A biomimetic hemostasis model and method using a multi-vascular network for junctional trauma

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of medical high-fidelity training model technology, and discloses a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model and method for junctional wounds. The model includes a biomimetic model, a blood bank system, a control system, and a temperature control unit. A biomimetic multi-vascular network is embedded in the junction area of ​​the biomimetic model, and a biomimetic wound opening is provided at the corresponding position of the biomimetic multi-vascular network. The input end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network is connected to the output end of the blood bank system, and the output end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network is located inside the biomimetic wound opening. The temperature control unit is located at the input end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network. A pressure sensor is provided in the biomimetic wound cavity wall of the biomimetic wound opening, and hemostatic material is filled inside the biomimetic wound opening, with the hemostatic material in contact with the pressure sensor. The control terminal of the control system is electrically connected to the blood bank system, the temperature control unit, and the pressure sensor. This invention can realistically simulate the bleeding process of penetrating and blind-tube injuries in the junctional wound of the simulation model, facilitating simulation training.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of medical high-fidelity training model technology, specifically to a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model and method for junctional trauma. Background Technology

[0002] In battlefield or emergency medical scenarios, rapid and effective hemostasis is crucial for saving lives. Blind-channel wounds and penetrating wounds are common types of combat trauma leading to massive hemorrhage. Their core characteristics are deep wounds, bleeding points located within the wound cavity, and complex wound cavities making precise location of the bleeding point difficult, thus preventing effective hemostasis through direct pressure. Junctional areas (i.e., the areas connecting the limbs and head / neck, specifically including the groin, buttocks, shoulders, armpits, and base of the neck) are critical areas for the passage and bifurcation of major blood vessels, making bleeding in these areas particularly dangerous. This demands extremely high levels of professionalism and timeliness in hemostasis techniques, posing significant challenges to training in related hemostasis techniques and the development of hemostatic materials.

[0003] Existing training models for combat trauma hemostasis mostly employ solenoid valves to control the opening and closing of blood flow, achieving only a binary control effect of "opening" or "closing" blood flow. However, the actual bleeding process in combat trauma is continuously changing, progressing from gushing bleeding to dripping bleeding, and then to natural hemostasis. The aforementioned binary control training models cannot simulate this real bleeding process, resulting in trainees only mastering the action of performing hemostasis but finding it difficult to judge whether the hemostasis operation is truly effective, thus limiting the training value.

[0004] In the research and development of hemostatic materials such as hemostatic sponges, standardized bleeding simulation models are a necessary foundation for evaluating the hemostatic performance of materials (such as core indicators like expansibility and mechanical properties). However, the current research field of hemostatic materials generally lacks standardized platforms capable of simulating bleeding scenarios at the junctional zone. Existing bleeding models for evaluating the effectiveness of hemostatic materials are mostly animal models, with commonly used experimental animals including SD rats, New Zealand rabbits, and Bama pigs. These animal models have inherent limitations: First, the physiological parameters of animals, such as blood vessel diameter, blood pressure level, and limb structure, differ significantly from those of humans, especially in their inability to realistically simulate the vascular distribution and bleeding characteristics of the human junctional zone; second, experimental results are easily affected by various factors such as animal strain, age, sex, and anesthesia method, leading to large variations and poor reproducibility; third, animal experiments also face ethical review and other related issues, limiting their widespread application in the research and development of hemostatic materials.

[0005] In summary, existing combat trauma bleeding models generally suffer from low simulation levels. Blood flow changes are instantaneous and discontinuous, lacking physiological realism and failing to meet the needs of medical personnel for practical training. Furthermore, animal models used for hemostatic material development suffer from high costs, large result variability, poor reproducibility, and ethical controversies, failing to provide a reliable standardized evaluation platform for hemostatic material development. Currently, no highly realistic combat trauma bleeding model exists domestically or internationally that simultaneously meets the needs of hemostatic material development (such as hemostatic sponges) and the practical training requirements of medical personnel. A significant gap exists in this technological field, urgently requiring a standardized bleeding platform capable of simulating real combat trauma bleeding scenarios to fill the gaps in existing technology and support combat trauma hemostasis training and hemostatic material development. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In order to overcome the defects of the existing technology, the purpose of this invention is to provide a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model and method for junctional trauma, so as to solve the technical problem that the simulation model cannot realistically simulate the bleeding process of penetrating and blind-tube injuries in the junctional wound, which leads to the limitation of simulation training.

