Devices, systems, and methods for fluid mass determination

Abstract

A system and method are disclosed that allow for determining the mass of a fluid within a container by first vibrating the outer surface of the container, where the container contains a fluid, such as a compressed fluid, a gas, a liquid, a mixture of gas and liquid, or a supercritical fluid. Vibration data is then received at the outer surface of the container, and the vibration data is then converted to one or more frequencies. The mass of the fluid in the container is then estimated based on the one or more frequencies.

Description

Cross-references to related applications

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 471,141, filed June 5, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 531,145, filed August 7, 2023, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0002] This disclosure relates to techniques for determining the mass of fluid within a container, and specifically to vibration techniques, preferably non-contact techniques based on the resonance of the fluid / container system. Background Technology

[0003] In various manufacturing or supply chain industries, as well as the food and beverage and medical industries, a variety of useful fluids are stored in tanks or containers, and these industries require the use of various sensors to monitor the amount of material in the containers.

[0004] Current systems are adapted to determine the level of liquid or solid material in a tank or container by measuring the pressure or volume. However, most methods for measuring pressure or level require contact with the fluid itself (i.e., invasive measurement). Furthermore, these systems frequently fail with compressed fluids. For example, compressed gas will always fill the entire volume of the tank or container, whether it is full or half-full. Moreover, the pressure of a saturated mixture depends only on temperature and is independent of the actual fill level.

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for a method for non-invasively measuring the mass of fluids (such as gases, saturated mixtures, liquids, or supercritical fluids) in containers. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The following addresses various deficiencies in the prior art through the disclosed material compositions and techniques.

[0007] A first aspect of this disclosure relates to a method for determining the mass of a fluid within a container using sensors inside or outside the container. The method typically includes: (i) vibrating a surface (such as an outer surface) of a container containing the fluid within a predetermined frequency range; (ii) receiving vibration data at or near the outer surface of the container; (iii) converting the vibration data to one or more frequencies, and / or converting the vibration data to a variance associated with the vibration frequency range; (iv) optionally determining at least one resonant frequency; and (v) estimating / determining the mass of the fluid and optionally its temperature and / or pressure based on the vibration data (e.g., based on the resonant frequency).

[0008] Vibration data can represent the acceleration of the outer surface of a container. Vibration data can also represent the acoustic signals near the outer surface of a container.

[0009] The fluid can consist of, for example, a compressed fluid, a gaseous material, a liquid, a liquid portion and a gaseous portion, or a supercritical fluid. Temperature can be ambient temperature and / or the temperature of the outer surface of the container. Pressure can be the pressure of the fluid within the container.

[0010] The vibrating surface may include an actuator configured to emit a range of vibration frequencies (“frequency ramps”), such as frequency ramps within a predetermined frequency range. Frequency ramps may use sine waves. Frequency ramps may use pulsed waves, such as square waves. Frequency ramps may use sawtooth waves. Frequency ramps may consist of frequencies between approximately 100 Hz and approximately 10 kHz. Frequency ramps may have a frequency range of 3500 Hz or lower (i.e., the difference between the lowest and highest frequencies is 3500 Hz or lower). Frequency ramps may be continuous ramps. Frequency ramps may be discontinuous ramps. The duration of a single frequency ramp may be less than 2 s. In some embodiments, the duration of a single frequency ramp may be less than 200 ms. In some embodiments, mass is determined using a single vibration cycle (i.e., vibration is generated by detecting response vibration data). In some embodiments, multiple vibration cycles are performed, and the data are used collectively to determine the mass of the fluid. In some embodiments, mass may be estimated based on the most common dominant frequency detected from multiple vibration cycles. In some embodiments, mass may be estimated based on the median of the frequencies detected from multiple vibration cycles.

[0011] In some embodiments, mass can be estimated based on vibration data and temperature (such as ambient temperature, such as the temperature of the outer surface of the container). In some embodiments, mass can be estimated after the temperature has not changed by more than a predetermined amount (e.g., no more than 2 °C) within a predetermined time period (e.g., at least 5 seconds).

[0012] In some embodiments, mass can be estimated based on one or more frequencies, temperatures, pressures, and information related to the design of the container and the fluids inside it. The method may include receiving pressure-containing information from a sensor configured to measure pressure inside the container.

[0013] In some embodiments, the method may include receiving information defining a temperature. In some embodiments, the method may include estimating the temperature of the fluid based on the received information or an ambient temperature measurement, and / or displaying an estimated mass or a value based on the estimated mass.

[0014] In some embodiments, the mass may be estimated based on one or more frequencies, temperatures, and pressures. In some embodiments, the mass may be estimated based on one or more frequencies, temperatures, and information related to the container's design. Information related to the container's design may include U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) cylinder ratings, container composition, wall thickness, ISO pressure ratings, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the information related to the container's design may be inferred from one or more frequencies of a cylinder filled with a known mass of fluid. In some embodiments, the estimated mass may be determined based on one or more frequencies and frequencies associated with a container filled to full capacity.

[0015] In some embodiments, the mass can be estimated based on one or more frequencies and information about the fluid / container system. In some embodiments, the information about the fluid / container consists of the frequency of empty containers and the frequency of full containers. In some embodiments, the information about the fluid / container is stored in an RFID tag on the container. In some embodiments, the method may include comparing the mass with a previously estimated mass. In some embodiments, the method may include storing the date and / or time, along with the mass, in a database. In some embodiments, the method may include automatically requesting or ordering a new container, or automatically requesting maintenance assistance, when the mass falls below a predetermined threshold.

[0016] A second aspect of this disclosure is a sensor system that can be used with the disclosed method. The sensor system may include an activation and detection subsystem configured to be positioned on or near an outer surface of a container containing fluid. The activation and detection subsystem may be configured to: (i) induce vibrations at the outer surface of the container within a desired frequency range; and (ii) receive vibration data at or near the outer surface of the container. The sensor system may also include a temperature sensor and / or a pressure sensor. The sensor system may include one or more processors. The processors are operatively in communication with the activation and detection subsystem and, optionally, the temperature and pressure sensors. Further, the processors may be configured to collectively: (i) receive vibration data from the activation and detection subsystem and, optionally, temperature from the temperature sensor and, optionally, pressure from the pressure sensor; (ii) convert the vibration data into one or more frequencies; and (iii) estimate the mass of the fluid based on the one or more frequencies and, optionally, temperature and / or pressure.

[0017] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a single piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer, and the processor is configured to: (i) cause the piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer to vibrate at a desired frequency; and (ii) receive vibration data from the piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a loudspeaker and a microphone, and the processor is configured to: (i) cause the loudspeaker to vibrate at a desired frequency or frequency range; and (ii) receive vibration data from the microphone. In some embodiments, actuation is performed using a combination of several frequencies. In some embodiments, actuation is performed using a loudspeaker with output noise. In some embodiments, actuation is performed using a voice coil actuator actuated by a square wave signal, wherein the frequency of the pulse wave is modulated such that it starts at a frequency and scans a frequency range within a set time amount. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a voice coil actuator that contacts an outer surface to cause the outer surface to vibrate; and a microphone-based detection subsystem configured to receive vibration data without contacting the outer surface.

[0018] In some embodiments, the detection is performed using a vibration sensor that contacts an outer surface. In some embodiments, the vibration sensor is an accelerometer.

[0019] The activation and detection subsystem can preferably not come into contact with the fluid.

[0020] For example, the container can be filled with gas, partially filled with gas and the remainder with liquid, completely filled with liquid, or filled with supercritical fluid.

[0021] In some embodiments, the sensor system may include a housing configured to cover at least a portion of the activation and detection subsystem. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be detachably coupled to the container. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be permanently attached to the container. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may communicate wirelessly with the processor. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may communicate electrically with the processor.

[0022] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to generate an alert if the container does not exist. In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to generate an alert if an incorrect container exists.

[0023] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to generate an alarm or request container replacement when the estimated quality is equal to or below a first predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to determine the rate of change of the estimated quality within the container. In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to estimate the date and / or time on which the quality within the container will fall below a second predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to generate an alarm or request container replacement when the difference between the estimated date and / or time and the current date and / or time is less than a third predetermined threshold. Attached Figure Description

[0024] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0025] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for determining the mass of fluid inside a container.

[0026] Figures 2A to 2B It is a simplified cross-section of the vibration device.

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a system for determining the mass of fluid within a container.

[0028] Figure 4A It is a graph that provides examples of vibration data received from sensors.

[0029] Figure 4B It is a graph that provides instances of vibration data converted to one or more frequencies.

[0030] Figure 4C It is a graph that provides examples of the correlation between one or more frequencies and the mass of the fluid.

[0031] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a system for determining the mass of fluid within a container.

[0032] Figures 6A to 6D It is a simplified cross-section of the activation and detection subsystem.

[0033] Figure 6E yes Figure 6D An example of a schematic diagram of the activation and detection subsystem.

[0034] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of a container with activation and detection subsystems coupled to the outer surface.

[0035] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of the system.

