Oat-feeding pea mixed sowing forage grass and highland barley straw silage and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of silage, and discloses an oat-feed pea mixed sowing forage grass and highland barley straw silage and a preparation method thereof. The silage is prepared by mixing oat-feeding pea mixed sowing forage grass and highland barley straw according to the mass ratio of (4: 6)-(8: 2), and the preferable ratio of the oat-feeding pea mixed sowing forage grass to the highland barley straw is 6: 4. The preparation method comprises the steps of mixed sowing forage grass planting, raw material pretreatment, mixing modulation, silage fermentation and the like. Nutrient component complementation is achieved through reasonable matching, the problems that high-quality forage grass in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area is insufficient in supply and highland barley straw resources are wasted are solved, the obtained silage is good in fermentation quality (pH is smaller than or equal to 4.2, and the lactic acid content is high) and balanced in nutrition (the crude protein content is high, and the fiber content is appropriate), the relative feeding value and the coarse feed grading index reach the first-level standard, and the silage is suitable for large-scale production. The method is suitable for breeding ruminants in alpine regions, and an effective way is provided for quality improvement, efficiency improvement and sustainable utilization of resources in animal husbandry.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of silage technology, specifically to silage of oat-forage pea mixed forage and barley straw and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important ecological barrier and livestock production base in my country, with ruminant livestock such as yaks and Tibetan sheep being the core breeds of the local animal husbandry. However, due to the influence of the high-altitude and cold climate, forage production in this region faces prominent problems such as strong seasonality, insufficient supply of high-quality forage, and shortage of forage in winter and spring, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of animal husbandry. At the same time, highland barley is widely cultivated on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, producing a large amount of highland barley straw. However, due to its hard texture, high lignin and cellulose content, and low protein content, it has poor palatability and low digestibility, limiting its direct feed value. A large amount of highland barley straw is burned or discarded, resulting in both resource waste and environmental pollution.

[0003] Oat-pea intercropping is a common forage production model in high-altitude and cold regions. Intercropped forage is rich in nutrients, high in crude protein, and produces good fermentation quality after silage. However, when used alone as a basic roughage, it suffers from insufficient fiber content and high feeding costs. Silage technology is an effective means of preserving and improving forage quality. Theoretically, mixing oat-pea intercropping forage with barley straw for silage can achieve nutritional complementarity, improve barley straw utilization, and reduce feeding costs. However, current systematic research on this mixed silage in high-altitude and cold regions is insufficient; key technologies such as suitable mixing ratios and preparation processes are not yet clearly defined, limiting the widespread application of this technology.

[0004] Therefore, developing a nutritionally balanced, high-quality fermented, low-cost silage feed made from a mixture of oats and forage peas and barley straw, and its preparation method, that is suitable for high-altitude and cold regions, is of great significance for expanding forage sources, reducing grassland stress, and promoting the development of circular agriculture. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a method for preparing silage by mixing oats and forage peas with barley straw, thereby achieving resource integration of high-quality forage and waste straw, and obtaining silage with good fermentation quality, balanced nutrition, and high economic benefits.

[0006] The technical solution provided by this invention is as follows:

[0007] This invention provides silage of oats-pea forage mixed with barley straw, characterized in that it is made by mixing and ensiling oats-pea forage and barley straw; the mass ratio of oats-pea forage to barley straw is 4:6-8:2; the silage has the following properties: pH ≤ 4.5, lactic acid content ≥ 26.7 g / kg DM, crude protein content ≥ 8.39%, neutral detergent fiber content ≤ 48.39%, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen ratio ≤ 92.34 g / kg TN, acid detergent fiber content ≤ 31.4%, relative feed value ≥ 112.95, and roughage grading index ≥ 15.69.

[0008] Furthermore, the mass ratio of the oat-pea mixed forage to the barley straw is 6:4, the moisture content of the oat-pea mixed forage is 70%, and the moisture content of the barley straw is 14%.