[0007] This invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0008] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model for trauma in the junctional area, including a biomimetic model, a blood bank system, a control system, and a temperature control unit.

[0009] The biomimetic model has a biomimetic multi-vascular network embedded at the junction area, and a biomimetic wound is provided at the position of the biomimetic multi-vascular network; the input end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network is connected to the output end of the blood bank system, and the output end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network is set in the biomimetic wound to simulate the bleeding condition in the biomimetic wound.

[0010] The temperature control unit is located at the input end of the biomimetic multi-vessel network;

[0011] The inner wall of the bionic wound is a bionic wound cavity wall, and a pressure sensor is installed inside the bionic wound cavity wall. The bionic wound is filled with hemostatic material, and the hemostatic material is in contact with the pressure sensor.

[0012] The control terminal of the control system is electrically connected to the blood bank system, the temperature control unit, and the pressure sensor, respectively.

[0013] Preferably, the biomimetic multi-vascular network includes a biomimetic arterial vascular network and a biomimetic venous vascular network;

[0014] The input ends of the bionic arterial network and the bionic vein network are connected to the output end of the blood bank system through blood delivery tubes, and the temperature control unit is located at the connection between the input ends of the bionic arterial network and the bionic vein network and the blood delivery tubes.

[0015] The output ends of the biomimetic arterial network and the biomimetic venous network are located inside the biomimetic wound opening.

[0016] Furthermore, both the biomimetic arterial network and the biomimetic venous network include several biomimetic blood vessel units; each biomimetic blood vessel unit includes a heating tube and a biomimetic blood vessel.

[0017] The input end of the bionic blood vessel is connected to the blood bank system, and the output end is set inside the bionic wound opening;

[0018] The heating tube is sleeved on the outside of the bionic blood vessel, and the control end of the heating tube is connected to the temperature control unit for temperature control of the bionic blood vessel.

[0019] Furthermore, the biomimetic blood vessel is made of a thermosensitive hydrogel, which is prepared using modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).

[0020] Furthermore, a gap is provided between the heating element and the bionic blood vessel.

[0021] Preferably, the blood bank system includes a blood bank, a blood pump, a flow meter, branch pipes, a pressure display screen, and a flow display screen;

[0022] The drive port of the blood pump is connected to the blood bank, and the control port is connected to the control system;

[0023] The output end of the blood station is connected to the input end of the branch tube, and the output end of the branch tube is branched with a first outlet vessel and a second outlet vessel. The input end of the biomimetic multi-vessel network is connected to the first outlet vessel or the second outlet vessel.

[0024] The flow meter is installed between the output end of the blood station and the input end of the branch pipe; the flow meter, pressure display screen and flow display screen are respectively connected to the control system.

[0025] Furthermore, the control system includes a control module, the input of which is connected to the output of a signal input module, and the input of the signal input module is connected to a pressure sensor and a flow meter, respectively.

[0026] The output of the control module is connected to the input of the signal output module; the output of the signal output module is connected to the input of the drive module and the human-machine interaction module respectively; the output of the drive module is connected to the input of the temperature control unit and the blood pump respectively; the output of the human-machine interaction module is connected to the input of the pressure display screen and the flow display screen.

[0027] Preferably, the hemostatic material includes gauze, curved gauze, or Xstat.

[0028] Secondly, the present invention also provides a hemostasis method based on a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model for junctional trauma, comprising the following steps:

[0029] The control system drives the blood bank system to deliver blood through a biomimetic multi-vessel network to the biomimetic wound in the boundary area of ​​the biomimetic model, causing bleeding in the biomimetic wound.

