African ostrich complete pellet feed containing jasmine flower residues and dioscorea cirrhosa residues as well as preparation method and application of African ostrich complete pellet feed

Abstract

The invention discloses African ostrich complete pellet feed containing jasmine flower residues and dioscorea cirrhosa residues and a preparation method and application of the African ostrich complete pellet feed, and belongs to the technical field of livestock feed. The complete pellet feed is prepared from corn, DDGS (distillers dried grains with soluble), soybean meal, dioscorea cirrhosa residues, mountain flour, sodium bicarbonate, table salt, premix, lysine, methionine, choline chloride, jasmine flower residues and corn straw in specific parts by mass. The preparation method comprises the following steps: pretreating the dioscorea cirrhosa residues, the jasmine flower residues, the corn straws and the like, then uniformly mixing with other raw materials, and granulating at 85 DEG C. The gambiered canton gauze dyeing and finishing waste dioscorea cirrhosa residues and scenting jasmine tea waste jasmine flower residues are used as feed raw materials for the first time, part of corn and soybean meal are replaced, and the feed cost is reduced. Feeding tests show that the feed has no negative influence on the growth performance and slaughter performance of the ostriches, but can significantly improve the muscle tenderness and small intestine digestive enzyme activity of the ostriches, realizes resource utilization of wastes, and has very good economic value and environmental protection benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of livestock feed technology, and in particular relates to a complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine residue and yam residue, its preparation method and application. Background Technology

[0002] African ostriches are highly valuable farmed animals due to their rapid growth, strong disease resistance, adaptability, tolerance to roughage, high feed utilization, high reproductive rate, and long breeding lifespan, making them a promising candidate for industrial development. Ostrich meat is delicious, high in protein and calcium, and low in cholesterol and fat, with nutritional value similar to beef, making it suitable for modern consumer tastes. Developing ostrich farming will play a significant role in optimizing livestock production structure and improving people's dietary habits. Furthermore, it can boost the rural economy and increase agricultural efficiency. Ostrich farming has enormous development potential in my country.

[0003] Ostriches are highly efficient herbivores, with their feed structure mainly consisting of green roughage and far less concentrated feed than pigs and poultry. This is in line with the direction of "grain-saving" livestock restructuring advocated in my country under the background of "competing between humans and livestock for grain".

[0004] Jasmine flower residue is a byproduct of scenting jasmine tea with fresh jasmine buds. Through this scenting process, the nutritional characteristics of the jasmine flowers are not adversely affected, and their natural active substances are preserved, making it suitable as an unconventional feed ingredient. For a long time, there has been no effective way to utilize jasmine flower residue. Apart from a small portion used as fertilizer and for extracting essential oils, most of it is discarded, resulting in significant resource waste. Currently, there is limited research on the use of jasmine flower residue in livestock and poultry production for monogastric animals. It is mainly used to feed ruminants such as dairy cows and goats. Studies have shown that jasmine flower residue is rich in nutrients, containing high levels of protein, crude fiber, and energy, as well as abundant trace elements, vitamins, and a relatively complete composition of essential amino acids for animals. In livestock and poultry production, jasmine flower residue can improve feed flavor, enhance growth performance, and improve meat quality. Therefore, jasmine flower residue is an important feed resource that can be added to animal compound feed to replace a portion of grain meal and can serve as a high-quality protein feed resource to address the high-protein nutritional needs of growing ostriches.

[0005] Dioscorea bulbifera is a perennial vine belonging to the Dioscoreaceae family, and it is abundant in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang and other regions of my country. The tubers of Dioscorea bulbifera have antibacterial and hemostatic effects in the medical field. In the textile printing and dyeing industry, Dioscorea bulbifera extract is widely used in textile dyeing processes and is a dyeing raw material in the dyeing of Xiangyun yarn.

[0006] Jasmine flower residue and yam residue are byproducts of cash crop processing, and their disposal and utilization issues urgently need to be addressed. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This invention provides a complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine residue and yam residue, its preparation method, and its application. It aims to solve the problems in the existing feed formulations that use a large amount of corn and soybean meal, lack specificity, fail to fully utilize unconventional feed resources such as jasmine residue and yam residue, and lack specific implementation effect verification.

[0008] The technical solution of this invention is implemented as follows:

[0009] A complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace is made from the following ingredients in parts by weight:

[0010] Corn: 18.00-28.00 servings;

[0011] Dried corn whole distillers' grains (DDGS) 10.00-15.00 parts;

[0012] Soybean meal 7.00-11.00 parts;

[0013] 20.00-30.00 portions of yam residue;

[0014] Stone powder 4.00-6.00 parts;

[0015] Sodium bicarbonate 0.20-0.40 parts;

[0016] Salt 0.40-0.60 parts;

[0017] 0.09-0.11 parts of premix;

[0018] Lysine 0.20-0.40 parts;

[0019] Methionine 0.20-0.40 parts;

[0020] Choline chloride 0.10-0.30 parts;

[0021] Jasmine flower residue: 13.00-18.00 portions;

[0022] 8.00-12.00 portions of corn stalks.

