Systems and methods for improving battery structural properties

Abstract

Polymer electrolytes can be formed from a mixture of oligomers, additives, solvents, salts, and / or any suitable components (e.g., by polymerization). Polymer electrolytes may additionally or optionally include monomers (e.g., rigid monomers that, in solution or incorporated into a cured polymer, alter the mechanical properties of the battery cell, such as flexural modulus; adhesive monomers, such as monomers that interact with one or more surfaces within the battery to alter or improve the adhesion between the electrolyte and the surface; etc.).

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 593,686, filed October 27, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] This application relates to U.S. Application No. 18 / 443,695, filed February 16, 2024, and U.S. Application No. 18 / 443,716, filed February 16, 2024, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] This invention relates generally to the field of batteries, and more specifically to new and useful systems and methods in the field of batteries. Brief description of the attached diagram Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the formulation.

[0005] Figure 2 A is a schematic diagram of an example of a battery.

[0006] Figure 2 B is a schematic diagram of an example of a battery.

[0007] Figure 3A This is a schematic diagram of an example of a polymer-gel electrolyte containing oligomers with more than two functional groups.

[0008] Figure 3B This is a schematic diagram of an example of a polymer-gel electrolyte formed from a polymer containing multifunctional monomers.

[0009] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary oligomer (e.g., prior to polymerization).

[0010] Figure 5A and Figure 5B It is a graphical representation of the (maximum or average) plastic load stiffness of an exemplary battery cell including a liquid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte.

[0011] Figure 6 It is a graphical representation of the energy storage modulus of an exemplary battery cell including a liquid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte.

[0012] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a three-point bending test used to assess the mechanical properties of a battery cell.

[0013] Detailed Explanation The following description of embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments, but rather to enable those skilled in the art to make and use the invention.

[0014] 1. Overview like Figure 1 As shown, formulations for polymeric electrolytes may include monomers, oligomers, additives, solvents, salts, and / or any suitable components. Monomers are preferably structural monomers (e.g., monomers that, in solution or incorporated into a cured polymer, alter the mechanical properties of the battery cell, such as increasing or decreasing the flexural modulus of the battery cell) and / or adhesion monomers (e.g., monomers that interact with one or more surfaces within the battery to alter or improve the adhesion between the polymer and the surface). However, other suitable monomers may be used.

[0015] This formulation is preferably used in batteries (e.g., such as...). Figure 2 A or Figure 2 The battery shown in B may include a cathode current collector, cathode, separator, electrolyte, anode, anode current collector, etc., to form a battery with a polymer electrolyte (e.g., gel-polymer electrolyte). However, this formulation can be used in capacitors, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and / or any suitable system.

[0016] 2. Technological Advantages Variations of this technology can offer one or more advantages over conventional technologies.

[0017] First, variations of the technique of including structural monomers in the formulation (and thus incorporating the structural monomers into the polymer after processing the formulation) can result in altered (and tunable) mechanical properties of the battery cell. For a particular battery cell design (e.g., for a given battery cell shape factor, electrode composition, current collector thickness, separator thickness, electrode thickness, etc.), a battery cell including a polymer electrolyte can have up to 50 times (e.g., 1.5x, 2x, 3x, 5x, 10x, 15x, 20x, 25x, 30x, 40x, etc.) a flexural modulus or stiffness (e.g., 1.5x, 2x, 3x, 5x, 10x, 15x, 20x, 25x, 30x, 40x, etc.) compared to comparable batteries with liquid electrolytes. Figure 5A , Figure 5B and Figure 6(As shown in the figure). Relatedly, by adjusting the composition of the polymer electrolyte, the mechanical properties of the battery cell can be adjusted within a certain range of flexural modulus or other related mechanical properties. These variations can be achieved, for example, by using one or more structural monomers (e.g., stiffening monomers, compliant monomers, etc.), by changing the crosslinking density of the polymer electrolyte (e.g., based on oligomer structure, based on monomers, based on methods for polymerizing oligomers and / or monomers, etc.), by using rigid oligomers, and / or in other ways. In related examples, the adhesion between the polymer electrolyte and battery components can be similarly changed (e.g., adhesion to current collectors, separators, anode materials, cathode materials, etc., as measured, for example, using a peel test). Variations of this technology can make it possible to adjust the flexural modulus of the battery (e.g., pouch cell, battery with aluminum laminate packaging, etc.) between about 200 MPa and 20 GPa. However, variations of this technology can achieve any suitable flexural modulus of the battery (e.g., depending on the target flexural modulus, the application of the battery, etc.).

[0018] Secondly, variations of this technology can achieve improved gravimetric or volumetric energy density (e.g., energy per unit mass or unit volume) battery cells. For example, improved stiffness of the battery cell can reduce the amount of casing material required, thereby reducing the total mass or volume of the battery cell (and thus increasing the gravimetric or volumetric energy density).

[0019] Third, variations of this technology can enable battery electrodes (e.g., anodes and / or cathodes) that do not include (or include less than conventionally required, such as <1%, <2%, <4% by mass, etc.). For example, using oligomers that include a combination of binder monomers in addition to ionicly conductive monomers can produce polymeric electrolytes that act as both binder and electrolyte (e.g., after curing) (without substantially impairing the properties of the binder or electrolyte, resulting in enhanced binder or electrolyte properties due to improved adhesion, etc.), and can reduce the cost of the battery cell.

[0020] However, additional advantages can be provided through the systems and methods disclosed in this paper.

[0021] 3. Battery For example Figure 2As shown in A, the battery may include a current collector (e.g., a cathode current collector, an anode current collector, etc.), a cathode, a separator, an electrolyte, an anode, a casing, and / or any suitable components. The electrolyte is preferably a polymer-gel electrolyte (e.g., formed by processing polymer electrolyte formulations, physical gels, chemical gels, etc., as described below), but may be any suitable electrolyte (e.g., a liquid electrolyte including safe monomers, safe oligomers, safe polymers, etc., without the need for bulk gel formation).

[0022] Current collectors preferably serve as supports for electrodes and conduct electrons into and out of the electrodes. For example, a cathode current collector can support the cathode, and an anode current collector can support the anode. Cathode and anode current collectors can be the same or different. Current collectors can be foil, foam, mesh, carbon coating, and / or any type of current collector. Current collectors are typically made of aluminum (especially common for cathodes), copper (especially common for anodes), nickel, titanium, and / or stainless steel. However, current collectors can be made of any material and / or have any form.

[0023] The cathode (e.g., its material) is used to undergo reduction during discharge (e.g., electrons enter the cathode during discharge and leave the cathode during charging). The cathode may include an adhesive (e.g., to bond cathode active materials together, to bond cathode active materials to a current collector, etc.), cathode active materials (e.g., materials that participate in electrochemical reactions), conductive materials (e.g., to increase conductivity within the cathode active materials, to improve electron shuttle between the current collector and the cathode active materials, etc.), and / or may include any suitable material. The cathode active material is preferably a lithium-containing active material (e.g., lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC, NCM) such as NMC 622, NMC 811, NMC532, NMC111, etc.; lithium iron phosphate (LFP); lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP); lithium nickel manganese spinel (LNMO); lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA); lithium manganese oxide (LMO); lithium cobalt oxide (LCO); lithium titanate (LTO); lithium transition metal borates such as borophosphate (BPO), borosilicate (BSiO), borosilicate (BSO), etc.; lithium vanadium phosphate (LVP); etc.) or a blend of lithium-containing active materials (e.g., a mixture of the materials mentioned above). However, the cathode active material may additionally or optionally include sodium-containing active materials (e.g., sodium-ion batteries), potassium-containing cathode active materials (e.g., potassium-ion batteries), magnesium-containing cathode active materials (e.g., magnesium-ion batteries), calcium-containing cathode active materials (e.g., calcium-ion batteries), zinc-containing cathode active materials (e.g., zinc-ion batteries), aluminum-containing cathode active materials (e.g., aluminum-ion batteries), and / or any suitable cathode active material may be used. Cathode active materials are typically particulate (e.g., nanoparticles, mesoporous particles, macroporous particles, etc.), but can be formed into thin films and / or any morphology. Examples of binders include: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), humic substances, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), chitosan, alginate, polyamide-imide (PAI), combinations or blends thereof, and / or other suitable binders. Examples of conductive additives include: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon fiber (VGCF), Super P Li, Super C65, Super C45, SO, KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, 350G, acetylene black, Kezin black, and / or any suitable conductive additive or combination of conductive additives may be used.

[0024] The anode (e.g., its material) is used to undergo oxidation during battery discharge (e.g., electrons leave the anode during discharge and enter the anode during charging). The anode may include an adhesive (e.g., an adhesive to bond the anode active material together, to bond the anode active material to the current collector, etc., similar to the adhesive described above with respect to the cathode), the anode active material (e.g., a material that participates in the electrochemical reaction), a conductive material (e.g., a conductive additive to increase conductivity within the anode active material, to improve electron shuttle between the current collector and the anode active material, etc., similar to the conductive additive described above with respect to the cathode), and / or may include any suitable material. The anode active material can be carbon-based (e.g., graphite, graphitic carbon, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon spheres, carbon nanorods, etc.), alloy materials (e.g., aluminum, tin, magnesium, silver, antimony, their alloys, etc.), conversion-type materials (CTAMs, such as transition metal sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, fluorides, selenides, chalcogenides, oxalates, niobates, etc.), silicon materials, combinations thereof (e.g., mixtures of graphite and silicon), lithium metal, and / or any suitable anode active material. The anode active material is typically particulate (e.g., nanoparticles, mesoporous particles, macroporous particles, etc.), but can be formed into thin films and / or any other form. The anode binder and / or anode conductive additives can be the same as and / or different from the cathode binder and / or cathode conductive additives. In some variations, the battery does not include an anode.

