Nitrogen working medium system for space data center energy management and control method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of space energy, in particular to a nitrogen working medium system for space data center energy management and a control method thereof. The system comprises an energy collection module, a nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module, an energy release module and a control module. The energy acquisition module is used for acquiring energy in a space environment and converting the energy into electric energy; the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module is used for converting the electric energy into liquid nitrogen for storage, and cooling is provided for electronic equipment of the space data center by using the cooling capacity of the liquid nitrogen; the energy release module is used for converting energy stored by the liquid nitrogen into electric energy to be supplied to the space data center; the control module is used for controlling the working conditions of the energy collection module, the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module and the energy release module. Energy storage and equipment cooling are synchronously achieved through the circulation process of the nitrogen working medium, integrated operation of energy storage and cooling is achieved through energy form conversion, the energy utilization efficiency is improved, and the system mass and cost are reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of space energy technology, and in particular to a nitrogen working fluid system and its control method for energy management in space data centers. Background Technology

[0002] With the acceleration of space exploration and development, space data centers, as core infrastructure supporting missions such as space communication, scientific exploration, and deep space navigation, are experiencing continuous growth in scale and computing power requirements. The stable operation of space data centers highly depends on reliable energy supply and efficient thermal management systems; their synergistic optimization is crucial to ensuring their long-term service.

[0003] In existing space energy supply systems, energy acquisition primarily relies on solar cell arrays to convert solar energy into electrical energy, while energy storage mainly uses electrochemical energy storage. Electronic devices are powered directly by electrical systems, and cooling is achieved through independent heat dissipation devices. However, this system has significant drawbacks when applied to space data centers: 1. Limited energy storage performance: The space environment places stringent requirements on the quality, size and cost of equipment. Existing electrochemical energy storage technologies suffer from problems such as low energy density, high unit energy storage cost and limited cycle life, making it difficult to meet the large-scale and long-cycle energy storage needs of space data centers. At the same time, electrochemical energy storage devices are prone to performance degradation in the extreme temperature environment of space, requiring additional temperature control devices, which further increases the system complexity and energy consumption.

[0004] 2. Low energy utilization efficiency: The energy storage and cooling systems are independent of each other. There is energy loss in the process of energy storage and release. The cooling system also needs to consume additional electrical energy to drive it, resulting in low overall efficiency of the entire energy management system.

[0005] 3. Insufficient system reliability: Independent energy storage and cooling systems contain a large number of components that work together, such as battery management modules, cooling fans, heat pipes, etc. The increase in the number of components leads to an increase in system failure points; moreover, electrochemical energy storage devices are subject to risks such as leakage and short circuits, which may cause serious safety accidents in the vacuum environment of space, reducing the operational reliability of the entire data center system.

[0006] In view of the shortcomings of the existing technologies, there is an urgent need for an energy management system that can achieve coordinated operation of energy storage and cooling, improve energy utilization efficiency, and adapt to the space environment. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This invention provides a nitrogen working fluid system and its control method for energy management in space data centers, which solves the defects of high energy storage cost, low density and low efficiency caused by the separation of energy storage and cooling in the existing energy management system of space data centers.

[0008] This invention provides a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in space data centers, comprising: Energy harvesting module, used to harvest energy from the space environment and convert it into electrical energy; A nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module is connected to the energy harvesting module and is used to convert electrical energy into liquid nitrogen for storage, using the cooling capacity of liquid nitrogen to provide cooling for electronic equipment in the space data center. An energy release module, connected to the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module, is used to convert the energy stored in liquid nitrogen into electrical energy to supply the space data center. The control module is connected to the energy harvesting module, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module, and the energy release module respectively, and is used to control the operating conditions of the energy harvesting module, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module, and the energy release module.

[0009] According to the nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center of the present invention, the energy harvesting module includes: Solar power generation unit; A power regulation unit is used to track the maximum power output point of the solar power generation unit.

[0010] According to the nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in space data centers of the present invention, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module includes: The liquefaction unit is used to liquefy nitrogen gas. A liquid nitrogen storage tank, connected to the liquefaction unit, is used to store liquid nitrogen; A cooling heat exchanger is connected to the liquid nitrogen storage tank and attached to the heat-generating components of the electronic device.

[0011] According to the nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center of the present invention, the energy release module includes: A vaporizer, connected to the liquid nitrogen storage tank and / or the cooling heat exchanger, is used to boost nitrogen to a preset pressure; An expander connected to the vaporizer; A generator, connected to the expander, is used to convert the pressure energy of nitrogen into electrical energy.

[0012] According to the nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in space data centers of the present invention, the control module includes: A sensor for collecting at least one of the following parameters: solar irradiance intensity, liquid nitrogen level and pressure, electronic device temperature, and nitrogen flow rate and pressure; The controller is connected to the energy harvesting module, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module, and the energy release module, respectively. An actuator, connected to the controller, is used to control the start-up and shutdown of the energy harvesting module, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module, and the energy release module, and to adjust the operating parameters based on a preset strategy.

[0013] The present invention also provides a control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center according to the present invention, comprising: Based on the operating conditions of the space data center, the operating conditions of the energy harvesting module, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module, and the energy release module are controlled to adjust them to the corresponding working modes.

[0014] The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center according to the present invention includes, in a first operating mode: a first energy storage stage and a first energy release and cooling synergy stage; During the first energy storage stage, the energy harvesting module is controlled to collect energy from the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. A portion of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic devices, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module to liquefy and store nitrogen gas. During the first energy release and cooling synergy stage, and when solar irradiance is insufficient or the computing power of electronic devices is increased, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module is controlled to exchange heat between liquid nitrogen and the heat-generating components of the electronic devices. After absorbing heat, the liquid nitrogen vaporizes to form low-pressure nitrogen gas, and the temperature of the electronic devices drops to a preset range. The vaporized low-pressure nitrogen gas absorbs trace amounts of heat from the space environment or auxiliary waste heat from the electronic devices to reach the first preset pressure. The energy release module then uses the nitrogen gas to generate electricity to power the electronic devices.