[0023] The premixed feed provides the following amounts per kilogram of complete pelleted feed: Vitamin A 5600 IU, Vitamin D3 1500 IU, Vitamin E 25 IU, Vitamin K 1.25 mg, Vitamin B1 0.6 mg, Vitamin B2 1 mg, Vitamin B6 0.9 mg, Vitamin B12 1 μg, Vitamin C 1.5 mg, Biotin 0.02 mg, Folic Acid 0.03 mg, Niacin 3 mg, and Calcium Pantothenate 1 mg.

[0024] In some embodiments, the preparation method of the yam residue includes the following steps: washing the surface of the yam, placing it in a stone mill, grinding it into granules, and then placing it in a bamboo basket. The basket containing the yam is repeatedly immersed in a water tank for washing and stirring until the water color no longer changes. The basket is then removed from the water, and the yam moisture is drained to obtain pre-prepared yam residue. The obtained pre-prepared yam residue is dried using a biomass drum dryer or naturally air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10%. It is then ground in a hammer mill with a 6mm aperture to obtain powdered yam residue. Further, the yam residue is a waste by-product generated during the production of Xiangyun yarn. The raw material is yam, the tuber of a perennial, robust vine belonging to the Dioscoreaceae family and the Dioscorea genus. The surface is brownish-black, and the cut surface is red, ensuring there are no obvious defects such as insect infestation, rot, mold, or sprouting.

[0025] In some embodiments, the jasmine flower residue is a byproduct of scenting jasmine tea. The raw material is jasmine flowers. The selected jasmine flowers should be mature, plump, white, and about to bloom, without any deterioration or pollution. The harvested flowers are immediately spread thinly and ventilated to promote the opening and release of fragrance. When the opening rate of the flowers is above 60%, the flowers are sieved to remove green buds and stems. The tea leaves and fresh flowers are layered and spread alternately and quickly and evenly mixed, which should be completed within 1 hour. The process of the tea leaves absorbing the fragrance after mixing is called scenting. The scenting process lasts for 10 to 12 hours. When the flowers are wilted and their color changes from white to slightly yellow, and the fragrance of the fresh flowers is weak, the jasmine flowers are separated from the tea leaves using a sieving device. The jasmine flower residue is collected and dried using a biomass drum dryer or naturally air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10%. Then, it is crushed in a pulverizer and sieved through a 5-mesh sieve to obtain powdered jasmine flower residue.

[0026] In some embodiments, the moisture content of the corn stalks is ≤10%, and they are in powder form that passes through a 5-10 mesh sieve.

[0027] In some embodiments, the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace is made from the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0028] Corn 26.12 portions;

[0029] 12.18 portions of dried corn and whole distillers' grains;

[0030] 10.00 portions of soybean meal;

[0031] 20.00 portions of yam residue;

[0032] 5.00 parts of stone powder;

[0033] Sodium bicarbonate 0.30 parts;

[0034] 0.50 parts salt;

[0035] 0.10 parts of premix;

[0036] Lysine 0.30 parts;

[0037] Methionine 0.30 parts;

[0038] Choline chloride 0.20 parts;

[0039] Jasmine flower residue, 15.00 portions;

[0040] 10.00 portions of corn stalks.

[0041] In some embodiments, the total energy of the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace is 16.03 MJ / kg; and the mass percentages of crude protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, lysine, and methionine in the complete pelleted feed are 16.30%, 11.21%, 2.14%, 1.02%, 1.23%, and 0.43%, respectively. Based on specific nutrient measurements, the obtained complete pelleted feed meets the nutritional requirements of African ostriches, especially those aged 180-270 days.

[0042] This invention also provides a method for preparing the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace as described above, comprising the following steps:

[0043] (1) Processing yam residue: Wash the surface of yam, put it into a stone mill, grind it into granules, and then put it into a bamboo basket. Immerse the basket containing yam repeatedly in a water tank to rinse and stir until the color of the water no longer changes. Take the basket out of the water and drain the yam in the basket to obtain pre-made yam residue. Dry the obtained pre-made yam residue using a biomass drum dryer or air dry it naturally until the moisture content is ≤10%. Then put it into a hammer mill to crush it with a pore size of 6mm to obtain powdered yam residue.