[0025] The separator is used to electrically isolate the anode from the cathode (e.g., to prevent short circuits) while allowing ions (e.g., Li) to pass through. + The separator passes between the cathode and anode. It can also be used to improve battery safety (e.g., by blocking ion transport by closing the pores above a threshold temperature) and / or function in other ways. The separator can be porous, fibrous (e.g., mesh, sheet, pad, etc., or oriented or random fibers), and / or have any suitable structure. The porosity of the separator is typically between about 30% and 50%. However, the porosity can be less than 30% or more than 50%. The separator can be made of polymers (e.g., polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polymethylpentene, etc.; poly(tetrafluoroethylene); poly(vinyl chloride); etc.), nonwoven fibers (e.g., cotton, nylon, glass, polyester, etc.), natural substances (e.g., wood, rubber, asbestos, etc.) and / or any suitable material. In some variations, the separator may comprise one or more layers. For example, the separator can be coated (e.g., polymer-coated, carbon-coated, ceramic-coated, etc.), wherein the coating layer can be used to enhance the separator's adhesion, mechanical properties, ion transport, and / or other properties.

[0026] The electrolyte is used to transport ions between the cathode and anode (e.g., via a separator). Based on the additives contained therein, the electrolyte can be endowed with additional functions (e.g., solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) formation, flame retardancy, flame suppression, overcharge protection, H2O and / or HF concentration control, etc.). The electrolyte is preferably a gel electrolyte (e.g., a solvent, additives, etc. contained within a polymer matrix). However, the electrolyte can be solid (e.g., a polymer solid), liquid, and / or in any suitable state. The polymer matrix is ​​preferably formed from formulations described below. However, other polymer matrices can be formed (e.g., including structural monomers and / or binder monomers having polymerizable functional groups suitable for the target polymerization mechanism).

[0027] Electrolytes may include one or more polymers, one or more solvents (e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), propylene carbonate (PC), vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethoxyethane (DME), diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl formate (MF), ethyl formate (EF), methyl propionate (MP), ethyl formate (EF), ethyl acetate (EA), ethyl propionate (EP), propyl formate, propyl acetate (PA), propyl propionate (PP), etc.), and one or more salts (…). For example, LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiFAP, LiFSI, LiDMSI, LiHPSI, LiTFSI, LiBETI, LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiBFMB, LiB(CN)4, LiDCTA, LiTDI, LiPDI, etc.), and one or more additives (e.g., fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), trivinylcyclotriboroxane (tVCBO), VC, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone (TMS), propylene- 1-En-1,3-sulfone (PES), 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone (PS), cyclic sulfates, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phenylboronic acid diol ester (PBE), 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsiloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tributyl phosphate (TBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFP), P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro) Ethyl)methyl phosphate (BMP), trimethyl phosphite (TMPi), tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TTFPi), dimethyl methyl phosphate (DMMP), diethyl ethyl phosphate (DEEP), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl phosphate (TFMP), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethyl phosphate (TFEP), hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HMOCPN), (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene (PFPN), (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene (FPPN), phoslyte™, etc.) and / or any suitable material.

[0028] In specific examples, the polymer may include one or more hydrocarbon backbones (e.g., formed by the polymerization of vinyl groups), wherein the oligomer portion and / or monomer portion forms a pendant group or side group (e.g., in...). Figures 3A-3BIn the examples shown, the oligomer backbone shown in gray can be considered as a side group or side group of the polymer backbone shown in black, resulting from the polymerization between the vinyl groups of the oligomer and / or monomers. The structural functional groups shown in circles can be considered as side groups or side groups of the polymer backbone shown in black, resulting from the polymerization between the vinyl groups of the oligomer and / or monomers. The oligomer and / or monomer can be attached to a single polymer backbone at a single location, can be attached to a single polymer backbone at more than one location, can be attached to multiple polymer backbones (e.g., each end of the oligomer can be integrated into different polymer backbones within a crosslinked network), and / or can be otherwise attached to any suitable backbone region. The polymer can additionally or alternatively be a linear, block, branched, and / or polymer having any suitable structure.

[0029] Polymer electrolytes (e.g., cured polymer electrolytes) preferably have a storage modulus greater than 10 Pa and less than 30,000 Pa (e.g., at strain within the linear viscoelastic range of gel polymer electrolytes at a frequency of 1 Hz). Outside this range, polymer electrolytes can lead to more brittle battery cells.

[0030] The battery preferably comprises up to 2.5 g of polymer electrolyte per ampere-hour. However, a larger amount of polymer electrolyte may be used.

[0031] As an illustrative example, electrolytes may include polymers (e.g., formed by polymerizing, processing, curing, etc., of formulations described below; ladder polymers; having a similar structure to...). Figures 3A-3B The structure schematically shown is a cross-linked polymer network; etc.), dissolved in about 1M LiPF6, 1%-5% FEC, 1%-5% VC, 0%-5% 1,3-propanesulfonyl lactone, and 5% TMP (where percentages can refer to mass percentage, volume percentage, stoichiometric percentage, etc.). In a variation of this illustrative example, the solvent can be a mixture of EC and EMC in a ratio of about 3:7. In a second variation of this specific example, the solvent can include a mixture of EC and DEC in a ratio of about 1:1:1. However, any suitable electrolyte can be used.

[0032] Electrolytes typically comprise up to about 45% of the polymer (e.g., weight percentage, volume percentage, stoichiometric percentage, etc.), with the remainder being one or more plasticizers (e.g., solvents, salts, additives). However, in some variations, the electrolyte may be solvent-free (e.g., a polymer containing additives, salts, etc.), i.e., up to 90% of the polymer (where the remaining 10% includes salts, additives, etc.). As a specific example, the electrolyte (before curing, processing, polymerization, etc.) may comprise about 10 wt%–20 wt% of polymer precursors (e.g., oligomers, monomers, etc.) and about 80 wt%–90 wt% of other electrolyte components (e.g., solvents, salts, additives, etc.). In a second specific example, the electrolyte (before curing, processing, polymerization, etc.) may comprise about 30 wt%–40 wt% of oligomers, 30 wt%–40 wt% of monomers, and 20 wt%–40 wt% of other electrolyte components (e.g., solvents, salts, additives, etc.).

[0033] 4. Polymer electrolyte formulations Polymer electrolyte formulations (also known as polymer precursors, prepolymer solutions, etc.) may include one or more oligomers, one or more monomers (e.g., structural monomers, binder monomers, rigid monomers, compliant monomers, monomer additives, etc.), one or more free radical inhibitors, one or more free radical initiators (typically added immediately before the polymer electrolyte formulation is cured or treated to form a polymer), one or more additives, solvents (e.g., as described above), additives (e.g., as described above), salts (e.g., as described above), and / or any suitable components.

[0034] Oligomers (e.g., polymer precursor oligomers; oligomers that can undergo further polymerization to form polymers, gels, etc.; etc.) are preferably used to form polymer matrices capable of enabling ion transport throughout the polymer. In some variations, the oligomer may be a bifunctional oligomer (e.g., characterized by polymerizable groups at two sites, such as two accessible vinyl groups, as shown in the example). Figure 4 As shown in the figure, the bifunctional oligomer can promote and / or be able to form a cross-linked polymer network (during polymerization). In other variations, the oligomer can be a trifunctional oligomer (e.g., characterized by polymerizable groups at three sites, such as three accessible vinyl groups), a tetrafunctional oligomer (e.g., characterized by polymerizable groups at four sites, such as four accessible vinyl groups), a hexafunctional oligomer (e.g., characterized by polymerizable groups at six sites, such as six accessible vinyl groups), and / or can have any suitable number of accessible polymerizable groups.

[0035] Oligomers are typically co-oligomers (e.g., made from two or more monomers), but can be homo-oligomers. Co-oligomers can be selective co-oligomers (e.g., ABABAB for monomers A and B), random co-oligomers, block co-oligomers (e.g., AAAABBBB for monomers A and B), graft co-oligomers, and / or can have any suitable structure.

[0036] The oligomer preferably has a nonpolar backbone (e.g., hydrocarbon, aliphatic, aromatic, such as diethylene, triethylene, hexadecane, etc.) linked by polar groups (e.g., ester, carbonate, urethane, ether, siloxane, imide, etc.).

[0037] The oligomer is preferably end-capped with acrylate or methacrylate groups (to promote polymer formation). However, the oligomer may additionally or optionally be end-capped with any suitable end group. In preferred variants, the oligomer may comprise a urethane (e.g., a diurethane) between the acrylate and the remainder of the oligomer. However, the oligomer may comprise any suitable structure. For example, urethane acrylates (e.g., monofunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, difunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, trifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, tetrafunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, hexafunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, aromatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, etc.) can be used as oligomers.