[0036] Figures 9A to 9C This is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the activation and detection subsystem.

[0037] Figure 10A and Figure 10B This is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the system.

[0038] Figure 11A and Figure 11B This is a schematic diagram of a system that uses slots to position containers within the system.

[0039] It should be understood that the accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale and present slightly simplified representations of various features illustrating the basic principles of the invention. Specific design features such as the sequence of operations disclosed herein, including, for example, the specific dimensions, orientations, positions, and shapes of the various illustrated components, will be determined to some extent by the specific intended application and usage environment. Some features of the illustrated embodiments have been enlarged or distorted relative to other features to facilitate visual display and clear understanding. Specifically, thin features may be thickened, for example, for clarity or illustrative purposes. Detailed Implementation

[0040] The following description and accompanying drawings illustrate only the principles of the invention. It will therefore be understood that those skilled in the art will be able to design various arrangements, which, while not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its scope. Furthermore, all embodiments detailed herein are primarily intended for illustrative purposes only to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to advance the technology, and should be understood as not being limited to such specifically detailed embodiments and conditions. Additionally, as used herein, the term "or" means non-exclusive or unless otherwise specified (e.g., "otherwise" or "or in alternatives"). Moreover, the various embodiments described herein are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as some embodiments may be combined with one or more other embodiments to form new embodiments.

[0041] The numerous innovative teachings of this application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred exemplary embodiments. However, it should be understood that such embodiments provide only a few examples of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachings herein. Generally, the statements in this specification do not necessarily limit any of the various claimed inventions. Furthermore, some statements may apply to some inventive features but not to others. Those skilled in the art and affected by the teachings herein will recognize that the invention is also applicable to a variety of other technical fields or embodiments.

[0042] As used herein, the term “about” may be used in conjunction with numerical values ​​and / or ranges. The term “about” is intended to refer to those values ​​that are equal to or close to the stated value. For example, “about 100 [units]” may mean within ±10% of 100. The term “quantity” may include values ​​within ±10%, ±9%, ±8%, ±7%, ±6%, ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, less than ±1%, equal to or including these values, or any other value or range of values, including asymmetric ranges (e.g., +4% / -6%). Furthermore, given the definition of the term “about” provided herein, the phrases “less than about [value]” or “greater than about [value]” should be understood.

[0043] refer to Figure 1 A flowchart of a method for determining the mass of fluid within a container can be seen. The container can be any suitable container for holding the desired fluid. In some embodiments, the container may contain less than 500 g of fluid. In some embodiments, the container may have a volume of less than 5 L. In some embodiments, the container may have a volume of 5 L to 500 L. In some embodiments, the container may have a volume of at least 500 L. In some embodiments, the container may be made of metal (such as aluminum, stainless steel, etc.). In some embodiments, the container may be made of polymer (such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc.). In some embodiments, the container may be made of glass (e.g., soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, etc.). In some embodiments, the container may be made of a combination of materials.

[0044] Method 100 may include vibrating the surface (such as an outer or inner surface) of the container containing the fluid at 110. In some embodiments, the fluid may be a high-pressure fluid. In various embodiments, the fluid may be a gas, a saturated mixture, a liquid, or a supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the fluid may consist of a gaseous material. In some embodiments, the fluid may consist of a liquid. In some embodiments, the fluid may consist of a gas / liquid mixture. That is, in some embodiments, the fluid may consist of a gaseous phase (or a gaseous portion) and a liquid phase (or a liquid portion). In some embodiments, the fluid may consist of a supercritical fluid. As understood in the art, a supercritical fluid is any substance whose temperature and pressure are above its critical point (where a distinct liquid and gaseous phase are not present) but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid. The fluid may not contain any solid material.

[0045] A variety of methods or techniques can be used to generate vibrations.

[0046] Conventional methods typically involve technologies that need to be installed inside the container, such as floats, fiber optics, or waveguide sensors. An exception is the technique of "tapping" the outer surface. That is, vibrations can be generated, for example, by an impact actuator configured to strike the outer surface of the container. (Brief Reference) Figure 2A The vibration device 1 is an impact actuator, comprising a body 2 and an impactor 3 coupled to a container 290. The impact actuator can be configured, for example, to cause the impactor 211 to strike the outer surface 291 of the container 290 pneumatically or hydraulically, thereby inducing sound waves in the fluid inside the container in response to the impact. This "knocking" generates a surprisingly large number of resonant frequencies (including their harmonics) within the fluid / container system, which can lead to measurements with significant errors due to the challenge of determining the dominant frequency. For example, if the dominant resonant frequency of the container is at 1000 Hz, but the knocking also causes a resonant frequency at 500 Hz, the 500 Hz frequency will interfere with the 1000 Hz frequency, making accurate readings at 1000 Hz impossible. Furthermore, these different frequencies vary in amplitude with the fill level, making it very challenging to track them to determine the true fill level.

[0047] This disclosure does not involve “tapping” the container (e.g., tapping or contacting elements that do not contact the container’s surface and may only contact the surface for a brief period to induce vibration), but rather utilizes a vibration technique in which the contacting element (e.g., a component that transmits vibrations to the surface) remains in contact with the outer surface of the container and generates only specific frequencies. This allows the user to activate only certain frequencies, thus avoiding the aforementioned problems. Furthermore, because the energy is concentrated within a specific frequency range, less energy is required to generate a detectable signal.

[0048] In various embodiments, the container is a metal container, such as an aluminum, steel, or stainless steel container.

[0049] The power used to generate vibrations may vary. In some embodiments, the required power (e.g., watts) may be 1 / 10 watt or less. In some embodiments, the required power may be ¼ watt or less. In some embodiments, the required power may be ½ watt or less. In some embodiments, the required power may be 1 watt or less. In some embodiments, the required power may be 2 watts or less. In some embodiments, the required power may be 5 watts or less. In some embodiments, the required power may be 10 watts or less. In some embodiments, the power used will be determined based on the environment. In some embodiments, a microphone may be used to determine the level of “noise” in the environment without vibrations generated by the system. If the noise level is above a threshold, the power used to generate vibrations may be increased. If the noise level is below a threshold, the power used to generate vibrations may be decreased. In some embodiments, the power used may vary based on a determined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). That is, if the SNR is above a threshold, the device may reduce the power without affecting accuracy. Conversely, if the determined SNR is below a threshold, the device may adjust the power upwards to increase the SNR. In some embodiments, vibrations are generated by a loudspeaker (e.g., a voice coil actuator). In some embodiments, the loudspeaker is in contact with the outer surface of the container. In some embodiments, the vibration is generated by, for example, a piezoelectric vibrator that is in contact with the outer surface of the container.

[0050] Brief Reference Figure 2B The disclosed vibration device (e.g., sensor system 200) may include a substrate 220 having a piezoelectric or voice coil resonator 221. The substrate may be attached to or otherwise contacted with the outer surface 291 of the container 290 (e.g., adhesive, welded, clamped, pressed, etc.) such that the piezoelectric or voice coil resonator can be in direct contact with the container. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric or voice coil resonator is in contact with a structure that is in contact with the container 290. See, for example... Figure 9A The connection must be sufficient to allow the outer surface of the container to vibrate in response to a speaker or piezoelectric vibrator actuation.

[0051] Vibrations can be emitted as frequency-modulated frequency ramps. Frequency ramps can use sine waves. Frequency ramps can be pulse waves. Pulse waves can be square waves (i.e., pulse waves with a 50% duty cycle). Frequency ramps can be sawtooth waves. Pulse waves can have a duty cycle of 10% to 90%. Pulse waves can have a duty cycle of about 50%. The frequency can gradually change from an initial frequency to a final frequency. In some embodiments, each frequency is a frequency within the range of human hearing (e.g., about 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz). In some embodiments, the initial frequency can be no lower than 1 kHz, and the final frequency can be no higher than 10 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequency range can be lower than 5 kHz. In some embodiments, the ramp can be a continuous frequency ramp. In some embodiments, the ramp can be discontinuous. That is, in some embodiments, specific frequency “windows” can be used. These windows can be selected such that they isolate specific resonant modes. The ability to target specific modes is an important aspect of the invention disclosed herein. For example, compared to actuating all frequencies by tapping a container, this reduces the power required, reduces the amount of sound generated, improves the signal-to-noise ratio, and reduces the amount of data that needs to be processed. Improved resolution of the measured frequencies is also achieved because the sampling frequency can be customized for specific use cases.

[0052] In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 5000 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 4000 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 3500 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 3000 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 2000 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 1500 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 1000 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may not exceed 500 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may be at least 100 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) may be at least 500 Hz. In some embodiments, the frequency range (the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies) can be at least 1000 Hz.

[0053] A narrower frequency range requires less energy and / or the applied energy is more concentrated. Furthermore, a narrower frequency range also speeds up the analysis. Typically, the range in which the target resonant frequency will be found is known in advance; in such cases, it may be useful to scan that frequency range, adding a predetermined amount to each end of the range (e.g., if the known range is 1000 Hz to 2000 Hz, a useful scan range could be ±150 Hz or 850 Hz to 2150 Hz). In some embodiments, this predetermined amount may not exceed 1000 Hz. In some embodiments, this predetermined amount may not exceed 500 Hz. In some embodiments, this predetermined amount may not exceed 200 Hz.