[0044] (2) Processing jasmine flower residue: Collect the jasmine flower residue after jasmine tea is scented, dry it until the moisture content is ≤10%, crush it and pass it through a 5-mesh sieve to obtain powdered jasmine flower residue;

[0045] (3) Processing corn stalks: Crush the corn stalks to 2-5cm, dry them until the moisture content is ≤10%, pulverize them and pass them through a 5-10 mesh sieve to obtain corn stalk powder;

[0046] (4) Grind the corn and soybean meal in the formula into powder and pass it through a 5-mesh sieve;

[0047] (5) Mix the powdered yam residue obtained in step (1), the powdered jasmine residue obtained in step (2), the corn straw powder obtained in step (3), the corn and soybean meal processed in step (4), and the formula amount of whole corn distillers' grains, stone powder, sodium bicarbonate, salt, premix, lysine, methionine and choline chloride evenly to obtain a mixture.

[0048] (6) The mixture is pelleted at 85°C to obtain pellet feed.

[0049] In some embodiments, the granulation discharge rate in step (6) is 10 kg / min.

[0050] In some embodiments, the pellet feed in step (6) has a diameter of 6-8 mm and a length of 12-15 mm.

[0051] This invention also provides an application of the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace, as described above, in feeding African ostriches. Preferably, the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace is used in feeding African ostriches aged 180-270 days. The complete pelleted feed of this invention has a clear range of ingredient ratios and is highly effective for African ostriches in the specific growth stage of 180-270 days.

[0052] In some embodiments, the complete pelleted feed is used to improve the tenderness of the muscles and / or the activity of digestive enzymes in the small intestine of African ostriches.

[0053] This invention is the first to use yam residue (a waste product from the dyeing and finishing of Xiangyun yarn) and jasmine flower residue (a waste product from the scenting of jasmine tea) as feed ingredients, replacing part of corn and soybean meal and reducing feed costs. Feeding trials show that this feed has no negative impact on the growth and slaughter performance of ostriches, but it significantly improves the tenderness of ostrich muscle and the activity of digestive enzymes in the small intestine, achieving resource utilization of waste and possessing significant economic and environmental benefits.

[0054] The complete pelleted feed in this invention refers to feed made by crushing and mixing raw materials such as energy feed, protein feed, minerals, vitamins, and various trace elements according to a scientific formula, followed by steam conditioning, pelleting, and finally cooling and drying to produce pelleted feed. The high-temperature cooking and pelleting process imparts aroma to the feed, improving palatability and killing some harmful bacteria, thus reducing digestive tract diseases in animals. The high density of the pelleted feed facilitates transportation and storage, while also reducing spillage and waste during animal feeding, making it a suitable feeding method for large-scale ostrich farming.

[0055] Compared with the prior art, the technical solution of the present invention has the following advantages:

[0056] 1. This invention is the first to use yam residue (a waste product from the dyeing and finishing of Xiangyun yarn) and jasmine flower residue (a waste product from the scenting of jasmine tea) as feed ingredients. Combined with DDGS (distilled grains and shavings), it replaces part of the corn and soybean meal in conventional feed, developing a novel feed ingredient source. This reduces the soybean meal content in ostrich diets to 10% and the corn content to 26.12%, saving production costs. Through detailed raw material processing methods and precise formulation ratios, the resulting complete pelleted feed is easy to feed, transport, and store. Feeding trials show that the feed of this invention has no significant impact on the growth performance or slaughter performance of African ostriches, but it significantly reduces feeding costs and significantly improves the tenderness of ostrich muscle, reduces shear force, and generally has a positive impact on the activity of small intestinal digestive enzymes, providing a new approach for developing and utilizing unconventional feed resources.

[0057] 2. The two waste by-products selected in this invention, yam residue and jasmine residue, have broad development prospects as feed raw materials, which can help realize the secondary utilization of processing waste and form a virtuous cycle. Therefore, the efficient utilization of jasmine residue and yam residue as feed is of great significance in alleviating the conflict between humans and livestock for food, reducing environmental pollution, and achieving the reduction and substitution of soybean meal, and are feed resources with great potential. Detailed Implementation

[0058] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. In addition, the technical solutions of the various embodiments can be combined with each other, but this must be based on the ability of those of ordinary skill in the art to implement them. When the combination of technical solutions is contradictory or cannot be implemented, it should be considered that such combination of technical solutions does not exist and is not within the scope of protection claimed by the present invention.

[0059] Currently, existing ostrich feed technologies suffer from problems such as a lack of targeted ingredient ratios, insufficient utilization of unconventional feed resources like jasmine pomace and yam pomace, and a lack of concrete implementation effect verification. To address these technical issues, this invention proposes a complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace, along with its preparation method and applications.

[0060] Example 1

[0061] This embodiment provides a complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace, made from the following raw materials in the indicated weight ratios:

[0062] 1. Specific feed formulation and pelleting

[0063] Add jasmine residue powder, yam residue powder, corn stalk powder, corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, limestone powder, dicalcium phosphate, salt, methionine, lysine, choline chloride, and premixed feed to a feed mixer according to the proportions in Table 1. Mix well and then convey the mixture to a pellet mill using a screw conveyor. The feed output speed is 10 kg / min, and the pelleting temperature is 85℃. After pelleting, allow the pellets to air dry and cool naturally. The pellets should have a diameter of 6-8 mm and a length of 12-15 mm.