[0009] Furthermore, the oat-forage mixed forage is obtained by intercropping oat variety Qingyan 3 and forage pea A-61 at a theoretical sowing rate of 4:6. The theoretical sowing rate of oats is 225 kg / hm², and the theoretical sowing rate of forage peas is 112 kg / hm².

[0010] This invention also provides a method for preparing silage of oats-forage peas mixed with barley straw as described above, characterized by the following steps:

[0011] (1) Mixed forage planting: oat seeds and forage pea seeds are mixed and sown in the planting area at a theoretical ratio of 4:6. Base fertilizer is applied before planting, and dry management is carried out. Oat seeds are harvested during the milk-ripe to waxy ripe stage and forage pea seeds are harvested during the pod-setting stage to obtain oat-forage mixed forage.

[0012] (2) Raw material pretreatment: The oat-pea mixed forage obtained in step (1) is shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces, and the barley straw is shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces;

[0013] (3) Mixing and preparation: Mix the pretreated oats-feed peas with barley straw at a mass ratio of 4:6-8:2, adjust the moisture content of the mixture to 60%-70% with tap water, and stir thoroughly.

[0014] (4) Silage fermentation: The mixture obtained in step (3) is put into a silage fermentation container and fermented for 20-40 days under natural temperature and light-proof conditions to obtain silage feed;

[0015] The theoretical sowing rate of oats is 225 kg / hm², and the theoretical sowing rate of forage peas is 112 kg / hm².

[0016] Furthermore, the base fertilizer mentioned in step (1) is 140-160 kg·hm² of diammonium phosphate. -2 and urea 70-80 kg·hm -2 A mixture.

[0017] Furthermore, the oat-pea mixed forage described in step (1) is harvested 90-100 days after planting, and the moisture content of the oat-pea mixed forage is 65%-75% at the time of harvest.

[0018] Further, in step (3), the water content of the mixture is adjusted to 65%.

[0019] Furthermore, the fermentation time in step (4) is 30 days, and the silage fermentation container is a silage fermentation bag, with each bag containing 15-25 kg of the mixture.

[0020] Furthermore, the barley straw mentioned in step (2) is the straw after harvesting barley grains, and its initial moisture content is 12%-16%.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0022] 1. Nutritional complementarity and superior quality: This invention achieves nutritional complementarity of protein and fiber by rationally combining oats, feed peas, and barley straw. The resulting silage has high crude protein content and appropriate fiber content, and its relative feeding value and roughage grading index reach the first-grade standard. It can meet the dual needs of ruminants for nutrition and effective fiber, and promote rumen health.

[0023] 2. Stable fermentation and good preservation: By determining the appropriate mixing ratio and moisture content, the lactic acid bacteria are fully fermented, the pH value of the silage is ≤4.2, the lactic acid content is high, no butyric acid is generated, the ammonia nitrogen content is low, the protein degradation is minimal, the fermentation quality is stable, the aerobic stability is strong, and it can be stored for a long time.

[0024] 3. Resource utilization, environmental protection and high efficiency: It effectively utilizes the abundant barley straw resources of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, reduces environmental pollution caused by straw burning, alleviates the problem of insufficient supply of high-quality forage, reduces the dependence of forage production on natural grasslands, and promotes the development of circular agriculture.

[0025] 4. Low cost and significant benefits: Barley straw has low cost, and mixing it with silage reduces the proportion of high-quality forage used, significantly reducing the production cost of silage. The 6:4 mixing ratio yields the highest net profit, reaching 370 yuan / ton (20257.8 yuan / hm²), far exceeding that of single silage treatment, bringing considerable economic benefits to farmers.