[0054] While the resonant frequency used to determine mass preferably utilizes the dominant resonant mode, many other resonant modes exist besides the dominant mode. In some embodiments, only a single resonant mode is utilized. In some embodiments, more than one resonant mode is utilized. In some embodiments, other modes can be used to detect or confirm properties of the container, such as the material of its construction.

[0055] Furthermore, the frequency range typically varies with the size of the container. For example, large containers (e.g., large steel vessels in a manufacturing plant) will have lower resonant frequencies than small containers (e.g., small glass bottles). Because resonance is affected by a variety of variables, including the materials used in its construction, its thickness, shape, the fluid inside the container, etc., it cannot be determined solely by size. However, if no other data for a particular container is available, size can be used to estimate the useful range to consider.

[0056] In some embodiments, vibration is generated within a predetermined time period. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not exceed 2 s. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not exceed 500 ms. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not exceed 250 ms. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not exceed 200 ms. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not exceed 150 ms. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not exceed 100 ms. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not be less than 25 ms. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period may not be less than 50 ms.

[0057] In some embodiments, the vibration is a brief (e.g., no more than 500 ms) "chirp" covering a sound range of 2000 Hz or lower. As disclosed herein, such chirps are highly efficient, thus saving and concentrating energy, and making it easier to determine the target resonant frequency.

[0058] refer to Figure 1Method 100 continues by receiving responsive vibrations at the outer (or inner) surface of container 120.

[0059] Specifically, the current situation can be referred to as Figure 3 Describe it. In Figure 3 In this embodiment, the activation and detection subsystem 310 may be attached to the container 290. In some embodiments, the subsystem may be detachably attached (e.g., magnetically attached, threaded into place, secured in place by a clamp or elastic band, etc.). In some embodiments, the subsystem may be attached via, for example, an adhesive. In some embodiments, the subsystem may be attached via an auxiliary structure.

[0060] Container 290 preferably has a single port (port 398 in this case) (through which the tank can be filled and emptied as needed). In some embodiments, the container may be a liquefied gas cylinder. In some embodiments, the container may be a compressed CO2 canister. In some embodiments, the container may be a compressed nitrogen or nitrous oxide canister. In some embodiments, the container may be a compressed oxygen canister. In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a beverage flavoring agent. In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a chemical for use in liquid preparation. In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a chemical for use in liquid preparation. In some embodiments, the container may contain at least one medical gas (such as CO2, oxygen, nitrous oxide, etc.). The term "medical gas" is intended to be interpreted broadly, and non-limiting examples include, for example, air, oxygen, or mixtures thereof, for resuscitation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, or any other purpose. It also covers other gases, such as those used for delivering different gas mixtures, therapeutic agents, anesthetics, drugs, or other agents, whether used alone or mixed with air. The gas may be at ambient temperature or another temperature. The gas can be delivered at relatively low pressure, for example, as supplemental oxygen, or at higher pressure, for example, for resuscitation. The scope of the invention is not limited to any particular gas or treatment.

[0061] For example, the container may have one or more valves 399 coupled to port 398, which are used to control the inflow and outflow of fluid from the gas cylinder.

[0062] The activation and detection subsystem 310 includes a vibration device 311 (such as regarding...). Figure 2A and Figure 2BThe vibration device (as described above) can cause the outer surface 291 of container 290 to vibrate. In such cases, the vibration device can be located at or near the outer surface. The vibration passes through container 290, through the inner wall 293 of container 290 (which defines the inner surface 292), and into fluid 300. It should be noted that, for simplicity, only a single container wall is shown in the figure, but as will be understood, the container wall can be composed of multiple layers. Fluid 300 then vibrates in response to the vibration generated by vibration device 311. That is, the fluid generates vibrations in response to vibrations generated on the outer surface. These responsive vibrations can then pass through the inner surface 292 of the container and reach the outer surface 291. Sensor 312 (such as a microphone, piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer, etc.) can then detect the responsive vibrations transmitted from the fluid to the detection sensor. The detection sensor can be configured to detect any kind of vibration data. As used herein, vibration data can include any transmitted, measurable response to vibrations generated by vibration device. Such transmitted, measurable responses can include, for example, deformation / strain or acoustic signals.

[0063] This can include generating data representing the received vibrations (e.g., amplitude data, frequency data, etc.). The response vibrations can be amplified to frequencies near the system's resonant frequency. This resonant frequency may depend primarily on the fluid's mass. This resonant frequency may also depend primarily on the fluid's pressure. This resonant frequency can be a function of both the fluid's pressure and mass.

[0064] It should be understood that in some embodiments, the vibration device may be disposed within the container, at or near the inner surface. That is, the vibration device may be operatively coupled to the inner surface rather than the outer surface. Similarly, in some embodiments, a sensor for detecting the vibration response may be disposed within the container, at or near the inner surface. As used herein, the term “near” is intended to refer to a minimum distance from the surface such that the surface can still vibrate with sufficient power to be detected by the sensor. This distance will vary based on design, input power, etc., but in some embodiments, it may be, for example, less than 6 inches, less than 5 inches, less than 4 inches, less than 3 inches, less than 2 inches, less than 1 inch, less than 0.5 inches, less than 0.25 inches, or less than 0.01 inches.

[0065] In some embodiments, the vibration device is operatively connected to an intermediate structure that contacts the outer surface of the container.

[0066] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem can be integrated into a tag on the container. For example, a thin-film piezoelectric vibrator and a thin-film piezoelectric detector can be coupled to a tag positioned around the container (e.g., coupled to the inner surface of the tag). Alternatively, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer can be integrated into the tag to detect vibrations. If the tag also includes an RFID or NFC antenna, the tag can receive power and / or transmit updated information (such as updated vibration data) when scanned.

[0067] refer to Figure 1 In some embodiments, method 100 may include transmitting data 130 representing the received vibrations to one or more processors, such as a controller, server, computer, etc. Figure 3 As can be seen, a remote controller 320 includes one or more processors 321 that communicate with the activation and detection subsystem 310. This transmission step can be performed via any suitable method. In some embodiments, data is transmitted wirelessly (e.g., using appropriate wireless protocols or standards such as Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC) (including RFID), Wi-Fi, Zigbee, etc.). In some embodiments, data is transmitted via wired communication.

[0068] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be configured to communicate with one or more other activation and detection subsystems. In some embodiments, the first subsystem may transmit data to the second subsystem. In some embodiments, the first subsystem may coordinate the timing of its vibration and detection with the second subsystem. For example, if two subsystems are coupled to the same container (or adjacent containers), it is best not to attempt to perform vibration and detection simultaneously (or at overlapping times).

[0069] refer to Figure 1 Method 100 includes converting the detected response vibrations 140 into one or more frequencies. For example... Figure 4A As seen, data representing a response to vibration can include displacement data over a certain time period. In some embodiments, the data can include acceleration data over a certain time period. For example... Figure 4B As can be seen, vibration data can be converted into one or more frequencies. Figure 4B In the middle, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to transform the data from... Figure 4A The vibration data is converted into one or more frequencies. For example, the frequency can be determined based on the power spectrum, which is calculated using an FFT. Peaks are then identified in the FFT results. Here, a resonant frequency of approximately 200 Hz is observed. An alternative method for determining the resonant frequency is to monitor the variance of the vibration data as a function of the actuation frequency. The variance will be correlated with a specific range of vibration frequencies. The actuation frequency that produces the largest variance can be identified as the dominant resonant frequency.

[0070] In some embodiments, the method may include determining whether a container exists. If no vibration data is received, or if the maximum amplitude identified by FFT is below a threshold, the container may be considered not to exist, and / or the container may be considered incorrectly positioned. If the container exists and / or is correctly positioned, the method may include allowing fluid removal from the container. If the container does not exist, the method may include generating an alarm, preventing the system from attempting to remove fluid from the container, or a combination thereof.

[0071] Method 100 involves estimating the mass of fluid 150 based on one or more frequencies and temperatures. This is typically achieved by comparing one or more resonant frequencies with data obtained empirically. Alternatively, it can measure the frequency of at least one known mass and convert the frequency to mass using a predetermined formula. Figure 4C As seen, the solid lines represent empirically collected data for a given container with a given fluid at a given temperature. (Using data from...) Figure 4B For example, the resonant frequency of about 200 Hz corresponds to (see dashed line) the mass of about 800 grams (0.8 kilograms) in the container.

[0072] It will be easy to understand that this type of correlation data can be specific to containers, fluids, and temperatures.

[0073] To improve accuracy, temperature can be measured. This temperature should represent the temperature of the fluid.

[0074] In some embodiments, method 100 may include measuring temperature and / or pressure at 170°C.

[0075] In some embodiments, the temperature of the fluid is measured directly. For example, in a system in which fluid is utilized, a temperature sensor can measure and transmit the actual temperature of the fluid in the container after it leaves the container.

