Layered near-natural ecological floating blanket and construction method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a layered near-natural ecological floating blanket and a construction method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of water ecological restoration. The problems that a natural'floating blanket 'is long in forming period, slow in natural restoration process and high in artificial reconstruction difficulty, and an artificial floating island in the prior art is non-degradable in material, the root development environment does not conform to the natural succession law, microbial attachment is insufficient, and the system self-maintaining capacity is weak are solved. The layered near-natural ecological floating blanket comprises a vertical supporting structure, a plane frame, a fixing structure and matrix filler. The plurality of layers of plane frames are fixed by vertical supporting structures; matrix fillers are filled between the adjacent layers of plane frames; fixing structures are laid below the even-number-layer plane frame and the bottommost layer plane frame; the vertical supporting structure and the plane frame are both composed of bamboo poles. The matrix filler is one or a combination of at least two of coconut shreds, turfy soil, reed residual stems and brassica juncea leaves. The method can be applied to the fields of ecological restoration and water quality treatment of degraded wetlands.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of aquatic ecological restoration technology, specifically to a layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" and its construction method and application. Background Technology

[0002] Wetland ecosystems serve as crucial transitional zones between land and water, possessing multiple ecological functions including flood control, pollutant purification, biodiversity maintenance, and regional climate regulation. Among natural wetland types, "floating carpet" wetlands represent a unique ecosystem form that combines stability with high biological activity. The key to the long-term stable floating and rich biodiversity maintenance of natural "floating carpets" lies in their vertically layered structure, which is characterized by: an upper layer composed of tightly interwoven living plant roots, forming a load-bearing "carpet-like" structure with water purification and absorption functions; a middle layer of mixed plant debris and living roots, an active zone for microbial decomposition, material exchange, and energy flow; and a lower layer dominated by humus with low porosity, serving as a nutrient storage and adsorption layer. This vertically heterogeneous structure not only provides rich attachment interfaces for microbial communities but also offers a three-dimensional habitat for diverse organisms such as fish, insects, and amphibians. However, in natural "floating carpet" wetlands, the types of "floating carpet" communities are diverse, and there are also significant differences in matrix structure, density and type. Since the formation of natural "floating carpets" requires a long period of material accumulation and hydrodynamic conditions, their natural restoration cycle is long and artificial reconstruction is difficult, which limits their promotion and application in artificial wetland restoration projects.

[0003] To compensate for the difficulty of quickly forming natural "floating carpets," artificial floating island technology has emerged. Artificial floating islands utilize artificial substrate materials as floating supports, planting aquatic plants to achieve water purification and ecological restoration. They are widely used in urban river and lake water quality management, black and odorous water body remediation, and landscape ecological construction, offering advantages such as simple construction, wide applicability to various water depths, and the ability of plant roots to directly absorb nutrients. However, current artificial floating islands mostly use polymer plastic mesh, polyethylene foam, or polypropylene fibers as supporting substrates. While these materials possess good mechanical strength and water resistance, they are non-degradable, posing a long-term pollution risk of aging, breakage, and the release of microplastics during prolonged immersion. Meanwhile, the structural design of artificial floating islands generally exhibits homogeneous characteristics, meaning they consist of only a single layer of artificial support and a suspended plant root system. This makes it difficult to effectively simulate the vertically layered structure of the root layer, humus layer, and residual material layer in a natural "floating carpet." Plant growth is limited, and root development is restricted by the rigid framework of the floating island, easily leading to long-term plant degradation. Regular replanting or harvesting is necessary, and the single substrate lacks a continuous nutrient supply capacity, requiring artificial fertilization. This structural uniformity makes it difficult for plant roots to naturally intertwine and form a carpet. The plastic substrate supporting the single substrate has weak bonding with plant roots, making it susceptible to wind and waves, resulting in a high risk of overall capsizing. It cannot form a stable, self-sustaining floating body, requiring long-term reliance on buoyancy materials and failing to provide a root development environment for wetland plants that conforms to natural succession patterns. In addition, the artificial floating island substrate has a smooth surface and low porosity, which limits the microbial attachment interface. It only provides a carrier for plant growth. The lack of a microbial attachment interface makes it difficult to establish microbial community diversity and metabolic activity, which limits the water purification capacity. As a result, the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus fluctuates with the plant growth cycle, and the ecological function shows a phased decline. Ultimately, it still needs to rely on artificial maintenance and renewal.

[0004] Therefore, although existing artificial floating island technology has simulated the appearance and some functions of "floating carpet" wetlands to a certain extent, it has not yet achieved the biomimetic ecological structure and functional reconstruction of natural "floating carpet" systems, and has not taken into account the dual goals of short-term restoration and long-term maintenance. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the challenges of long formation cycles, slow natural restoration, and difficult artificial reconstruction of natural floating carpets, as well as the problems of non-degradable materials, root development environments that do not conform to natural succession patterns, insufficient microbial attachment, and weak self-sustaining capacity in existing artificial floating island technologies, this invention draws upon the structural characteristics and ecological properties of natural floating carpets to propose a layered, near-natural ecological floating carpet, its construction method, and its applications. The technical solution of this invention is as follows: A layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" includes a vertical support structure, a planar frame, a fixing structure, and a matrix filler; the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" includes several layers of planar frames; each planar frame is fixed by the vertical support structure; the spaces between adjacent layers of planar frames are filled with matrix filler; the fixing structure is laid under the even-numbered layers and the bottom layer of planar frames; The vertical support structure and planar frame are both composed of bamboo poles; the fixing structure is coconut fiber netting; the substrate filling material is one or a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, peat moss, reed stalks, and sedge leaves.