[0030] The hemostatic material is packed into the output end of the bionic multi-vascular network inside the bionic wound, and the blood at the output end of the bionic multi-vascular network is absorbed. This causes the hemostatic material to generate packing pressure on the pressure sensor of the bionic wound cavity wall. The pressure sensor collects the packing pressure value and converts the packing pressure value into an electrical signal and sends it to the control system.

[0031] The control system adjusts the temperature control unit to gradually increase the temperature of the bionic multi-vessel network based on the received electrical signals. As the temperature rises, the blood vessels in the bionic multi-vessel network begin to contract, and the blood flow velocity within the blood vessels gradually decreases accordingly. When the packing pressure value collected by the pressure sensor received by the control system is higher than the set threshold, the blood vessels in the bionic multi-vessel network completely contract, the blood flow stops, and the hemostasis training of the bionic hemostasis model of the multi-vessel network for junctional trauma is completed.

[0032] Preferably, the temperature control unit controls the temperature to cause the blood vessels of the biomimetic multi-vessel network to exhibit different degrees of contraction. Specifically, when the temperature rises, the blood vessels of the biomimetic multi-vessel network contract and the blood flow velocity decreases; when the temperature falls, the blood vessels of the biomimetic multi-vessel network dilate and the blood flow velocity increases.

[0033] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects:

[0034] This invention provides a biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for borderline trauma. Through the synergistic effect of the biomimetic model, blood bank system, control system, and temperature control unit, it can realistically simulate bleeding conditions in borderline trauma. The biomimetic multi-vascular network possesses thermal expansion and contraction properties, simulating vascular spasm under the temperature control of the temperature control unit, enabling continuous control of the bleeding rate and improving the simulation of bleeding. The placement of pressure sensors and hemostatic materials within the biomimetic wound, combined with real-time monitoring and adjustment by the control system, achieves precise control of the bleeding process, providing trainees with an immersive emergency rescue scenario and significantly enhancing the realism and effectiveness of the training.

[0035] Furthermore, the biomimetic multi-vascular network is divided into arterial and venous networks, connected to a blood bank system via blood delivery tubes. A temperature control unit is located at the connection between the vascular network and the delivery tubes, allowing for more precise control of blood flow velocity. This not only simulates the distribution and function of real blood vessels but also allows for separate control of arterial and venous blood flow, providing trainees with more complex bleeding scenarios and helping to cultivate their ability to cope with different types of trauma.

[0036] Furthermore, the bionic blood vessel unit consists of a heating tube and a bionic blood vessel. The heating tube is fitted onto the outside of the bionic blood vessel, and the temperature of the bionic blood vessel is controlled by a temperature control unit. Utilizing the thermal expansion and contraction characteristics of the bionic blood vessel, the phenomenon of vascular spasm can be simulated, thereby continuously regulating the blood flow velocity. This allows the bionic model to more realistically simulate the physiological response after trauma, improving the clinical relevance and operability of the training.

[0037] Furthermore, the biomimetic blood vessel is made of thermosensitive hydrogel, which is prepared using modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). It has good thermal responsiveness and can undergo volume changes when the temperature changes, thereby controlling the contraction and expansion of the blood vessel. This ensures that the temperature control unit can effectively regulate the blood flow rate. At the same time, the biocompatibility and elastic modulus of the material are close to those of real blood vessels, improving the simulation accuracy of the model.

[0038] Furthermore, a gap is placed between the heating element and the bionic blood vessel to prevent overheating or damage caused by direct contact between the heating element and the bionic blood vessel, while ensuring effective heat transfer. The gap not only extends the lifespan of the bionic blood vessel but also ensures the stability and precision of temperature control, making blood flow velocity regulation more reliable and providing repeatable experimental conditions for training.

[0039] Furthermore, the blood bank system includes components such as a blood bank, blood pump, flow meter, and branch pipes. The control system enables drive control of the blood pump and real-time monitoring of the flow meter, ensuring that the flow rate and pressure of simulated bleeding conform to the physiological parameters of real trauma, thereby improving the realism of the training and the accuracy of the data.