[0076] In some embodiments, the temperature is measured once. In some embodiments, the temperature is measured repeatedly. In some embodiments, the method may involve performing multiple measurements but reporting only a single value – for example, monitoring the temperature over several hours and providing an average temperature.

[0077] In some embodiments, the temperature of the fluid is not or cannot be measured directly. In such embodiments, other temperatures (such as ambient temperature or the temperature of the outer surface of the container) can be measured.

[0078] In some embodiments, the temperature is ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the ambient temperature is approximately the same as the fluid temperature. For example, in some embodiments, the container may be placed in a temperature-controlled chamber for a sufficient period of time so that the fluid temperature can approximate the ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature may be measured, for example, by a remote thermometer.

[0079] In some embodiments, the temperature is the temperature of the outer surface of the container. For example, if the temperature of a thin-walled container is a specific temperature, then in some embodiments, the temperature of the fluid may be approximated as the temperature of the outer surface.

[0080] In some embodiments, temperature is the temperature difference between two measurement locations, which approximates the difference between ambient temperature and fluid temperature.

[0081] Therefore, it can provide sufficiently accurate results even if the measured temperature is not the temperature of the fluid.

[0082] In some embodiments, method 100 may include estimating the temperature of a fluid based on measured temperatures. For example, given the fluid composition, container geometry and construction materials, and ambient temperature over a recent time period, the fluid temperature may be estimated.

[0083] In some embodiments, the method may include estimating the fluid temperature based on a temperature profile over a recent time period (e.g., the previous 30 minutes, the previous hour, the previous day, etc.). For example, if the ambient temperature was 20 ºC for several consecutive days but rose to 25 ºC in the past 10 minutes, the method may involve estimating how much the fluid temperature has increased from 20 ºC. Some logic can be used to simplify some estimations. For example, if the ambient temperature was previously 25 ºC but dropped to 20 ºC, the method may involve first determining whether a threshold amount of time has elapsed since the temperature change occurred. If so, the method may assume that the temperature has reached equilibrium at the new 20 ºC temperature. If not, the method may involve, for example, data interpolation, system modeling, or some other suitable method for estimating the fluid temperature.

[0084] In some embodiments, if the temperature has not stabilized for a sufficiently long period, the system is instructed not to update the mass measurement. In some embodiments, this time exceeds 1 second. In some embodiments, this time exceeds 10 seconds. In some embodiments, this time exceeds 1 minute. In some embodiments, this time exceeds 10 minutes.

[0085] In some embodiments, if the temperature is higher than a certain predetermined temperature, the system is instructed not to update the mass measurement. In some embodiments, the predetermined temperature is close to the critical temperature of the fluid.

[0086] In some embodiments, method 100 may include receiving information defining a temperature at step 174. In some embodiments, a measured temperature (see measurement step 170) and / or an estimated temperature (see estimation step 172) may be received. For example, a temperature sensor measuring the ambient temperature of a temperature-controlled room may be configured to wirelessly transmit the temperature to a remote processor configured to receive the temperature data and any vibration data, and perform any necessary calculations.

[0087] In some embodiments, the user can define the temperature. For example, in some embodiments, the method is used in systems where the temperature is not transmitted digitally or electrically to a processor for some steps of the method. That is, in some embodiments, the user walks to the container, uses a handheld instrument to obtain a surface temperature reading of the container, then walks back to the computer and enters the measured temperature. The information entered by the user can then be used to define or estimate the fluid temperature.

[0088] In some embodiments, the method may involve estimating mass based on one or more frequencies and information related to the fluid / container combination. Therefore, in some embodiments, method 100 may include receiving 182 system-related information. This information may include, but is not limited to, the frequency at which the container is at its maximum capacity and the frequency at which the container is at its minimum capacity. In some embodiments, the information may also include information about the fluid in the container.

[0089] In some embodiments, this information is obtained via an RFID transmitter or a 2D or 3D barcode on the outer surface of the container, and then read by an appropriate device. In some embodiments, one or more processors in the sensor system may be configured to receive information from an RFID chip containing the frequency of empty containers and the frequency of full containers. In some embodiments, the information received from the RFID chip may contain a code indicating the type of container, and the processor may be configured to reference a database to convert that code into the frequencies of full and empty containers. In some embodiments, the information received from the RFID chip may contain a code indicating what fluid is in the container.

[0090] In some embodiments, the method may include estimating mass based on one or more frequencies, temperatures, and information related to the container's design. Therefore, in some embodiments, method 100 may include receiving 182 information related to the container's design. This information may include, but is not limited to: U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) cylinder ratings or other similar suitable ratings, the container's constituent materials, wall thickness, ISO pressure ratings, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, this information is provided by a user.

[0091] In some embodiments, the information is obtained via a 2D or 3D barcode on the outer surface of an RFID transmitter or container and then read by an appropriate device.

[0092] In some embodiments, this information is inferred from one or more determined frequencies of a container filled with a known mass of fluid (see step 140 of conversion). For example, in some systems, new containers will always be full and contain a fixed amount of material (e.g., 10 kg of fluid). When a full container is provided, one or more frequencies can be determined, and the type of container can be determined using a conversion table (examples are shown below).

[0093] Table 1 (Examples of the correlation between resonant frequency and container type)

[0094]

[0095] In some embodiments, mass can be estimated based on resonance information without temperature and / or pressure information. In some embodiments, mass can be estimated based on a combination of resonance and temperature information. In some embodiments, mass can be estimated based on a combination of resonance and pressure information. In some embodiments, mass can be estimated based on a combination of resonance, temperature, and pressure information. In some embodiments, resonance is used to determine the properties of the fluid (e.g., liquid-gas equilibrium), and mass is determined based on the determined properties and temperature information.

[0096] Resonance information can be acquired in various ways. In some embodiments, the input signal can be acquired, for example, by scanning a sine wave or pulse wave across frequencies, and then the output can be collected. For each scan, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can be performed on the output to determine the dominant frequency. As described herein, the frequency can be determined based on the power spectrum, which is calculated using the FFT. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the ratio between the output and input at a specific frequency can be examined. The frequency that produces the maximum output signal can be considered the resonant frequency.

[0097] In some embodiments, temperature can be monitored over time, and mass can be estimated when the temperature has remained substantially stable for a certain period of time. For example, in some embodiments, mass can be estimated only if the temperature has not changed by a predetermined amount (e.g., ±0.5 °C, ±1 °C, ±2 °C, etc.) within a predetermined time period (e.g., 1 second, 2 seconds, 5 seconds, 1 minute, etc.).

[0098] In some embodiments, the pressure of the fluid can be monitored. For example, it is known that for compressed fluids, the pressure in a container (at a given temperature) will remain substantially constant until all the liquid has been utilized. Therefore, while pressure is generally not useful for determining mass when a compressed fluid is in a liquid phase, it becomes very useful once the container is empty. Thus, in some embodiments, pressure sensors can be used to estimate the mass in the container.

[0099] In some embodiments, the mass can be estimated using a “cycle” of multiple vibration readings. For example, if vibration and detection can be performed within 200 ms, then five vibration and detection “cycles” can be performed within 1 second. In some embodiments, if there are n reading cycles, then all n cycles can have a total of one mass estimate. For example, all vibration data can be summed and a single mass estimate can be made based on the summed data.

[0100] In some embodiments, all n cycles may have n+1 quality estimates. For example, an estimate may be made once for each cycle (e.g., n estimates), and then all readings may be statistically combined (e.g., averaged together or the median of the frequency) (e.g., one additional estimate).

[0101] In some embodiments, multiple scans are performed within a set time period, and quality is determined based on the most common dominant frequency detected. In some embodiments, multiple scans are performed, and quality is determined based on the median of the detected dominant frequencies. In some embodiments, the number of scans exceeds 2. In some embodiments, the number of scans exceeds 5. In some embodiments, the number of scans exceeds 10. In some embodiments, the number of scans exceeds 100. In some embodiments, scans may be performed intermittently. In some embodiments, scans may be performed continuously. In some embodiments, the quality estimate may be updated continuously. In some embodiments, the quality estimate may be updated once per second. In some embodiments, the quality estimate may be updated at the same frequency as the scans are performed. In some embodiments, the quality estimate may be updated at a lower frequency than the scans are performed (e.g., a lower update frequency). In some embodiments, the statistics used for quality determination may be based on the previous n cycles or scans. In some embodiments, n may be at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4. In some embodiments, n may be less than 60, less than 30, less than 20, or less than 10.

[0102] In some embodiments, temperature can be monitored over time, and mass can be estimated when the temperature has remained substantially stable for a certain period of time. For example, in some embodiments, mass can be estimated only if the temperature has not changed by a predetermined amount (e.g., ±0.5 °C, ±1 °C, ±2 °C, etc.) within a predetermined time period (e.g., 1 second, 2 seconds, 5 seconds, 1 minute, etc.).