[0026] 5. Simple process and easy to promote: The preparation method is simple to operate and does not require complicated equipment. It is suitable for large-scale promotion and application in high-altitude and cold regions such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It has important practical value for promoting the quality and efficiency improvement and sustainable development of local animal husbandry. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the preparation method of silage from oat-forage pea mixed sowing and barley straw in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 2 The nutritional quality of silage made from oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions as described in this invention embodiment. Figure 1 ;

[0029] Figure 3 The nutritional quality of silage made from oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions as described in this invention embodiment. Figure 2 ;

[0030] Figure 4 The nutritional quality of silage made from oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions as described in this invention embodiment. Figure 3 ;

[0031] Figure 5 The nutritional quality of silage made from oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions as described in this invention embodiment. Figure 4 ;

[0032] Figure 6 The nutritional quality of silage made from oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions as described in this invention embodiment. Figure 5 ;

[0033] Figure 7 The nutritional quality of silage made from oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions as described in this invention embodiment. Figure 6 ;

[0034] Figure 8 This is a comprehensive evaluation diagram of silage made from mixed oat-forage pea grass and barley straw in different proportions according to embodiments of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0035] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the embodiments described below are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Therefore, the detailed description of the embodiments of this application provided below with reference to the accompanying drawings is intended to merely illustrate selected embodiments of this application and is not intended to limit the scope of protection claimed by this application. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0036] The silage provided by this invention is made by mixing oat-forage peas and barley straw in a mass ratio of 4:6-8:2. This ratio range allows for complementary nutritional components, ensuring both protein supply and sufficient effective fiber to meet the physiological needs of ruminants.

[0037] The silage of this invention has excellent quality, with a pH value ≤ 4.2, lactic acid content ≥ 29 g / kg DM, no butyric acid production, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen ratio ≤ 65 g / kg TN, and low protein degradation; crude protein content ≥ 9%, neutral detergent fiber content ≤ 49%, acid detergent fiber content ≤ 32%, relative feed value ≥ 125, and roughage grading index ≥ 33.5, meeting the standard for Grade 1 roughage.

[0038] Preferably, the mass ratio of oat-pea mixed forage to barley straw is 6:4, at which the moisture content of oat-pea mixed forage is 70% and the moisture content of barley straw is 14%.

[0039] Oat-forage mixed forage was obtained by intercropping oat variety Qingyan 3 with forage pea A-61 at a theoretical seeding rate of 4:6. The theoretical seeding rate of oats was 225 kg / hm², and the theoretical seeding rate of forage peas was 112 kg / hm². These planting parameters can ensure the biomass and nutritional quality of the mixed forage.

[0040] See Figure 1 The silage preparation method provided by this invention includes four key steps: mixed forage planting, raw material pretreatment, mixing and preparation, and silage fermentation, as detailed below:

[0041] Step S1, mixed forage planting: Mix oat seeds and forage pea seeds at a theoretical ratio of 4:6 in the planting area. Apply base fertilizer before planting and manage dryland farming. Harvest oats during the milk-ripe to waxy ripe stage and forage peas during the pod-setting stage to obtain oat-forage mixed forage.

[0042] Specifically, select the oat variety Qingyan No. 3 and the forage pea variety A-61, with a seed purity ≥95% and a germination rate ≥90%. Sow the seeds in a theoretical ratio of 4:6, with a theoretical sowing rate of 225 kg / hm² for oats and 112 kg / hm² for forage peas. Apply basal fertilizer before planting, consisting of 140-160 kg / hm² of diammonium phosphate. -2 A mixture of oats and urea at 70-80 kg·hm⁻² is used in a dryland farming model, without irrigation, fertilization, or weeding after emergence. Harvesting occurs 90-100 days after planting (from the milk stage to the waxy stage of oats, and the pod-setting stage of forage peas). At this time, the moisture content of the oat-forage mixture is 65%-75%, making it the most suitable for silage.

[0043] Step S2, raw material pretreatment: The oat-pea mixed forage obtained in step (1) is shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces, and the barley straw is shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces.

[0044] Specifically, the harvested oat-pea mixed forage is shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces using a silage harvester to increase the surface area of ​​the raw materials, which is conducive to the attachment and fermentation of lactic acid bacteria; the barley straw (initial moisture content 12%-16%) after harvesting the grains is thoroughly shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces using a shredder to break down the hard structure of the straw and improve palatability and digestibility.

