Lead-acid storage battery based on composite electrolyte and preparation method of lead-acid storage battery

Abstract

The invention discloses a lead-acid storage battery based on a composite electrolyte and a preparation method of the lead-acid storage battery, particularly relates to the technical field of materials, and relates to the lead-acid storage battery based on the composite electrolyte and the preparation method of the lead-acid storage battery. The lead-acid storage battery based on the composite electrolyte is prepared from vinyl imidazole, 1, 3-propane sultone, azodiisobutyronitrile, concentrated sulfuric acid, nano silicon dioxide and niobium pentoxide. According to the invention, a large amount of corrosive hydrogen ions and sulfate ions are anchored on a stable polymer-inorganic framework in situ by utilizing strong interaction between sulfonic acid groups on an acidic ionic liquid polymer chain and the surface of the nano metal oxide, so that the concentration of free and transferable strong corrosive components in the electrolyte is greatly reduced; and the electrochemical corrosion power of the electrolyte is weakened.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of materials technology, and more specifically, to a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Lead-acid batteries, as a long-established electrochemical energy storage device, still occupy an important position in fields such as automobile starting, uninterruptible power supply, and large-scale energy storage due to their mature technology, low cost, and high recycling rate; therefore, developing a new type of lead-acid battery is of great significance.

[0003] Lead-acid batteries in related technologies include lead alloy grids, lead paste active materials, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and a separator. The lead alloy grids are typically lead-antimony or lead-calcium alloys, forming the electrode framework to support the active materials and conduct current. The lead paste active materials are mainly composed of lead powder, with the positive electrode paste becoming primarily lead dioxide after formation, and the negative electrode being spongy lead, which is the core material for electrochemical reactions. The sulfuric acid electrolyte is a dilute sulfuric acid aqueous solution with a concentration of approximately 30-40%, acting as an ion conductor to conduct current through the migration of hydrogen and sulfate ions during charging and discharging. The separator is typically made of glass wool, used to isolate the positive and negative electrodes to prevent short circuits and to absorb the electrolyte.

[0004] However, it still has some drawbacks in actual use, such as safety issues. Traditional liquid sulfuric acid electrolyte is prone to leakage and volatilization. When overcharged, it is easy for water to electrolyze, producing hydrogen and oxygen. This not only leads to water loss requiring regular maintenance, but also poses an explosion risk. It also causes severe corrosion. When the positive electrode grid works in a strongly acidic oxidizing environment, it will be gradually corroded into non-conductive lead oxide or lead sulfate, causing the active material to separate from the current collector, increasing the battery's internal resistance and reducing its capacity. It also causes severe salinization. When traditional technology is used for a long time under partial charge, the lead sulfate on the negative electrode surface will recrystallize into coarse and dense crystals, which are difficult to reduce to active lead, resulting in permanent loss of battery capacity. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To improve the above-mentioned problems and reduce the issues of unsafety, severe corrosion, and high salinity in lead-acid batteries in related technologies, this invention provides a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte and its preparation method to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte and its preparation method include the following steps: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55°C and 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether and dried at 50°C for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile, and then azobisisobutyronitrile was added. The polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. Then, the product solution was added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80°C for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20°C. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70°C for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0007] Preferably, the raw materials for preparing the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte and their weight parts are as follows: 0.753-1.882 parts of vinylimidazole, 0.977-2.443 parts of 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone, 0.017-0.043 parts of azobisisobutyronitrile, 1.730-4.325 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid, 0.461-1.362 parts of nano-silica, and 0.454-1.874 parts of niobium pentoxide.

[0008] Preferably, the zwitterionic liquid in S2 is dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile solvent to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%.

[0009] Preferably, the concentrated sulfuric acid in S2 is concentrated sulfuric acid with a mass fraction of 98%.

[0010] Preferably, the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution in S3 is 10 wt.%.

[0011] Preferably, the ethanol solution containing the silane coupling agent in S3 specifically contains 1% silane coupling agent.

[0012] Preferably, the density of the sulfuric acid solution in S5 is 1.28 g / ml.

[0013] Preferably, the volume of the sulfuric acid solution in S5 is 60% of the volume of the electrolyte.

[0014] Preferably, the initialization process is as follows: first, charge with a small constant current at a rate of 0.05% for 24 hours, then let it stand for 2 hours; then perform charge and discharge cycles at a current of 0.1% three times, each cycle including charging for 10 hours and discharging to a termination voltage of 1.75V.