[0103] In some embodiments, method 100 further includes displaying an estimated mass or a value based on the estimated mass. For example, in some embodiments, the method may involve displaying the actual estimated mass (e.g., "5 kg remaining"). In some embodiments, the method may involve displaying the estimated mass as a percentage of the mass of a full container (e.g., "80% remaining"). In some embodiments, the method may involve displaying a graphical representation of the information (e.g., displaying four fully lit bars and a fifth unlit bar on the screen). In some embodiments, one or more processors may be coupled to a display, and the processor may generate a graphical user interface (GUI) on the display. The GUI may display various information related to the fluid and / or container, such as the mass of the fluid in the container. If the processor has determined that the fluid mass has changed over a period of time, the GUI may include the change over that period of time. The GUI may also display alarms or warnings. For example, if the estimated quality is below a predetermined threshold, the GUI can display a text prompt indicating that the value is low, and / or the GUI can highlight or change the color of the quality to indicate how close the container is to being empty (e.g., a green quality value when the quality is above 25%, a yellow value when the quality is between 10% and 25%, and a red value when the quality is below 10%).

[0104] One method to determine the mass of a system is to first calibrate the system. In some embodiments, this method may include calibrating the system. Calibration may include determining at least one resonant frequency of a full container and at least one resonant frequency of an empty container. As will be understood, it is also necessary to understand what happens between full and empty states. In some embodiments, see, for example, [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 4C The general shape of the curve will be known. If the fluid is a liquid, the curve will differ from the curve if the fluid is a gas. If the fluid is a liquefied compressed gas, the curve will be a combination of two curves—first a liquid-like curve until the liquid is exhausted, then transitioning to a gas-like curve. In some embodiments, these curves may be determined empirically. In some embodiments, these curves may be determined via a model. The frequency of an empty container may depend solely on the bottle itself. The frequency of a full container may depend on both the bottle and any fluid within it.

[0105] In some embodiments, this information (full frequency and optionally ground-to-air frequency or type of internal fluid) may be received by one or more processors. In some embodiments, this information may be received from an RFID chip or a 2D or 3D barcode (such as a QR code).

[0106] In some embodiments, the container may be unknown, but the fluid may be known (e.g., a full container containing CO2 is known). In some embodiments, given a full container and a known fluid, the method may include determining the frequency of the empty bottle (e.g., given a full frequency or measuring the frequency when the container is “full,” then adjusting that frequency based on a known curve of the frequency of the given liquid). As will be understood, the reverse calculation can also be performed. That is, given (or measured) the frequency of the empty container, and knowing the fluid conditions inside the full container, the frequency of the full container can be determined.

[0107] Using at least full-time and empty-time frequencies or the type of fluid, this method can estimate the fill level of a container at any given point. As will be understood, accuracy is improved when the fluid profile is determined empirically.

[0108] In some embodiments, the method may include determining whether the intended container has been placed in place. That is, if the system expects fluid from a 10-gallon container but provides a 1-gallon container, there may be a problem or hazard. Therefore, in some embodiments, the method may include taking specific action whenever the container is first coupled to the system.

[0109] If a full (or empty) container is expected, the method may include determining a resonant frequency and comparing that frequency to the expected frequency of a full (or empty) container. If the frequencies do not match (within a predetermined level of accuracy, such as ± a fixed amount or ± a specific percentage), the method may include generating an alarm and / or preventing fluid from being drawn from the container. For example, an alarm may inform a user to insert an appropriate bottle. In some embodiments, the processor may generate an alarm if the container is not present. In some embodiments, the processor may generate an alarm if the container is not expected to be present.

[0110] In some embodiments, there may be more than one suitable bottle. The frequency of full bottles can then be used to identify which suitable bottle has been inserted. Furthermore, it can also identify whether an inappropriate bottle has been inserted.

[0111] Sensor systems that can be used with the disclosed methods can be found in [reference]. Figure 5 In some embodiments, the sensor system 500 includes an activation and detection subsystem 310 configured to be positioned on the outer surface 291 of a container 290 containing fluid 300.

[0112] As disclosed herein, fluids can be in a variety of states. In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a compressed fluid. In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a liquid. In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a gas. In some embodiments, the container may be partially filled with a gas (e.g., the gaseous phase of a material) and the remainder may be filled with a liquid (e.g., the liquid phase of a material). In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the container may be filled with a gas mixture. The fluid may be, for example, liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane and / or butane. The fluid may be, for example, a compressed gas, such as air, CO2, N2, O2, etc.

[0113] As disclosed herein, the activation and detection subsystem can be configured to: (i) induce vibrations at the outer surface of the container within a desired frequency range; and then (ii) receive vibration data at the outer surface of the container in response to the induced vibrations.

[0114] In some embodiments, vibration data are acoustic signals.

[0115] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include two separate components, one for activation and one for detection.

[0116] In some embodiments, actuation is performed using a combination of several frequencies.

[0117] In some embodiments, actuation is performed using a voice coil actuator.

[0118] In some embodiments, actuation is performed using an actuator that outputs noise. The term "noise" can refer to an expression over a wide frequency range, such as white noise. White noise can generally be understood as random acoustic stimuli represented by a waveform with a flat power spectral density.

[0119] refer to Figure 6A In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem 310 may include a voice coil actuator 605 capable of vibrating within a desired frequency range, and a microphone 610 capable of receiving data. In some embodiments, the microphone does not directly contact the container. In some embodiments, both transducers (e.g., the voice coil actuator 605 and the microphone 610) may be operatively communicatively connected to the circuitry 620. The circuitry 620 may include a processor 621. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem 600 may include a housing 630 configured to enclose (or cover) some or all of the other components of the activation and detection subsystem 600. In some embodiments, as disclosed herein, an elastic material 607 may be disposed around a portion of the voice coil actuator and may be slightly deformed by applying a slight force to it through the container, thereby ensuring contact between the voice coil actuator and the container.

[0120] refer to Figure 6B In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem 600 may include a first piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer 608 capable of vibrating at a desired frequency, and a second piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer 611 capable of receiving data. In some embodiments, the two transducers 608 and 611 are operatively in communication with the circuit system 620.

[0121] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a single component capable of both actuation and detection. For example... Figure 6C As shown, the activation and detection subsystem 310 may include a single piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer 609, which can be configured to vibrate at a desired frequency and then quickly reconfigured to receive vibration data from the piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer.

[0122] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a voice coil actuator and one or more microphones. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a single voice coil actuator and a single microphone. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a single voice coil actuator and multiple microphones.

[0123] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a voice coil actuator and one or more vibration sensors. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a single voice coil actuator and a vibration sensor. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a single voice coil actuator and multiple vibration sensors.

[0124] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include one or more connectors 640. Such connectors allow the subsystem to be attached to a container. Thus, the connector may be, for example, an adhesive layer or magnet configured to secure the subsystem to the container, or a thread configured to interact with reciprocating threads on the container.

[0125] refer to Figures 6D to 6EIn some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem 310 may include a relatively thin, relatively rigid substrate 650 configured to contact the bottle. A voice coil 605 (or a piezoelectric element) may be coupled to the substrate 650. The substrate may include one or more outwardly extending portions 656 located away from a first surface 651 configured to contact the outer surface 291 of the container. These portions may surround a microphone 660. The microphone 660 may be disposed within an elastic material 662 positioned within the outwardly extending portions 656 of the substrate. This allows the substrate to hold the elastic material and the microphone in place at an opening 654 extending from the first surface 651 to a second surface 653 opposite the first surface. A slit 652 extending from the first surface 651 to the second surface 653 may be provided between the microphone and the voice coil to reduce mechanical coupling between the voice coil and the microphone. The substrate 650 may include one or more side slits 658 to allow, for example, a belt or strap to be coupled to the substrate to secure the device to the container.

[0126] refer to Figure 7 As shown, the activation and detection subsystem 310 can be coupled to the outer surface 291 of the container 290. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem can be configured at a distance 712 from an end of the container (such as a downward end 714 and / or an upward end 716, which may be an end provided with a port or valve). In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem can be located at approximately the center of the container (e.g., a distance ± 5% of the midpoint along the height of the container). In some embodiments, a microphone is configured to be located at a distance from the top or bottom of the container, which is approximately 1 / 4 of the height of the container. In some embodiments, one microphone is configured to be located at a distance from the top or bottom of the container, which is approximately 1 / 4 of the height of the container, and another microphone is configured to be located at a distance from the top or bottom of the container, which is approximately half the height of the container. In some embodiments, at least one vibration sensor or microphone is configured to be located above or below the actuator (e.g., relative to the length axis of the container, where the bottom of the container is "down" and the top of the container is "up").

[0127] In some embodiments, the actuating element and the detector may be on the same "side" of the container. In some embodiments, the container may be disposed between the actuator and the detector.

[0128] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may contact the container but is not fixed to it. For example, the subsystem may press against the outer surface of the container. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be detachably attached to the container. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be permanently attached to the container. It should be understood that even if the activation and detection subsystem contacts the container, the detection system may not be in contact. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be attached to the container via a clamp. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be attached to the container via a strap or belt 710, which may include an elastic material. In some embodiments, the strap or belt may be attached to the container via one or more connectors 640 (… Figure 7 (Not shown) is coupled to the activation and detection subsystem. In some embodiments, the container abuts against the activation and detection subsystem.