[0006] Furthermore, the planar frame includes an outer frame and a transverse support structure. The outer frame is a closed rectangular structure formed by fixing bamboo poles together. The transverse support structure is a planar truss structure formed by equally spaced bamboo poles on the surface of the outer frame.

[0007] Furthermore, the vertical support structure consists of four bamboo poles with holes at the four corners corresponding to the four corners of the planar frame. The four corners of the planar frame are aligned with the corresponding holes of the vertical support structure and fixed with hemp rope.

[0008] Furthermore, the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" consists of an internal support structure composed of five planar frames from top to bottom; wherein, the upper layer of matrix filler is filled above the second planar frame, the middle layer of matrix filler is filled between the second and fourth planar frames, and the lower layer of matrix filler is filled below the fourth planar frame; the height ratio of the upper, middle, and lower layers is 1:1:1. Alternatively, the upper matrix filler can be filled above the third planar frame, and the lower matrix filler can be filled below the third planar frame.

[0009] Furthermore, the upper matrix filling material is one or a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks; when the upper matrix filling material is solely coconut fiber, the mass of the coconut fiber per unit volume is 10-12 kg, resulting in a filling density of 10-12 kg / m³. 3 The upper matrix filling material is a combination of coconut fiber and peat moss. The mass of coconut fiber per unit volume is 14-16 kg, and the mass of peat moss per unit volume is 3-4 kg, resulting in a filling density of 14-16 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber and filling density is 3~4 kg / m³ 3 The mixed matrix filling material is peat moss; when the upper matrix filling material is a combination of coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks, the mass of coconut fiber per unit volume is 20-25 kg, the mass of peat moss per unit volume is 2-3 kg, and the mass of reed stalks per unit volume is 8-10 kg, resulting in a filling density of 20-25 kg / m³. 3The coconut fiber filling density is 2~3 kg / m³. 3 The peat soil and filling density is 8~10 kg / m³ 3 A mixed substrate filler made from reed stalks; The intermediate substrate filling material is a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, reed stalks, sedge leaves, and peat moss. When the intermediate substrate filling material is a combination of coconut fiber, peat moss, and sedge leaves, the mass of coconut fiber per unit volume is 18-20 kg, the mass of peat moss per unit volume is 8-10 kg, and the mass of sedge leaves per unit volume is 10-12 kg, resulting in a filling density of 18-20 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 8~10 kg / m³. 3 The peat soil and filling density are 10~12 kg / m³ 3 The substrate filling material is a mixture of sedge leaves; when the middle layer substrate filling material is a combination of coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks, the mass of coconut fiber per unit volume is 6-8 kg, the mass of peat moss per unit volume is 10-12 kg, and the mass of reed stalks per unit volume is 2-3 kg, resulting in a filling density of 6-8 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 10~12 kg / m³. 3 Peat soil with a filling density of 2~3 kg / m³ 3 The substrate filling material is a mixture of reed stalks; when the middle layer filling material is a combination of four types: coconut fiber, peat moss, sedge leaves, and reed stalks, the mass of coconut fiber per unit volume is 30-35 kg, the mass of peat moss per unit volume is 8-10 kg, the mass of sedge leaves per unit volume is 2-4 kg, and the mass of reed stalks per unit volume is 2-4 kg, resulting in a filling density of 30-35 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 8~10 kg / m³. 3 The peat moss, with a filling density of 2-4 kg / m³ of sedge leaves. 3 With a filling density of 2~4 kg / m³ 3 A mixed substrate filler made from reed stalks; The lower substrate filling material is a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks. When the lower substrate filling material is a combination of peat moss and coconut fiber, the mass of coconut fiber per unit volume is 7-8 kg, and the mass of peat moss per unit volume is 18-32 kg, resulting in a filling density of 7-8 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber and filling density is 18~32 kg / m³ 3The substrate is a mixture of peat moss and other materials. When the lower substrate is a combination of coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks, the mass of coconut fiber per unit volume is 6-8 kg, the mass of peat moss per unit volume is 10-12 kg, and the mass of reed stalks per unit volume is 2-4 kg, resulting in a filling density of 6-8 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 10~12 kg / m³. 3 Peat soil with a filling density of 2~4 kg / m³ 3 A mixed matrix filler made from reed stalks.

[0010] A method for constructing the aforementioned layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" includes the following steps: S1: Use palm rope to fix and connect bamboo poles into a planar frame. Fix and connect several layers of planar frames to the vertical support structure. Rotate the plane of adjacent planar frames by 90°. Lay coconut netting on the top of even-numbered planar frames and the bottom of the lowest planar frame to obtain a layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure. S2: Weigh the appropriate amount of substrate filler according to the ratio, mix the substrate filler evenly, and fill it into the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure from bottom to top; cover the entire layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure with coconut netting; plant the plants according to the designed density.