[0038] like Figure 4As illustrated in the illustrative examples, oligomers can be capped with the following: urethane acrylate groups (e.g., acrylate end groups separated from urethanes having a carbon chain length or ring size between 1 and 40 carbon atoms, such as alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, etc.); acrylates separated from diurethanes having a carbon chain length between 1 and 40 carbon atoms, such as alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, etc., wherein the two urethanes can be separated by straight-chain carbon chains, branched carbon chains, cycloalkyl, etc.; acrylates separated by hydrocarbons such as alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, etc. with a chain length between 1 and 40 carbon atoms and diurethanes derived from isophorone diisocyanates; acrylates separated by hydrocarbons such as alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, etc. with a chain length between 1 and 40 carbon atoms and diurethanes derived from 4,4-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate). Acrylates separated by dicarboxylate esters (esters); acrylates separated by alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or other hydrocarbons with chain lengths between 1 and 40 carbon atoms and dicarboxylate esters derived from toluene-2,4-diisocyanate; acrylates separated by alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or other hydrocarbons with chain lengths between 1 and 40 carbon atoms and dicarboxylate esters derived from hexamethylene diisocyanate; acrylates separated by alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or other hydrocarbons with chain lengths between 1 and 40 carbon atoms and dicarboxylate esters derived from tetramethylxylene diisocyanate; acrylates separated by alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, or other hydrocarbons with chain lengths between 1 and 40 carbon atoms and dicarboxylate esters derived from 1,3,5-tris(6-isocyanate hexyl) biuret; etc. In this illustrative example, the R1, R3, R4, and R5 groups may be the same or different, and may be straight-chain alkyl or branched alkyl (e.g., chain lengths with a carbon length between 0 and 20 and branch lengths with a carbon length between 1 and 40), straight-chain haloalkyl or branched haloalkyl (e.g., chain lengths with a carbon length between 1 and 40 and branch lengths with a carbon length between 1 and 40, having fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or combinations thereof), cycloalkyl, benzyl, including polar groups (e.g., esters, carbonates, urethanes, ethers, siloxanes, imides, etc.), and / or may have other suitable structures. In some variations of this illustrative example, the R3 or R4 group may particularly, but not exclusively, additionally or optionally include heteroatoms, such as carboxyl, imino, amino, carboxylic acid esters, esters, ethers, amino groups, or other structures (wherein the heteroatoms are preferably not bonded to hydrogen).In this illustrative example, the R2 and R6 groups may be the same or different, and may include cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclohexane, cyclopentane, etc.), straight-chain alkyl or branched-chain alkyl (e.g., chain lengths having a carbon length between 1 and 40 and branch lengths having a carbon length between 1 and 40), straight-chain haloalkyl or branched-chain haloalkyl (e.g., chain lengths having a carbon length between 1 and 40 and branch lengths having a carbon length between 1 and 40, having fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or combinations thereof), benzyl, carbamate (e.g., carbamates derived from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), wherein one carbamate group is shown in R2 or R6). Carbamates derived from 4,4-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), wherein one carbamate group is shown outside of R2 or R6; carbamates derived from methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), wherein one carbamate group is shown outside of R2 or R6; carbamates derived from toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), wherein one carbamate group is shown outside of R2 or R6; carbamates derived from hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), wherein one carbamate group is shown outside of R2 or R6; carbamates derived from 2,2-bis[[4-(isocyanate methyl)phenyl]methyl]butyl. N Carbamates of -[[4-(isocyanate methyl)phenyl]methyl]carbamate, wherein one carbamate group is shown outside R2 or R6, etc.; carbamates derived from 4-arm-PEG-isocyanate, wherein one carbamate group is shown outside R2 or R6; carbamates derived from 1,3,5-tris(6-isocyanate hexyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione, wherein one carbamate group is shown outside R2 or R6; carbamates derived from 1,3,5-tris(6-isocyanate methyl)phenyl]methyl]carbamate, wherein one carbamate group is shown outside R2 or R6; carbamates derived from 1,3,5-tris(6-isocyanate methyl)phenyl] ... (Hexyl)-biuret carbamates, wherein one carbamate group is shown outside R2 or R6; carbamates derived from any one or more trimers of HDI, TDI, IPDI, MDI, etc., wherein one carbamate group is shown outside R2 or R6; carbamates derived from dimers formed from any one or more trimers of HDI, TDI, IPDI, MDI, etc., wherein one carbamate group is shown outside R2 or R6; etc.), and / or other suitable structures.

[0039] In some variations, the composition may include a mixture of oligomers. For example, the composition may include a first oligomer and a second oligomer, which are different from each other and each selected from the group consisting of materials including: polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether Polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate. As an illustrative example, one of the oligomers can be used as an additive (e.g., to act as an adhesion promoter, to modify the rheology of a pre-cured electrolyte, to modify the mechanical properties of a cured electrolyte, to modify the ion transport properties or electron transport properties of a cured electrolyte, etc.), while another oligomer can act as the primary electrolyte (e.g., contributing to most of the properties of the electrolyte (pre-cured properties and / or post-cured properties). For example, the oligomer portion of a polymeric electrolyte composition may include about 1%-20% (by mass, by volume, by stoichiometry, etc.) of a first oligomer and about 80%-99% (by mass, by volume, by stoichiometry, etc.) of a second oligomer.

[0040] In some variations, the oligomer may also include one or more binders within it. For example, the oligomer may have a structure such as the following: , , , , , , , , , , , , or Each R1 is selected from the group consisting of the following items: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, for example...). ), polyacrylic acid (PAA, for example) ), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, for example) ), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, for example) ), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR, for example) (or other related structures having different bonding motifs derived from 1,3-butadiene and styrene), polyamide-imide (PAI, for example, , , (or other such structures including amide and imide functional groups), and combinations or derivatives thereof; wherein each R2 monomer is selected from the group consisting of: , , , , , , , , Or combinations thereof; wherein R3 and R3' are each independently selected from a group consisting of the following items: , , , , , and ; wherein R4 and R4' are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene groups having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; wherein n and m are the number of repeating monomer units or individual monomer units, wherein n and m are each independently a value between 1 and 1000; and wherein a and b are each independently between 0 and 3, wherein at least one of a or b is not 0. Note that n=0 can be similar to, for example, Figure 4 The specific examples shown are as follows.

[0041] Monomers (e.g., polymer precursor monomers) are preferably used to modify the structural properties of the battery cell (e.g., increase, decrease, or change its isotropy, etc.). Examples of structural properties include: flexural modulus, flexural strength, stiffness, bending stiffness, compliance, elastic modulus, hardness, mechanical resistance, Young's modulus, elasticity, plasticity, structural stability, tensile strength, toughness, creep compliance, and / or other mechanical properties of the battery (e.g., acting as a structural monomer, such as a rigid monomer, a compliant monomer, etc.). Monomers may additionally or optionally be used to modify the binder to change (e.g., reduce) the viscosity of the polymer precursor and / or otherwise function. Note that monomers can perform more than one function (e.g., both rigid monomers and adhesive monomers, both rigid monomers and crosslinking monomers, etc.). Monomers can be monofunctional, difunctional, trifunctional, tetrafunctional, pentafunctional, hexafunctional, and / or have a greater number of functional groups (e.g., sites where polymerization with other monomers and / or oligomers can occur). Adjusting the number of functional groups in the monomer (the relative concentration of the monomer and oligomer) can be used to adjust the crosslinking density of the polymer electrolyte.

[0042] Rigid monomers are typically selected (e.g., identified) based on the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer derived from the monomer. However, rigid monomers can also be selected, or optionally, based on any suitable property of the monomer (e.g., viscosity, wettability, etc.). In preferred embodiments, the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer derived from the rigid monomer is at least about 40°C (e.g., greater than room temperature, such as ≥45°C, ≥50°C, ≥55°C, ≥60°C, ≥70°C, ≥75°C, ≥80°C, ≥85°C, ≥90°C, ≥95°C, ≥100°C, ≥110°C, ≥120°C, ≥150°C, etc.). However, rigid monomers can be selected and / or identified in other ways. Examples of rigid monomers include: acrylates (e.g., isobornyl acrylate). hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate Silsesquioxane acrylates, such as those with T6 cage-like structures, T8 cage-like structures, T10 cage-like structures, and T12 cage-like structures, POSS acrylates, etc.; inorganic particles with terminal acrylates and characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, such as silica particles, alumina particles, titanium dioxide, etc.; etc.), methacrylates (e.g., methacrylic acid). Methyl methacrylate Benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate Hydroxypropyl methacrylate Isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate Cyclohexyl methacrylate Isoborneol methacrylate phenyl methacrylate Trimethylsilyl methacrylate T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylate, POSS methacrylate, inorganic particles with terminal methacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, silica particles with terminal methacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, alumina particles with terminal methacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, titanium dioxide particles with terminal methacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, etc.), cyanoacrylates (e.g., methyl cyanoacrylate). Ethyl cyanoacrylate propyl cyanoacrylate Isopropyl cyanoacrylate butyl cyanoacrylate Allyl cyanoacrylate methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylate, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylate, POSS cyanoacrylate, inorganic particles with terminal cyanoacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, silica particles with terminal cyanoacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, alumina particles with terminal cyanoacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, titanium dioxide particles with terminal cyanoacrylate characteristic sizes between 10 nm and 20 μm, etc.), acrylamides (e.g., acrylamide). N,N-dimethylacrylamide tert-butylacrylamide , etc.), styrene-based compounds (e.g., styrene) ; methylstyrene, such as or Dimethylstyrene, such as , or Trimethylstyrene, such as ; tert-butylstyrene, such as ; Halogenated styrene, such as , , , , , etc.; ethoxystyrene, such as ; acetoxystyrene, such as ; etc.), acrylonitrile compounds (e.g., methacrylonitrile). ), and / or other suitable rigid monomers (particularly, but not exclusively, including at least one monomer with an accessible vinyl group for polymerization).