[0129] refer to Figure 8 The activation and detection subsystem 310 may be coupled to a structure 810 (which may be an "intermediate structure") configured to fix or position the container 290 such that the activation and detection subsystem 310 is positioned at or near the outer surface 291 of the container. In some embodiments, a vibration device is operatively coupled to the intermediate structure, wherein the intermediate structure contacts the outer surface 291 of the container. In some embodiments, the intermediate structure is configured to keep the container in contact with the activation and detection subsystem, and preferably to slightly compress the container and the activation and detection subsystem. In some embodiments, the activation subsystem may be connected to a structure connected to the container such that vibration can be transmitted from the actuator to the container through the structure.

[0130] refer to Figure 9A Some embodiments of the activation and detection subsystem 900 may include various components. The subsystem may include an actuator. The actuator may include an actuation element 910. The actuation element may be any suitable component configured to generate the necessary vibrations. For example, this may be a voice coil actuator.

[0131] The actuator may include a contact element 920. The contact element may have a first surface 921 configured to contact the container to induce necessary vibration. The contact element may have a second surface 922 opposite the first surface, configured to be operatively coupled to a surface 911 of the actuator element 910. In some embodiments, the contact element may be cylindrical. In some embodiments, the contact element may be mushroom-shaped. In some embodiments, the contact element may have a raised first surface. In some embodiments, the contact element may have a flat first surface. In some embodiments, the contact element may have a first surface with one or more inflection points in its curvature.

[0132] The activation and detection subsystem may include a resilient substrate 930. The resilient substrate can reduce mechanical interference between the actuator and the detector. The container can apply a force to the contact surface. The container can apply a force to the resilient surface. When in contact with the container, the resilient surface can deform to ensure positive contact force between the contact element 920 (or the contact surface, including any surface used to transmit vibrations to the container) and the container. The resilient substrate may include a first surface 931 and a second surface 932 opposite to the first surface. The resilient substrate may have one or more openings 933, 934, 935 extending from the first surface to the second surface. In some embodiments, the contact element 920 may be coupled to the actuator element 910 via the first opening 933. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the contact element may be disposed within the first opening.

[0133] The activation and detection subsystem may include a detector 940, such as a microphone, for receiving vibration data. At least a portion of the microphone may be configured to extend at least partially through a second opening 934 in the elastic substrate. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the microphone may be configured to extend through the second opening 934 in the elastic substrate. In some embodiments, the surface 941 of the microphone may be substantially flush with the first surface 931 of the elastic substrate. In some embodiments, the microphone may not be in contact with the container.

[0134] In some embodiments, one or more third openings 935 may be present in the elastic substrate. In some embodiments, the third opening may be configured to improve the mechanical isolation between the microphone and the actuator compared to an elastic substrate without a third opening. In some embodiments, at least one opening is disposed between the first opening 933 and the second opening 934.

[0135] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem can be molded. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem can be overmolded. In some embodiments, overmolding can be performed using two-color injection molding.

[0136] In some embodiments, the first surface 931 of the elastic substrate may be flat. In some embodiments, the first surface may be concave. In some embodiments, the first surface may have a profile that matches the outer surface of the container with which the activation and detection subsystem is intended to be used. For example, in some embodiments, the radius of curvature of the first surface may be not less than the radius of curvature of the outer surface of the container with which the activation and detection subsystem is intended to be used.

[0137] refer to Figure 9B The activation and detection subsystem may include a rigid substrate 970. As used herein, the term "rigid" is used in its usual sense, including but not limited to materials that are not easily bent, lack flexibility, or are responsive.

[0138] The substrate may define one or more openings 971, 972 extending from one surface of the rigid substrate to its opposite surface. The rigid substrate may be used to attach an activation and detection subsystem to an external structure. For example, in some embodiments, the external structure may contact only a first surface 973 of the rigid substrate. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the external structure may contact the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate as well as a first resilient substrate 950 and / or a second resilient substrate 960.

[0139] The activation and detection subsystem may include a first elastic substrate 950. The first elastic substrate may be configured to reduce mechanical interference between the actuator and the detector. The first elastic substrate may be disposed around a portion 992 of the actuation element 990. In some embodiments, the actuation element may be, for example, an actuation element 910. In some embodiments, the actuation element may be, for example, an actuation element 910 and a contact element 920.

[0140] When in contact with a container, the first elastic substrate can deform to ensure a positive contact force between the actuator surface 999 and the container. Surface 999 can be the surface of the actuating element 990. Surface 999 can be the contact surface of a contact element (not shown). In some embodiments, the surface 999 of the actuating element can be substantially flush with the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate. In some embodiments, the surface 999 of the actuating element can be configured to be a certain distance from the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate in the normal direction.

[0141] The first elastic substrate may be configured to be at least partially disposed within one of one or more openings 971, 972 in the rigid substrate. The first elastic substrate may have a first substrate opening 951 extending from a first surface to a second surface opposite to the first surface. In some embodiments, the first substrate opening and the opening in the rigid substrate in which the first elastic substrate is disposed (e.g., one of one or more openings 971, 972) may be coaxial. In some embodiments, the first substrate opening and the opening in the rigid substrate in which the first elastic substrate is disposed (e.g., one of one or more openings 971, 972) may be parallel but not coaxial.

[0142] The activation and detection subsystem may optionally include a second elastic substrate 960. The second elastic substrate may be configured to reduce mechanical interference between the actuator and the detector. The second elastic substrate may be disposed around a portion 942 of the detector 940. In some embodiments, the surface 941 of the detector may be substantially flush with the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate.

[0143] The second elastic substrate can be configured to be at least partially disposed within one of the one or more openings 971, 972 of the rigid substrate. The second elastic substrate can have a second substrate opening 961 extending from a first surface to a second surface opposite the first surface. In some embodiments, the second substrate opening and the opening in the rigid substrate within which the second elastic substrate is disposed (e.g., one of the one or more openings 971, 972) can be coaxial. In some embodiments, the second substrate opening and the opening in the rigid substrate within which the second elastic substrate is disposed (e.g., one of the one or more openings 971, 972) can be parallel but non - coaxial.

[0144] Brief reference Figure 9C , the positioning of the respective relevant surfaces can be different. In some embodiments, the surface 999 of the actuating element 990 (e.g., the surface configured to be closest to the container) can be set at a distance 993 (“d1”) from the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate in the normal direction. In some embodiments, the surface 952 of the first elastic substrate 950 can be set at a distance 953 (“d2”) from the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate in the normal direction. In some embodiments, d1 > d2. In some embodiments, d1 = d2. In some embodiments, d1 < d2. In some embodiments, d1 and d2 are less than 10 mm. In some embodiments, d1 and d2 are less than 5 mm. In some embodiments, d1 and d2 are less than 3 mm.

[0145] In some embodiments, the surface 941 of the detector 940 can be set at a distance 994 (“d3”) from the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate in the normal direction. In some embodiments, the surface 962 of the second elastic substrate can be set at a distance 963 (“d4”) from the first surface 973 of the rigid substrate in the normal direction. In some embodiments, d3 > d4. In some embodiments, d3 = d4. In some embodiments, d3 < d4. In some embodiments, d3 and d4 are less than 10 mm. In some embodiments, d3 and d4 are less than 5 mm. In some embodiments, d3 and d4 are less than 3 mm. In some embodiments, d1 < d3. In some embodiments, d1 = d3. In some embodiments, d1 > d3. In some embodiments, d1 and / or d2 are less than 0 mm, which means they are below the surface 973.

[0146] In some embodiments, the cross - sectional area of the second elastic substrate (in a plane perpendicular to the central axis) is at least as large as the cross - sectional area of the first elastic substrate (in a plane perpendicular to the central axis). For example, reference Figure 9CIn some embodiments, the surface 962 of the second elastic substrate may have an area at least as large as the surface 952 of the first elastic substrate. In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of ​​the second elastic substrate (in a plane perpendicular to the central axis) is smaller than the cross-sectional area of ​​the first elastic substrate (in a plane perpendicular to the central axis). In some embodiments, the subsystem does not contain a second elastic substrate.

[0147] The rigid substrate can have a stiffness greater than that of the first and second elastic substrates.

[0148] refer to Figure 5 The sensor system 500 may also include one or more sensors 510, 511. The sensor may be a contact temperature sensor. The temperature sensor may be a non-contact temperature sensor. The sensor may be a pressure sensor configured to measure the pressure of a fluid.

[0149] Although not shown, it will be readily understood that in some embodiments, the sensor may be within a housing, and optionally within a housing that also covers at least a portion of the activation and / or detection subsystem 310. In a preferred embodiment, only a single activation and detection subsystem may exist in the system. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor 510 may be directly attached to the outer surface 291 of the container. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor 511 may be located away from the container. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor is a handheld temperature sensor 512. In some embodiments, only a single temperature sensor may be used. In some embodiments, multiple temperature sensors may be used.