[0015] The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center according to the present invention includes, in a second operating mode: a second energy storage stage and a second energy release and cooling synergy stage; During the second energy storage stage, the energy harvesting module is controlled to collect energy from the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. A portion of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic devices, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module to liquefy and store nitrogen gas. During the second energy release and cooling synergy stage, liquid nitrogen passes through the low-temperature side of the regenerator unit and pre-exchanges heat with nitrogen on the high-temperature side of the regenerator unit; the pre-heated nitrogen absorbs heat from the electronic equipment and completely vaporizes through the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module, forming nitrogen at the second preset pressure; the nitrogen at the second preset pressure enters the high-temperature side of the regenerator unit and exchanges heat with the liquid nitrogen on the low-temperature side; the heated nitrogen generates electricity through the energy release module.

[0016] The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center according to the present invention includes, in the third operating mode: a staged energy storage stage and a staged energy release and cooling synergy stage. During the staged energy storage phase, the energy harvesting module is controlled to collect energy from the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. Part of the electrical energy drives the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module to form low-pressure liquid nitrogen; the other part of the electrical energy drives the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module to form high-pressure liquid nitrogen. During the stage of graded energy release and cooling coordination, and when the electronic device is in a low computing power state, low-pressure liquid nitrogen is used to cool the electronic device only through the energy release module. The vaporized nitrogen then generates electricity through the energy release module to power the electronic device. When the electronic device is in a high computing power state, high-pressure liquid nitrogen is released simultaneously. After depressurization, it merges with low-pressure liquid nitrogen and together they use the energy release module to cool the electronic device. The vaporized nitrogen then generates electricity through the energy release module to power the electronic device.

[0017] The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center according to the present invention includes, in a fourth operating mode: a photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage and an energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage; During the photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage, the energy harvesting module is controlled to collect energy from the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. A portion of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic devices, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module to liquefy and store nitrogen. A portion of the nitrogen flows through the heat dissipation channel of the energy harvesting module as a cooling medium. After absorbing heat, the nitrogen flowing through the heat dissipation channel enters the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module to pre-cool the nitrogen to be liquefied. During the energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage, and when solar irradiance is insufficient or the computing power of electronic devices is increased, liquid nitrogen is used to cool the electronic devices through the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module in one direction, and enters the emergency heat dissipation channel of the energy harvesting module in the other direction. After the two vaporized nitrogen gases merge, they further absorb the waste heat of the energy harvesting module, and then generate electricity through the energy release module to power the electronic devices.

[0018] This invention provides a nitrogen-based working fluid system for energy management in space data centers, comprising: an energy harvesting module, a nitrogen-based working fluid energy storage and cooling module, an energy release module, and a control module. The energy harvesting module harvests energy from the space environment and converts it into electrical energy. The nitrogen-based working fluid energy storage and cooling module, connected to the energy harvesting module, converts the electrical energy into liquid nitrogen for storage, utilizing the cooling capacity of the liquid nitrogen to cool the electronic equipment in the space data center. The energy release module, connected to the nitrogen-based working fluid energy storage and cooling module, converts the energy stored in the liquid nitrogen into electrical energy to supply the space data center. The control module, connected to the energy harvesting module, the nitrogen-based working fluid energy storage and cooling module, and the energy release module, controls their operating conditions. This invention proposes a nitrogen-based working fluid system for energy management in space data centers, simultaneously achieving energy storage and equipment cooling through the circulation process of the nitrogen-based working fluid, effectively addressing the shortcomings of existing technologies. By converting energy forms, it achieves integrated operation of energy storage and cooling, improving energy utilization efficiency, reducing system weight and cost, and ensuring the stable and reliable operation of the space data center. Attached Figure Description

[0019] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in this invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in a space data center, provided in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] Figure label: 1. Energy harvesting module; 2. Nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module; 3. Energy release module; 4. Control module; 5. Space data center. Detailed Implementation

[0022] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the technical solutions of this invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0023] In the description of this embodiment, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing this embodiment and simplifying the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this embodiment.

[0024] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this embodiment, "multiple" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0025] In this embodiment, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set," "install," "connect," "link," and "fix" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components, unless otherwise explicitly limited. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this embodiment based on the specific circumstances.

[0026] In embodiments of the present invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can mean that the first feature is in direct contact with the second feature, or that the first feature is in indirect contact with the second feature through an intermediate medium. Furthermore, "above," "on top of," and "over" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below," "below," and "under" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0027] The following is combined with Figure 1 This invention describes a nitrogen-based working fluid system for energy management in a space data center 5. The nitrogen-based working fluid system for energy management in a space data center 5 includes: an energy harvesting module 1, a nitrogen-based working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, an energy release module 3, and a control module 4.

[0028] The system comprises: an energy harvesting module 1 for harvesting energy from the space environment and converting it into electrical energy; a nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2 connected to the energy harvesting module 1 for converting electrical energy into liquid nitrogen for storage, using the cooling capacity of the liquid nitrogen to provide cooling for the electronic equipment of the space data center 5; an energy release module 3 connected to the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2 for converting the energy stored in the liquid nitrogen into electrical energy to supply the space data center 5; and a control module 4 connected to the energy harvesting module 1, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, and the energy release module 3 for controlling the operating conditions of the energy harvesting module 1, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, and the energy release module 3.

[0029] Nitrogen, as a non-toxic, non-corrosive, and chemically stable medium, possesses extremely high cooling density in its liquid form, and gaseous nitrogen can release energy through expansion, providing an ideal working fluid for constructing integrated energy storage and cooling systems. Based on this, this invention proposes a nitrogen-based working fluid system for energy management in a space data center 5. This system simultaneously achieves energy storage and equipment cooling through the circulation of nitrogen, effectively addressing the shortcomings of existing technologies. Using nitrogen as its core, the system integrates energy storage and cooling through energy form conversion, improving energy utilization efficiency, reducing system weight and cost, and ensuring the stable and reliable operation of the space data center 5.

[0030] In one embodiment of the present invention, the energy harvesting module 1 includes a solar power generation unit and a power regulation unit; wherein the power regulation unit is used to track the maximum power output point of the solar power generation unit. Preferably, the solar power generation unit is a solar cell array, the solar cell array is composed of solar cells, and the power regulation unit is a maximum power point tracking unit, which is used to track the maximum power output point of the solar cell array in real time, thereby improving the solar energy conversion efficiency.