[0040] Furthermore, the internal structure of the control system, including the control module, signal input / output module, drive module, and human-machine interface module, enables the system to process sensor data in real time and control the actuators' actions according to preset programs. The integrated design of the control system not only improves the system's reliability and maintainability but also provides trainees with an intuitive operating interface, facilitating real-time monitoring and adjustment of training parameters.

[0041] This invention also provides a hemostasis method for a biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network used for junctional wounds. A pressure sensor monitors the packing pressure within the biomimetic wound in real time and feeds the data back to the control system. The control system adjusts the temperature of the temperature control unit according to a preset threshold, thereby regulating the blood flow rate. This allows for dynamic adjustment of the hemostasis strategy based on the actual bleeding situation, helping trainees quickly master effective hemostasis methods and improving the relevance and effectiveness of training.

[0042] Furthermore, controlling blood flow velocity through temperature changes allows trainees to understand the relationship between temperature control and hemostasis, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent model optimization and functional expansion. Attached Figure Description

[0043] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the multi-vessel network biomimetic hemostasis model in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the biomimetic blood vessel in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the principle structure of the control system in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram showing the volume change rate of modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) at different temperatures in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] In the image: 1. Bionic model; 2. Blood bank system; 3. Control system; 4. Temperature control unit;

[0048] 11. Bionic wound; 12. Blood delivery tube; 13. Bionic arterial network; 14. Bionic venous network; 15. Hemostatic material; 16. Pressure sensor; 17. Bionic blood vessel unit;

[0049] 21. Blood bank; 22. Blood pump; 23. Flow meter; 24. Branch tube; 25. First outlet tube; 26. Second outlet tube; 27. Pressure display screen; 28. Flow display screen;

[0050] 31. Control module; 32. Signal input module; 33. Signal output module; 34. Drive module; 35. Human-machine interaction module;

[0051] 171. Heating element; 172. Bionic blood vessel. Detailed Implementation

[0052] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0053] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this invention are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of the invention described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0054] The purpose of this invention is to provide a biomimetic hemostasis model and method for multi-vascular network wounds in the junctional area, in order to solve the technical problem that the simulation model cannot realistically simulate the bleeding process of penetrating and blind-tube wounds in the junctional area, which leads to limited simulation training.

[0055] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings:

[0056] Example 1

[0057] See Figure 1In one embodiment of the present invention, a biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for junctional wounds is provided, comprising a biomimetic model 1, a blood bank system 2, a control system 3, and a temperature control unit 4. A biomimetic multi-vascular network is embedded in the junction area of ​​the biomimetic model 1, and a biomimetic wound opening 11 is provided on the biomimetic model 1 at the location of the biomimetic multi-vascular network. The input end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network is connected to the output end of the blood bank system 2, and the output end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network is located within the biomimetic wound opening 11 to simulate bleeding within the biomimetic wound opening 11. The temperature control unit 4 is located at the input end of the biomimetic multi-vascular network and is used to control the blood flow velocity within the biomimetic multi-vascular network through temperature. A pressure sensor 16 is provided within the biomimetic wound cavity wall of the biomimetic wound opening 11, and the biomimetic wound opening 11 is filled with hemostatic material 15, which contacts the pressure sensor 16. The control terminal of the control system 3 is electrically connected to the blood bank system 2, the temperature control unit 4, and the pressure sensor 16, respectively.

[0058] Specifically, the biomimetic multi-vascular network includes a biomimetic arterial network 13 and a biomimetic venous network 14; the biomimetic arterial network 13 and the biomimetic venous network 14 are embedded in the biomimetic model 1, wherein the input ends of the biomimetic arterial network 13 and the biomimetic venous network 14 are connected to the output ends of the blood bank system 2 through blood delivery tubes 12, and the temperature control unit 4 is located at the connection between the input ends of the biomimetic arterial network 13 and the biomimetic venous network 14 and the blood delivery tubes 12; the output ends of the biomimetic arterial network 13 and the biomimetic venous network 14 are located in the biomimetic wound opening 11.

[0059] In this embodiment, the arteries and veins divided into two paths within the bionic model 1 can be visually demonstrated that the amount and speed of bleeding during arterial bleeding are significantly greater than those during venous bleeding.