[0015] 1. This invention successfully constructs a solid composite electrolyte with a three-dimensional interpenetrating network structure by polymerizing functional acidic ionic liquid monomers, protonating them with concentrated sulfuric acid, and then combining them with surface-functionalized metal oxides. This achieves the solidification of traditional liquid sulfuric acid electrolytes. At the same time, its dense inorganic-organic hybrid network can effectively inhibit the growth and penetration of electrode dendrites, thereby significantly improving battery safety. 2. This invention utilizes the strong interaction between the sulfonic acid groups on the polymer chain of the acidic ionic liquid and the surface of the nano-metal oxide to anchor a large number of corrosive hydrogen ions and sulfate ions in situ onto a stable polymer-inorganic framework, which greatly reduces the concentration of free and migratable highly corrosive components in the electrolyte and weakens the electrochemical corrosion kinetics of the electrolyte; 3. This invention introduces catalytically active niobium pentoxide metal oxide and disperses it uniformly in the polymer electrolyte network. These active sites can efficiently and reversibly adsorb and convert sulfate ions, dynamically regulate the dissolution and deposition crystallization process of lead sulfate on the negative electrode surface, effectively prevent the formation of a large-sized irreversible passivation layer, and enhance the battery's resistance to sulfation. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the vinylimidazole structure of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified below, the raw materials used in the various examples and embodiments of the present invention are all commercially available common materials; Preparation Examples 1-5 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte is prepared according to the following table, and its components and corresponding proportions are shown below. The battery is prepared using the following method: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55℃ and a rate of 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether, and then dried at 50℃ for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0018] The density of the sulfuric acid solution is 1.28 g / ml; The volume of the sulfuric acid solution is 60% of the volume of the electrolyte. The initialization process is as follows: First, charge with a small constant current at a rate of 0.05% for 24 hours, then let it stand for 2 hours; then perform charge and discharge cycles at a current of 0.1% three times, each cycle including charging for 10 hours and discharging to the termination voltage of 1.75V.

[0019] Table: Components and their mass ratios (g) of the raw materials used in Preparation Examples 1-5 Preparation Example 6 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube and reacted in an oil bath at 60°C and 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 12 h. The mixture was then washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether and subsequently dried at 50°C for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid. S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0020] Preparation Example 7 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 70°C and 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 14 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether and dried at 50°C for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0021] Preparation Example 8 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55℃ and a rate of 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether, and then dried at 50℃ for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 70°C for 8 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 40°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 4 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0022] Preparation Example 9 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55℃ and a rate of 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether, and then dried at 50℃ for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 75°C for 10 h. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 45°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 5 h to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0023] Preparation Example 10 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55℃ and a rate of 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether, and then dried at 50℃ for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 75°C for 1.5 h, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20°C. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 min and reflux stirring at 65°C for 3 h. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0024] Preparation Example 11 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55℃ and a rate of 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether, and then dried at 50℃ for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 85℃ for 2.5 h, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 min and reflux stirring at 75℃ for 5 h. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0025] Preparation Example 12 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55℃ and a rate of 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether, and then dried at 50℃ for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 45℃ for 0.5 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0026] Preparation Example 13 A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte differs from Preparation Example 1 in that its preparation method is as follows: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55℃ and a rate of 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether, and then dried at 50℃ for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%. Then, azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and the polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. The product solution was then added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of 10 wt.% nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20℃. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing 1% silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 55℃ for 1.5 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

[0027] Performance testing Lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes prepared in each embodiment were selected for testing. The test subjects were 130 lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes, with 10 batteries in each group. Their safety, corrosion resistance, salt resistance, and electrochemical performance were tested. The specific testing steps are as follows: Security: First, samples were taken from the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte prepared in the examples. At an ambient temperature of 25°C, the fully charged battery was continuously overcharged to 150% of its rated capacity at a current of 0.3C. The temperature at the center point of the battery surface was monitored throughout the process, and the maximum temperature rise ΔT relative to the initial temperature was recorded. This was used to characterize the safety of the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte. The test results and evaluation criteria are as follows: Maximum temperature rise ΔT ≤ 20℃ (considered low safety); Maximum temperature rise ΔT > 20℃ (considered high safety).