[0031] In one embodiment of the present invention, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module 2 includes: a liquefaction unit, a liquid nitrogen storage tank, and a cooling heat exchanger. The liquefaction unit liquefies nitrogen gas; the liquid nitrogen storage tank is connected to the liquefaction unit and stores liquid nitrogen; the cooling heat exchanger is connected to the liquid nitrogen storage tank and attached to the heat-generating components of the electronic device, absorbing heat through the phase change of liquid nitrogen. Specifically, the liquefaction unit uses throttling refrigeration or Stirling refrigeration to liquefy nitrogen gas, the liquid nitrogen storage tank employs a vacuum insulation structure to reduce cooling loss, and the cooling heat exchanger is attached to the heat-generating components of the electronic device, absorbing heat through the phase change of liquid nitrogen.

[0032] In one embodiment of the present invention, the liquefaction unit includes a multi-stage liquefaction device, and the liquid nitrogen storage tank includes a multi-stage storage tank. The multi-stage liquefaction device liquefies nitrogen gas into liquid nitrogen at different pressure levels, and the corresponding pressure levels of liquid nitrogen are stored in the multi-stage storage tanks. Preferably, a two-stage liquefaction device and a two-stage storage tank are used, with nitrogen gas liquefied into low-pressure nitrogen and high-pressure nitrogen respectively, and stored in the low-pressure and high-pressure storage tanks respectively. This embodiment uses a multi-stage liquefaction unit and liquid nitrogen storage tanks to achieve graded energy storage and release, adapting to the third working mode in the following embodiments, and is suitable for space data centers 5 with large fluctuations in computing power.

[0033] In one embodiment of the present invention, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module 2 further includes a regenerative unit, which is located between the liquid nitrogen storage tank and the cooling heat exchanger, and has a thermally coupled high-temperature side and a low-temperature side. Specifically, after the liquid nitrogen is output from the liquid nitrogen storage tank, it first enters the low-temperature side of the regenerative unit and pre-exchanges heat with the nitrogen gas in the high-temperature side of the regenerative unit; the nitrogen gas formed by the preheating of the liquid nitrogen on the low-temperature side enters the cooling heat exchanger to absorb heat from the electronic equipment and completely vaporizes, forming medium-pressure nitrogen gas; the medium-pressure nitrogen gas enters the high-temperature side of the regenerative unit and exchanges heat with the liquid nitrogen on the low-temperature side, increasing the temperature and maintaining the pressure within a preset range. This embodiment uses a regenerative unit to preheat the low-temperature liquid nitrogen and pre-cool the high-temperature nitrogen gas, which is suitable for the second working mode in the following embodiments, improves energy utilization efficiency, and is applicable to the space data center 5 with medium to high computing power.

[0034] In one embodiment of the present invention, the energy release module 3 includes a vaporizer, an expander, and a generator. The vaporizer is connected to a liquid nitrogen storage tank and / or a cooling heat exchanger to raise the nitrogen gas to a preset pressure; the expander is connected to the vaporizer; and the generator is connected to the expander to convert the pressure energy of the nitrogen gas into electrical energy. Specifically, the vaporizer receives nitrogen gas that has been heated by the cooling heat exchanger and / or liquid nitrogen directly drawn from the liquid nitrogen storage tank, vaporizes it, and raises its temperature to a preset pressure. The expander drives the generator to convert the pressure energy of the nitrogen gas into electrical energy.

[0035] In one embodiment of the present invention, the control module 4 includes a sensor, a controller, and an actuator. The sensor is used to collect at least one parameter selected from solar irradiance intensity, liquid nitrogen level and pressure, electronic equipment temperature, and nitrogen flow rate and pressure. The controller is connected to the energy harvesting module 1, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, and the energy release module 3, respectively. The actuator is connected to the controller and is used to control the start-up and shutdown of the energy harvesting module 1, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, and the energy release module 3, and to adjust their operating parameters based on a preset strategy. Specifically, multiple types of sensors are used to collect parameters such as solar irradiance intensity, liquid nitrogen tank level and pressure, electronic equipment temperature, and nitrogen flow rate and pressure. The controller controls the start-up and shutdown of each module and adjusts its operating parameters based on a preset strategy. The actuator includes actuating components such as valves and pumps.

[0036] The present invention also provides a control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center 5 according to the above embodiments of the present invention. The control method includes: adjusting the operating conditions of the energy harvesting module 1, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, and the energy release module 3 to corresponding operating modes based on the operating conditions of the space data center 5.

[0037] This invention adjusts the operating conditions of the energy harvesting module 1, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, and the energy release module 3 to achieve multiple working modes, thereby adapting to the operating conditions of different space data centers 5.

[0038] The first operating mode includes: a first energy storage phase and a first energy release and cooling synergy phase; During the first energy storage stage, the control energy harvesting module 1 collects energy from the space environment and converts it into electrical energy. Part of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic equipment, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module 2 to liquefy and store nitrogen gas. During the first energy release and cooling synergy stage, and when solar irradiance is insufficient or the computing power of electronic devices is increased, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module 2 controls the liquid nitrogen to exchange heat with the heat-generating components of the electronic devices. After absorbing heat, the liquid nitrogen vaporizes to form low-pressure nitrogen gas, and the temperature of the electronic devices drops to a preset range. The vaporized low-pressure nitrogen gas absorbs trace amounts of heat from the space environment or auxiliary waste heat from the electronic devices to reach the first preset pressure. The energy release module 3 then uses the nitrogen gas to generate electricity to power the electronic devices.

[0039] The first working mode described above is a basic nitrogen working fluid circulation mode. This embodiment is the simplest circulation system, suitable for space data center 5 with medium to low computing power and stable operating conditions. The circulation process is as follows: Energy storage phase: Energy harvesting module 1 converts solar energy into electrical energy. A portion of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic devices, and the remaining electrical energy drives nitrogen liquefaction. In the liquefaction unit, the nitrogen is cooled to -196°C to form liquid nitrogen, which is stored in a liquid nitrogen storage tank. During this phase, the residual heat from the cooling of the liquefaction unit is discharged into space through a radiant radiator.