[0060] Both the biomimetic arterial network 13 and the biomimetic venous network 14 include several biomimetic vascular units 17; according to Figure 2 As shown, the bionic blood vessel unit 17 includes a heating tube 171 and a bionic blood vessel 172; the input end of the bionic blood vessel 172 is connected to the blood station system 2, and the output end is set inside the bionic wound opening 11; the heating tube 171 is sleeved on the outside of the bionic blood vessel 172, and the control end of the heating tube 171 is connected to the temperature control unit 4 for temperature control of the bionic blood vessel 172 by the temperature control unit 4.

[0061] In this embodiment, the biomimetic blood vessel 172 is made of thermosensitive hydrogel, which is prepared by using modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).

[0062] In this embodiment, a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based thermosensitive hydrogel was selected as the core material. When the temperature is <32℃, the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) molecular chains can dissolve in water, which macroscopically manifests as volume expansion; when the temperature is >32℃, water molecules are released from the hydrogel structure, and the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) molecular chains aggregate, resulting in a volume phase transition. At this time, the polymer molecular chains in the solution gradually change from a soluble random coil state to an insoluble collapsed or spherical state, which macroscopically manifests as volume shrinkage. In this embodiment, the biomimetic blood vessel 172 material was synthesized by free radical polymerization. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAM) was used as the monomer, eight-armed star-shaped polyethylene glycol acrylamide (PEGAAm) was used as the crosslinking agent, and potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as the initiator. The components were dissolved in 12 mL of pure water and stirred at 5°C. After deoxygenation by bubbling with nitrogen for 20 minutes, tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) accelerator was added, and the reaction solution was quickly transferred to a plastic round tube. Polymerization was carried out at 5°C for 24 hours, and finally purified with pure water to obtain the final product.

[0063] The modified material exhibits hydrophilicity at room temperature (below 32℃), with extended molecular chains, and the biomimetic blood vessel 172 remains unobstructed. However, when the temperature rises above the phase transition temperature (40℃), the material rapidly transforms into a hydrophobic state, the molecular chains contract and expel water, causing the overall vessel wall to shrink, and the biomimetic blood vessel 172 narrows. Figure 4 As shown.

[0064] In this embodiment, a gap is provided between the heating tube 171 and the bionic blood vessel 172.

[0065] In this embodiment, the biomimetic blood vessel 172 is a biomimetic blood vessel network made of thermosensitive hydrogel using a sacrificial template method, exhibiting thermal shrinkage and expansion properties. When the temperature rises, the blood vessel wall automatically contracts. The thermosensitive blood vessel physically contracts under external heating, thereby mechanically reducing the inner diameter of the blood vessel, simulating the natural physiological process of vasospasm, and achieving a slowdown or even complete blockage of blood flow.

[0066] Specifically, the blood bank system 2 includes a blood bank 21, a blood pump 22, a flow meter 23, a branch pipe 24, a pressure display screen 27, and a flow display screen 28. The drive port of the blood pump 22 is connected to the blood bank 21, and the control port is connected to the control system 3. The output end of the blood bank 21 is connected to the input end of the branch pipe 24. The output end of the branch pipe 24 is branched with a first outlet vessel 25 and a second outlet vessel 26. The input end of the biomimetic multi-vessel network is connected to either the first outlet vessel 25 or the second outlet vessel 26. The flow meter 23 is disposed between the output end of the blood bank 21 and the input end of the branch pipe 24 and is used to record the amount of outflowing fluid. The flow meter 23, the pressure display screen 27, and the flow display screen 28 are respectively connected to the control system 3. The pressure display screen 27 and the flow display screen 28 respectively display the bleeding volume and the packing pressure of the wound cavity.