[0043] Compliant monomers are typically selected (e.g., identified) based on the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer derived from the monomer. In preferred embodiments, the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer derived from the compliant monomer is less than about 40°C (e.g., <35°C, <30°C, <25°C, <10°C, <0°C, etc.). However, compliant monomers can be selected and / or identified in other ways. Examples of compliant monomers include: acrylates (e.g., methyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-cyanoethyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, etc.) and methacrylates (e.g., dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, 2-tert-butylamino methacrylate). ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexadecyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, octadecyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, etc.), cyanoacrylates (e.g., 2-octyl cyanoacrylate, n-decyl cyanoacrylate, etc.), styrene derivatives (e.g., 2-methylstyrene) and / or other suitable compliant monomers (particularly, but not exclusively, monomers including at least one accessible vinyl group for polymerization).

[0044] Examples of crosslinking monomers may include: diacrylates (e.g., polycaprolactone diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates (such as those having a Mw between 100 Da and 50,000 Da), bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylates, di(ethylene glycol) diacrylates, ethylene glycol diacrylates, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylates, poly(propylene glycol) diacrylates (such as those having a Mw between 100 Da and 50,000 Da), 1,3-butanediol diacrylates, glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylates, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylates, neopentyl glycol diacrylates, tritolylamine diacrylates, tri(ethylene glycol) diacrylates, PEG-PPG diacrylates (such as those having a Mw between 100 Da and 50,000 Da). Mw between Da), PEG-PPG-PEG diacrylate (such as those with Mw between 100 Da and 50000 Da), tricyclic [5.2.1.0] 2,6 Decanedimethyl diacrylate, fluorescein O,O'-diacrylate, bisphenol A glyceryl alcohol diacrylate, PCL-PEG-PCL diacrylate (such as those with Mw between 100 Da and 50,000 Da), tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, trimethylolpropane ethoxylate methyl ether diacrylate, 9-(acryloyloxy)nonyl acrylate, bis[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate, etc.), dimethacrylates (e.g., polycaprolactone dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (such as those with Mw between 100 Da and 50,000 Da), bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate (such as those with Mw between 100 Da and 50,000 Da), dimethacrylates ... Mw between Da), 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, glycerol 1,3-diglyceryl alcohol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylmethylamine dimethacrylate, tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, PEG-PPG dimethacrylate (such as having Mw between 100 Da and 50000 Da), PEG-PPG-PEG dimethacrylate (such as having Mw between 100 Da and 50000 Da), tricyclic [5.2.1.0] 2,6Decanediethanol dimethacrylate, fluorescein O,O'-dimethacrylate, bisphenol A glyceryl alcohol dimethacrylate, PCL-PEG-PCL dimethacrylate (such as those with Mw between 100 Da and 50,000 Da), tri(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane ethoxylate methyl ether dimethacrylate, 9-(acryloyloxy)nonyl dimethacrylate, bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate, etc.), triacrylates (e.g., trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane propoxylate triacrylate, glyceryl propoxylate triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, norbornane bromide). Zirconium lactone carboxylate triacrylate, tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate, tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]phosphate, etc.), trimethacrylates (e.g., trimethylolpropane ethoxylate trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane propoxylate trimethacrylate, glycerol propoxylate trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, bromonorbornene lactone carboxylate zirconium lactone trimethacrylate, tris[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate, tri ... [Oxyethyl]isocyanurate, tris[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]phosphate, etc., tetraacrylates (e.g., pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, 3-(N,N,N,N-tetra(propionate)hexamethylenediamino)-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, etc.), tetramethacrylates (e.g., pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, 3-(N,N,N,N-tetra(propionate)hexamethylenediamino)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, etc.), pentaacrylates (e.g., dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate). Pentamethacrylates (e.g., dipentaerythritol pentamethacrylate), hexamethacrylates (e.g., dipentaerythritol hexamethacrylate), hexamethacrylates (e.g., dipentaerythritol hexamethacrylate), silsesquioxane acrylates, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) acrylates, silsesquioxane methacrylates, POSS methacrylates, and / or other suitable monomers (e.g., monomers comprising more than one accessible vinyl group for polymerization).

[0045] In preferred variants, the average functionality (e.g., based on the number of moles per mole relative to the combination of oligomers and monomers) is between about 1.5 and 2.1. As a first illustrative example, a composition comprising only a difunctional oligomer will have an average functionality of 2. As a second illustrative example, a composition comprising 50% by mole of a monofunctional oligomer (e.g., monoacrylate or monomethacrylate) and 50% by mole of a trifunctional monomer (e.g., triacrylate or trimethacrylate) will similarly have an average functionality of 2. As a third illustrative example, a composition comprising 80% by mole of a monofunctional oligomer (e.g., monoacrylate or monomethacrylate) and 20% by mole of a hexafunctional oligomer (e.g., hexaacrylate, hexamethacrylate) will have an average functionality of 2. Other mixtures can achieve similar average functionality. The inventors have found that while improved mechanical properties in the cured polymer can result from a higher average functionality, it can lead to greater cell brittleness in the battery cell. However, in some variations (e.g., when the oligomer contains an adhesive portion), a higher average functionality can be used.

[0046] Adhesion monomers typically include one or more heteroatom functional groups, such as hydroxyl, thiols, selenols, carboxylic esters, carbonates, thiocarboxylic acids, dithiocarboxylic acids, sulfonates, isothiocyanates, phosphate esters, silanols, silicon oxides, siloxanes, silyl ethers, and / or other suitable functional groups. Examples of adhesion monomers may include: acrylates (e.g., hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, etc.), methacrylates (e.g., hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, etc.), silsesquioxane acrylates, POSS acrylates, silsesquioxane methacrylates, POSS methacrylates, and / or other suitable monomers. In some variants, adhesion can be additionally or optionally modulated by functionalizing the surface (e.g., charge collectors, particles, etc.) with vinyl groups. As an illustrative example, alumina (and / or alumina clusters) and / or silica (and / or silicon, silica clusters, etc.) can be functionalized with vinyl groups, wherein the vinyl groups can polymerize within a polymer electrolyte, and the alumina and / or alumina clusters can interact with current collectors, cathode materials, anode materials, and / or separators.

[0047] In some variations, the polymer precursor may not include oligomers (e.g., favoring the formation of polymers using only monomers). These variations may result in structurally less desirable properties (e.g., more brittle polymers), but typically have lower viscosity relative to formulations using a mixture of oligomers and monomers, which can provide a technical advantage in improving the electrolyte's ability to wet the electrode (or other battery surface).

[0048] In variants comprising more than one oligomer and / or more than one monomer, the ratio of all oligomers to all monomers (e.g., weight ratio, volume ratio, stoichiometry, etc.) is typically between about 1:1000 and 1000:1. In one specific example, the inventors have found that more than about 5% (by mass, by molar, etc.) of monomers (particularly rigid monomers) can result in brittle battery cells (and therefore the target is 0.1%–5% of monomers (e.g., the remainder being primarily oligomers and / or initiators) within the polymer-forming (or covalently incorporated into the polymer) component of the electrolyte). However, the ratio of all oligomers to all monomers can be any suitable ratio.

[0049] In some variations, mixtures of monomers may be included in the polymer precursor, which can be beneficial for tuning the structural properties of the battery cell. For example, for a given current collector, electrode, separator, casing, etc., in order to produce a high-stiffness battery cell (e.g., a battery cell having a flexural modulus at least 10x greater than that of the same battery cell having a liquid electrolyte), the polymer precursor may consist only of oligomers (e.g., bifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, such as hydrocarbon chains containing at least 5 carbon atoms with polar head groups attached within the main chain) and rigid monomers; however, in order to produce a battery cell with medium stiffness (e.g., a battery cell having a flexural modulus 10x greater than that of the same battery cell having a liquid electrolyte), the polymer precursor may include oligomers (e.g., bifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, such as hydrocarbon chains containing at least 5 carbon atoms with polar head groups attached within the main chain), rigid monomers, and compliant monomers.