[0040] Energy release and cooling synergy stage: When solar irradiance is insufficient or the computing power of electronic devices is increased, liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank enters the cooling heat exchanger through the flow control valve, where it exchanges heat with the heat-generating components of the electronic devices. After absorbing heat, the liquid nitrogen vaporizes to form low-pressure nitrogen gas, and the temperature of the electronic devices drops to a preset range. The vaporized low-pressure nitrogen gas enters the vaporizer, where it is further heated by absorbing trace amounts of heat from the space environment or the auxiliary waste heat from the electronic devices, reaching a pressure of 0.8-1.2 MPa (based on the ideal gas law, pressure is proportional to temperature, thus regulating the nitrogen pressure). It then enters the expander to expand and do work, driving the generator to generate electricity to power the electronic devices. The low-pressure nitrogen gas after expansion (pressure drops to 0.15-0.2 MPa) flows back to the air separation device, is purified, and re-enters the cycle.

[0041] The key features of this embodiment are a short loop path, a small number of components, and high system reliability.

[0042] Example 1: This embodiment is a basic circulation system suitable for a small space data center 5 in low Earth orbit, and its specific configuration is as follows: Energy harvesting module 1: using a 20m 2 The triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cell array has a maximum power point tracking accuracy of ≥98% and a maximum output power of 5kW.

[0043] Nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2: Utilizes pre-stored high-purity nitrogen as raw material, supplied directly through the space capsule's nitrogen storage interface; the liquefaction unit employs a throttling cooling method with a cooling power of 1.5kW and an inlet nitrogen pressure stabilized at 0.3MPa; the liquid nitrogen storage tank has a volume of 100L, and the vacuum insulation layer uses multi-layer aluminized film + glass fiber composite insulation material, with a daily evaporation rate ≤0.5%; the cooling heat exchanger adopts a microchannel flat tube structure with a heat exchange area of ​​0.8m². 2 It adheres closely to heat-generating components such as server CPUs and GPUs through thermal grease, achieving a heat exchange efficiency of ≥95%.

[0044] Energy Release Module 3: The vaporizer adopts an environmental heat exchange type with a heat exchange power of 1kW; the expander adopts a turbine type with a rated power of 3kW; the generator output voltage is 28V, which is compatible with the power supply standards of space electronic equipment.

[0045] Control module 4: It adopts an FPGA controller with a sampling frequency of 100Hz and a control accuracy of ±0.5℃ and ±0.05MPa; the sensors include a solar radiation sensor, a liquid nitrogen level sensor, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor and a flow sensor to realize full parameter monitoring.

[0046] Operation Process: When Space Data Center 5 is in the sunlight zone, the solar array outputs 5kW of power, of which 2kW directly supplies the servers and 3kW drives the liquefaction unit. High-purity nitrogen introduced from the space capsule's storage interface enters the liquefaction unit, is cooled to -196℃ to form liquid nitrogen, and is stored in a tank. The waste heat generated during the liquefaction process is discharged into space through a radiant radiator. When entering the Earth's shadow zone, the liquid nitrogen tank outputs liquid nitrogen to the cooling heat exchanger, where it absorbs heat from the servers and vaporizes to form low-pressure nitrogen, stabilizing the temperature of electronic equipment below 35℃. The vaporized low-pressure nitrogen enters the vaporizer, where it absorbs auxiliary waste heat from the servers and is heated to 1.0MPa. It then enters the expander to drive the generator, outputting 3kW of power to continuously supply the servers. The low-pressure nitrogen after expansion is collected in the nitrogen recovery tank and is sent back to the liquefaction unit for recycling when the space is in the sunlight zone, achieving closed-loop reuse of the nitrogen working fluid. In this embodiment, the system has a cycle efficiency of 40% and a liquid nitrogen energy storage density of 240Wh / kg, which can meet the server's continuous 8-hour operation requirements. A single filling of nitrogen working fluid can support 30 solar-shade cycles.

[0047] The second operating mode includes: a second energy storage stage and a second energy release and cooling synergy stage; During the second energy storage phase, the control energy harvesting module 1 collects energy from the space environment and converts it into electrical energy. A portion of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic devices, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module 2 to liquefy and store nitrogen gas. During the second energy release and cooling synergy stage, liquid nitrogen passes through the low-temperature side of the regenerator unit and exchanges heat with nitrogen on the high-temperature side of the regenerator unit. The preheated nitrogen absorbs heat from the electronic equipment and completely vaporizes through the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2, forming nitrogen at the second preset pressure. The nitrogen at the second preset pressure enters the high-temperature side of the regenerator unit and exchanges heat with the liquid nitrogen on the low-temperature side. The heated nitrogen generates electricity through the energy release module 3.

[0048] The second working mode described above is a regenerative nitrogen working fluid circulation mode. This embodiment adds a regenerative unit to the basic circulation mode to improve energy utilization efficiency. It is suitable for medium-to-high computing power space data center 5. The circulation process is as follows: Energy storage phase: Consistent with the first working mode, the electricity converted from solar energy drives the liquefaction unit to generate and store liquid nitrogen, and the waste heat from liquefaction is discharged through a radiant radiator.

[0049] Energy release and cooling synergy stage: After liquid nitrogen is output from the storage tank, it first enters the low-temperature side of the regeneration unit and pre-exchanges heat with the nitrogen on the high-temperature side of the regeneration unit; the pre-heated nitrogen enters the cooling heat exchanger to absorb heat from the electronic equipment and completely vaporizes, forming medium-pressure nitrogen (0.3-0.5MPa); the medium-pressure nitrogen enters the high-temperature side of the regeneration unit and exchanges heat with the liquid nitrogen on the low-temperature side, raising the temperature to 150-200℃ and maintaining the pressure at 0.25-0.45MPa; the heated nitrogen enters the expander to expand and do work to drive the generator to generate electricity, and the low-pressure nitrogen (0.12-0.18MPa) after power generation enters the air separation unit for purification and recycling.