[0150] The activation and detection subsystem and the temperature sensor are configured to operatively communicate with one or more processors 321, such as one or more processors in the remote controller 320.

[0151] As used herein, the term "processor" refers to, belongs to, or is included in hardware components such as electronic circuits, logic circuits, processors (shared, dedicated, or grouped) and / or memories (shared, dedicated, or grouped), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable devices (FPDs) (e.g., field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), structured ASICs, or programmable SoCs), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., configured to provide the aforementioned functionality. In some embodiments, a processor may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the aforementioned functionality. The term "processor" may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (such as a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) and program code for implementing the functionality of the program code. The term “processor” can also refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, physical central processing units (CPUs), single-core processors, dual-core processors, triple-core processors, quad-core processors and / or any other device or combination of devices capable of collectively executing or otherwise operating (whether individually or as a combined unit of processing components) computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules and / or functional processes.

[0152] In some embodiments, the remote controller 320 may be or may include, for example, a mobile device, such as a mobile phone, tablet, or laptop. In some embodiments, the remote controller 320 may be or may include, for example, a desktop computer or a remote server. In some embodiments, the remote controller 320 may be or may include, for example, a custom circuitry system for controlling processes. In some embodiments, all processors may reside on a single device. In some embodiments, one or more processors may reside on a first device, and one or more processors may reside on a second device. As understood in the art, processors may be coupled to various components, including, for example, non-transient computer-readable storage devices. In some embodiments, one or more processors may reside on a mobile device. In some embodiments, one or more processors may be based on a remote server.

[0153] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem communicates wirelessly with the processor. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem communicates electrically with the processor. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem is wirelessly powered.

[0154] In some embodiments, one or more temperature sensors communicate wirelessly with the processor. In some embodiments, one or more temperature sensors communicate electrically with the processor.

[0155] The system may also include a non-transient computer-readable storage device 322 that is operatively in communication with the processor, the storage device containing instructions for configuring the processor to perform several tasks, such as those disclosed herein.

[0156] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to control the system and ensure that the methods disclosed herein are performed.

[0157] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to activate the activation and detection subsystem 310 to induce vibrations on the outer surface of the container, as disclosed herein.

[0158] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to receive (i) vibration data from the activation and detection subsystem and (ii) temperature from a temperature sensor, as disclosed herein.

[0159] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to convert vibration data into one or more frequencies, as disclosed herein.

[0160] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to estimate the mass of the fluid based on one or more frequencies and temperatures, as disclosed herein.

[0161] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to generate an alarm or request container replacement when the estimated quality is equal to or below a first predetermined threshold. The alarm may be a visible or audio alarm local to the container, or it may be an alarm at a remote location.

[0162] In some embodiments, the processor can be configured to determine the rate of estimated mass change within the container. In some embodiments, this rate can be determined over any time period that can be selected by the user (i.e., the processor can be configured to receive input from the user including a time period for determining the rate of change, such as the rate of change over a 5-minute period). In some embodiments, the rate can be determined based on a single use or a fixed number of uses. As an example, if the fluid in the container is used to fill bottled consumer products, the rate of change can be determined based on the rate of change for filling a single bottle or the rate of change for filling one hundred bottles. The rate of change can be compared to a target range, and if the rate of change exceeds the target range, an alarm can be generated—for example, filling too fast or too slow can indicate a mechanical failure or line blockage.

[0163] In some embodiments, the rate of change in mass within the container can be tracked. The system can use the rate of change to determine whether the container is being used or is being used as intended. In some embodiments, an alarm can be generated if it is determined that the container is not being emptied at an expected frequency. For example, if monitoring of a medical oxygen container begins and the system determines that the amount of mass change in the container is less than a predetermined threshold (e.g., less than 75% or 50% of a predetermined expected rate of change) within a predetermined time window (e.g., 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, etc.), the system can generate an alarm. The alarm can be sent to, for example, a remote user (such as a doctor or caregiver).

[0164] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to estimate the date and / or time when the mass within the container will be equal to or lower than a predetermined threshold. For example, in some embodiments, the processor may use the estimated mass and a determined rate of mass change to estimate the time when the current container will be below, for example, 100 g of fluid.

[0165] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to estimate the date and / or time when the mass within the container will be equal to or lower than a predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to estimate the date and / or time when the mass within the container will fall below the predetermined threshold. For example, in some embodiments, the processor may use the estimated mass and a determined rate of mass change to estimate the time when the current container will be empty.

[0166] In some embodiments, the estimated time is displayed or sent to the user.

[0167] In some embodiments, the processor may be configured to store the date and / or time, along with an estimated quality, on a non-transient computer-readable storage device, such as a database.

[0168] In some embodiments, the processor may use the estimated time to automatically generate tasks.

[0169] For example, in some embodiments, the processor is configured to generate an alarm and / or request a task to be performed when an estimated date and / or time that reaches a certain threshold differs from the current date and / or time by less than a predetermined amount of time (or within a specific predetermined time range).

[0170] For example, if the processor determines that the container will fall below a threshold volume of 5 L of fluid less than one hour from the current time, the processor can generate an alarm and send a request to replace the container. In some embodiments, the processor can automatically request maintenance assistance when the quality falls below a predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, the processor can automatically request or order a new container to be delivered and / or installed.

[0171] For example, in some embodiments, if the expected emptying time is within a first time range (e.g., more than 4 hours but less than 8 hours), the processor can automatically generate a work request that can be sent to the user to request that a replacement container be provided on-site before the expected emptying time, and to request that the empty container be removed at a point in time after the expected emptying time.

[0172] The predetermined threshold for the time amount can be set by the user or determined based on data. For example, if the system is configured to store (i) the date and / or time when an alarm is generated, (ii) the date and / or time when a container is actually emptied, replaced, or refilled, and optionally (iii) the date and / or time when a container replacement is ordered or scheduled (if different from (i)), the processor can be configured to automatically determine the average response time for replacing the container, and based on that average response time, can be configured to determine a predetermined threshold (and / or adjust it as needed).

[0173] In some embodiments, the system can be configured to determine a slow gas leak by detecting abnormal changes in the detected resonant frequency. This can be accomplished through a learning program that learns frequency variations during normal use. If an unexpected frequency change is detected, a leak can be determined to exist in the system.

[0174] In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may include a battery. In some embodiments, the activation and detection subsystem may be coupled to an external power source, such as a power cord connected to an A / C outlet, a DC power supply, or a hardwired connection to electrical installations in the building. In some embodiments, RFID is used to power the activation and detection subsystem.

[0175] refer to Figure 10AA simplified schematic diagram of a beverage system in use can be seen. A first removable container 1001 containing a first fluid (such as CO2) can be seen, with a sensor system 200, as disclosed herein, in contact with an outer surface. For simplicity, housings, etc., are not shown. A controller 1010, having one or more processors 1012 and a non-transient computer-readable storage device 1014, operably controls the system, including receiving information from the sensor system 200. The first container is operably coupled to a dispenser 1030 configured to control (e.g., via one or more valves 1032 and optionally via one or more nozzles (not shown)) the flow of the first fluid to the removably coupled container 1040 (such as a bottle).

[0176] refer to Figure 10B A simplified schematic diagram of an alternative beverage system in use can be seen. A first removable container 1001 containing a first fluid (such as N2, CO2, etc.) can be seen, with a sensor system 200, as disclosed herein, in contact with an outer surface. A second removable container 1002 containing a second fluid (such as a premixed concentrate, syrup, water, etc.) can be seen, with the sensor system 200, as disclosed herein, in contact with an outer surface. A controller 1010, having one or more processors 1012 and a non-transient computer-readable storage device 1014, operably controls the system, including receiving information from the sensor system 200. The first container is operably coupled to a mixing chamber 1020 to allow and / or cause mixing of the first and second fluids. The mixture is then delivered to a dispenser 1030 configured to control (optionally via one or more valves (not shown) and / or one or more nozzles 1034) the flow of the mixture of fluids to a removably coupled container 1040 (such as a bottle, cup, etc.).

[0177] exist Figure 11A and 11B The system can be seen in the middle. Figure 11A In this configuration, a housing 1100 may be provided, having a slot 1110 or connector configured to receive part of the container 290 and ensure the container is in the proper position. For example... Figure 11B As shown, when the container is inserted into the slot or connector, it is firmly pressed against the activation and detection subsystem 310, such that the actuator (here, the voice coil actuator 305) is pressed against the container, and the detector (here, the microphone 610) is properly positioned to receive vibration data. As will be understood, in some embodiments, the container may be secured in place at additional or different locations. For example, in some embodiments, the container may be secured at the top instead of the bottom, such as... Figure 11A and 11B As shown.

[0178] As will be understood, sensor systems can be used in many other applications.