[0050] In other variations, high-stiffness battery cells can be achieved using only rigid oligomers (or mixtures of rigid oligomers); while medium-stiffness battery cells can be achieved by using rigid oligomers (e.g., bifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates) along with compliant monomers. In related variations, monomers can be included together with rigid oligomers, which can provide the technical advantage of improved wettability and / or viscosity of polymeric precursors used to form gel electrolytes within the battery. In these and related variations, the stiffness of the oligomer (and / or the polymer derived from the rigid oligomer) can be adjusted, controlled, and / or otherwise modified based on: the main chain length (e.g., the number of carbon atoms between polar groups in the main chain, where shorter chains generally result in rigid oligomers), the degree of unsaturation of the oligomer main chain (e.g., the presence and number of double bonds, triple bonds, rings, aromatics, etc., in the oligomer main chain; where higher unsaturation or more types of unsaturation generally result in rigid oligomers), the intermolecular forces between or within the oligomer main chains (e.g., where larger intermolecular forces generally result in rigid oligomers, removing polar groups to reduce stiffness, etc.), and the lower glass transition temperature (T0) of the polymer formed by the polymerization of the oligomer. g Or T using oligomers with trapezoidal oligomers (e.g., using lower molecular weight oligomers). g Rigid oligomers can be achieved in other ways.

[0051] In another variation, a high-stiffness battery cell can be achieved using only oligomers capable of achieving high crosslinking density (e.g., trifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, tetrafunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, hexafunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, etc.); while a battery cell with medium stiffness can be achieved by using high-crosslinking-density oligomers (e.g., trifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, hexafunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates, etc.) and compliant monomers. In a related variation, a battery cell with medium stiffness can be achieved by using low-crosslinking-density oligomers (e.g., a combination of high-crosslinking-density and low-crosslinking-density oligomers, such as bifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates) and optionally one or more rigid or compliant monomers.

[0052] In another variation, high-stiffness battery cells can be achieved using oligomers (e.g., bifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates) and structural monomers that can achieve high crosslinking densities (e.g., trifunctional, tetrafunctional, hexafunctional monomers, etc.); while medium-stiffness battery cells can be achieved using oligomers (e.g., bifunctional aliphatic hydrophobic urethane acrylates) and structural monomers that can achieve relatively low crosslinking densities (e.g., bifunctional, trifunctional, tetrafunctional monomers, etc.). Alternatively or additionally, medium-stiffness battery cells can be achieved using high-crosslinking-density monomers and compliant and / or rigid monomers.

[0053] These examples and variations are non-limiting examples of combinations of oligomers and monomers that can be combined to form high-rigidity and low-rigidity battery cells of a given oligomer. Other variations exist and / or can be achieved in other ways, such as based on the degree of residual vinyl groups after curing the polymer precursor to form the polymer electrolyte (e.g., NMR, titration with bromine, titration with potassium manganate, ozone decomposition, etc.), by combining the examples and variations above, adjusting the relative ratio of oligomer concentration to monomer concentration, adjusting the relative monomer concentration (e.g., between rigid and compliant monomers, between more than one rigid monomer, etc.), adjusting the crosslinking density (or functionality of the oligomer) of the resulting polymer electrolyte (e.g., based on curing parameters such as time, temperature, pressure, polymerization initiator, polymerization initiator concentration, polymerization inhibitor, polymerization inhibitor concentration, etc.). Accordingly, the adhesion of the polymer electrolyte to the surface and / or components of the battery (e.g., current collector, anode material, cathode material, separator, etc.) can be adjusted, for example, based on the affinity of the oligomer to the surface (e.g., by using functional groups such as hydroxyl, sulfonate, thiosulfonate, mercapto, xanthate, phosphate, nitrate, selenool, etc. as side groups or side groups of the oligomer), based on monomer affinity (e.g., monomers containing functional groups such as hydroxyl, sulfonate, thiosulfonate, mercapto, xanthate, phosphate, nitrate, selenool, silanol, silicon oxide, siloxane, silyl ether, etc., resulting in the functional groups forming side groups or side groups of the polymer), based on curing conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, etc.), and / or can be adjusted in other ways.

[0054] Optional inhibitors can be used to control polymerization (e.g., polymerization rate, polymerization timing, degree of crosslinking, etc.). For example, inhibitors can prevent polymerization from occurring before the polymer electrolyte precursor is added to the battery. Examples of inhibitors include 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ), monobenzone, hydroquinone, guaiacol, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, 1,2-benzoquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 9,10-anthraquinone, chloroquinone, quinone methylates, p-phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, diethylhydroxylamine, hydroxyhydroxylamine, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxy (TEMPO), 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL), and / or any suitable inhibitor may be used. The concentration of the inhibitor is typically less than about 1% relative to the amount of monomer, oligomer, and / or a combination of oligomer and monomer (e.g., wt%, such as 1 ppb, 10 ppb, 100 ppb, 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 1000 ppm, or values ​​or ranges thereof). However, the concentration of the inhibitor can be greater than 1%.

[0055] Initiators can be used to initiate and / or control polymerization (e.g., polymerization rate, polymerization timing, degree of crosslinking, etc.). For example, after the polymer electrolyte precursor is added to the battery (and / or after the start of processing, such as heating the precursor to a threshold temperature, generating free radicals using the initiator, irradiating the initiator, forming free radicals by electrochemical methods, etc.), the initiator can promote or initiate polymerization. Degradation products resulting from the decomposition of the initiator (e.g., thermal decomposition) to generate free radicals are preferably substantially inert to electrochemical reactions (e.g., within the voltage window of the battery, in the electrolyte, etc.). For example, nitrogen gas can be formed during free radical formation using the initiator (where nitrogen gas can be vented from the battery). The initiator is preferably stable at room temperature (e.g., it does not substantially begin to form free radicals at room temperature, has a room temperature half-life greater than about 12 hours, etc.). However, the initiator may be unstable at room temperature (e.g., in cases where it is manufactured, transported, etc., at temperatures below room temperature). Examples of initiators include 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-propane] dihydrochloride, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, bis(1-(tert-butylperoxy)-1-methylethyl)benzene, and 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane. tert-butyl peracetate, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl isopropyl peroxide carbonate, dicumene peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, peracetic acid, tert-amyl peroxide, 4,4-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid), 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarboxynitrile) (ABCN or ACHN), ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate (or other persulfates), and / or any suitable initiator may be used. The initiator concentration is typically between about 0.1% and about 10% (e.g., wt%, such as 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 7.5%, 9%, 10%, values ​​or ranges therebetween, etc.) relative to the monomer, oligomer, and / or the combination of oligomer and monomer. However, the concentration of the initiator can be less than 0.1% or greater than 10%.

[0056] In some variations, the polymer precursor solution may include one or more additives that may improve viscosity (e.g., reduce viscosity), wettability (e.g., increase wettability), stability (e.g., increase lifetime), cycling performance (e.g., SEI formation, SEI stability, SEI ductility, etc.); and / or may otherwise be included in the precursor. Examples of additives that may be included are: isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), (hydroxyethyl) methacrylate (HEMA), and / or other suitable acrylates or methacrylates (e.g., acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, isodecanyl acrylate, behenyl acrylate, ethyl diethylene glycol acrylate, heptadecanyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, hydroxyethylcaprolactone acrylate, lauryl acrylate, 2-propylheptyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, methyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl cyanoacrylate). Butyl cyanoacrylate, 2-ethylbutyl cyanoacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl cyanoacrylate, 1-heptyl cyanoacrylate, 2-heptyl cyanoacrylate, 3-heptyl cyanoacrylate, 3-methylbutyl cyanoacrylate, 4-methylpentyl cyanoacrylate, neopentyl cyanoacrylate, octyl cyanoacrylate, 1-pentyl cyanoacrylate, 3-pentyl cyanoacrylate, 2-phenylethyl cyanoacrylate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate The additives may include isobutyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, behenyl methacrylate, behenyl polyethylene glycol methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isodecanyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, methyl polyethylene glycol methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, stearyl polyethylene glycol methacrylate, isotridecyl methacrylate, urea methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, etc., or may include other additives. Typically, additives are included in up to 30% (e.g., by weight, by volume, by stoichiometry, etc.) relative to the oligomer and / or monomer. However, the concentration may be greater than 30%. Note that the concentration of the additives may additionally or optionally be relative to the monomer, liquid (e.g., solvent, electrolyte additive, salt, etc.), initiator, inhibitor, and / or combinations thereof.

[0057] The electrolyte (e.g., its polymeric precursor) is preferably cured in situ (e.g., to form a gel-polymer) (e.g., using thermal energy, light energy, electrochemical energy, UV irradiation, electron irradiation, gamma irradiation, etc., as described in U.S. Patent Application 18 / 443,716, filed February 16, 2024, entitled 'GEL ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION FOR A BATTERY AND A METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION', which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). However, the electrolyte can be cured in any manner (e.g., non-in situ curing, where the cured polymer can be transferred to the battery).

[0058] Battery stiffness is typically measured using a three-point bending test (optionally, the battery is simultaneously charged and / or discharged to measure electrical properties during structural testing), such as, for example... Figure 7 As shown in the diagram. However, battery stiffness can be measured using any suitable mechanical test (e.g., four-point bending test, radial compression test, fatigue test, indentation plasticity test, creep test, Shore hardness test, bulk modulus test, shear test, torsion test, tensile test, impact strength test, etc.). Adhesion is typically measured using a peel test (optionally, the battery is charged and / or discharged simultaneously to measure electrical properties while the adhesion is being tested). However, adhesion can be measured in other ways (e.g., using a knife scratch test, tape test, abrasion test, using a tensile testing machine, hardness test, etc.).