[0064] Table 1: Mass fraction of components in complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace

[0065] *Premix 1 The recommended intake per kilogram of complete pelleted feed is as follows: Vitamin A 5600 IU, Vitamin D3 1500 IU, Vitamin E 25 IU, Vitamin K 1.25 mg, Vitamin B1 0.6 mg, Vitamin B2 1 mg, Vitamin B6 0.9 mg, Vitamin B12 1 μg, Vitamin C 1.5 mg, Biotin 0.02 mg, Folic Acid 0.03 mg, Niacin 3 mg, and Calcium Pantothenate 1 mg.

[0066] The nutritional composition of the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace is shown in Table 2:

[0067] Table 2. Nutritional composition of complete pelleted feed

[0068] Nutritional level content Total energy MJ / kg 16.03 MJ / kg Crude protein % 16.30% Crude fiber % 11.21% calcium% 2.14% phosphorus% 1.02% Lysine% 1.23% Methionine% 0.43%

[0069] The yam residue is a waste byproduct generated during the production of Xiangyun yarn. The raw material is yam, which is the tuber of a perennial, robust vine belonging to the Dioscoreaceae family and the Dioscorea genus. The surface is brownish-black, and the cut surface is red. It is ensured that there are no obvious defects such as insect infestation, rot, mold, or sprouting.

[0070] The preparation method of the yam residue includes the following steps: washing the surface of the yam, putting it into a stone mill, grinding it into granules, and then putting it into a bamboo basket. The basket containing the yam is repeatedly immersed in a water tank for rinsing and stirring until the color of the water no longer changes. The basket is then removed from the water, and the moisture of the yam in the basket is drained to obtain pre-made yam residue. The obtained pre-made yam residue is dried using a biomass drum dryer or air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10%. Then it is put into a hammer mill for crushing with a pore size of 6mm to obtain powdered yam residue.

[0071] The jasmine flower residue is a byproduct of jasmine tea scenting. The raw material is jasmine flowers. The selected jasmine flowers should be mature, plump, white, and about to bloom, without any deterioration or pollution. The harvested flowers should be immediately spread thinly and ventilated to promote the opening and release of fragrance. When the opening rate of the flowers is above 60%, the flowers can be sieved to remove green buds and stems. The tea leaves and fresh flowers are layered and spread alternately and quickly and evenly mixed, which should be completed within 1 hour. The process of the tea leaves absorbing the fragrance after mixing is called scenting, which lasts for 10-12 hours. When the flowers are wilted and their color changes from white to slightly yellow, and the fragrance of the fresh flowers is weak, the jasmine flowers can be separated from the tea leaves using a sieving device. The jasmine flower residue is collected and dried using a biomass drum dryer or naturally air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10%. Then it is put into a pulverizer and pulverized through a 5-mesh sieve to obtain powdered jasmine flower residue.

[0072] The corn stalks are crushed to 2-5cm using a shredder, dried using a biomass drum dryer and naturally air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10%. After being pulverized, they are passed through a 5-10 mesh sieve to obtain powdered corn stalks.

[0073] The DDGS was purchased from Shandong Shouguang Tianhao Feed Co., Ltd. DDGS is corn-dried whole grains and lees, a symbiotic product formed by the low-temperature drying of the remaining fermentation residue after the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide from corn kernels mixed with selected yeast in a modern fuel ethanol plant using modern technology and equipment.

[0074] The other raw materials, corn and soybean meal, are ensured to have a moisture content of ≤10%. All of them are pulverized in a grinder and then passed through a 5-mesh sieve.

[0075] Example 2

[0076] This embodiment provides the application of a complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace in feeding African ostriches. More preferably, the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace is used in feeding African ostriches aged 180-270 days.

[0077] 1. Experimental Design:

[0078] Twenty 180-day-old African ostriches of similar health status and weight from the same batch were randomly divided into two groups of 10 each and housed separately. Diets for the control and experimental groups were prepared according to the nutritional standards for growing ostriches in the LY / T2196—2013 "Technical Regulations for the Breeding and Management of Wild Animals - African Ostriches". The control group's diet consisted of complete pelleted feed supplemented with 10% jasmine flower residue, while the experimental group's diet consisted of complete pelleted feed supplemented with 15% jasmine flower residue, 20% yam residue, and 12.18% DDGS (see Table 3 for specific components). Both groups had free access to the complete pelleted feed. Each group was fed twice daily, at 7:00 AM and 3:00 PM, ensuring an ample supply of feed and free access to water. Leftover feed was removed from the troughs daily, and the amount of feed given and any remaining feed was accurately weighed and recorded daily. Sampling was carried out at 270 days of age. No feed was given within 24 hours before slaughter. Live weight was recorded before slaughter. After slaughter, the weight of internal organs, fat, and muscle was weighed and recorded. The contents of the iliofemoral muscle of the left leg, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected and stored at -80°C for subsequent testing.