[0050] This embodiment recovers the waste heat of nitrogen gas at the expander outlet through a regenerative unit, which is used to preheat liquid nitrogen entering the cooling heat exchanger, reducing the energy consumption of the vaporizer. The energy storage density is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1, making it suitable for scenarios with high energy efficiency requirements.

[0051] Example 2: This embodiment is a regenerative circulation system suitable for deep space exploration data centers with medium to high computing power. It requires enhanced energy recovery efficiency based on the basic circulation system. The specific configuration is as follows: Energy harvesting module 1: using a 30m 2 The triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cell array is equipped with a dual-axis solar tracking mechanism, with a maximum power point tracking unit tracking accuracy of ≥98% and a maximum output power of 8kW, making it suitable for high-efficiency energy harvesting in deep space low-light environments.

[0052] Nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2: Utilizing a pre-stored high-purity nitrogen supply from a deep space exploration platform, equipped with a pressure stabilizing valve to maintain the inlet nitrogen pressure at 0.4 MPa; the liquefaction unit employs Stirling refrigeration with a cooling power of 2.5 kW, achieving a 15% improvement in coefficient of performance compared to throttling refrigeration; the liquid nitrogen storage tank has a volume of 200 L, employing a vacuum multi-layer insulation + aerogel composite structure, with a daily evaporation rate ≤0.3%; the cooling heat exchanger features an array-type microchannel structure with a heat exchange area of ​​1.2 m². 2 It is suitable for cooling a cluster of 8 high-performance servers; the added heat recovery unit is a low-temperature resistant plate heat exchanger with a heat exchange area of ​​1.5m². 2 With a heat exchange efficiency of ≥92%, it is made of 316L stainless steel and is suitable for temperature fluctuations from -196℃ to 200℃.

[0053] Energy Release Module 3: The vaporizer adopts a regenerative coupling type and is integrated with the outlet pipeline of the regenerative unit, with a heat exchange power of 2kW; the expander is a radial flow turbine expander with a rated power of 5kW and an adiabatic efficiency of ≥85%; the generator output voltage is 28V / 110V dual-path switching to adapt to different power supply requirements of servers and detection equipment.

[0054] Control Module 4: It adopts a dual-core controller of FPGA+MCU, integrates deep space environment adaptive algorithm, sampling frequency of 200Hz, temperature control accuracy of ±0.3℃, and pressure control accuracy of ±0.03MPa; the sensor unit includes solar irradiation sensor, liquid nitrogen level / pressure sensor, server temperature sensor, inlet and outlet temperature sensors of regenerating unit and nitrogen working fluid flow sensor, realizing closed-loop monitoring of all parameters in the cycle.

[0055] Operation Process: In the solar energy storage phase, the solar array outputs 8kW of electricity, with 3kW directly supplying the high-performance servers in the data center and 5kW driving the air separation unit and liquefaction unit. Purified nitrogen first enters the low-temperature side of the regenerator unit for pre-cooling, then enters the liquefaction unit to be cooled to -196℃ to form liquid nitrogen, which is stored in a tank. Waste heat from liquefaction is discharged through a radiant radiator. In the ground shadow phase, after being output from the tank, the liquid nitrogen first enters the low-temperature side of the regenerator unit, exchanging heat with the return nitrogen on the high-temperature side to -100℃. It then enters the cooling heat exchanger to absorb heat from the servers and vaporize to 0.4MPa. The vaporized medium-pressure nitrogen enters the high-temperature side of the regenerator unit, absorbing waste heat from the return nitrogen and heating to 180℃. It then enters the expander to drive the generator to output 5kW of electricity. The expanded nitrogen, with its pressure reduced to 0.15MPa, flows back to the air separation unit for purification and recycling. In this embodiment, the system cycle efficiency reaches 48%, and the power supply time in the shadow area is extended by 25% compared with the basic model under the same energy storage capacity, meeting the high computing power continuous operation requirements of deep space exploration.

[0056] The third working mode includes: a staged energy storage phase and a staged energy release and cooling synergy phase; During the staged energy storage phase, the control energy harvesting module 1 harvests energy from the space environment and converts it into electrical energy. Part of the electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage and cooling module 2 to form low-pressure liquid nitrogen; the other part of the electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage and cooling module 2 to form high-pressure liquid nitrogen. When the electronic device is in the stage of graded energy release and cooling coordination, and when the electronic device is in a low computing power state, the low-pressure liquid nitrogen is used to cool the electronic device only through the energy release module 3. The vaporized nitrogen generates electricity through the energy release module 3 to power the electronic device. When the electronic device is in a high computing power state, high-pressure liquid nitrogen is released simultaneously. After depressurization, it merges with the low-pressure liquid nitrogen and together they cool the electronic device through the energy release module 3. The vaporized nitrogen generates electricity through the energy release module 3 to power the electronic device.

[0057] Specifically, this embodiment uses two liquid nitrogen storage tanks, one high-pressure and one low-pressure, to achieve staged energy storage and release, adapting to the space data center 5 with large fluctuations in computing power. The cycle process is as follows: Staged energy storage: The electrical energy output from energy harvesting module 1 is divided into two paths. One path drives the first-stage liquefaction unit to liquefy nitrogen and store it in a low-pressure tank (pressure 0.1-0.2MPa), which is suitable for conventional energy storage needs. The other path is boosted by the booster module to drive the second-stage liquefaction unit to liquefy nitrogen and store it in a high-pressure tank (pressure 2.0-3.0MPa), which is suitable for peak energy storage needs. The waste heat from the two-stage liquefaction units is discharged through independent radiant radiators. The high-pressure tank is made of high-strength composite materials to improve its pressure resistance.

[0058] Staged energy release and cooling coordination phase: When the electronic equipment is in a low computing power state, only the low-pressure storage tank is turned on. Liquid nitrogen is vaporized through the cooling heat exchanger and then enters the expander to generate electricity, meeting the basic energy supply and cooling needs. When the electronic equipment is in a high computing power state, the high-pressure storage tank is turned on simultaneously. The high-pressure liquid nitrogen is depressurized to 0.8-1.0MPa through the pressure reducing valve and then merges with the liquid nitrogen output from the low-pressure storage tank. They enter the cooling heat exchanger together to enhance the cooling effect. The vaporized nitrogen is pressurized to 1.0-1.2MPa by the booster and then enters the expander to generate electricity, increasing the power generation capacity. The expanded nitrogen flows back to the air separator for circulation.