[0028] Corrosion resistance: First, samples were taken from the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte prepared in the examples. After the battery completed 500 charge-discharge cycles at 0.5C in an environment of 40°C, the positive electrode grid was disassembled, rinsed with deionized water, dried, and accurately weighed. The corrosion weight loss rate was calculated to characterize the corrosion resistance of the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte. The test results and evaluation criteria are as follows: Corrosion weight loss rate <2.5% (considered as strong corrosion resistance); Corrosion weight loss rate >2.5% (considered as weak corrosion resistance).

[0029] Salt resistance: First, samples were taken from the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte prepared in the examples. The battery was discharged to 0V and then left to stand for 24 hours, and then charged to full capacity at a current of 0.1C. The recoverable capacity was measured to characterize the stability of the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte. The test results and evaluation criteria are as follows: A volume recovery rate of ≥85% is considered strong salt resistance. Capacity recovery rate <85% (considered as weak salting resistance).

[0030] Electrochemical properties: First, samples were taken from the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte prepared in the examples, and discharged at 0.2C at -20℃ to measure the capacity retention rate; this was used to characterize the stability of the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte; the test results and evaluation criteria are as follows: Capacity retention ≥ 60% (considered strong electrochemical performance); Capacity retention <60% (considered as poor electrochemical performance).

[0031] It should be specifically noted that the lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte obtained above is a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte produced in a normal production process. The data of defective lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolyte are discarded.

[0032] Examples 1-5 The corresponding relationship of the preparation methods used in a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte is shown in the table below.

[0033] Table: Comparison of the usage of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes in Examples 1-5 The lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes in Examples 1-5 above were extracted, and their maximum temperature rise, corrosion weight loss rate, capacity recovery rate and capacity retention rate were tested according to the above measurement steps and standards. The average value of the test results was recorded in the table below.

[0034] Table: Performance test results of maximum temperature rise, corrosion weight loss rate, capacity recovery rate, and capacity retention rate in Examples 1-5 As can be seen from the table above, the preparation processes of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes in Examples 1-5 all effectively improve the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes. The zwitterionic monomer generated by the addition reaction of vinylimidazole and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone, with its simultaneous presence of cationic imidazole rings and anionic sulfonate groups, provides a structural basis for subsequent polymerization that combines ion pair stability and functionalizable sites. The zwitterionic polymer formed by the free radical polymerization of this monomer through azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) endows the material with a basic mechanical framework and flexibility through its long-chain structure. The subsequent protonation process with concentrated sulfuric acid converts the sulfonate group into a sulfonic acid group, transforming the polymer from an insulator into an acidic ionic liquid polymer gel capable of conducting protons. This achieves both electrolyte and... The solidification process eliminates leakage and enhances safety, while the immobilization of sulfuric acid molecules significantly reduces the corrosion of the grid by free acid. Furthermore, the introduction of nano-silica as a high-specific-surface-area inorganic nanofiller, with its abundant silanol groups forming a hydrogen-bonded interpenetrating network with polymer chains, greatly enhances the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the composite electrolyte, thereby suppressing electrode deformation and dendrite penetration. The addition of niobium pentoxide, due to its inherent Lewis acidity and redox activity, can reversibly adsorb or release sulfate ions during battery charging and discharging, catalyzing the dissolution-deposition process of lead sulfate. This effectively breaks the tendency for large-size lead sulfate crystals to form, fundamentally delaying the irreversible sulfation of the negative electrode. Thus, the goal of improving the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes is achieved. Its maximum temperature rise is 15-20℃, which is considered high safety; its corrosion weight loss rate is 1.2-1.8%, which is considered strong corrosion resistance; its capacity recovery rate is 87-94%, which is considered strong salt resistance; and its capacity retention rate is 80-90%, which is considered strong electrochemical performance. It is evident that, given a fixed amount of raw materials, the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes can be increased by adjusting the proportions of these materials. Based on the data in the table above, it is clear that when preparing lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes, the batteries prepared using 1.129 parts vinylimidazole, 1.466 parts 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone, 0.031 parts azobisisobutyronitrile, 2.855 parts concentrated sulfuric acid, 1.362 parts nano-silica, and 0.454 parts niobium pentoxide exhibit the strongest safety and corrosion resistance. This is because this specific ratio, using the highest proportion of nano-silica and the lowest proportion of niobium pentoxide, allows the high content of nano-silica to construct an extremely dense and continuous three-dimensional inorganic network framework within the polymer matrix. This not only greatly enhances the overall mechanical strength and thermal stability of the electrolyte but also effectively resists corrosion. This design mitigates the risks of battery deformation, dendrite puncture, and thermal runaway under abnormal operating conditions, thereby directly endowing the battery with the highest safety performance. Simultaneously, the abundant nano-silica surface provides a maximum number of active silanol groups. These silanol groups form dense hydrogen bonds and adsorption interactions with the sulfonic acid groups of the protonated polymer and free acid ions, binding highly corrosive active acid species within the solid-state network. This significantly reduces the concentration of free, migratable corrosive factors in the electrolyte, minimizing chemical and electrochemical corrosion of the grid and exhibiting optimal corrosion resistance. Prioritizing the maximization of structural enhancement and acid fixation capabilities, while partially sacrificing the electrochemical catalysis and interfacial kinetic optimization effects dominated by niobium pentoxide, the ultimate enhancement of physical barrier effects and inhibition of corrosive media migration synergistically achieves improved inherent battery safety and long-term corrosion protection for key components, as demonstrated in Examples 1-5. It is evident that, given a fixed amount of raw materials, the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes can be increased by adjusting the proportions of these materials. Based on the data in the table above, it is clear that the lead-acid battery prepared using 1.882 parts vinylimidazole, 2.443 parts 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone, 0.043 parts azobisisobutyronitrile, 4.325 parts concentrated sulfuric acid, 1.009 parts nano-silica, and 1.874 parts niobium pentoxide exhibits the strongest resistance to alkali corrosion. This is because this proportion significantly increases the proportion of niobium pentoxide while decreasing the proportion of nano-silica, thus enhancing the electrochemical catalysis of the functional metal oxides. The interface modification effect plays a dominant role; the high proportion of niobium pentoxide, as a metal oxide with excellent redox activity and Lewis acidity, has abundant active sites on its surface that can efficiently and reversibly adsorb and convert sulfate ions during the charge-discharge cycle of the battery, thereby dynamically controlling the dissolution and deposition process of lead sulfate on the negative electrode surface, effectively breaking the growth trend of large-size lead sulfate crystals and preventing the formation of its irreversible passivation layer; at the same time, an appropriate amount of nano-silica provides the necessary network support to ensure the structural integrity of the electrolyte, while sufficient acidic ionic liquid polymer gel ensures efficient proton conduction and provides a stable reaction environment for the electrochemical process, as obtained from Examples 1-5.