[0079] Table 3: Feed formulation details for the control group and experimental group:

[0080]

[0081] *Premix 1 The recommended intake per kilogram of basal feed is: Vitamin A 5600 IU, Vitamin D3 1500 IU, Vitamin E 25 IU, Vitamin K 1.25 mg, Vitamin B1 0.6 mg, Vitamin B2 1 mg, Vitamin B6 0.9 mg, Vitamin B12 1 μg, Vitamin C 1.5 mg, Biotin 0.02 mg, Folic Acid 0.03 mg, Niacin 3 mg, Calcium Pantothenate 1 mg.

[0082] The specific nutrient composition of the feed for the control group and the experimental group is shown in Table 4:

[0083] Table 4: Detailed Nutritional Composition of Feed for Control and Experimental Groups

[0084] Nutritional level control group experimental group Total energy MJ / kg 16.01 MJ / kg 16.03 MJ / kg Crude protein % 16.49% 16.30% Crude fiber % 9.87% 11.21% calcium% 2.14% 2.14% phosphorus% 0.92% 1.02% Lysine% 1.21% 1.23% Methionine% 0.42% 0.43%

[0085] 2. Sample collection and analysis:

[0086] 2.1 Growth performance

[0087] During the experiment, the health status of African ostriches was observed daily in groups. Feed consumption was recorded daily for each group, and the average daily feed intake was calculated. At 180 and 270 days of age, each group was weighed separately. Feeding was stopped after 7 PM the night before weighing, but water was provided freely. The ostriches were weighed on an empty stomach the morning of the following day. The average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were calculated for ostriches aged 180-270 days.

[0088] Average daily feed intake (kg) = Total feed intake (kg) / Number of days in the experiment (d) × Number of ostriches (birds);

[0089] Average daily weight gain (g) = Total weight gain (g) / Number of days in the experiment (d) × Number of ostriches (birds);

[0090] Feed conversion ratio = average daily feed intake (g) / average daily weight gain (g).

[0091] 2.2 Slaughter performance

[0092] Following the testing method of Zhu Hongqiang et al., three male African ostriches were randomly selected from each group for slaughter and sampling. The main trait indicators were calculated as follows:

[0093] Empty weight: The weight of an ostrich before slaughter, minus the weight of its gastrointestinal contents, is the empty weight (kg). The formula is: Empty weight = Live weight - Weight of gastrointestinal contents.

[0094] Carcass weight: After slaughtering, bleeding, and plucking the feathers of the ostrich, the head is removed along the atlanto-occipital joint, the feet are removed along the tarsometatarsal joint, and all internal organs except the kidneys and abdominal fat are removed. The remaining part is weighed, which is the carcass weight (kg).

[0095] Dressing percentage: The ratio of carcass weight to empty body weight is the dressing percentage. The calculation formula is: Dressing percentage = Carcass weight / Empty body weight × 100%.

[0096] Lean meat ratio: The fresh carcass is dissected into four components: lean meat, fat, skin and bones. The proportion of lean meat weight to the total weight of these four components is the lean meat ratio. The formula is: Lean meat ratio = lean meat weight / (skin weight + bone weight + fat weight + lean meat weight) × 100%.

[0097] Leg muscle ratio: The proportion of the weight of the muscles in both legs to the total body weight. The formula is: Leg muscle ratio = Leg muscle weight / Body weight × 100%.

[0098] Meat yield: The proportion of lean meat weight to empty body weight. The formula is: Meat yield = lean meat weight / empty body weight × 100%.

[0099] 2.3 Meat quality

[0100] The muscle (iliofemoral muscle) of the left thigh of an African ostrich was taken for meat quality testing, and indicators such as meat color, pH value, shear force and intramuscular fat were measured.

[0101] (1) Flesh color: The color was measured using a fully automatic colorimeter, and the results were expressed as L* (brightness) value, a* (redness) value, and b* (yellowness) value. Six different parts of the same meat sample were measured consecutively, and the values ​​were recorded and averaged.

[0102] (2) pH value: The pH value of the leg muscle after slaughter was measured within 45-60 minutes using a puncture pH meter. Six different parts were selected for each sample, and the values ​​were recorded. The results are expressed as the average value.

[0103] (3) Shear force: The meat sample to be tested was placed in a constant temperature water bath at 80℃ and heated until the core temperature reached about 70℃. The sample was taken in the direction perpendicular to the muscle fibers and the shear force value of the muscle was measured using a digital display muscle tenderness meter. Six different parts of each sample were selected and the values ​​were recorded. The results were expressed as the average value.

[0104] Among them, muscle pH is a measure of muscle acidity and is one of the most important indicators for meat quality assessment. It is related to the color, water retention, tenderness, flavor and shelf life of meat.