[0059] This embodiment adapts to the energy requirements of different operating conditions through tiered energy storage, making it suitable for space data centers with frequent fluctuations in computing power.

[0060] Example 3: This embodiment is a tiered energy storage-type circulating system, suitable for commercial space data centers 5 with frequent fluctuations in computing power in near-Earth orbit. Its core is adapted to the differentiated needs of peak and conventional computing power, and the specific configuration is as follows: Energy harvesting module 1: using a 50m 2 The perovskite solar cell array is equipped with distributed maximum power point tracking units, with a single-channel tracking accuracy of ≥97% and a total maximum output power of 15kW, making it suitable for near-Earth orbit environments with strong sunlight and alternating ground shadows.

[0061] Nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2: Utilizes high-pressure nitrogen reserves from a commercial space platform, with an inlet pressure of 0.5 MPa, and is equipped with a pressure stabilizing tank to ensure supply stability; It includes a primary liquefaction unit and a secondary liquefaction unit, both equipped with flow distribution valves at their inlets; the energy storage containers include low-pressure and high-pressure tanks; the cooling heat exchanger is a zoned control microchannel array with a heat exchange area of ​​2.0 m². 2 It supports independent cooling for 4 server clusters.

[0062] Energy release module 3: The vaporizer is a staged heat exchange type, which can be adapted to the vaporization requirements of liquid nitrogen at different pressures, with a total heat exchange power of 4kW; the expander is a variable geometry turbine expander with a power adjustment range of 2-10kW and an adiabatic efficiency of ≥82%; the generator is a variable speed generator with an output power of 2-10kW adaptive adjustment and a power supply voltage of 28V / 220V adjustable.

[0063] Control Module 4: Adopts an industrial-grade PLC controller, integrating computing power prediction and load matching algorithms, with a sampling frequency of 150Hz; the sensor unit includes a storage tank level / pressure sensor, computing power load sensor, pressure reducing valve pressure sensor, nitrogen working fluid flow sensor, and server temperature sensor, realizing graded energy storage and intelligent load matching.

[0064] Operation process: In the photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage, the photovoltaic array outputs 25kW of electrical energy, 10kW of which supplies the data center and 15kW drives the air separation device and liquefaction unit. The purified nitrogen is divided into two paths: 70% enters the liquefaction unit and 30% enters the heat dissipation channel at the back of the photovoltaic array to cool the photovoltaic sub-array to 30℃ (increasing power generation efficiency by 7%). The nitrogen, which absorbs the waste heat from the photovoltaic system and is heated to 50℃, enters the pre-cooling unit of the liquefaction unit to pre-cool the nitrogen to be liquefied and reduce the energy consumption of the liquefaction unit. The remaining waste heat generated by liquefaction is discharged through the radiant radiator, and the liquid nitrogen is stored in the storage tank. In the energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage, during the shadow zone, liquid nitrogen is output in two streams: 80% enters the equipment cooling heat exchanger to cool the server and vaporize, while 20% enters the photovoltaic emergency cooling heat exchanger to maintain the photovoltaic array temperature stability. The vaporized nitrogen from both streams merges and enters the photovoltaic waste heat recovery unit to absorb and store waste heat from the array. It then passes through the equipment waste heat exchanger to be heated to 200°C and pressurized to 1.1 MPa before entering the expander to drive the generator, outputting 12 kW of electricity. After expansion, the nitrogen pressure drops to 0.18 MPa; 60% of this nitrogen is returned to the air separation device for circulation, and 40% is used as sealing gas to provide vacuum seals for system valves and interfaces. In this embodiment, the overall system circulation efficiency reaches 55%, the average power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic array is increased by 7%, and the unattended continuous operation cycle can reach 6 months, significantly reducing operation and maintenance costs.

[0065] Operation process: In the tiered energy storage stage in the solar district, the solar array outputs 15kW of power. Under normal operating conditions, 6kW supplies the data center with normal computing power, and 4kW drives the first-stage liquefaction unit to liquefy nitrogen and store it in a low-pressure storage tank. When solar surplus is detected or subsequent peak computing power demand is predicted, an additional 5kW drives the second-stage liquefaction unit to liquefy nitrogen and store it in a high-pressure storage tank. The waste heat from both stages of liquefaction is discharged through independent radiant radiators. During the normal computing power phase: only the low-pressure storage tank is activated. Liquid nitrogen vaporizes through a cooling heat exchanger and enters the expander, outputting 3kW of electrical energy to supply the normal load, with a cycle efficiency of 42%. During the peak computing power phase: the high-pressure storage tank is activated simultaneously. 2.5MPa high-pressure liquid nitrogen is reduced to 0.9MPa through a pressure reducing valve and then merges with the liquid nitrogen output from the low-pressure storage tank. Both enter the cooling heat exchanger for enhanced cooling. The vaporized nitrogen is pressurized to 1.1MPa by a booster and enters the expander, outputting 10kW of peak electrical energy. The nitrogen gas, whose pressure drops to 0.18MPa after expansion, is collected in a recovery tank and proportionally distributed to the primary and secondary liquefaction units for re-liquefaction and recycling during periods of sunshine. In this embodiment, the system's peak power generation is increased by 40% compared to the basic model, the computing power fluctuation response time is ≤100ms, and a single nitrogen working fluid filling can support 60 sunshine-shadow cycles, adapting to the load fluctuation characteristics of commercial data centers.

[0066] The fourth operating mode includes: a photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage and an energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage; When in the photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage, the control energy harvesting module 1 collects energy from the space environment and converts it into electrical energy. Part of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic equipment, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module 2 to liquefy and store nitrogen. Part of the nitrogen flows through the heat dissipation channel of the energy harvesting module 1 as a cooling medium. After absorbing heat, the nitrogen flowing through the heat dissipation channel enters the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module 2 to pre-cool the nitrogen to be liquefied. When in the energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage, and when solar irradiance is insufficient or the computing power of electronic equipment is increased, liquid nitrogen cools the electronic equipment through the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module 2 in one direction, and enters the emergency heat dissipation channel of the energy harvesting module 1 in the other direction; after the two vaporized nitrogen gases merge, they further absorb the waste heat of the energy harvesting module 1, and then generate electricity through the energy release module 3 to power the electronic equipment.