[0045] Step S3, Mixing and Preparation: Mix the pretreated oats-feed peas and barley straw at a mass ratio of 4:6-8:2, adjust the moisture content of the mixture to 60%-70% with tap water, and stir thoroughly.

[0046] Specifically, take pretreated oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw at a mass ratio of 4:6-8:2, put them into a mixing device and mix them. Adjust the moisture content of the mixture to 60%-70% (preferably 65%) with tap water. This moisture content range is conducive to lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Avoid excessive moisture content, which may lead to the proliferation of saprophytic bacteria, or excessive moisture content, which may affect the fermentation process. The mixing time should be ≥10 minutes to ensure uniform mixing.

[0047] Step S4, Silage Fermentation: Put the mixture obtained in step (3) into a silage fermentation container and ferment it for 20-40 days under natural temperature and light-proof conditions to obtain silage feed.

[0048] Specifically, the evenly mixed raw materials are packed into silage fermentation bags (20cm×50cm), with each bag containing 15-25kg (preferably 20kg). The bags are then vacuum-sealed to prevent air from entering and causing spoilage. The sealed bags are placed in a cool, dark place to ferment for 20-40 days (preferably 30 days). During fermentation, lactic acid bacteria utilize the soluble carbohydrates in the raw materials to produce lactic acid, lowering the pH level and inhibiting the growth of unwanted bacteria, ultimately forming stable silage.

[0049] It should be noted that the present invention measures the indicators of silage through the following operations.

[0050] After opening, weigh 20 g of sample from each bag and place it in a 250 mL wide-mouth bottle. Add 180 mL of deionized water, seal the bottle cap with sealing film, and extract at 4℃ for 24 h. Filter through four layers of gauze. The filtered silage extract was used to determine the pH value and the contents of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), and butyric acid (BA). The pH value of the sample was measured using a portable pH meter. The extract was centrifuged at 2000 r / min for 5 min, filtered through a 0.45 μm filter membrane, and the organic acid content was determined using an Agilent 1260 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (KC-811 column, SPD-M10AVP detector, column temperature 50℃, flow rate 1 mL / min, detection wavelength 210 nm, injection volume 5 μL). Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was determined using the phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method.

[0051] The dry matter (DM) content was determined using the drying method. 200 g of silage sample was placed in an envelope, enzymes were inactivated at 105℃ for 15 min, and then dried at 65℃ to constant weight. The dry matter content was calculated. The dried sample was pulverized and sieved, and nutrient content was determined. Following the method of Bao Shidan, the Kjeldahl method was used to determine crude protein (CP) content, the anthrone colorimetric method was used to determine water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, and the Van der Waals fiber analysis method was used to determine the acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content.

[0052] The relative feeding value (RFV) was calculated according to the method of Linn and Martin

[15] . The calculation formula is as follows:

[0053] (1)

[0054] (2)

[0055] (3)

[0056] In the formula, RFV is the relative feed value, DMI is the dry matter intake, and DDM is the digestible dry matter.

[0057] The roughage grading index (GI2001) was calculated according to the method of Zheng Linfeng et al., 2023. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0058] GI2001=VDMI×NEL×CP / NDF (4)

[0059] NEL=9.29×(1.085-0.015×ADF) (5)

[0060] VDMI=BW×120 / NDF / 100, BW=600 kg (6)

[0061] In the formula, GI2001 is the roughage grading index, NEL is the net energy of milk production from roughage, and VDMI is the amount of roughage consumed at will.

[0062] Table 1 shows the grading standards for roughage and the prices of silage at each grade in Qinghai.

[0063] Table 1. Grading standards for roughage and prices of silage at different grades in Qinghai

[0064]

[0065] Note: The roughage grading standards are based on Qiqige et al., 2008. Prices for each grade of silage are provided by the Qinghai Provincial Forage and Feed Station.

[0066] Data were organized using Microsoft Excel 2019. Data were analyzed using R 4.0.2 (R Development Core Team). Plotting software was Origin 2024. One-way ANOVA was performed using R 4.0.2 at the 0.05 level to analyze the nutritional and fermentation quality indicators of silage under different treatments. The R 4.3.2 (R Development Core Team) plyr package was used to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional quality, fermentation quality, and net economic benefits of silage under different treatments using a multi-criteria decision model – TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) – to screen for the optimal mixed silage ratio suitable for the study area.