[0067] Among them, according to Figure 3 As shown, the control system 3 includes a control module 31. The input terminal of the control module 31 is connected to the output terminal of the signal input module 32, and the input terminals of the signal input module 32 are respectively connected to the pressure sensor 16 and the flow meter 23. The output terminal of the control module 31 is connected to the input terminal of the signal output module 33. The output terminal of the signal output module 33 is respectively connected to the input terminals of the drive module 34 and the human-machine interaction module 35. The output terminal of the drive module 34 is respectively connected to the input terminals of the temperature control unit 4 and the blood pump 22. The output terminal of the human-machine interaction module 35 is connected to the input terminals of the pressure display screen 27 and the flow display screen 28.

[0068] In this embodiment, the biomimetic model 1 includes simulated wound cavities from different parts of the human body, including but not limited to basal blind-tube wounds, flask-shaped blind-tube wounds, and penetrating wounds. The texture and elastic modulus of the simulated wound cavity structure are close to those of human tissue, mimicking the internal cavity formed after a penetrating object (bullet, shrapnel) enters the human body. Among them, the simulated wound cavities include basal blind-tube wounds, flask-shaped blind-tube wounds, and penetrating wounds; a basal blind-tube wound is a bowl-shaped cavity with a large opening and a small base; a flask-shaped blind-tube wound is a flask-shaped cavity with a small opening and a large base; and a penetrating wound is a funnel-shaped cavity where the inlet of the penetrating object is smaller than the outlet.

[0069] The pressure sensor 16 inside the bionic wound 11 can monitor pressure changes in real time during the packing and hemostasis process. The control system 3 can receive the output signal of the pressure sensor 16 and adjust the inner diameter of the bionic blood vessel 172 according to the pressure of the bionic wound 11. The blood pump 22 can receive the electrical signal with a heart rate frequency emitted by the control system 3 and deliver blood in a pulsed manner.

[0070] In this embodiment, the hemostatic material 15 includes gauze, curved gauze, or Xstat.

[0071] In summary, this invention provides a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model for borderline trauma. Through the synergistic effect of the biomimetic model 1, blood bank system 2, control system 3, and temperature control unit 4, it can realistically simulate bleeding conditions in borderline trauma. The biomimetic multi-vascular network possesses thermal expansion and contraction characteristics, simulating vascular spasm under the temperature control of the temperature control unit 4, enabling continuous control of the bleeding rate and improving the simulation of bleeding. The placement of pressure sensors 16 and hemostatic material 15 within the biomimetic wound 11, combined with real-time monitoring and adjustment by the control system 3, achieves precise control of the bleeding process, providing trainees with an immersive emergency rescue scenario and significantly enhancing the realism and effectiveness of the training.

[0072] Example 2

[0073] This embodiment also provides a hemostasis method based on a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model for junctional trauma, comprising the following steps:

[0074] A bleeding mode is set in control system 3, which includes mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and blood flow velocity. The bleeding mode is activated when blood pump 22 is started. The hemostasis mode is activated when the multi-vascular network is in a state of complete contraction.

[0075] The control system 3 drives the blood station system 2 to deliver blood through the bionic multi-vascular network to the bionic wound 11 in the junction area of ​​the bionic model 1, causing bleeding in the bionic wound 11.

[0076] The hemostatic material 15 is filled into the output end of the bionic multi-vascular network in the bionic wound 11, and the blood at the output end of the bionic multi-vascular network is absorbed, so that the hemostatic material 15 generates filling pressure on the pressure sensor 16 of the bionic wound cavity wall. The pressure sensor 16 collects the filling pressure value and converts the filling pressure value into an electrical signal and sends it to the control system 3.

[0077] The control system 3, based on the received electrical signal, fine-tunes the heating power and working time of the temperature control unit 4 to cause the bionic multi-vascular network to exhibit different degrees of contraction according to the magnitude of the packing pressure, thereby controlling the blood flow velocity of the bionic multi-vascular network. Specifically, when the pressure sensor 16 receives the packing pressure value, the temperature control unit 4 gradually increases the temperature of the bionic multi-vascular network, and the blood flow velocity gradually decreases accordingly. When the packing pressure value collected by the pressure sensor 16 received by the control system 3 is higher than the set threshold, the blood vessels of the bionic multi-vascular network completely contract, and the blood flow stops.