[0035] It is evident that, given a fixed amount of raw materials, the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes can be increased by adjusting the proportions of these materials. Based on the data in the table above, it is clear that the lead-acid battery prepared using 1.412 parts vinylimidazole, 1.832 parts 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone, 0.032 parts azobisisobutyronitrile, 3.244 parts concentrated sulfuric acid, 1.081 parts nano-silica, and 1.081 parts niobium pentoxide exhibits the strongest electrochemical performance. The reason for this is that this proportion of nano-silica and niobium pentoxide... By combining materials in equal mass ratios, a sufficient amount of nano-silica was used to construct a stable three-dimensional inorganic network with certain ion channels. This not only provided reliable mechanical support to maintain long-term close contact at the electrode interface and reduce the increase in contact impedance during cycling, but also ensured the dimensional stability and integrity of the electrolyte system during repeated charge and discharge processes. The equiproportionate amount of niobium pentoxide injected sufficient catalytic active sites into the system, which could effectively promote the dissolution and conversion kinetics of lead sulfate, prevent irreversible passivation of the negative electrode active material, and thus significantly delay the capacity decay caused by sulfation, as obtained in Examples 1-5.

[0036] Examples 6-13 The corresponding relationship of the preparation methods used in a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte is shown in the table below.

[0037] Table: Comparison of the usage of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes in Examples 6-13 The lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes in Examples 6-13 above were extracted, and their maximum temperature rise, corrosion weight loss rate, capacity recovery rate and capacity retention rate were tested according to the above measurement steps and standards. The average value of the test results was recorded in the table below.