[0067] Example 1

[0068] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, the raw materials being oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw in a mass ratio of 6:4. The oat-pea mixed forage is obtained by mixing oat variety Qingyan 3 and A-61 forage pea at a theoretical sowing rate of 4:6.

[0069] The preparation method of the above-mentioned silage is as follows:

[0070] (1) Mixed sowing of forage: Qingyan No. 3 oat seeds (purity 95.8%, germination rate 93%) and A-61 forage pea seeds (purity 96.4%, germination rate 95.2%) were selected and sown at a theoretical ratio of 4:6 in the experimental field of Daotanghe Town, Gonghe County, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province (36°40′N, 100°97′E). The actual sowing rate of oats was 101 kg / hm², and the sowing rate of forage peas was 73.2 kg / hm². Base fertilizer (150 kg·hm⁻² of diammonium phosphate and 75 kg·hm⁻² of urea) was applied before planting. Dryland management was adopted, and no irrigation, fertilization, or weeding was carried out after emergence. Planting was carried out in early June 2025, and harvesting was carried out in early September (90 days after planting). At this time, the moisture content of the oat-forage pea mixed sowing forage was 70%.

[0071] (2) Raw material pretreatment: The harvested oat-pea mixed forage was shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces using a silage harvester; the straw (moisture content 14%) after the local barley grains were harvested was shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces using a shredder.

[0072] (3) Mixing and preparation: Take the pretreated oat-forage pea mixed forage and barley straw at a mass ratio of 6:4, put them into a mixing device and mix them. Adjust the moisture content to 65% with tap water and stir for 15 minutes until uniform.

[0073] (4) Silage fermentation: Pack the mixture into 20cm×50cm silage fermentation bags, each bag containing 20kg, vacuum seal, and place in a natural temperature and dark place for fermentation for 30 days to obtain silage.

[0074] The quality indicators of the obtained silage were determined as follows: pH=3.99, dry matter content 31.18%, lactic acid content 31.35g / kg DM, acetic acid content 8.74g / kg DM, propionic acid content 1.38g / kg DM, no butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen = 60.27g / kg TN; crude protein content 10.8%, soluble carbohydrate content 2.11%, acid detergent fiber content 27.7%, neutral detergent fiber content 38.09%; relative feed value 150.64, roughage grading index 34.03, meeting the standard for grade 1 roughage.

[0075] Economic benefits: Under this ratio, the cost of silage is 423.48 yuan / ton, the local market price in Qinghai is 530 yuan / ton, the revenue is 793.5 yuan / ton, and the net profit is 370.01 yuan / ton; based on the yield of mixed forage of 32.85 tons / hm², 81.97 tons / hm² of mixed silage can be produced, with a total revenue of 43443.3 yuan / hm² and a net profit of 20257.8 yuan / hm².

[0076] Example 2

[0077] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, with a raw material mass ratio of 5:5. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1 except for the mixing ratio.

[0078] The quality indicators of the obtained silage are as follows: pH=4.3, dry matter content 33.57%, lactic acid content 27.52g / kg DM, acetic acid content 8.47g / kg DM, propionic acid content 1.51g / kg DM, no butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen = 76.8g / kg TN; crude protein content 9.49%, soluble carbohydrate content 1.78%, acid detergent fiber content 28.3%, neutral detergent fiber content 42.5%; relative feed value 134.4, roughage grading index 23.95, meeting the standard for grade 2 roughage. Net profit is 309.39 yuan / ton.