[0078] In this embodiment, the pressure sensor 16 has a range of 50~1000 mmHg, an accuracy of 5 mmHg, and a size of 1×1 mm.

[0079] In this embodiment, the biomimetic multi-vascular network is prepared by the sacrificial template method. The sacrificial template method refers to using paraffin wax to 3D print a sacrificial template for the vascular network, then impregnating the template with a thermosensitive hydrogel material, and finally melting and flowing out the inner wax mold by heating (boiling water) to obtain a hollow vascular network.

[0080] Specifically, the temperature control unit 4 controls the temperature to make the blood vessels of the biomimetic multi-vessel network exhibit different degrees of contraction. Specifically, when the temperature rises, the blood vessels of the biomimetic multi-vessel network contract and the blood flow velocity decreases; when the temperature falls, the blood vessels of the biomimetic multi-vessel network dilate and the blood flow velocity increases.

[0081] The biomimetic multi-vascular network is driven by the temperature control unit 4 to control the temperature. When the temperature rises, the biomimetic multi-vascular network physically contracts, thereby mechanically reducing the inner diameter of the blood vessels, simulating the natural physiological process of vascular spasm, and achieving the slowing down or even complete blockage of blood flow.

[0082] In summary, this embodiment provides a hemostasis method for a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model used for junctional wounds. The method utilizes a pressure sensor 16 to monitor the packing pressure within the biomimetic wound opening 11 in real time and feeds the data back to the control system 3. The control system 3 adjusts the temperature of the temperature control unit 4 according to a preset threshold, thereby regulating the blood flow rate. This allows for dynamic adjustment of the hemostasis strategy based on the actual bleeding situation, helping trainees quickly master effective hemostasis methods and improving the relevance and effectiveness of the training.

[0083] In this embodiment, the blood vessels used in the model closely resemble real blood vessels in texture and elastic modulus, exhibiting thermal expansion and contraction characteristics. They can simulate vascular spasm under the action of the heating tube 171, allowing for continuous control of bleeding rate. The shape, location, and appearance of the wound cavities in blind-tube wounds and penetrating wounds closely match real combat trauma, providing high simulation and immersing trainees in emergency rescue situations. The control system 3 uses pressure sensors 16 located within the wound cavity to monitor and provide real-time feedback on the packing pressure, promptly determining whether the operator's packing pressure is appropriate and correcting operational errors. This embodiment employs higher simulation fidelity, richer training content, and long-term system reliability, making it highly suitable for advanced simulation training that cultivates trainees' clinical thinking and ability to handle complex situations.

[0084] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the specific implementation of the present invention. Any modifications or equivalent substitutions that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be covered within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for borderline trauma, characterized in that, It includes a biomimetic model (1), a blood bank system (2), a control system (3), and a temperature control unit (4); A bionic multi-vascular network is embedded in the junction area of ​​the bionic model (1), and a bionic wound (11) is provided on the bionic model (1) at the location of the bionic multi-vascular network; the input end of the bionic multi-vascular network is connected to the output end of the blood station system (2), and the output end of the bionic multi-vascular network is set in the bionic wound (11) to simulate the bleeding condition in the bionic wound (11); The temperature control unit (4) is located at the input end of the bionic multi-vessel network; The inner wall of the bionic wound (11) is a bionic wound cavity wall, and a pressure sensor (16) is provided in the bionic wound cavity wall. The bionic wound (11) is filled with hemostatic material (15), and the hemostatic material (15) is in contact with the pressure sensor (16). The control terminal of the control system (3) is electrically connected to the blood station system (2), the temperature control unit (4), and the pressure sensor (16), respectively. The biomimetic multi-vascular network includes a biomimetic arterial network (13) and a biomimetic venous network (14); both the biomimetic arterial network (13) and the biomimetic venous network (14) include several biomimetic vascular units (17); each biomimetic vascular unit (17) includes a biomimetic vascular unit (172). The biomimetic blood vessel (172) is made of thermosensitive hydrogel, which is prepared by using modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The temperature control unit (4) controls the temperature so that the blood vessels of the bionic multi-vessel network exhibit different degrees of contraction. Specifically, when the temperature rises, the blood vessels of the bionic multi-vessel network contract and the blood flow velocity decreases; when the temperature falls, the blood vessels of the bionic multi-vessel network expand and the blood flow velocity increases.