[0011] Furthermore, the method of fixing with brown rope is the cross-beam knot binding method.

[0012] Furthermore, the bamboo poles at the connection points of the fixed connections are all reserved with an extension length of 2 to 3 cm.

[0013] Furthermore, the mesh size of the coconut net is 2 cm × 2 cm, and a layer of coconut shreds with a thickness of 1.5 to 2 cm is laid between the bottom plane frame and the bottom coconut net.

[0014] The above-mentioned layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" is applied to the ecological restoration and water quality management of degraded wetlands with a water depth of ≥0.6 m.

[0015] Compared with existing technologies, this invention solves the problems of long formation cycle, slow natural repair process, and high difficulty in artificial reconstruction of natural "floating carpets," as well as the problems of non-degradable materials, root development environment that does not conform to the law of natural succession, insufficient microbial attachment, and weak self-sustaining capacity of artificial floating islands in existing technologies. The specific beneficial effects are as follows: 1. This invention simulates the natural stratification characteristics of "floating carpet" wetland substrates, constructing three types of stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpets," achieving a near-natural ecological "floating carpet" design that is free from secondary pollution, self-sustaining, self-renewing, continuously purifying, and requires no artificial maintenance. This invention designs three types of stratified substrates. Based on achieving self-floating (substrate density much lower than water density), through precise control of density gradients and composition ratios, combined with a bamboo frame structure, it originates from a deep simulation and application of the formation mechanism of natural "floating carpets," reproducing the core physical and biochemical environment of natural "floating carpets": "Floating carpet" communities with *Caragana korshinskii* as the dominant species have a relatively loose substrate, constructing a three-layered "floating carpet" structure; "Floating carpet" communities with *Reed przewalskii* as the dominant species have the densest substrate, constructing a two-layered "floating carpet" structure; and "Floating carpet" communities with a mixed species have a substrate density between that of *Caragana korshinskii* and *Reed przewalskii* communities, with a relatively compact structure, constructing a three-layered "floating carpet" structure. The upper layer, loose (such as primarily coconut fiber), facilitates rapid root penetration and establishment; the middle layer, transitional (such as a mixture of peat moss and plant debris), guides roots downwards; and the lower layer, relatively dense (such as a high proportion of peat moss), provides a stable anchor for mature roots and simulates the nutrient reservoir function of humus. This gradient change from surface to interior, from loose to dense, creates a stepped habitat for microorganisms, from aerobic to facultative and even anaerobic, greatly enhancing the system's ability to simultaneously remove pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the water, effectively reducing maintenance costs and increasing ecosystem service value.

[0016] 2. This invention utilizes all-natural materials (bamboo, palm rope, coconut fiber, and peat moss) to construct a layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet," eliminating secondary pollution at the source and achieving "originating from nature and returning to nature." As the substrate plants grow, their roots gradually intertwine with the bamboo frame network to form a stable whole, achieving a synergistic effect between the three-dimensional grid bamboo frame and the gradient layered substrate, forming a "living" reinforced structure that becomes increasingly stable as the plants grow. This fundamentally solves the problems of traditional artificial floating islands, which use non-degradable materials and suffer from aging, breakage, and severe pollution risks, as well as the drawbacks of homogeneous filling materials and their simple structure. Furthermore, this invention utilizes the partial degradation of the substrate itself and the accumulation of plant residues to form an internal nutrient reservoir, continuously providing nutrients to the plants. This promotes stable growth and development of the plants in a near-natural ecological substrate environment, leading to a more abundant and developed root system. This achieves self-renewal and self-maintenance of the layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet," significantly reducing maintenance costs and effectively improving the shortcomings of traditional artificial floating islands, which have a simple structural design and lack continuous nutrient supply. Meanwhile, the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" substrate provided by this invention can simultaneously accommodate multiple types of organisms such as plants, microorganisms, and soil animals, providing diverse biochemical environments. It utilizes the complementarity and symbiotic synergy between multiple components to promote the adsorption, absorption, and transformation of pollutants, enabling the plant-microorganism system to form a stable and efficient synergistic mechanism during water purification. The plant-organic matter synergistically enhances carbon sequestration capacity, forming a composite ecological restoration module with life characteristics, which significantly overcomes the shortcomings of traditional artificial floating islands, such as single function and limited ecological processes. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of a layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet"; among which, Figure 1 (a) Top view of the layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure; Figure 1 (b) is a front view of the layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure; Figure 1 (c) is a planar frame structure diagram of the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet"; Figure 1 (d) is a side view of the layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure; Figure 1 (e) are the steps for tying a crossbeam knot; Figure 1 (f) is a schematic diagram of drilling holes in a bamboo pole with a vertical height of 30cm; Figure 2 This is a map showing the locations of plant planting sites; Figure 3 A photograph of plant growth in a stratified, near-natural "floating carpet" ecological community; Figure 4 A graph showing the plant height growth rate of a stratified, near-natural "floating carpet" community over 90 days. Figure 5 A graph showing the overall root length growth rate of plants in a stratified, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" community over 90 days. Figure 6 This is a graph showing the changes in water quality indicators over three weeks in a stratified, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" water purification experiment; among them... Figure 6 (a) is a graph showing the change in chemical oxygen demand (COD); Figure 6 (b) is a graph showing the change in electrical conductivity (Cond); Figure 6 (c) is a graph showing the change in dissolved oxygen (DO); Figure 6 (d) is a graph showing the change in ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N); Figure 6 (e) is a graph showing the change in pH level; Figure 6 (f) is a graph showing the change in redox potential; Figure 6 (g) is a graph showing the change in total nitrogen (TN); Figure 6 (h) is a graph showing the change in total phosphorus (TP); Figure 7 The curves showing the cumulative removal rate changes of four water quality indicators over three weeks in a stratified, near-natural ecological "floating blanket" water purification experiment; among them... Figure 7 (a) is the cumulative removal rate curve of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N); Figure 7 (b) shows the cumulative removal rate of total nitrogen (TN); Figure 7 (c) is the cumulative removal rate curve of total phosphorus (TP); Figure 7 (d) is the curve of cumulative removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the technical solutions of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the following embodiments are only used to better understand the technical solutions of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0019] Example 1. S1: Bamboo poles are fixedly connected with hemp rope to form a planar frame. The planar frame includes an outer frame and a transverse support structure. The outer frame is a closed rectangular structure formed by four 50 cm long bamboo poles fixedly connected together. Two parallel bamboo poles are fixedly connected above the other two parallel bamboo poles to form a square structure. Three bamboo poles are taken as transverse support structures and are evenly spaced between the two upper bamboo poles in the outer frame to form a planar truss structure. This enhances the overall rigidity of the planar frame, reduces the risk of tilting due to uneven substrate settlement, and ensures the reliability of the overall structure in a dynamic environment. Figure 1c). All bamboo poles at fixed connections have a 2-3cm overhang to form a "cantilever end," increasing the binding contact area and improving the joint's anti-slip performance. All fixed connections are secured with hemp rope, utilizing the high coefficient of friction and tensile strength of the hemp rope to transfer force between the poles. The hemp rope binding method is as follows: Figure 1 (e) illustrates the crossbeam knot binding method, which involves folding two strands of palm rope in half to form a loop; passing the loop through the gap between the two poles and wrapping it around the pole in a figure-eight shape for 2-3 turns; tightening the rope strands and then interlacing them in the opposite direction to form a self-locking structure, ensuring that the node does not loosen under dynamic loads. The flexible connection via the crossbeam knot allows the layered, near-natural ecological "floating blanket" to undergo slight deformation during floating to buffer the impact of water flow, avoiding the problem of rigid structures being prone to breakage. Furthermore, both bamboo and palm rope are natural renewable resources that can naturally degrade after disposal, avoiding secondary pollution to water or soil.