[0067] Specifically, this embodiment deeply couples the nitrogen working fluid cycle with the photovoltaic array thermal management system of the space data center 5. It utilizes liquid nitrogen cooling to enhance the heat dissipation of the photovoltaic array to improve power generation efficiency, while recovering waste heat from the photovoltaic system to optimize the energy release of the nitrogen working fluid. It is suitable for large-scale space data centers 5 that are unattended and highly dependent on photovoltaics. The cycle process is as follows: Photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage: The photovoltaic array of energy harvesting module 1 converts solar energy into electrical energy. Part of the electrical energy is directly supplied to electronic equipment, and the remaining electrical energy drives the liquefaction unit. After liquefaction, the nitrogen is stored in a liquid nitrogen tank. Part of the nitrogen flows through the heat dissipation channel on the back of the photovoltaic array as a cooling medium to cool the photovoltaic array and maintain its power generation efficiency. The nitrogen flowing through the photovoltaic array absorbs heat and its temperature rises to 40-60°C. Then it enters the pre-cooling unit of the liquefaction unit to pre-cool the nitrogen to be liquefied, realizing heat recovery. The residual heat generated by the liquefaction unit is discharged into space through a high-efficiency radiant radiator.

[0068] Energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage: When solar irradiance is insufficient or the computing power of electronic equipment is increased, the liquid nitrogen in the liquid nitrogen storage tank is output in two ways. One way enters the cooling heat exchanger of the electronic equipment in the data center, where it absorbs the heat of the electronic equipment and vaporizes to cool the equipment. The other way enters the emergency heat dissipation channel of the photovoltaic array to maintain the temperature stability of the photovoltaic array in a low irradiance environment. After the two vaporized nitrogen gases merge, they enter the heater connected to the waste heat recovery unit of the photovoltaic array, where they further absorb the waste heat stored in the photovoltaic array and are heated to 180-220°C and pressure increased to 1.0-1.2MPa. Then, they enter the expander to drive the generator to generate electricity and continuously power the electronic equipment. After the low-pressure nitrogen gas has expanded and done work, part of it flows back to the air separation device for repurification and recycling, and the other part is used as sealing gas for vacuum sealing maintenance of various components of the system, which is suitable for the system reliability requirements in unattended scenarios.

[0069] This embodiment improves the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic array and realizes the cascade utilization of waste heat by deeply coupling nitrogen working fluid circulation with photovoltaic thermal management. At the same time, the reuse design of nitrogen as a sealing gas and the simplified raw material supply logic are suitable for low maintenance requirements in unattended scenarios, reducing the cost of remote operation and maintenance of the system.

[0070] Example 4: This embodiment is a photovoltaic-thermal coupled circulation system, suitable for unattended large-scale integrated space platform data centers. It requires deep coupling of nitrogen working fluid circulation and photovoltaic thermal management. The specific configuration is as follows: Energy Harvesting Module 1: It adopts a triple-junction gallium arsenide photovoltaic array, with each sub-array equipped with an independent maximum power point tracking unit, and a total maximum output power of 25kW; the back of the photovoltaic array integrates a serpentine stainless steel heat dissipation channel with an inner diameter of 10mm to meet the nitrogen cooling flow requirements.

[0071] Nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module 2: It adopts nitrogen storage supply from the space station expansion module, with an inlet pressure of 0.4MPa, and is equipped with a flow regulating valve and pressure sensor closed-loop control; the liquefaction unit adopts Stirling refrigeration with a cooling power of 8kW, and is equipped with a pre-cooling unit coupled to the photovoltaic heat dissipation channel outlet; the liquid nitrogen storage tank has a volume of 500L and a pressure of 0.2MPa, with a vacuum multi-layer insulation + nano-insulation material composite structure; the cooling heat exchangers include equipment cooling heat exchangers and photovoltaic emergency cooling heat exchangers, both of which are microchannel structures to adapt to different heat dissipation requirements.

[0072] Energy Release Module 3: The vaporizer is an integrated waste heat recovery type, coupled in series with the photovoltaic waste heat recovery unit and the equipment waste heat exchanger, with a total heat exchange power of 6kW; the expander is an axial flow turbine expander with a rated power of 12kW and an insulation efficiency of ≥85%; the generator is a dual-output design, one supplying the data center and the other supplying the platform auxiliary equipment.

[0073] Control Module 4: Employs an intelligent edge computing controller that integrates photovoltaic efficiency optimization and unattended operation and maintenance algorithms, with a sampling frequency of 200Hz; the sensor unit includes a photovoltaic subarray temperature sensor, a heat dissipation channel flow / temperature sensor, a storage tank level / pressure sensor, a sealing gas pressure sensor, and an equipment temperature sensor, supporting fault self-diagnosis and remote operation and maintenance.

[0074] In summary, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. Achieve integrated energy storage and cooling: Using liquid nitrogen as the core working fluid, the storage process achieves energy storage, and the vaporization process simultaneously cools electronic devices, solving the problem of low efficiency caused by the separation of energy storage and cooling in existing technologies.

[0075] 2. Improved energy storage performance: Liquid nitrogen has low cost for large-scale energy storage. At the same time, liquid nitrogen has stable chemical properties and no risk of performance degradation in the extreme environment of space, which greatly improves the reliability and economy of energy storage systems.

[0076] 3. Adaptable to space environment characteristics: The nitrogen working fluid is non-toxic and non-corrosive, and does not require long-term replenishment from the ground; the system's radiant radiators, vacuum insulated storage tanks and other components are all adapted to the vacuum and microgravity environment of space, without the need for complex adaptation modifications.

[0077] 4. Multiple solutions to meet different needs: The four loop solutions provided are adapted to different scenarios such as low to medium computing power, medium to high computing power, large computing power fluctuation, and large integrated platforms. By adjusting the loop path, component configuration and system coupling method, the precise matching of different space data center 5 operation requirements is achieved.