[0059] In a specific example, the flexural modulus can be determined using three-point bending data performed within the elastic region (i.e., the region where the material can deform and will return to its original configuration upon release). In this specific example, the three-point bending may include several small displacements (e.g., less than 3% of the support span) to demonstrate that the battery can return to its original configuration. In this specific example, the flexural modulus is determined based on... The calculation (e.g., after confirming data collection in the elastic region) is performed, where E is the flexural modulus, L is the length of the test bar, F is the load applied to the test bar, d is the distance covered by the load F during flexure (e.g., as measured from the initial position), b is the width of the test bar, and h is the height of the test bar. In specific examples, the flexural modulus of a battery cell including a polymer electrolyte (e.g., a cured polymer electrolyte) (e.g., for a battery cell with a non-rigid casing or housing, such as a pouch cell) can be between about 200 MPa and 20 GPa. However, other flexural moduli can be achieved (e.g., for different battery sizes, different battery casings, etc., with different polymer electrolyte compositions).

[0060] List of specific instance numbers A list of numbered specific examples of the techniques described herein is provided below. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the scope of the techniques is not limited to these specific examples and / or is not restricted by them.

[0061] 1. A polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprising: a first oligomer selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyaminoacrylate, polyester polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate Methacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polyamidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyamidomethacrylate, polyether polyamidomethacrylate, polyester polyamidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyamidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyamidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide Acrylic ester, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, poly... Polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether polyurea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylatePolyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane Formate acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane Ester methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether acrylate, polycarbonate polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate methacrylate, polyether methacrylate, polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether The following are included: methacrylates, polycarbonate polyester methacrylates, polyether polyester methacrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates, polyether polyester methacrylates, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates; and a second oligomer, which is different from the first oligomer, wherein the second oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylates, polyether amidoacrylates, polyester amidoacrylates, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylates, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylates, polyaminoacrylates, polycarbonate polyaminoacrylates, polyether polyaminoacrylates, polyester polyaminoacrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyaminoacrylates, polycarbonate polyester polyaminoacrylates, polycarbonate polyaminoacrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyaminoacrylates, polycarbonate polyester polyaminoacrylates.Polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polyether polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate Polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate Methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether poly Urea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylatePolycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester Carbamate methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester carbamate methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester carbamate methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether acrylate, polycarbonate polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate.

[0062] 2. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to Specific Example 1 further comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylate, etc. Siloxane methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof.

[0063] 3. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to specific example 1 or 2, wherein the average functionality of the polymer electrolyte precursor composition is between 1.5 and 2.

[0064] 4. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to Specific Example 2 or 3, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprises between 70% and 99% by weight of a first oligomer, between 1% and 20% by weight of a second oligomer, and between 0% and 10% by weight of a monomer.

[0065] 5. An electrolyte comprising a polymeric electrolyte precursor composition according to any one of Examples 1-4 and a plasticizer, the plasticizer comprising at least one of a solvent, a salt, or an additive, wherein: the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene tricarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, lactic acid O-Carboxylic anhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone dicarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate Trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl propionate and combinations thereof; the salt is selected from the group consisting of: lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazolo[4.4]nonane-5-ion lithium (lithium 2,3,7,8-Tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-boraspiro[4,4]nonan-5-uide), lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonate (difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4,4]nonane-5-anion lithium, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl nitrogen anion)sulfonyl]methane (lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethansulfonylazanidyl)sulfonyl]methane), lithium nitrate, 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborane-2-anionic lithium and combinations thereof; and the additives are selected from the group consisting of: fluoroethylene carbonate, trivinylcycloborane, VC, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone, prop-1-ene-1,3-sulfone, 1,3-propane sulfonyl lactone, cyclic sulfate, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopentenone En-2-one, phenylborate diol ester, 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphate, hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and combinations thereof.

[0066] 6. The electrolyte according to Specific Example 5, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor composition forms a gel polymer electrolyte after polymerization.

[0067] 7. A polymeric electrolyte precursor composition comprising: at least one oligomer comprising a molecular structure according to one or more of the following molecular structures: , , , , Or at least one structure selected from group A and at least one structure selected from group B; wherein group A comprises: , , and Group B includes: , , and Each R1 is selected from the group consisting of the following items: , , , , , and combinations thereof; wherein each R2 unit is selected from a group consisting of the following: , , , , , , , , , , or combinations thereof; wherein R3 and R3' are each independently selected from a group consisting of the following: , , , , , and ; wherein R4 and R4' are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene groups having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; wherein n and m are the number of repeating monomer units or individual monomer units, wherein n and m are each independently a value between 1 and 1000; and wherein a and b are each independently between 0 and 3, wherein at least one of a or b is not 0.

[0068] 8. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to Specific Example 7 further comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylate, etc. Siloxane methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof.

[0069] 9. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to specific example 7 or 8, wherein the average functionality of the polymer electrolyte precursor composition is between 1.5 and 2.

[0070] 10. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to any one of Specific Examples 7-9, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor composition forms a gel polymer after polymerization.

[0071] 11. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to any one of Specific Examples 7-10 further comprises a second oligomer different from the oligomer, wherein the second oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyaminoacrylate, polyester polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester Amidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethyl methacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethyl methacrylate, polyamidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyamidomethyl methacrylate, polyether polyamidomethyl methacrylate, polyester polyamidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyamidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyamidomethyl methacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate poly Ether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate Ester, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether polyurea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylatePolycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate Ester, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate carbamate Ester methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester Carbamate methacrylates, polycarbonate acrylates, polyether acrylates, polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether acrylates, polycarbonate polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate methacrylates, polyether methacrylates, polyester methacrylates, polycarbonate polyether methacrylates, polycarbonate polyester methacrylates, polyether polyester methacrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates, and combinations thereof.

[0072] 12. An electrolyte comprising a polymeric electrolyte precursor composition according to any one of Examples 7-11 and a plasticizer, the plasticizer comprising at least one of a solvent, a salt, or an additive, wherein: the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene tricarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, lactic acid O-Carboxylic anhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone dicarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, propionate Ethyl formate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl propionate and combinations thereof; salts selected from the group consisting of: lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4,4]nonane-5-anion lithium, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonate (difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4,4]nonane-5-anion lithium, lithium trifluoro [(trifluoromethanesulfonyl nitrogen anion)sulfonyl]lithium methane, lithium nitrate, 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborane-2-anion lithium and combinations thereof; and the additives are selected from the group consisting of: fluoroethylene carbonate, trivinylcycloborane, VC, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone, prop-1-ene-1,3-sulfone, 1,3-propane sulpholactone, cyclic sulfate, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phenylboronic acid diol ester, 5-methyl-4 -((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphate, hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and combinations thereof.

[0073] 13. A battery comprising an electrolyte according to specific example 12 or a polymer formed from said electrolyte, wherein at least one of the cathode or anode of the battery does not contain a binder.

[0074] 14. A battery cell comprising: a cathode, said cathode comprising a cathode material deposited on a first current collector, wherein the cathode material comprises: a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of: lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese spinel, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium titanate, lithium transition metal boron phosphate, lithium transition metal borosilicate, lithium transition metal boron sulfate, lithium vanadium phosphate, and combinations thereof; and a first conductive additive selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon fiber (VGCF), Super P Li, Super C65, Super C45, SO, KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, 350G, acetylene black, Kezin black, and combinations thereof; an anode comprising an anode material deposited on a second current collector, wherein the anode material comprises: an anode active material selected from the group consisting of: graphite; graphite carbon; carbon fiber; carbon nanotubes; carbon spheres; carbon nanorods; alloy materials comprising one or more of aluminum, tin, magnesium, silver, and antimony; conversion materials; silicon; lithium metal; and combinations thereof; a second conductive additive selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon fiber (VGCF), Super P Li, Super C65, Super C45, SO, KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, 350G, acetylene black, Kezin black and combinations thereof; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and a gel polymer electrolyte comprising: a polymer matrix, a salt, a solvent and additives; wherein the flexural modulus of the cell is at least 20% greater than that of the same cell excluding the polymer matrix.

[0075] 15. The battery cell according to specific example 14, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of: lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazolo[4.4]nonane-5-ion lithium, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, cyclodifluoromethane-1,1 - Lithium bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonate (difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazzi[4,4]nonane-5-anion, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl nitrogen anion)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, lithium 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborazzicyclopentane-2-anion and combinations thereof.

[0076] 16. The battery cell according to specific example 14 or 15, wherein the solvent is selected from: ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene tricarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, lactic acid. O -Carboxylic anhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone dicarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl propionate, and combinations thereof.

[0077] 17. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-16, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of: fluoroethylene carbonate, trivinylcycloborane, VC, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone, prop-1-ene-1,3-sulfone, 1,3-propane sulphol, cyclic sulfate, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phenylboronic acid diol ester, 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3- Dioxacyclopenten-2-one, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphate, hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and combinations thereof.

