the air intake duct 12 introduces air into the container body 1. The transverse air duct 9 and the air pipe 10 guide the airflow into the overall frame 2 to dissipate heat from the battery cells 4. The cooling fan 11 in the heat dissipation slot exhausts hot air from the container body 1, forming a complete air circulation system to ensure that the battery cell 4 works at a suitable temperature, thereby improving the stability and safety of the battery pack. When one or more battery cells 4 fail and need to be replaced, the circuit connection is first disconnected, the spring force of the compression spring 20 in the anti-detachment structure 5 is used to pull open the lever 18, the faulty battery cell 4 is removed from the slot 17, and then a new battery cell 4 is installed to restore the circuit connection.
[0041] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
[0042] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1. A containerized energy storage battery pack, comprising a container body (1), characterized in that: The container body (1) has an integral frame (2) fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the front and rear sides of the inner wall. The integral frame (2) has several insulating plates (3) that are used in pairs and are evenly distributed. The inner side of the insulating plates (3) is provided with a battery cell (4). The front of the integral frame (2) is provided with several anti-detachment structures (5) that correspond one-to-one with the battery cell (4). The back of the anti-detachment structure (5) is attached to the front of the battery cell (4). The surface of the integral frame (2) is fixedly connected with a circuit box (6). The side of the battery cell (4) near the circuit box (6) is provided with positive and negative terminals (7). The inner wall of the integral frame (2) is fixedly connected with plug-in terminals (8) that are used in conjunction with the positive and negative terminals (7). The end of the plug-in terminal (8) away from the battery cell (4) extends through to the surface of the overall frame (2) and is electrically connected to the circuit box (6). The center of the front and rear sides of the inner wall of the container body (1) is fixedly connected to a horizontal air duct (9). The upper and lower sides of the horizontal air duct (9) are connected to several evenly distributed air pipes (10). The end of the air pipe (10) away from the horizontal air duct (9) is connected to the overall frame (2). The front and back of the container body (1) are provided with several evenly distributed heat dissipation slots, and the heat dissipation slots are fixedly connected to a heat dissipation fan (11). The input end of the heat dissipation fan (11) is connected to the horizontal air duct (9). The top of the container body (1) is connected to an air intake duct (12). The left and right sides of the air intake duct (12) are provided with air intake fans (13).
2. The containerized energy storage battery pack according to claim 1, characterized in that: Limiting plates (14) are fixedly connected to the upper and lower sides of the inner wall of the overall frame (2). The inner side of the limiting plate (14) is in contact with the back of the battery cell (4). Several air grooves (15) corresponding to the battery cell (4) are opened on the surface of the limiting plate (14).
3. A containerized energy storage battery pack according to claim 2, characterized in that: T-shaped strips (16) are fixedly connected to both the left and right sides of the battery cell (4). The inner side of the insulating plate (3) is provided with a slot (17) that works with the T-shaped strips (16). The surface of the T-shaped strips (16) is in contact with the inner wall of the slot (17).
4. A containerized energy storage battery pack according to claim 3, characterized in that: The anti-detachment structure (5) includes a stop bar (18) attached to the surface of the battery cell (4). Both ends of the stop bar (18) are provided with circular grooves, and a track bar (19) is slidably connected inside the circular grooves. The outer end of the track bar (19) is fixedly connected to the surface of the overall frame (2), and the inner end of the track bar (19) is fixedly connected to the surface of the insulating plate (3). A compression spring (20) is sleeved on the surface of the track bar (19), and the two ends of the compression spring (20) are fixedly connected to the outer end of the track bar (19) and the surface of the stop bar (18), respectively.
5. A containerized energy storage battery pack according to claim 4, characterized in that: A support roller (21) is rotatably connected to the inner wall of the overall frame (2) near the side of the transverse air duct (9). The surface of the support roller (21) is in contact with the surface of the battery cell (4), and a rubber layer is provided on the surface of the support roller (21).
6. A containerized energy storage battery pack according to claim 5, characterized in that: The bottom of the air intake duct (12) is provided with several air intake holes (22) that are evenly distributed and communicate with the container body (1), and the diameter of the top of the air intake hole (22) is larger than the diameter of the bottom. The output end of the air intake fan (13) faces the top of the air intake hole (22).
7. A containerized energy storage battery pack according to claim 6, characterized in that: The four corners of the top of the container body (1) are fixedly connected with support rods, and the top of the support rods is fixedly connected with a protective top cover (23) located on the top of the air intake duct (12). The protective top cover (23) and the surface of the container body (1) are both provided with anti-rust coatings, and the inner wall of the container body (1) is provided with an insulating coating.
8. A containerized energy storage battery pack according to claim 7, characterized in that: The front and back of the container body (1) are both fixedly connected with protective frames (24) located on the surface of the heat dissipation groove by bolts, and protective nets are fixedly connected inside the protective frames (24).