[0020] S2: Take 4 lengths as follows Figure 1 (f) shows a 30 cm bamboo pole as a vertical support structure, with 5 holes evenly drilled at 5 cm intervals on each bamboo pole. Five layers of planar frames are then constructed, with their four corners aligned with the corresponding holes in the vertical support structure, ensuring that the planar frames are perpendicular to the horizontal plane. This creates a 50 cm × 50 cm × 30 cm grid-like layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure. Figure 1 (a, b, d) Use palm rope to pass through the holes and tie knots to secure the layers, ensuring a strong connection while maintaining some flexibility to adapt to external loads. Utilizing the square layout of the planar frames and the intersecting stacked structure of multiple planar frames to form a spatial grid, the internal space of the layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" is divided into multiple independent units, forming "physical partitions" that effectively prevent continuous compression between the matrix filling materials. Specifically, in the 1st to 5th planar frames from top to bottom, the 2nd and 4th planar frames are rotated 90° based on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th planar frames, so that the bamboo poles of the transverse support structure intersect perpendicularly between adjacent layers. This staggered layout enhances the overall structure's resistance to deformation and avoids a decrease in stability due to force in a single direction. Simultaneously, a 2 cm × 2 cm mesh of coconut fiber is laid above the 2nd and 4th planar frames and below the bottom layer of the planar frames. A 1.5–2 cm thick layer of dense coconut fiber (0.1 kg) is then laid on the bottom layer of the planar frame's coconut fiber mesh. Because of its natural material and good water permeability, the coconut fiber mesh effectively prevents the substrate filling material from falling off, while allowing plant roots to penetrate and water to seep in. Secure the four corners and midpoints of the four sides of the coconut fiber mesh to the bamboo poles of the corresponding flat frame using hemp rope, ensuring the mesh is taut and secure to prevent it from sagging or breaking due to the weight of the substrate.

[0021] S3: Mix peat moss and water in a 1:3 mass ratio to obtain a peat moss substrate, and moisten the peat moss; cut the sedge leaves into 10-15 cm pieces to facilitate even mixing. Mix 0.2 kg of coconut fiber with the peat moss substrate containing 0.8 kg of peat moss evenly, so that the coconut fiber filling density is 8 kg / m³. 3 The filling density of peat soil is 32 kg / m³. 3 The mixed substrate is used as a lower filler between the fourth planar frame and the bottommost coconut mesh, while also serving as a high-density humus layer to provide anchoring points for mature roots. 0.5 kg of coconut fiber, a peat moss substrate containing 0.25 kg of peat moss, and 0.3 kg of sedge leaves are mixed evenly to create a coconut fiber filling density of 20 kg / m². 3 The filling density of peat soil is 10 kg / m³. 3 The packing density of the sedge leaves is 12 kg / m². 3 A mixed substrate was used as a middle layer filler between the 2nd and 4th planar frames, simultaneously serving as a transition zone to guide the roots downwards. 0.3 kg of coconut fiber was used as an upper layer filler between the 1st and 2nd planar frames, resulting in a coconut fiber filling density of 12 kg / m². 3 This provides low-resistance space for the new root system to extend.