[0078] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A nitrogen working fluid system for energy management in space data centers, characterized in that, include: Energy harvesting module (1) is used to harvest energy from the space environment and convert it into electrical energy; The nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module (2) is connected to the energy harvesting module (1) and is used to convert electrical energy into liquid nitrogen for storage, and to use the cold energy of liquid nitrogen to provide cooling for the electronic equipment of the space data center (5); The energy release module (3) is connected to the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module (2) and is used to convert the energy stored in liquid nitrogen into electrical energy to supply the space data center (5); The control module (4) is connected to the energy acquisition module (1), the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module (2) and the energy release module (3) respectively, and is used to control the operating conditions of the energy acquisition module (1), the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module (2) and the energy release module (3).

2. The nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The energy harvesting module (1) includes: Solar power generation unit; A power regulation unit is used to track the maximum power output point of the solar power generation unit.

3. The nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module (2) includes: The liquefaction unit is used to liquefy nitrogen gas. A liquid nitrogen storage tank, connected to the liquefaction unit, is used to store liquid nitrogen; A cooling heat exchanger is connected to the liquid nitrogen storage tank and attached to the heat-generating components of the electronic device.

4. The nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to claim 3, characterized in that, The energy release module (3) includes: A vaporizer, connected to the liquid nitrogen storage tank and / or the cooling heat exchanger, is used to boost nitrogen to a preset pressure; An expander connected to the vaporizer; A generator, connected to the expander, is used to convert the pressure energy of nitrogen into electrical energy.

5. The nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The control module (4) includes: A sensor for collecting at least one of the following parameters: solar irradiance intensity, liquid nitrogen level and pressure, electronic device temperature, and nitrogen flow rate and pressure; The controller is connected to the energy harvesting module (1), the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module (2), and the energy release module (3), respectively. The actuator, connected to the controller, is used to control the start and stop of the energy harvesting module (1), the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module (2) and the energy release module (3) and to adjust the operating parameters based on a preset strategy.

6. A control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, include: Based on the operating conditions of the space data center (5), the operating conditions of the energy harvesting module (1), the nitrogen working fluid energy storage and cooling module (2), and the energy release module (3) are controlled to adjust to the corresponding working modes.

7. The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first operating mode includes: a first energy storage phase and a first energy release and cooling synergy phase; When in the first energy storage stage, the energy harvesting module (1) is controlled to harvest energy in the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. A portion of the electrical energy is directly supplied to the electronic equipment, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module (2) to liquefy and store nitrogen gas. When in the first energy release and cooling synergy stage, and when solar irradiation is insufficient or the computing power of electronic devices is increased, the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module (2) is controlled to exchange heat between liquid nitrogen and the heat-generating components of electronic devices. After absorbing heat, the liquid nitrogen vaporizes to form low-pressure nitrogen gas, and the temperature of electronic devices drops to a preset range. The vaporized low-pressure nitrogen gas absorbs trace amounts of heat in the space environment or auxiliary waste heat from electronic devices to reach the first preset pressure. The energy release module (3) uses nitrogen gas to generate electricity and power electronic devices.

8. The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to claim 6, characterized in that, The second operating mode includes: a second energy storage stage and a second energy release and cooling synergy stage; When in the second energy storage stage, the energy harvesting module (1) is controlled to harvest energy in the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. A portion of the electrical energy is directly supplied to the electronic equipment, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module (2) to liquefy and store nitrogen. During the second energy release and cooling synergy stage, liquid nitrogen passes through the low-temperature side of the regeneration unit and exchanges heat with nitrogen on the high-temperature side of the regeneration unit. The preheated nitrogen absorbs heat from the electronic equipment and is completely vaporized through the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module (2) to form nitrogen at the second preset pressure. The nitrogen at the second preset pressure enters the high-temperature side of the regeneration unit and exchanges heat with liquid nitrogen on the low-temperature side. The heated nitrogen generates electricity through the energy release module (3).

9. The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to claim 6, characterized in that, The third working mode includes: a staged energy storage phase and a staged energy release and cooling synergy phase; During the stage of energy storage, the energy harvesting module (1) is controlled to harvest energy from the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. Part of the electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module (2) to form low-pressure liquid nitrogen; another part of the electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module (2) to form high-pressure liquid nitrogen. When the electronic device is in the stage of graded energy release and cooling coordination, and when the electronic device is in a low computing power state, the electronic device is cooled by low-pressure liquid nitrogen through the energy release module (3). The vaporized nitrogen generates electricity through the energy release module (3) to power the electronic device. When the electronic device is in a high computing power state, high-pressure liquid nitrogen is released synchronously. After depressurization, it merges with low-pressure liquid nitrogen and cools the electronic device together through the energy release module (3). The vaporized nitrogen generates electricity through the energy release module (3) to power the electronic device.

10. The control method for a nitrogen working fluid system for energy management of a space data center (5) according to claim 6, characterized in that, The fourth operating mode includes: a photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage and an energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage; When in the photovoltaic-energy storage coupling stage, the energy harvesting module (1) is controlled to harvest energy in the space environment and convert it into electrical energy. Part of the electrical energy is directly supplied to the electronic equipment, and the remaining electrical energy drives the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module (2) to liquefy and store nitrogen. Part of the nitrogen flows through the heat dissipation channel of the energy harvesting module (1) as a cooling medium. After absorbing heat, the nitrogen flowing through the heat dissipation channel enters the nitrogen working medium energy storage cooling module (2) to pre-cool the nitrogen to be liquefied. When the energy release-photovoltaic heat recovery coupling stage is in progress, and when solar irradiance is insufficient or the computing power of electronic equipment is increased, liquid nitrogen is used to cool the electronic equipment through the nitrogen working fluid energy storage cooling module (2) in one direction, and enters the emergency heat dissipation channel of the energy harvesting module (1) in the other direction. After the two vaporized nitrogen gases merge, they further absorb the residual heat of the energy harvesting module (1), and then generate electricity through the energy release module (3) to power the electronic equipment.

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