[0078] 18. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-17, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​formed by curing (e.g., polymerizing) a polymer electrolyte precursor comprising one or more oligomers selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyether amidoacrylate, polyether polyether amidoacrylate, polyester polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether ...ether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, poly Ether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polyether polyether amidomethacrylate, polyether polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyether amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate Polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester Imino ester methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imino ester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imino ester methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether polyurea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylatePolycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate Polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate poly Ether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate Acrylic esters, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether acrylate, polycarbonate polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate methacrylate, polyether methacrylate, polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate.

[0079] 19. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-18, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor further comprises one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate Esters, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof.

[0080] 20. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-19, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor further comprises an initiator selected from the group consisting of: 1-1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarboxynitrile), 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-propane] dihydrochloride, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, bis(1-(tert-butylperoxy)-1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, tert-butylperacetic acid. Ester, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl benzoyl peroxide ester, tert-butyl isopropyl peroxide carbonate, dicumene peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, peracetic acid, tert-amyl peroxide, 4,4-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid), 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarboxynitrile) (ABCN or ACHN), ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate (or other persulfates), lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl benzoyl peroxide ester, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA), or combinations thereof.

[0081] 21. The battery cell according to specific example 20, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​formed by polymerizing a mixture comprising 50%-99.9% by weight of one or more oligomers, 0%-50% by weight of one or more monomers and 0.1%-10% by weight of an initiator.

[0082] 22. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-21, wherein the polymer electrolyte comprises a combination of solvent, salt and additives in an amount of about 10% to 90% by weight, and wherein the remainder comprises a polymer matrix.

[0083] 23. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-22, wherein the cathode material and the anode material each comprise an adhesive independently selected from the group consisting of: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), sodium alginate (SA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyaniline (PANI), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-cofluorenone-co-methylbenzoate) (PFM), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), sodium carboxymethyl chitosan (CCTS), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT), dopamine hydrochloride, polyrotaxane, polythiophene, or combinations thereof.

[0084] 24. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-23, wherein the gel polymer electrolyte has a storage modulus greater than 10 Pa and less than 30,000 Pa at a strain within the linear viscoelastic range of the gel polymer electrolyte at a frequency of 1 Hz.

[0085] 25. The battery cell according to any one of Specific Examples 14-24, wherein the battery cell contains up to 2.5 g of gel polymer electrolyte per ampere-hour capacity.

[0086] 26. A polymeric electrolyte precursor comprising a copolymer of a binder material (e.g., a monomer or oligomer formed therefrom selected from PVDF, PAI, CMC, SBR, PAA, SA, PANI, PFM, PTFE, PEO, PVA, PAN, CCTS, PEDOT:PSS, ProDOT, polythiophene, etc.) and an ion-conducting material (e.g., a carbonate, ester, ether, carbamate, imine ester, amidine, urea, hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor, etc.).

[0087] 27. The polymeric electrolyte precursor according to specific example 26, wherein the copolymer comprises acrylate, methacrylate, epoxide, thiol, imine or alkenyl end-capping groups.

[0088] 28. The polymeric electrolyte precursor according to specific examples 26 or 27 comprises a dynamically bonded penultimate end-capping group (e.g., amidine, imine ester, carbamate, urea, amide, etc.). In some variations, a single penultimate end-capping group may be included (e.g., a single penultimate end-capping group between the copolymer and the end-capping group at each end). In some variations, the penultimate end-capping group may be an end-capping group.

[0089] 29. The polymeric electrolyte precursor according to specific example 27 or 28, wherein the end-capping group and / or the penultimate end-capping group are identical at both ends of the copolymer.

[0090] 30. A battery (e.g., a battery cell) or battery electrolyte comprising any one of the polymer electrolyte precursors described in specific examples 1-12 or 26-29.

[0091] 31. A method for curing (e.g., polymerizing) a polymeric electrolyte precursor according to any one of Specific Examples 1-13 or 26-29.

[0092] 32. A battery, wherein the battery is formed according to specific example 31.

[0093] Implementations of the system and / or method may include every combination and arrangement of various system components and various methodological processes, wherein one or more instances of the methods and / or processes described herein may be performed asynchronously (e.g., sequentially), synchronously (e.g., concurrently, in parallel, etc.), or in any other suitable order by means of and / or using one or more instances of the systems, elements, and / or entities described herein. Components and / or processes of the foregoing systems and / or methods may be used together with, in addition to, or in lieu of, all or part of the systems and / or methods disclosed in the applications mentioned above, replacing or otherwise integrating with all or part of the systems and / or methods, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0094] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing detailed description and from the accompanying drawings and claims, modifications and alterations may be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Claims (as amended under Article 19 of the Treaty) 1. A polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprising: The first oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: —Polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate Ester, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide Polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester Urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylatePolycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether acrylate, polycarbonate polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate; and, A second oligomer, which is different from the first oligomer, wherein the second oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: —Polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate Ester, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide Polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester Urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylatePolycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate. 2. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 1 further comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylate, etc. Acrylonitrile methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof. 3. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 2, wherein the average functionality of the polymer electrolyte precursor composition is between 1.5 and 2. 4. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 2, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprises between 70% and 99% by weight of the first oligomer, between 1% and 20% by weight of the second oligomer, and between 0% and 10% by weight of the monomer. 5. A polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprising: At least one oligomer comprising a molecular structure according to one or more of the following molecular structures: —— , , , , Or at least one structure selected from group A and at least one structure selected from group B; —Where group A includes: , , and ; —Where group B includes: , , and ; —Each R1 is selected from the group consisting of the following items: , , , , , and their combinations; —Each R2 unit is selected from a group consisting of the following items: , , , , , , , , or a combination thereof; —R3 and R3' are each independently selected from the following groups: , , , , , and ; —Each R4 and R4' is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; —Each R is independently selected from the group consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene groups having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having 6 to 40 carbon atoms. —where n and m are the number of repeating single units or individual single units, where n and m are each independently a value between 1 and 1000; and —where a and b are each independently between 0 and 3, and at least one of a or b is not 0. 6. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 5, further comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylate, etc. Acrylonitrile methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof. 7. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 6, wherein the average functionality of the polymer electrolyte precursor composition is between 1.5 and 2. 8. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition of claim 5, further comprising a second oligomer different from the oligomer, wherein the second oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate. Polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide Ester methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate Acrylic acid ester, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylatePolycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate Polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether acrylate, polycarbonate polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate methacrylate, polyether methacrylate, polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, and combinations thereof. 9. An electrolyte comprising the polymeric electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 1 or 5 and a plasticizer, said plasticizer comprising at least one of a solvent, a salt, or an additive, wherein: The solvent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene tricarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and lactic acid. O -Carboxylic anhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone dicarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl propionate, and combinations thereof; The salt is selected from the group consisting of: lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4,4]nonane-5-anion lithium, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonate (difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4,4]nonane-5-anion lithium, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl nitrogen anion)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborazacyclopentane-2-anion lithium and combinations thereof; and The additives are selected from the group consisting of: fluoroethylene carbonate, trivinylcycloborane, vitamin C, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone, propen-1-ene-1,3-sulfone, 1,3-propane sulfonyl lactone, cyclic sulfates, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phenylboronic acid diol ester, 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phosphorus Trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphate, hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and combinations thereof. 10. A battery comprising the electrolyte of claim 9 or a polymer formed from said electrolyte, wherein at least one of the cathode or anode of said battery does not contain a binder. 11. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 9, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor composition forms a gel polymer after polymerization. 12. A battery cell comprising: The cathode includes a cathode material deposited on a first current collector, wherein the cathode material comprises: —Cathode active materials selected from the group consisting of: lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese spinel, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium titanate, lithium transition metal boron phosphate, lithium transition metal borosilicate, lithium transition metal boron sulfate, lithium vanadium phosphate and combinations thereof. —The first conductive additive, selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon fiber (VGCF), Super P Li, Super C65, Super C45, SO, KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, 350G, acetylene black, Kezin black and combinations thereof. The anode, comprising an anode material deposited on a second current collector, wherein the anode material comprises: —Anodic active materials selected from the group consisting of: graphite; graphite carbon; carbon fiber; carbon nanotubes; carbon spheres; carbon nanorods; alloy materials including one or more of aluminum, tin, magnesium, silver and antimony; conversion materials; silicon; lithium metal; and combinations thereof; —The second conductive additive is selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon fiber (VGCF), Super P Li, Super C65, Super C45, SO, KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, 350G, acetylene black, Kezin black and combinations thereof. A partition, located between the cathode and the anode; and Gel polymer electrolyte, comprising: polymer matrix, salt, solvent and additives; The flexural modulus of the battery cell is at least 20% greater than that of the same battery cell excluding the polymer matrix. 13. The battery cell according to claim 12, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of: lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4.4]nonane-5-ion lithium, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, cyclodifluoromethane- Lithium 1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonate (difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazzi[4,4]nonane-5-anion, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl nitrogen anion)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, lithium 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborazzicyclopentane-2-anion and combinations thereof; The solvent is selected from: ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene tricarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and lactic acid. O-Carboxylic anhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone dicarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl propionate, and combinations thereof; The additives mentioned herein are selected from the group consisting of: fluoroethylene carbonate, trivinylcycloborane, vitamin C, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone, prop-1-ene-1,3-sulfone, 1,3-propane sulpholactone, cyclic sulfates, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phenylborate diol ester, 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, Trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphate, hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and combinations thereof. 14. The battery cell of claim 12, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​formed by curing a polymer electrolyte precursor, the polymer electrolyte precursor comprising one or more oligomers selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether poly... Acetyl methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate Ester, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate Polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylatePolycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate Acrylic esters, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether acrylate, polycarbonate polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate methacrylate, polyether methacrylate, polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate. 15. The battery cell of claim 14, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor further comprises one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate Esters, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof. 16. The battery cell of claim 15, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor further comprises an initiator selected from the group consisting of: 1-1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarboxynitrile), 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-propane] dihydrochloride, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, bis(1-(tert-butylperoxy)-1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, and tert-butyl peracetate. tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl isopropyl peroxide carbonate, dicumene peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, peracetic acid, tert-amyl peroxide, 4,4-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid), 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarboxynitrile) (ABCN or ACHN), ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate (or other persulfates), lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl benzoyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA), or combinations thereof. 17. The battery cell of claim 16, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​formed by polymerizing a mixture comprising 50%-99.9% by weight of the one or more oligomers, 0%-50% by weight of the one or more monomers, and 0.1%-10% by weight of the initiator. 18. The battery cell of claim 17, wherein the polymer electrolyte comprises a combination of the solvent, the salt and the additive in an amount between about 10% and 90% by weight, and wherein the remainder comprises the polymer matrix. 19. The battery cell of claim 12, wherein the gel polymer electrolyte has a storage modulus greater than 10 Pa and less than 30,000 Pa at a frequency of 1 Hz within the linear viscoelastic range of the gel polymer electrolyte. 20. The battery cell of claim 12, wherein the battery cell comprises up to 2.5 g of gel polymer electrolyte per ampere-hour.