[0179] Embodiments of this disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the same reference numerals identify similar or identical elements. It should be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples of this disclosure and can be implemented in various forms. To avoid unnecessarily obscuring this disclosure, well-known functions or constructions have not been described in detail. Therefore, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein should not be construed as limiting, but rather serve merely as the basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching those skilled in the art to use this disclosure in different ways with virtually any appropriately detailed construction.

[0180] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or can determine, many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described herein using only conventional experiments. Such equivalents are contemplated to be covered by the following claims.

Claims

1. A method for determining the mass of fluid within a container, the method comprising: Vibrate the surface of a container containing fluid within a predetermined frequency range; Vibration data is received at or near the outer surface of the container; The resonance frequency is determined based on the vibration data; and The estimated mass of the fluid is determined based on the resonant frequency.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vibration data represents the acceleration of the outer surface of the container.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the vibration data represents an acoustic signal near the outer surface of the container.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the surface is an outer surface.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fluid is a compressed fluid.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fluid is composed of a gaseous material.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fluid is composed of a liquid.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fluid comprises a liquid portion and a gaseous portion.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fluid is composed of a supercritical fluid.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein vibrating the surface includes sending a frequency ramp within the predetermined frequency range.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the frequency ramp is generated using frequency modulation.

12. The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the frequency ramp uses a sine wave.

13. The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the frequency ramp uses a pulse wave.

14. The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein the frequency ramp uses a sawtooth wave.

15. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 14, wherein the frequency ramp consists of a frequency between about 1 kHz and about 10 kHz.

16. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 15, wherein the predetermined frequency range is 3500 Hz or lower.

17. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 16, wherein the frequency ramp is a continuous ramp.

18. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 16, wherein the frequency ramp is a discontinuous ramp.

19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the time for performing one frequency ramp is less than 200 ms.

20. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein a plurality of vibration cycles are performed and the plurality of vibration cycles are used together to determine the estimated mass of the fluid.

21. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the estimated mass is determined based on the vibration data and temperature.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the temperature is ambient temperature.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the temperature is the temperature of the outer surface of the container.

24. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 23, further comprising receiving first information defining the temperature.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising estimating the temperature of the fluid based on the first information.

26. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the vibration data is converted into one or more frequencies.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the vibration data determines the resonant frequency.

28. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the vibration data is converted into variance associated with a specific vibration frequency range.

29. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 28, further comprising displaying the estimated quality or a value based on the estimated quality.

30. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the estimated quality is determined based on one or more frequencies, temperatures, and information related to the design of the container.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the information relating to the design of the container includes U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) cylinder ratings, the composition of the container, wall thickness, ISO pressure ratings, or combinations thereof.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein the information relating to the design of the container is inferred from one or more frequencies of a gas cylinder filled with a known mass of the fluid.

33. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the estimated quality is determined based on one or more frequencies and frequencies associated with filling the container to full capacity.

34. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the estimated mass is determined based on one or more frequencies, temperatures, pressures, and information related to the design of the container.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising receiving information containing the pressure from a sensor configured to measure the pressure inside the container.

36. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the estimated mass is determined after performing two or more vibration cycles on the outer surface of the container and receiving vibration data.

37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the estimated mass is determined based on the most common dominant frequency detected from multiple vibration cycles.

38. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the estimated quality is determined based on the median of the dominant frequencies detected from a plurality of vibration cycles.

39. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein the estimated mass is determined after the temperature has not changed by a predetermined amount within a predetermined time period.

40. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 39, further comprising comparing the estimated quality with a previously estimated quality.

41. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 40, further comprising storing the date and / or time and the estimated quality in a database.

42. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 41, further comprising automatically requesting or ordering a new container or automatically requesting maintenance assistance when the estimated quality is below a predetermined threshold.

43. A sensor system comprising: An activation and detection subsystem, configured to be positioned on or near the outer surface of a container containing fluid, is configured to: Vibration is induced at the outer surface of the container within a predetermined frequency range; Receive vibration data at the outer surface of the container; One or more processors, which are operatively in communication with the activation and detection subsystem, are configured to jointly: Receive the vibration data from the activation and detection subsystem; and The estimated mass of the fluid is determined based on the vibration data.

44. The sensor system of claim 43, further comprising a temperature sensor, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a temperature from the temperature sensor, and wherein the estimated mass is determined based on the vibration data and the temperature.

45. The sensor system of claim 43 or 44, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is disposed within a single housing.

46. ​​The sensor system of claim 43 or 44, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is disposed in at least two housings, the first housing including the activation subsystem and the second housing including the detection subsystem.

47. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 46, wherein the vibration data is converted into one or more frequencies.

48. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 46, wherein the vibration data is converted into variance associated with a specific vibration frequency range.

49. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 48, wherein the activation and detection subsystem comprises a piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer.

50. The sensor system of claim 49, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to collectively cause the piezoelectric or piezoresistive transducer to vibrate at a desired frequency.

51. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 48, wherein the vibration data is acquired using a vibration sensor or a microphone.

52. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 48, wherein the activation and detection subsystem comprises: Loudspeakers or voice coil actuators; and Vibration sensor or microphone.

53. The sensor system of claim 52, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to collectively cause the loudspeaker or the voice coil actuator to vibrate at a desired frequency or a desired frequency range, and wherein the vibration data is received from the vibration sensor or microphone.

54. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 48, wherein the activation and detection subsystem comprises an actuator and at least one vibration sensor or microphone mechanically isolated from the actuator.

55. The sensor system of claim 54, wherein the activation and detection subsystem further comprises an elastic material configured to be operatively coupled to the actuator and the at least one vibration sensor or microphone.

56. The sensor system of claim 55, wherein the container is configured to apply a force to the contact surface of the activation and detection subsystem, causing the elastic material to deform.

57. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 56, wherein the at least one vibration sensor or microphone is configured to be disposed at a distance from the bottom of the container, the distance being approximately half the height of the container.

58. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 56, wherein the at least one vibration sensor or microphone is configured to be disposed at a distance from the top or bottom of the container, the distance being approximately 1 / 4 of the height of the container.

59. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 56, wherein the at least one vibration sensor or microphone comprises a plurality of vibration sensors or microphones, one of the plurality of vibration sensors or microphones is configured to be disposed at a distance from the top or bottom of the container, the distance being approximately 1 / 4 of the height of the container, and one of the plurality of vibration sensors or microphones is configured to be disposed at a distance from the top or bottom of the container, the distance being approximately half the height of the container.

60. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 59, wherein the at least one vibration sensor or microphone is configured to be disposed above or below the actuator.

61. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 59, wherein the container is disposed between the actuator and the at least one vibration sensor or microphone.

62. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 61, wherein the power sent to the actuator does not exceed 1 / 10 W.

63. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 61, wherein the power sent to the actuator does not exceed 1 / 2 W.

64. The sensor system according to any one of claims 54 to 61, wherein the power transmitted to the actuator does not exceed 5 W.

65. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 64, wherein the fluid is a compressed fluid.

66. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 64, wherein the fluid is composed of a gaseous material.

67. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 64, wherein the fluid is composed of a liquid.

68. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 64, wherein the fluid comprises a liquid portion and a gaseous portion.

69. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 64, wherein the fluid is composed of a supercritical fluid.

70. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 69, further comprising a housing configured to cover at least a portion of the activation and detection subsystem.

71. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 70, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is coupled to a structure configured to fix or position the container such that the activation and detection subsystem is positioned at or near the outer surface of the container.

72. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 70, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is detachably coupled to the container.

73. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 70, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is permanently attached to the container.

74. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 70, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is integrated into a tag on the container.

75. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 74, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is wirelessly connected to the one or more processors.

76. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 74, wherein the activation and detection subsystem is in electrical communication with the one or more processors.

77. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 76, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to jointly generate an alarm or request a container replacement when the estimated quality is equal to or below a first predetermined threshold.

78. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 77, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to jointly determine the rate of change of the estimated mass within the container.

79. The sensor system of claim 78, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to jointly estimate a target date and / or time when the estimated quality within the container will be below a second predetermined threshold.

80. The sensor system of claim 79, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to jointly generate an alarm or request a container replacement when the target date and / or time differs from the current date and / or time by less than a third predetermined threshold.

81. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 80, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to jointly generate an alarm when the rate of the estimated mass change within the container differs from a predetermined expected rate.

82. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 81, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine the estimated mass based on one or more frequencies determined from the vibration data, temperature, and information related to the design of the container.

83. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 82, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine the estimated quality when the temperature has not changed by a predetermined amount within a predetermined time period.

84. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 83, further comprising a pressure sensor configured to measure pressure inside the container, wherein the one or more processors are configured to collectively receive pressure from the pressure sensor.

85. The sensor system of claim 84, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine the estimated mass based on one or more frequencies determined from the vibration data, temperature, pressure, and information related to the design of the container.

86. The sensor system according to any one of claims 43 to 85, wherein at least one of the one or more processors is disposed within a mobile phone.

87. The sensor system of claim 86, further comprising a graphical user interface configured to be displayed on the mobile phone, the graphical user interface being configured to display the estimated mass of the fluid in the container.

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