[0022] S4: The entire layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure is covered with coconut netting; three types of plants—reed, cattail, and sedge—are planted according to the designed density, with specific planting methods as follows: Figure 2 As shown: 20 *Carex* plants with stem diameter of 0.8-1.5 cm and a height of 20 cm after pruning were selected and evenly distributed on the surface of the "floating carpet" in a matrix of five rows and four columns; 4 *Reed* plants with stem diameter of 1-1.5 cm and a height of 15 cm after pruning and 4 *Typha* plants with stem diameter of 1.5-2 cm and a height of 15 cm after pruning were selected, and the *Reed* and *Typha* were alternately planted between the first and second rows and between the third and fourth rows of *Carex* plants to form a uniform staggered layout.

[0023] This invention uses lightweight natural materials (such as bamboo poles, coconut fiber, peat moss, etc.) to construct the main body of the "floating carpet". Due to the density of bamboo (approximately 300~700 kg / m³), 3 The buoyancy of a single bamboo pole is far below that of water; the buoyancy of a single bamboo pole is 300-500 g. The filling density of substrates such as coconut fiber and peat moss is 1000 kg / m³ lower than that of water. 3By optimizing the layered composition (e.g., a loose upper layer and a dense lower layer), the overall structure ensures that it can provide initial buoyancy. Furthermore, as the roots of plants (such as reeds and sedges) grow, they release gases such as oxygen and methane during metabolism (especially through oxygen secretion by wetland plants). Some of these gases are retained in the root network or matrix pores, forming micro-air cavities that significantly enhance overall buoyancy. Simultaneously, the plant roots extend deeper into the matrix, intertwining to form a three-dimensional network. This not only stabilizes the matrix but also enhances the resilience and dynamic balance of the buoyancy system through the root-matrix-gas composite structure. This shifts buoyancy from being material-dependent to a synergistic mechanism of "materials + organisms," enabling long-term self-floating.

[0024] Example 2. The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in S3: peat moss and water are mixed in a 1:3 mass ratio to obtain a peat moss matrix; reed stalks are cut into 10-15 cm pieces to facilitate uniform mixing. 0.3 kg of coconut fiber, the peat moss matrix containing 0.45 kg of peat moss, and 0.1 kg of reed stalks are mixed evenly to form a coconut fiber filling density of 8 kg / m³. 3 The density of peat soil filling is 12 kg / m³ 3 The density of reed stalk filling is 2.5 kg / m³. 3 A mixed substrate is used as the lower filler between the third-layer planar frame and the bottom coconut mesh; 1 kg of coconut fiber, 0.1 kg of peat moss substrate, and 0.4 kg of reed stalks are mixed evenly to form a coconut fiber filling density of 25 kg / m². 3 The density of peat soil filling is 2.5 kg / m³. 3 The density of reed stalk filling is 10 kg / m³. 3 The mixed substrate is used as the upper filler to fill the third layer of planar frame. The construction steps and planting steps of the remaining layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure are the same as those in Example 1.

[0025] Example 3. The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in S3: peat moss and water are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:3 to obtain the peat moss matrix; the leaves of the flowering sedge and the reed stalks are cut into 10-15 cm pieces to facilitate uniform mixing. 0.2 kg of coconut fiber and the peat moss matrix containing 0.45 kg of peat moss are mixed evenly to achieve a coconut fiber filling density of 7 kg / m³. 3 The filling density of peat soil is 18 kg / m³. 3 The mixed substrate was used as the lower filler between the fourth planar frame and the bottom layer of coconut fiber mesh; 0.9 kg of coconut fiber, peat moss substrate containing 0.23 kg of peat moss, 0.06 kg of sedge leaves, and 0.06 kg of reed stalks were mixed evenly to form a coconut fiber filling density of 35 kg / m².3 The filling density of peat soil is 9 kg / m³. 3 The packing density of the sedge leaves is 2.5 kg / m². 3 The filling density of reed stalks is 2.5 kg / m³. 3 A mixed substrate was used as a middle layer filler between 2-4 planar frames; 0.4 kg of coconut fiber and a peat substrate containing 0.1 kg of peat were mixed evenly to form a coconut fiber filling density of 16 kg / m³. 3 The filling density of peat soil is 3.5 kg / m³. 3 The mixed substrate is used as the upper layer to fill the top of the second planar frame; the construction steps and planting steps of the remaining layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure are the same as those in Example 1.