2. A biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for junctional trauma as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The input ends of the bionic arterial network (13) and the bionic venous network (14) are connected to the output end of the blood station system (2) through the blood delivery tube (12). The temperature control unit (4) is located at the connection between the input ends of the bionic arterial network (13) and the bionic venous network (14) and the blood delivery tube (12). The output ends of the bionic arterial network (13) and the bionic venous network (14) are located inside the bionic wound opening (11).

3. A biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for junctional trauma as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The biomimetic blood vessel unit (17) also includes a heating tube (171). The input end of the bionic blood vessel (172) is connected to the blood station system (2), and the output end is set inside the bionic wound opening (11); The heating tube (171) is sleeved on the outside of the bionic blood vessel (172). The control end of the heating tube (171) is connected to the temperature control unit (4) for temperature control of the bionic blood vessel (172) through the temperature control unit (4).

4. The biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for junctional trauma according to claim 3, characterized in that, A gap is provided between the heating tube (171) and the bionic blood vessel (172).

5. A biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for junctional trauma as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The blood bank system (2) includes a blood bank (21), a blood pump (22), a flow meter (23), a branch pipe (24), a pressure display screen (27), and a flow display screen (28). The drive port of the blood pump (22) is connected to the blood station (21), and the control port is connected to the control system (3). The output end of the blood station (21) is connected to the input end of the branch tube (24). The output end of the branch tube (24) is branched with a first outlet vessel (25) and a second outlet vessel (26). The input end of the biomimetic multi-vessel network is connected to the first outlet vessel (25) or the second outlet vessel (26). The flow meter (23) is located between the output end of the blood station (21) and the input end of the branch pipe (24); the flow meter (23), the pressure display screen (27) and the flow display screen (28) are respectively connected to the control system (3).

6. A biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for junctional trauma as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The control system (3) is equipped with a control module (31). The input end of the control module (31) is connected to the output end of the signal input module (32). The input end of the signal input module (32) is connected to the pressure sensor (16) and the flow meter (23) respectively. The output of the control module (31) is connected to the input of the signal output module (33); the output of the signal output module (33) is connected to the input of the drive module (34) and the human-machine interaction module (35); the output of the drive module (34) is connected to the input of the temperature control unit (4) and the blood pump (22); the output of the human-machine interaction module (35) is connected to the input of the pressure display screen (27) and the flow display screen (28).

7. A biomimetic hemostasis model with a multi-vascular network for junctional trauma as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The hemostatic material (15) includes gauze, curved gauze, or Xstat.

8. A hemostasis method for a multi-vascular network biomimetic hemostasis model used for junctional wounds, characterized in that, A biomimetic hemostasis model based on any one of claims 1-7 for junctional area trauma includes the following process: The control system (3) drives the blood station system (2) to deliver blood through the bionic multi-vascular network to the bionic wound (11) at the junction of the bionic model (1), causing bleeding in the bionic wound (11); The hemostatic material (15) is filled into the output end of the bionic multi-vascular network in the bionic wound (11), and the blood at the output end of the bionic multi-vascular network is absorbed, so that the hemostatic material (15) generates filling pressure on the pressure sensor (16) of the bionic wound cavity wall. The pressure sensor (16) collects the filling pressure value and converts the filling pressure value into an electrical signal and sends it to the control system (3). The control system (3) adjusts the temperature control unit (4) to gradually heat the bionic multi-vessel network according to the received electrical signal. As the temperature rises, the blood vessels of the bionic multi-vessel network begin to contract, and the blood flow velocity in the blood vessels gradually decreases. When the packing pressure value collected by the pressure sensor (16) received by the control system (3) is higher than the set threshold, the blood vessels of the bionic multi-vessel network completely contract, the blood flow stops, and the hemostasis training of the bionic hemostasis model of the multi-vessel network for junctional trauma is completed.

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