[0038] Table: Performance test results of maximum temperature rise, corrosion weight loss rate, capacity recovery rate, and capacity retention rate in Examples 1 and 6-13 As can be seen from the table above, the preparation processes of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes in Examples 1-5 all effectively improve the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes. The zwitterionic monomer generated by the addition reaction of vinylimidazole and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone, with its simultaneous presence of cationic imidazole rings and anionic sulfonate groups, provides a structural basis for subsequent polymerization that combines ion pair stability and functionalizable sites. The zwitterionic polymer formed by the free radical polymerization of this monomer through azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) endows the material with a basic mechanical framework and flexibility through its long-chain structure. The subsequent protonation process with concentrated sulfuric acid converts the sulfonate group into a sulfonic acid group, transforming the polymer from an insulator into an acidic ionic liquid polymer gel capable of conducting protons. This achieves both electrolyte and... The solidification process eliminates leakage and enhances safety, while the immobilization of sulfuric acid molecules significantly reduces the corrosion of the grid by free acid. Furthermore, the introduction of nano-silica as a high-specific-surface-area inorganic nanofiller, with its abundant silanol groups forming a hydrogen-bonded interpenetrating network with polymer chains, greatly enhances the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the composite electrolyte, thereby suppressing electrode deformation and dendrite penetration. The addition of niobium pentoxide, due to its inherent Lewis acidity and redox activity, can reversibly adsorb or release sulfate ions during battery charging and discharging, catalyzing the dissolution-deposition process of lead sulfate. This effectively breaks the tendency for large-size lead sulfate crystals to form, fundamentally delaying the irreversible sulfation of the negative electrode. Thus, the goal of improving the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes is achieved. Its maximum temperature rise is 14-19℃, which is considered high safety; its corrosion weight loss rate is 1.2-1.7%, which is considered strong corrosion resistance; its capacity recovery rate is 86-92%, which is considered strong salt resistance; and its capacity retention rate is 84-91%, which is considered strong electrochemical performance. It is evident that, given a fixed amount of raw materials, the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes can be increased by adjusting the preparation conditions. Combining the data in the table above, it is clear that when preparing lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes, increasing the reaction temperature and duration during the synthesis of the functional acidic ionic liquid, and increasing the reaction temperature, polymerization time, and stirring temperature and duration during the preparation of the acidic ionic liquid polymer, results in lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes exhibiting the strongest safety, corrosion resistance, salting resistance, and electrochemical performance. The reason for this is that, in the synthesis of the functional acidic ionic liquid monomer, higher reaction temperatures and longer reaction times ensure a more thorough and uniform ring-opening addition reaction between vinylimidazole and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone. The generated monomers have high purity and few impurities, which lays the foundation for the subsequent construction of high-quality polymer chains. In the preparation stage of acidic ionic liquid polymers, increasing the polymerization temperature and extending the reaction time helps to obtain zwitterionic polymers with higher molecular weight and narrower molecular weight distribution, whose long-chain structure is more regular and mechanically stronger. In the subsequent protonation process, conducting thorough stirring for a longer time at an appropriately increased temperature ensures that concentrated sulfuric acid undergoes a complete and uniform protonation reaction with every sulfonate group on the polymer chain, forming a homogeneous gel with high acid site density and continuous ion conduction pathways. This not only greatly enhances the proton conduction capacity but also significantly reduces the content of free acid in the system due to the strong bonding of acid molecules, as obtained in Examples 1 and 6-9. It is evident that, given a fixed amount of raw materials, the production efficiency of lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes can be increased by adjusting the preparation conditions. Based on the data in the table above, it is clear that when preparing lead-acid batteries based on composite electrolytes, the following treatments were performed: constant temperature stirring at 80℃ for 2 hours, reflux stirring at 70℃ for 4 hours, and continuous homogenization treatment at 3000 r / min and 50℃ for 1 hour. The resulting lead-acid batteries exhibited the strongest safety, corrosion resistance, salting resistance, and electrochemical properties. This is because the acid treatment at this temperature not only thoroughly removed impurities from the oxide surface but also created and enriched highly active hydroxyl sites, laying a solid foundation for subsequent chemical bonding. Subsequently, the prolonged reflux stirring at this temperature provided sufficient thermodynamic driving force and reaction time for the hydrolysis-condensation reaction between the silane coupling agent and these active hydroxyl groups, ensuring the formation of a dense and robust covalently bonded organic molecular layer on the oxide surface. This significantly enhanced the interfacial compatibility and bonding force between the oxide and the subsequent polymer matrix. Finally, the homogenization process at this temperature and extremely high shear rate, on the one hand, reduces the viscosity of the polymer gel by temperature, and on the other hand, uses strong shear force to strongly and uniformly disperse and embed the surface-functionalized oxide nanoparticles into the polymer three-dimensional network, completely breaking the particle aggregation and achieving uniform interpenetration and tight bonding of inorganic and organic phases at the nanoscale. The highly uniformly dispersed and strongly bonded nano-silica forms an exceptionally robust and thermally stable inorganic network skeleton, significantly improving the mechanical strength and thermal safety of the electrolyte and directly ensuring the intrinsic safety of the battery. At the same time, the oxide particles with a huge specific surface area firmly anchor the polymer chains and adsorb a large number of acid radical ions through strong interfacial interactions, reducing the concentration of corrosive free acid to the limit, thereby providing the strongest corrosion resistance. The uniformly distributed nano-niobium pentoxide particles ensure that they can serve as efficient and widely distributed catalytic sites during charge and discharge, continuously promoting the reversible transformation of lead sulfate and effectively inhibiting the irreversible salting of the negative electrode, as obtained in Examples 1 and 10-13.