[0105] Positive values ​​for meat color a* indicate red, while negative values ​​indicate green. The higher the a* value, the redder the meat (usually indicating more oxygenated myoglobin and higher freshness).

[0106] Positive values ​​for meat color (b*) indicate yellow, while negative values ​​indicate blue. The higher the b* value, the more yellow the meat may be (possibly related to feed or oxidation).

[0107] The L* value for flesh tone ranges from 0 (black) to 100 (white); the higher the L* value, the paler the flesh tone; the lower the value, the darker the flesh tone.

[0108] Shear force measures the tenderness of meat; the lower the shear force value, the more tender the meat; the higher the value, the tougher the meat.

[0109] 2.4 Nutritional components of meat

[0110] All external fat and connective tissue were removed from the samples, which were then chopped and homogenized in a food processor. Subsequently, each sample was individually vacuum-packed and frozen at -80 °C until analysis.

[0111] Moisture content: determined according to the method in GB5009.3-2016 "National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Moisture in Food".

[0112] Protein: The protein content was determined according to the method specified in GB5009.5-2016 "National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Protein in Food".

[0113] Oleic acid: determined according to the method in GB5009.168-2016 "National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Fatty Acids in Food".

[0114] Iron and zinc: determined according to the method of GB5009.268-2016 "National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Multiple Elements in Food".

[0115] Selenium: Determined according to the method in GB5009.93-2017 "National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Selenium in Food".

[0116] Amino acid composition and content: determined according to the method of GB5009.124-2016 "National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Amino Acids in Food".

[0117] Intramuscular fat: Determined using the Soxhlet extraction method as specified in GB5009.5-2016, "National Food Safety Standard - Determination of Fat in Food". Intramuscular fat refers to the amount of fat deposited within muscles (especially between the perimysium), commonly known as marbling, and is highly positively correlated with the flavor, juiciness, and tenderness of meat.

[0118] 2.5 Small intestinal digestive enzyme activity

[0119] The small intestine was isolated, and the chyme from the duodenum, jejunum, and pre-ileum was immediately squeezed into pre-labeled 2ml cryovials, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80℃ for subsequent determination of digestive enzyme activity. For the digestive enzyme activity determination, after thawing the small intestinal chyme at 4℃, 0.5g of chyme was accurately weighed and diluted with physiological saline at a weight-to-volume ratio of 1:9. The mixture was thoroughly homogenized in an ice bath, centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 20 min at 4℃, and the supernatant was collected, aliquoted into centrifuge tubes, and stored at -20℃. The digestive enzyme activity of the small intestinal chyme was determined using the α-amylase, lipase, and trypsin assay kits from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., following the product instructions.

[0120] 3. Experimental Results

[0121] 3.1 Effects of a complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the growth performance of African ostriches

[0122] Table 5 shows that the experimental group's feed did not significantly differ in total weight gain, average daily weight gain, or feed intake in African ostriches aged 180-270 days. The experimental group had the lowest cost per kilogram of weight gain, approximately 13.99 yuan / kg. These results indicate that feeding the experimental group's feed had no significant impact on the growth performance of African ostriches aged 180-270 days. Based on the fact that the experimental group's complete pelleted feed used jasmine flower residue and yam residue—waste byproducts from jasmine tea scenting and Xiangyun yarn production, respectively—the experimental group significantly reduced the feed cost per kilogram of weight gain for African ostriches.

[0123] Table 5. Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the growth performance of African ostriches.

[0124] control group experimental group Initial weight (kg) 43.64±0.87 43.12±0.69 Final weight (kg) 65.03±2.48 64.65±2.04 Total weight gain (kg) 21.39±1.70 21.53±1.90 Average daily weight gain (g / d) 237.68±18.94 239.24±21.1 Average daily feed intake / kg 1.71 1.79 Material weight ratio (F / G) 7.19 7.48 Cost per kilogram of weight gain (RMB / kg) 16.51 13.99

[0125] Note: Different lowercase letters in the superscript of data in the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05), while the same or no letter indicates no significant differences (P>0.05). The same applies to the following table.

[0126] 3.2 Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the slaughter performance of African ostriches

[0127] As shown in Table 6, compared with the control group, the experimental group's feed had no significant effect on the empty body weight, carcass weight, lean meat weight, leg muscle weight, total hair weight, lean meat ratio, leg muscle ratio, dressing percentage, and meat yield of African ostriches. Therefore, feeding a complete pelleted feed of jasmine pomace and yam pomace has no significant effect on the slaughter performance of African ostriches.

[0128] Table 6. Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the slaughter performance of African ostriches.