[0079] Example 3

[0080] An oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage is prepared with a raw material mass ratio of 7:3. Except for the mixing ratio, the other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0081] The quality indicators of the obtained silage are as follows: pH=3.89, dry matter content 32.2%, lactic acid content 29.38 g / kg DM, acetic acid content 8.54 g / kg DM, propionic acid content 1.35 g / kg DM, no butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen = 61.17 g / kg TN; crude protein content 11.7%, soluble carbohydrate content 2.35%, acid detergent fiber content 26.39%, neutral detergent fiber content 38.49%; relative feed value 152.23, roughage grading index 37.33, meeting the standard for grade 1 roughage. Net profit is 314.63 yuan / ton.

[0082] Example 4

[0083] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, with a raw material mass ratio of 1:9. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1 except for the mixing ratio.

[0084] Example 5

[0085] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, with a raw material mass ratio of 2:8. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1 except for the mixing ratio.

[0086] Example 6

[0087] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, with a raw material mass ratio of 3:7. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1 except for the mixing ratio.

[0088] Example 7

[0089] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, with a raw material mass ratio of 4:6. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1 except for the mixing ratio.

[0090] Example 8

[0091] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, with a raw material mass ratio of 8:2. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1 except for the mixing ratio.

[0092] Example 9

[0093] This embodiment provides an oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw silage, with a raw material mass ratio of 9:1. The preparation method is the same as in Embodiment 1 except for the mixing ratio.

[0094] Comparative test

[0095] Two silage treatments were set up: oat-pea mixed forage silage (G) and barley straw silage (F) as controls. The preparation method was the same as in Example 1 (without the mixing step). The results showed that treatment G had a crude protein content of 13.5%, but a low fiber content, resulting in high cost and a net profit of 224.20 yuan / ton. Treatment F had a pH of 5.9, a lactic acid content of only 14.22 g / kg DM, incomplete fermentation, a crude protein content of 3.1%, low feed value, and a net profit of only 14.29 yuan / ton. The silage from Example 1 was significantly better than the control treatment in terms of fermentation quality, nutritional quality, and economic benefits.

[0096] The index determination methods for silage described above were used to determine the indexes of the remaining examples 4-9. The different raw material mass ratios in all examples were numbered. Fresh weight (70% moisture content) of oat-pea mixed forage and dry weight (14% moisture content) of barley straw were mixed and ensiled at mass ratios of 1:9 (S1), 2:8 (S2), 3:7 (S3), 4:6 (S4), 5:5 (S5), 6:4 (S6), 7:3 (S7), 8:2 (S8), and 9:1 (S9). Oat-pea mixed forage silage (G) and barley straw silage (F) were used as controls. Each treatment had 6 replicates, totaling 66 samples. A comprehensive analysis of all examples and comparative experiments was conducted, and the results are as follows:

[0097] Depend on Figures 2-7 It was found that, except for S1, the crude protein and soluble carbohydrate contents of all mixed silage treatments were significantly higher than those of the single barley straw silage treatment (F) (P<0.05). With decreasing barley straw addition, the crude protein and soluble carbohydrate contents of the mixed silage showed an increasing trend, reaching a significantly higher level in treatment S9. However, the crude protein and soluble carbohydrate contents of treatment S9 were not significantly different from those of the single oat-pea mixed forage silage treatment (G) (P>0.05). The contents of acid-washed and neutral-washed fiber increased with increasing barley straw addition. The acid-washed fiber content was significantly lowest in S9 and the single oat-pea mixed forage silage treatment, while the neutral-washed fiber content was significantly lowest in S6-9 and the single oat-pea mixed forage silage treatment. The relative feeding value decreased with increasing barley straw addition, reaching a significantly higher level in S9 and the single oat-pea mixed forage silage treatment. The roughage grading index decreased with increasing barley straw addition, showing significantly higher values ​​in S9 and the oat-pea mixed forage silage treatment, and significantly lower values ​​in S1-3 and the barley straw silage treatment. Furthermore, according to roughage grading standards, S6-9 and the oat-pea mixed forage silage treatment were classified as Grade 1 roughage, S5 as Grade 2 roughage, S4 as Grade 3 roughage, S3 as Grade 4 roughage, and S1-2 and the barley straw silage treatment as Grade 5 roughage.