[0026] The layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" constructed in Examples 1-3 was placed in degraded wetlands with a water depth ≥0.6m, and the plant growth was monitored over 90 days, yielding the following results: Figure 3 The image shown is a real-life illustration of plant growth in a layered, near-natural "floating carpet" community; such as... Figure 4 The figure shows the plant height growth rate of the stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpet" communities constructed in Examples 1-3 within 90 days. As can be seen from the figure, the survival rate of the plants in the stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpet" communities constructed in Examples 1-3 is all >90%. Specifically, in Example 1, the plant height growth rate of reeds was 0.31 cm / day, that of cattails was 0.36 cm / day, and that of sedges was 0.13 cm / day; in Example 2, the plant height growth rate of reeds was 0.3 cm / day, that of cattails was 0.32 cm / day, and that of sedges was 0.13 cm / day; and in Example 3, the plant height growth rate of reeds was 0.28 cm / day, that of cattails was 0.31 cm / day, and that of sedges was 0.12 cm / day. Figure 5The graph shows the overall root length growth rate of the plants in the stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpet" communities constructed in Examples 1-3 over 90 days. As can be seen from the graph, the overall root length growth rate is 2.63 cm / day in Example 1, 2.58 cm / day in Example 2, and 5.25 cm / day in Example 3. This demonstrates that the stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpet" constructed in this invention exhibits good plant adaptability and growth-promoting effects in degraded wetland environments. Different plants maintained high survival rates and stable growth rates on the "floating carpet," indicating that the "floating carpet" provides good aeration and water supply for plant roots, while also possessing suitable mechanical support and ecological compatibility. In particular, the height growth rate of emergent plants such as reeds and cattails on the "floating carpet" remained between 0.28 and 0.36 cm / day, indicating that the "floating carpet" system can effectively promote photosynthesis and root nutrient absorption. Meanwhile, the root length growth rate ranged from 2.58 to 5.25 cm / day, suggesting that the plant roots have strong extension and adhesion capabilities in the "floating carpet" medium, contributing to the formation of a stable floating island ecosystem. This provides a sustainable, low-cost, and efficient ecological engineering solution for the ecological restoration of degraded wetlands.

[0027] Water purification experiments were conducted on the stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpets" constructed in Examples 1-3. Three sets of ecological "floating carpets" were repeatedly constructed in each example, resulting in a total of nine experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of an independent water tank (capacity 450L). The water purification experiments lasted for three weeks. At the start of the experiments, ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were added to all water tanks to achieve initial total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations of 4 mg / L and 0.4 mg / L, respectively, simulating typical eutrophic water conditions.

[0028] Water samples are collected on the fifth day of each week, and the collected samples are immediately tested for eight water quality indicators, such as... Figure 6 This is a graph showing the changes in water quality indicators over three weeks in a stratified, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" water purification experiment; among them, such as... Figure 6 (a) shows the chemical oxygen demand (COD) change curve. As can be seen from the figure, the COD of Examples 1 and 2 showed a trend of rising in the early stage and falling in the later stage. After one week, the COD of both examples dropped to 28 mg / L. The change in Example 3 was the most stable, dropping from 36 mg / L to 29.5 mg / L. This proves that there are differences in the decomposition and metabolism efficiency of organic matter in the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" constructed from different matrix raw materials and different layered structures.

[0029] like Figure 6(b) shows the conductivity (Cond) change curve. As can be seen from the figure, the conductivity of each embodiment tends to stabilize after a rapid decrease in the first week. Among them, the decrease in embodiment 2 is the largest, eventually dropping to 388 μS / cm. This indicates that the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system provided by the present invention significantly accelerates the adsorption and transfer rate of soluble ions in the water body in the early stage of operation, thereby making the overall ion concentration show a clear trend of rapid decrease.

[0030] like Figure 6 (c) shows the dissolved oxygen (DO) change curve. As can be seen from the figure, the dissolved oxygen index of each embodiment shows a continuous downward trend. The initial value of Example 2 is the highest (15.5 mg / L) but the decrease is the largest. All embodiments dropped to a low oxygen state in the third week, which proves that the oxygen consumption intensity in the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system provided by the present invention is significantly improved.

[0031] like Figure 6 (d) shows the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) change curve. As can be seen from the figure, ammonia nitrogen exhibits fluctuating change characteristics. Example 2 shows a significant peak (0.4 mg / L) in the second week, while Example 1 shows troughs (0.29 mg / L and 0.20 mg / L) in the first and third weeks, respectively. The change in Example 3 is relatively gradual, proving that the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" constructed by the present invention using different matrices and layered structures has different responses to ammonia nitrogen transformation.

[0032] like Figure 6 (e) shows the pH change curve. As can be seen from the figure, the pH value of the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" provided in Examples 1-3 all showed a V-shaped change trend of first decreasing and then increasing. They all changed from weak acidity in the early stage to weak alkalinity. This indicates that the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system gradually evolved from the initial function of acid production by organic matter decomposition to the mature stage dominated by alkalinity production processes such as denitrification in the later stage.

[0033] like Figure 6 (f) shows the redox potential (Redox) change curve. As can be seen from the figure, the redox potential of Examples 1-3 all showed a parabolic change trend of first rising and then falling. They all reached the peak in the second week and fell back to 235~250 mV in the third week, indicating that the oxidation environment of the stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system was the most active in the second week.

[0034] like Figure 6(g) shows the total nitrogen (TN) change curve. As can be seen from the figure, the total nitrogen in Examples 1-3 all showed a sharp decrease in the first week and then tended to stabilize. Examples 1 and 2 had the largest decrease, from 3.7~3.8 mg / L to 1.05 mg / L. The decrease in Example 3 was relatively small. In the third week, all examples stabilized at around 1.1 mg / L. This proves that the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system provided by the present invention has a high nitrogen removal capacity.