[0129] control group experimental group Empty weight (kg) 60.52±1.23 60.43±2.29 Carcass weight (kg) 43.01±1.06 43.39±1.94 Lean meat weight (kg) 24.17±0.45 24.29±1.33 Leg muscle weight (kg) 22.00±0.68 22.28±1.24 Total weight 1.19±0.06 1.30±0.07 Slaughter rate (%) 71.02±0.63 71.66±0.70 Leg muscle percentage (%) 51.39±0.93 51.59±1.16 Meat yield (%) 40.04±0.89 40.03±0.88 Lean meat percentage (%) 56.04±1.35 55.75±1.32

[0130] 3.3 Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the meat quality of African ostriches

[0131] As shown in Table 7, the experimental group's diet had no significant effect on the pH value, leg muscle color brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) value of the African ostrich leg muscle. However, the shear force of the ostrich leg muscle in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group. These results indicate that the experimental group's diet formulation was beneficial in improving the tenderness of ostrich muscle.

[0132] Table 7. Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the meat quality of African ostrich.

[0133] control group experimental group Leg muscle pH 6.32±0.04 6.20±0.06 L* 34.15±0.75 31.67±1.37 a* 11.54±0.43 10.77±0.98 b* 6.14±0.17 6.03±0.15 Shear force / N <![CDATA[75.18±1.40 a ]]> <![CDATA[67.28±0.78 b ]]>

[0134] 3.4 Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the nutritional composition of ostrich meat for African ostriches

[0135] As can be seen from Table 8, the experimental group feed had no significant effect on the moisture, protein, intramuscular fat, iron, zinc and selenium content of African ostrich muscle.

[0136] Table 8. Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the nutritional composition of African ostrich meat.

[0137] control group experimental group Moisture content (g / 100g) 74.21±0.49 74.17±0.58 Protein (g / 100g) 20.52±0.16 20.90±0.20 Intramuscular fat (g / 100g) 1.14±0.04 1.11±0.05 Fe (μg / g) 84.43±4.63 94.80±1.73 Zn (μg / g) 51.54±4.80 46.54±3.11 Se (μg / g) 16.96±2.96 15.74±2.54

[0138] 3.5 Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on the activity of digestive enzymes in the small intestine of African ostriches

[0139] As shown in Table 9, in the duodenum, the activities of trypsin and lipase in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group; in the jejunum, the activity of amylase in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group, while there was no significant difference in trypsin and lipase activity; in the ileum, the activities of amylase and lipase in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the trypsin activity in the control group was significantly higher than that in the experimental group. These results indicate that the experimental diet had a generally positive effect on the digestive enzyme activity of the small intestine in African ostriches.

[0140] Table 9. Effects of complete pelleted feed containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace on intestinal digestive enzymes in African ostriches.

[0141]

[0142] This invention produces a complete pelleted feed by replacing part of the corn and soybean meal in conventional feed with jasmine flower residue combined with yam beet residue and DDGS. The invention details the selection criteria for jasmine flower residue and yam beet residue, provides specific formulation ratios, pretreatment methods for each ingredient, detailed premix formulas, and specific pressing methods for the feed. A feeding trial was conducted on 180-270 day old African ostriches using the complete pelleted feed containing jasmine flower residue and yam beet residue. Results showed no significant differences in growth and slaughter performance between the experimental and control groups, but reduced feeding costs (jasmine flower residue and yam beet residue are waste byproducts). Regarding meat quality and nutritional components, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in leg muscle shear force compared to the control group, while there was no significant effect on meat nutritional components, indicating that the experimental feed improved the tenderness of ostrich muscle. In terms of small intestinal digestive enzyme activity, the experimental feed had a generally positive effect on the overall small intestinal digestive enzyme activity of African ostriches compared to the control group. In summary, this study is the first to utilize yam residue as a feed ingredient for livestock and poultry. By combining it with jasmine residue and DDGS, it replaced part of the corn and soybean meal in conventional feed to produce complete pelleted feed. This improved the quality of ostrich meat and the activity of small intestinal digestive enzymes, while significantly reducing costs (jasmine residue and yam residue are waste byproducts from the production of jasmine tea and fragrant yarn, respectively). This provides a new approach for developing and utilizing unconventional feed ingredients.

[0143] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace, characterized in that: Made from the following parts by weight of raw materials: Corn: 18.00-28.00 servings; 10.00-15.00 portions of dried corn and whole distillers' grains; Soybean meal 7.00-11.00 parts; 20.00-30.00 portions of yam residue; Stone powder 4.00-6.00 parts; Sodium bicarbonate 0.20-0.40 parts; Salt 0.40-0.60 parts; 0.09-0.11 parts of premix; Lysine 0.20-0.40 parts; Methionine 0.20-0.40 parts; Choline chloride 0.10-0.30 parts; Jasmine flower residue: 13.00-18.00 portions; 8.00-12.00 portions of corn stalks.

2. The complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The premixed feed provides the following amounts per kilogram of complete pelleted feed: Vitamin A 5600 IU, Vitamin D3 1500 IU, Vitamin E 25 IU, Vitamin K 1.25 mg, Vitamin B1 0.6 mg, Vitamin B2 1 mg, Vitamin B6 0.9 mg, Vitamin B12 1 μg, Vitamin C 1.5 mg, Biotin 0.02 mg, Folic Acid 0.03 mg, Niacin 3 mg, and Calcium Pantothenate 1 mg.