[0098] As shown in Table 2, the dry matter content and pH value generally increased with increasing straw addition. The dry matter content was significantly highest in treatments S1-3 and the barley straw-only silage treatment, and significantly lowest in treatments S6-9 and the oat-forage pea mixed silage treatment. The pH value was significantly highest in treatments S1-2 and the barley straw-only silage treatment, and significantly lowest in treatments S6-9 and the oat-forage pea mixed silage treatment. Lactic acid and acetic acid contents showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing straw addition. Lactic acid content was significantly highest in treatment S6, and acetic acid content was significantly highest in treatment S5-7. Propionic acid content increased with increasing straw addition, and was significantly lowest in treatment S5-9. Butyric acid content was not detected in any treatment. Ammonia nitrogen content increased with increasing straw addition, and was significantly lowest in treatments S6-7, 9, and the oat-forage pea mixed silage treatment.

[0099] Table 2. Fermentation quality of silage made from oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions.

[0100]

[0101] The prices are as follows: local Qinghai oat seeds 4 yuan / kg, feed pea seeds 14 yuan / kg, diammonium phosphate 4.3 yuan / kg, urea 2 yuan / kg, and mechanical sowing 1200 yuan / hm². 2 Silage harvesting by machinery costs 1500 yuan / hm² 2 Labor cost 750 yuan / hm 2 Land rent: 4500 yuan / hm 2 Cost calculations show that the cost of oat-pea mixed forage (70% moisture content) is 305.8 yuan / ton. Total revenue was calculated based on different grades of silage prices in Qinghai. Results show that net revenue initially decreases and then increases with increasing barley straw addition ratio, with the highest net revenue (370 yuan / ton) observed in treatment S6 (oat-pea mixed forage and barley straw mixed at a 6:4 ratio for silage) (Table 3).

[0102] The yield of oat-pea intercropping forage (70% moisture content) was 32.85 tons / hm². -2 It can produce 81.97 tons of mixed silage (oats-forage peas mixed with barley straw in a 6:4 ratio), with a raw material cost of 23,185.5 yuan. Based on the local market price of 530 yuan / ton in Qinghai, the profit is 43,443.3 yuan / hm². -2 The net income was 20,257.8 yuan / hm. -2 (Table 4).

[0103] Table 3. Economic benefits of silage made from mixed oat-pea forage grass and barley straw at different ratios.

[0104]

[0105] Table 4. Economic benefits of silage made from oat-forage pea intercropping and mixed with barley straw at different ratios.

[0106]

[0107] The TOPSIS-multi-criteria decision model was used to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional quality, fermentation quality, and net economic benefits of silage made from a mixture of oats, forage peas, and barley straw in different proportions. The results are as follows: Figure 8 As shown, the highest compatibility (0.966) was observed in treatment S6 (a 6:4 mixture of oats and forage peas with barley straw), followed by S7 (a 7:3 mixture of oats and forage peas with barley straw). Treatments S1 (9:9 mixture of oats and forage peas with barley straw) and F (barley straw alone) showed the lowest compatibility (0.021 and 0.056, respectively). This indicates that a 6:4 mixture of oats and forage peas with barley straw for silage maintains high fermentation and nutritional quality while maximizing the utilization of barley straw to obtain the maximum net benefit. This is the optimal mixing ratio for oats and forage peas with barley straw for silage in the study area and similar ecological zones.

[0108] The fermentation quality, nutritional quality, and economic benefits were comprehensively evaluated using the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model. S6 (oat-pea forage mixed with barley straw = 6:4) was identified as the optimal treatment, with a closeness of 0.966. From a fermentation kinetics perspective, the S6 treatment marks the critical point where the overall WSC concentration of the mixture reaches the "threshold" required for sufficient lactic acid fermentation. At this ratio, the sufficient WSC provided by the oat-pea forage mixed with barley straw is enough to drive successful lactic acid fermentation (pH = 3.99), thus "bringing" the barley straw into a stable, acidic environment. From a nutritional perspective, this ratio achieves an efficient combination of "high-quality protein carrier" and "inexpensive fiber skeleton," resulting in a final product with both high feed value and low cost. From an economic perspective, it maximizes the utilization of abundant and inexpensive local barley straw resources, achieving a net profit of 370 yuan / ton, or 20257.8 yuan / hm². -2 Maximize ).