[0035] like Figure 6 (h) shows the total phosphorus (TP) variation curve. As can be seen from the figure, the total phosphorus in each embodiment showed a rapid decrease followed by a low level. It dropped sharply from 0.4 mg / L to 0.07~0.15 mg / L in the first week and then stabilized at 0.03~0.04 mg / L. The decrease was the largest in Examples 1 and 3 (about 80%), which proves that the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system provided by the present invention exhibits excellent phosphorus removal effect.

[0036] like Figure 7 The cumulative removal rate curves of four water quality indicators over three weeks were obtained from the stratified, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" water purification system. Figure 7 (a) shows the cumulative removal rate curves of ammonia nitrogen. As can be seen from the figure, the cumulative removal rate of ammonia nitrogen in each example shows a V-shaped trend of "first decreasing and then increasing", indicating that the ammonia nitrogen removal process has phased characteristics. The removal rates of Examples 1 and 3 were approximately 22-23% in the first week, decreased to 7-8% in the second week, and rebounded sharply to 48% and 38% in the third week, respectively. Example 2 fluctuated more, with the removal rate close to 0% in the first week and even negative (-5%) in the second week, indicating that ammonia nitrogen accumulation occurred at this time, but the removal rate rose sharply to 55% in the third week. These change patterns precisely reflect the complexity of the ammonia nitrogen conversion process. The initial decrease in removal rate may be due to the influence of nitrification inhibition, while the removal capacity is significantly enhanced in the later stages as the stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system gradually matures.

[0037] like Figure 7 (b) is the curve of total nitrogen cumulative removal rate. As can be seen from the figure, the total nitrogen removal rate of Example 2 shows a stable trend, fluctuating slightly around 35% within three weeks; the total nitrogen removal rate of Example 1 fluctuates more, decreasing from 73% to 60% and then rising back to 75%; the total nitrogen removal rate of Example 2 shows a continuous upward trend, gradually increasing from 55% to 72%; in the third week, all examples reached a removal rate of over 70%, indicating that the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system provided by the present invention has significant nitrogen removal capacity.

[0038] like Figure 7(c) shows the cumulative total phosphorus removal rate curve. As can be seen from the figure, the total phosphorus removal rate of each embodiment reached over 95%; the total phosphorus removal rate of Example 1 steadily increased from 85% to 98%; although Example 2 started with the lowest rate (73%), it jumped significantly to 95% in the second week and reached 98% in the third week. All embodiments tended to stabilize after the second week, showing that the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" system provided by the present invention has the ability to remove phosphorus quickly and with lasting effect.

[0039] like Figure 7 (d) is the cumulative removal rate curve of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The change in COD removal rate reflects the effect of each embodiment on the decomposition ability of organic matter. As can be seen from the figure, the cumulative COD removal rate of Example 1 gradually increased from a slight accumulation (-5%) in the first week to nearly 20% in the third week; although the COD accumulation of Example 2 was the most serious in the early stage (-15%), it recovered to 13% in the later stage; the cumulative COD removal rate of Example 3 showed a trend of first rising and then falling, from 12% in the first week to 3% in the third week. This change indicates that the organic matter removal process of the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" constructed in Example 3 is relatively slow and requires a longer adaptation period.

[0040] In summary, this invention provides three types of stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpets" by adjusting the substrate type and layered structure, corresponding to the most typical vegetation structures in nature: *Caragana korshinskii*, *Reed*, and mixed vegetation. Their internal purification mechanisms all rely on the synergistic effect of plants, microorganisms, and the substrate to achieve targeted removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and dissolved pollutants. Combined with the plant growth and water purification experiment results of Examples 1-3, it can be seen that the three types of stratified near-natural ecological "floating carpets" all exhibit excellent ecological adaptability and water quality improvement capabilities in degraded wetland environments. The plant survival rate remains stable above 90%, and plant height and root length continue to increase. Simultaneously, significant purification effects on nitrogen and phosphorus reduction are achieved within three weeks, and stable ecological restoration functional modules are established in a short period, ensuring the long-term sustainable operation of the system and significantly promoting rapid wetland restoration. This enhances the system's self-sustaining capacity and long-term stability, while also improving the self-purification capacity and ecological stability of degraded wetland water bodies.

[0041] Furthermore, the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" constructed in this invention can be selectively chosen according to different wetland restoration goals and native vegetation structures to achieve maximum adaptability for ecological reconstruction and optimal water quality improvement. For wetland types dominated by low-growing, densely planted herbaceous emergent plants, the *Caragana korshinskii*-type "floating carpet" provided in Example 1 can better match the underlying ecological niche, thereby promoting the rapid recovery of herbaceous communities. For wetlands native to be dominated by tall emergent plants, the *Reed*-type "floating carpet" provided in Example 2 is more suitable for reconstructing emergent plant-dominant zones due to its stronger spatial support capacity and photosynthetic efficiency. When the vegetation structure of the target wetland is more complex or different levels of community structure need to be restored simultaneously, the hybrid "floating carpet" provided in Example 3 can provide a more balanced and stable system response through the complementary effects of composite root depth and multiple ecological niches. By selecting "floating carpet" configurations that match wetland types under different ecological backgrounds, it is possible to ensure that artificially constructed ecosystems maintain good self-organization capabilities during the restoration process, maximize the reconstruction of wetland ecological functions, and achieve long-term stable maintenance of water quality improvement effects.