3. The complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The yam residue is a waste byproduct generated during the production of Xiangyun yarn. The preparation method of the yam residue includes the following steps: washing the surface of the yam, putting it into a stone mill, grinding it into granules, and then putting it into a bamboo basket. The basket containing the yam is repeatedly immersed in a water tank for washing and stirring until the color of the water no longer changes. The basket is then removed from the water, and the moisture of the yam in the basket is drained to obtain pre-made yam residue. The obtained pre-made yam residue is dried using a biomass drum dryer or air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10%. Then it is put into a hammer mill for crushing with a pore size of 6mm to obtain powdered yam residue.

4. The complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The jasmine flower residue is a byproduct of jasmine tea scenting. The raw material is jasmine flowers. The selected jasmine flowers should be mature, plump, white, and about to bloom, without any deterioration or pollution. The harvested flowers should be immediately spread thinly and ventilated to promote the opening and release of fragrance. When the opening rate of the flowers is above 60%, the flowers can be sieved to remove green buds and stems. The tea leaves and fresh flowers are layered and spread alternately and quickly and evenly mixed, which should be completed within 1 hour. The process of the tea leaves absorbing the fragrance after mixing is called scenting, which lasts for 10-12 hours. When the flowers are wilted and their color changes from white to slightly yellow, and the fragrance of the fresh flowers is weak, the jasmine flowers can be separated from the tea leaves using a sieving device. The jasmine flower residue is collected and dried using a biomass drum dryer or naturally air-dried until the moisture content is ≤10%. Then it is put into a pulverizer and pulverized through a 5-mesh sieve to obtain powdered jasmine flower residue.

5. The complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The corn stalks have a moisture content of ≤10% and are in powder form that passes through a 5-10 mesh sieve.

6. The complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The complete pelleted feed for African ostriches, containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace, is made from the following raw materials in parts by weight: Corn 26.12 portions; 12.18 portions of dried corn and whole distillers' grains; 10.00 portions of soybean meal; 20.00 portions of yam residue; 5.00 parts of stone powder; Sodium bicarbonate 0.30 parts; 0.50 parts salt; 0.10 parts of premix; Lysine 0.30 parts; Methionine 0.30 parts; Choline chloride 0.20 parts; Jasmine flower residue, 15.00 portions; 10.00 portions of corn stalks.

7. The complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace according to claim 6, characterized in that: The total energy of the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine residue and yam residue is 16.03 MJ / kg; and the mass percentages of crude protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, lysine and methionine in the complete pelleted feed are 16.30%, 11.21%, 2.14%, 1.02%, 1.23% and 0.43%, respectively.

8. A method for preparing a complete pelleted feed for African ostriches comprising jasmine pomace and yam pomace as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: (1) Processing yam residue: Wash the surface of yam, put it into a stone mill, grind it into granules, and then put it into a bamboo basket. Immerse the basket containing yam repeatedly in a water tank to rinse and stir until the color of the water no longer changes. Take the basket out of the water and drain the yam in the basket to obtain pre-made yam residue. Dry the obtained pre-made yam residue using a biomass drum dryer or air dry it naturally until the moisture content is ≤10%. Then put it into a hammer mill to crush it with a pore size of 6mm to obtain powdered yam residue. (2) Processing jasmine flower residue: Collect the jasmine flower residue after jasmine tea is scented, dry it until the moisture content is ≤10%, crush it and pass it through a 5-mesh sieve to obtain powdered jasmine flower residue; (3) Processing corn stalks: Crush the corn stalks to 2-5cm, dry them until the moisture content is ≤10%, pulverize them and pass them through a 5-10 mesh sieve to obtain corn stalk powder; (4) Grind the corn and soybean meal in the formula into powder and pass it through a 5-mesh sieve; (5) Mix the powdered yam residue obtained in step (1), the powdered jasmine residue obtained in step (2), the corn straw powder obtained in step (3), the corn and soybean meal processed in step (4), and the formula amount of whole corn distillers' grains, stone powder, sodium bicarbonate, salt, premix, lysine, methionine and choline chloride evenly to obtain a mixture. (6) The mixture is pelleted at 85°C to obtain pellet feed; The granulation discharge rate in step (6) is 10 kg / min; The pellet feed in step (6) has a diameter of 6-8 mm and a length of 12-15 mm.

9. The use of the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine residue and yam residue as described in any one of claims 1-7 in feeding African ostriches.

10. The application of the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine pomace and yam pomace according to claim 9 in feeding African ostriches, characterized in that: The application of the complete pelleted feed for African ostriches containing jasmine residue and yam residue in feeding African ostriches aged 180-270 days.

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