[0039] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present invention and not a limitation thereof. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art can make modifications to this embodiment without contributing any inventive step, but as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present invention, they are protected by patent law.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte, characterized in that... This includes the following steps: S1. Vinylimidazolium monomer and 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone were placed in a Schrank tube; the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 55°C and 300 r / min under argon atmosphere for 10 h; then the mixture was washed three times with anhydrous diethyl ether and dried at 50°C for 6 h to obtain an amphoteric ionic liquid; S2. The zwitterionic liquid obtained in S1 was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile, and then azobisisobutyronitrile was added. The polymerization reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and reflux condensation at 65°C for 6 hours. Then, the product solution was added dropwise to excess anhydrous diethyl ether for precipitation. The obtained polymer solid was separated by filtration, washed again with diethyl ether, and dried to constant weight under vacuum at 60°C. Then, it was mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and mechanically stirred at 35°C and a stirring rate of 400 r / min for 3 hours to obtain the acidic ionic liquid polymer. S3. Nano-silica and niobium pentoxide were mixed and placed in 3 times their volume of nitric acid solution. The mixture was stirred at 80°C for 2 hours, then washed with deionized water until neutral, and dried at 20°C. The mixture was then dispersed in 3 times its volume of ethanol solution containing silane coupling agent, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes and reflux stirring at 70°C for 4 hours. After centrifugation, washing with ethanol, and drying, the surface-modified active metal oxide was obtained. S4. The acidic ionic liquid polymer obtained in S2 is mixed with the surface-modified active metal oxide obtained in S3, and then transferred to a high-speed shear emulsifier. The mixture is continuously homogenized at a speed of 3000 r / min and a temperature of 50℃ for 1 h. The slurry is then placed in a mold and matured at a temperature of 70℃ for 24 h to obtain the composite electrolyte. S5. Prepare lead-calcium alloy grids according to conventional processes and coat them with lead paste to form positive and negative plates. Stack the plates and separator alternately and install them into the battery casing. Crush the electrolyte material obtained in S4 into 8-12 μm powder and dry it until the water content is less than 0.5%. Then add it to sulfuric acid solution at a content of 10% and inject it into the casing. Seal the battery cover with a heat-sealing process. Then apply the initialization process to obtain a lead-acid battery based on composite electrolyte.

2. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The components and weight proportions of the raw materials for preparing the lead-acid battery based on the composite electrolyte are as follows: Vinylimidazole 0.753-1.882 parts, 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone 0.977-2.443 parts, azobisisobutyronitrile 0.017-0.043 parts, concentrated sulfuric acid 1.730-4.325 parts, nano silica 0.461-1.362 parts, and niobium pentoxide 0.454-1.874 parts.

3. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The zwitterionic liquid in S2 is dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile solvent to prepare a solution with a concentration of 20 wt.%.

4. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The concentrated sulfuric acid in S2 is 98% by mass.

5. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The mass fraction of the nitric acid solution in S3 is 10 wt.%.

6. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The ethanol solution containing silane coupling agent in S3 specifically contains 1% silane coupling agent.

7. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The density of the sulfuric acid solution in S5 is 1.28 g / ml.

8. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The volume of sulfuric acid solution in S5 is 60% of the volume of electrolyte used.

9. The method for preparing a lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that... The initialization process is as follows: First, charge with a small constant current at a rate of 0.05% for 24 hours, then let it stand for 2 hours; then perform charge and discharge cycles at a current of 0.1% three times, each cycle including charging for 10 hours and discharging to the termination voltage of 1.75V.

10. A lead-acid battery based on a composite electrolyte prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1-9.

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