[0109] Therefore, the success of the S6 ratio lies in its precise positioning of the Pareto optimal point for resource allocation: above this point, increasing the proportion of high-quality forage yields a marginal benefit of lower marginal cost increase than the marginal benefit of improved quality; below this point, increasing the proportion of straw leads to fermentation failure and a sharp decline in nutritional quality, resulting in a loss of market value. This conclusion provides clear technical parameters and strong theoretical support for establishing an efficient, low-carbon forage production model of "high-quality artificial forage + local crop by-products" in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region.

[0110] The above embodiments demonstrate that the silage and preparation method of the present invention can effectively integrate oat-forage pea mixed sowing forage and barley straw resources to obtain high-quality and efficient silage, especially with a 6:4 mixing ratio, which is most effective and suitable for promotion and application in high-altitude and cold regions.

Claims

1. A silage of oats, forage peas, and barley straw, characterized in that... The silage is made by mixing oat-pea forage and barley straw and then ensiling them. The mass ratio of the oat-pea forage to the barley straw is 4:6-8:

2. The silage has the following properties: pH ≤ 4.5, lactic acid content ≥ 26.7 g / kg DM, crude protein content ≥ 8.39%, neutral detergent fiber content ≤ 48.39%, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen ratio ≤ 92.34 g / kg TN, acid detergent fiber content ≤ 31.4%, relative feed value ≥ 112.95, and roughage grading index ≥ 15.

69.

2. The silage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the oat-pea mixed forage to barley straw is 6:4, the moisture content of the oat-pea mixed forage is 70%, and the moisture content of the barley straw is 14%.

3. The silage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The oat-forage pea mixed forage was obtained by intercropping oat variety Qingyan 3 and forage pea A-61 at a theoretical sowing rate of 4:

6. The theoretical sowing rate of oats was 225 kg / hm², and the theoretical sowing rate of forage peas was 112 kg / hm².

4. A method for preparing silage of oats-forage peas mixed with barley straw as described in any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Mixed forage planting: oat seeds and forage pea seeds are mixed and sown in the planting area at a theoretical ratio of 4:

6. Base fertilizer is applied before planting, and dry management is carried out. Oat seeds are harvested during the milk-ripe to waxy ripe stage and forage pea seeds are harvested during the pod-setting stage to obtain oat-forage mixed forage. (2) Raw material pretreatment: The oat-pea mixed forage obtained in step (1) is shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces, and the barley straw is shredded and cut into 2-3cm pieces; (3) Mixing and preparation: Mix the pretreated oats-feed peas and barley straw at a mass ratio of 4:6-8:2, adjust the moisture content of the mixture to 60%-70% with tap water, and stir thoroughly. (4) Silage fermentation: The mixture obtained in step (3) is put into a silage fermentation container and fermented for 20-40 days under natural temperature and light-proof conditions to obtain silage feed; The theoretical sowing rate of oats is 225 kg / hm², and the theoretical sowing rate of forage peas is 112 kg / hm².

5. The preparation method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The base fertilizer mentioned in step (1) is 140-160 kg·hm² of diammonium phosphate. -2 and urea 70-80 kg·hm -2 A mixture.

6. The preparation method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The oat-pea mixed forage described in step (1) is harvested 90-100 days after planting, and the moisture content of the oat-pea mixed forage is 65%-75% at the time of harvest.

7. The preparation method according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step (3), the water content of the mixture is adjusted to 65%.

8. The preparation method according to any one of claims 5-7, characterized in that, The fermentation time in step (4) is 30 days, and the silage fermentation container is a silage fermentation bag, with each bag containing 15-25 kg of the mixture.

9. The preparation method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The barley straw mentioned in step (2) is the straw after harvesting barley grains, with an initial moisture content of 12%-16%.

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