[0042] The above description of the embodiments is only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several improvements and modifications to the present invention without departing from the principles of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

[0043] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet," characterized in that, It includes a vertical support structure, a planar frame, a fixing structure, and a matrix filler; the ecological "floating carpet" includes several layers of planar frames; each planar frame is fixed by a vertical support structure; the spaces between adjacent planar frames are filled with matrix filler; a fixing structure is laid under the planar frames of even-numbered layers and the bottom layer; The vertical support structure and planar frame are both composed of bamboo poles; the fixing structure is coconut fiber netting; the substrate filling material is one or a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, peat moss, reed stalks, and sedge leaves.

2. The layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" according to claim 1, characterized in that, The planar frame includes an outer frame and a transverse support structure. The outer frame is a closed rectangular structure formed by fixing bamboo poles together. The transverse support structure is a planar truss structure formed by equally spaced bamboo poles on the surface of the outer frame.

3. The layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" according to claim 2, characterized in that, The vertical support structure consists of four bamboo poles and has holes at the four corners corresponding to the planar frame.

4. The layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ecological "floating carpet" consists of five planar frames forming an internal support structure from top to bottom; the upper layer of matrix filler is filled above the second planar frame, the middle layer of matrix filler is filled between the second and fourth single-layer frames, and the lower layer of matrix filler is filled below the fourth planar frame; the height ratio of the upper, middle, and lower layers is 1:1:

1. Alternatively, the upper matrix filler can be filled above the third planar frame, and the lower matrix filler can be filled below the third planar frame.

5. The layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" according to claim 4, characterized in that, The upper matrix filling material is one or a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks; when the upper matrix filling material is only coconut fiber, the filling density is 10~12 kg / m³. 3 The upper matrix filling material is a combination of coconut fiber and peat moss; when the upper matrix filling material is a combination of coconut fiber and peat moss, the filling density is 14~16 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber and filling density is 3~4 kg / m³ 3 The mixed matrix filling material is peat moss; when the upper matrix filling material is a combination of coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks, the filling density is 20~25 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 2~3 kg / m³. 3 The peat soil and filling density is 8~10 kg / m³ 3 A mixed substrate filler made from reed stalks; The intermediate substrate filling material is a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, reed stalks, sedge leaves, and peat moss. When the intermediate substrate filling material is a combination of three of these materials, the filling density is 18-20 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 8~10 kg / m³. 3 The peat soil and filling density are 10~12 kg / m³ 3 The substrate filling material is a mixture of sedge leaves; when the middle layer substrate filling material is a combination of coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks, the filling density is 6~8 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 10~12 kg / m³. 3 Peat soil with a filling density of 2~3 kg / m³ 3 The substrate filling material is a mixture of reed stalks; when the middle layer filling material is a combination of four types: coconut fiber, peat moss, sedge leaves, and reed stalks, the filling density is 30~35 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 8~10 kg / m³. 3 Peat soil with a filling density of 2-4 kg / m³ 3 The sedge leaves and filling density are 2~4 kg / m² 3 A mixed substrate filler made from reed stalks; The lower substrate filling material is a combination of at least two of the following: coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks. When the lower substrate filling material is a combination of peat moss and coconut fiber, the filling density is 7-8 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber and filling density is 18~32 kg / m³ 3 The mixed matrix filling material is peat moss; when the lower matrix filling material is a combination of coconut fiber, peat moss, and reed stalks, the filling density is 6~8 kg / m³. 3 The coconut fiber filling density is 10~12 kg / m³. 3 Peat soil with a filling density of 2~4 kg / m³ 3 A mixed matrix filler made from reed stalks.

6. A method for constructing a layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Fix bamboo poles to form a planar frame, fix several layers of planar frames to the vertical support structure, rotate adjacent planar frames by 90°, and lay coconut netting on the top of even-numbered planar frames and the bottom of the lowest planar frame to obtain a layered, near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure. S2: Weigh the appropriate amount of substrate filler according to the ratio, mix the substrate filler evenly, and fill it into the layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure from bottom to top; cover the entire layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" structure with coconut netting; plant the plants according to the designed density.

7. The method for constructing a layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" according to claim 6, characterized in that, The method of fixing with brown rope is the cross-beam knot binding method.

8. The method for constructing a layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" according to claim 7, characterized in that, The bamboo poles at the connection points of the fixed connections are all reserved with an extension length of 2 to 3 cm.

9. The method for constructing a layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" according to claim 8, characterized in that, The mesh size of the coconut net is 2 cm × 2 cm, and a layer of coconut shreds with a thickness of 1.5 to 2 cm is laid between the bottom plane frame and the bottom coconut net.

10. An application of a layered near-natural ecological "floating carpet" as described in any one of claims 1-5 or constructed by the construction method of any one of claims 6-9, characterized in that, It is applied to the ecological restoration and water quality management of degraded wetlands with a water depth of ≥0.6 m.

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