Claims

1. A polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprising: The first oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: —Polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyether amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate Polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyamidine methacrylate, polyether polyamidine methacrylate, polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polyether polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polyimide acrylate Imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether poly Ester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether polyurea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylatePolycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane Formate acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, ... Acrylic acid acrylates, polyether acrylates, polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether acrylates, polycarbonate polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polyether polyester methacrylates, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates; and, A second oligomer, which is different from the first oligomer, wherein the second oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: —Polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyether amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidomethacrylate, polyether polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidomethacrylate Polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyamidine methacrylate, polyether polyamidine methacrylate, polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polyether polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester polyamidine methacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polyimide acrylate Imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether poly Ester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether polyurea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylatePolycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane Polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, poly Carbonated acrylates, polyether acrylates, polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether acrylates, polycarbonate polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate methacrylates, polyether methacrylates, polyester methacrylates, polycarbonate polyether methacrylates, polycarbonate polyester methacrylates, polyether polyester methacrylates, polyether polyester methacrylates, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates.

2. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 1 further comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylate, etc. Acrylonitrile methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof.

3. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 2, wherein the average functionality of the polymer electrolyte precursor composition is between 1.5 and 2.

4. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 2, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprises between 70% and 99% by weight of the first oligomer, between 1% and 20% by weight of the second oligomer, and between 0% and 10% by weight of the monomer.

5. A polymer electrolyte precursor composition comprising: At least one oligomer comprising a molecular structure according to one or more of the following molecular structures: —— , , , , Or at least one structure selected from group A and at least one structure selected from group B; —Where group A includes: , , and ; —wherein group B includes: , , and ; —Each R1 is selected from the group consisting of the following items: , , , , , and their combinations; —Each R2 unit is selected from a group consisting of the following items: , , , , , , , , , or a combination thereof; —R3 and R3' are each independently selected from the following groups: , , , , , and ; —R4 and R4' are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl; —Each R is independently selected from the group consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene groups having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, and substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having 6 to 40 carbon atoms. —where n and m are the number of repeating single units or individual single units, where n and m are each independently a value between 1 and 1000; and —where a and b are each independently between 0 and 3, and at least one of a or b is not 0.

6. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 5, further comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylate, etc. Acrylonitrile methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof.

7. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 6, wherein the average functionality of the polymer electrolyte precursor composition is between 1.5 and 2.

8. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition of claim 5, further comprising a second oligomer different from the oligomer, wherein the second oligomer is selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyaminoacrylate, polyester polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate, polycarbonate amidomethacrylate, polyether amidomethacrylate, polyester amidomethacrylate Polyacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidine methacrylate, polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polyamide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidine methacrylate, polyether polyamide methacrylate, polyester polyamide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyamide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyamide methacrylate, polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate imide acrylate, polyether imide acrylate, polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyamide methacrylate Ester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate Polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether polyurea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylatePolycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate Ester, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate carbamate Ester methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester Carbamate methacrylates, polycarbonate acrylates, polyether acrylates, polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether acrylates, polycarbonate polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylates, polycarbonate methacrylates, polyether methacrylates, polyester methacrylates, polycarbonate polyether methacrylates, polycarbonate polyester methacrylates, polyether polyester methacrylates, polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylates, and combinations thereof.

9. An electrolyte comprising the polymeric electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 1 or 5 and a plasticizer, said plasticizer comprising at least one of a solvent, a salt, or an additive, wherein: The solvent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene tricarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and lactic acid. O -Carboxylic anhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone dicarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl propionate, and combinations thereof; The salt is selected from the group consisting of: lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4,4]nonane-5-anion lithium, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, cyclodifluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonate (difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4,4]nonane-5-anion lithium, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl nitrogen anion)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborazacyclopentane-2-anion lithium and combinations thereof; and The additives are selected from the group consisting of: fluoroethylene carbonate, trivinylcycloborane, vitamin C, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone, propen-1-ene-1,3-sulfone, 1,3-propane sulfonyl lactone, cyclic sulfates, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phenylboronic acid diol ester, 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phosphorus Trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphate, hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and combinations thereof.

10. A battery comprising the electrolyte of claim 9 or a polymer formed from said electrolyte, wherein at least one of the cathode or anode of said battery does not contain a binder.

11. The polymer electrolyte precursor composition according to claim 9, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor composition forms a gel polymer after polymerization.

12. A battery cell comprising: The cathode includes a cathode material deposited on a first current collector, wherein the cathode material comprises: —Cathode active materials selected from the group consisting of: lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese spinel, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium titanate, lithium transition metal boron phosphate, lithium transition metal borosilicate, lithium transition metal boron sulfate, lithium vanadium phosphate and combinations thereof. —The first conductive additive, selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon fiber (VGCF), Super P Li, Super C65, Super C45, SO, KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, 350G, acetylene black, Kezin black and combinations thereof. The anode, comprising an anode material deposited on a second current collector, wherein the anode material comprises: —Anodic active materials selected from the group consisting of: graphite; graphite carbon; carbon fiber; carbon nanotubes; carbon spheres; carbon nanorods; alloy materials including one or more of aluminum, tin, magnesium, silver and antimony; conversion materials; silicon; lithium metal; and combinations thereof; —The second conductive additive is selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon fiber (VGCF), Super P Li, Super C65, Super C45, SO, KS-6, KS-15, SFG-6, SFG-15, 350G, acetylene black, Kezin black and combinations thereof. A partition, located between the cathode and the anode; and Gel polymer electrolyte, comprising: polymer matrix, salt, solvent and additives; The flexural modulus of the battery cell is at least 20% greater than that of the same battery cell excluding the polymer matrix.

13. The battery cell according to claim 12, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of: lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium chlorate, 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazaspiro[4.4]nonane-5-ion lithium, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, cyclodifluoromethane- Lithium 1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide, lithium fluoromalonate (difluoro)borate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium tetraoxo-1,4,6,9-tetraoxa-5-borazzi[4,4]nonane-5-anion, lithium trifluoro[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl nitrogen anion)sulfonyl]methane, lithium nitrate, lithium 2,2-difluoro-4,5-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxaborazzicyclopentane-2-anion and combinations thereof; The solvent is selected from: ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, trifluoropropylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, dioxazolone, hexahydroxybenzene tricarbonate, ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and lactic acid. O -Carboxylic anhydride, tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone dicarbonate, di-tert-butyl carbonate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diallyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane), tetraethoxymethane, tetramethoxymethane, triethyl orthoacetate, triethyl orthoformate, trimethyl orthoformate, 2,2-diethoxytetrahydrofuran, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl propionate, and combinations thereof; The additives mentioned herein are selected from the group consisting of: fluoroethylene carbonate, trivinylcycloborane, vitamin C, LiDFOB, LiBOB, sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, tetramethyl sulfone, prop-1-ene-1,3-sulfone, 1,3-propane sulpholactone, cyclic sulfates, dioxacyclopentenone, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, phenylborate diol ester, 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-one, Trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, P,P-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, dimethyl methyl phosphate, diethyl ethyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethyl phosphate, hexa(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, (phenoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene and combinations thereof.

14. The battery cell of claim 12, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​formed by curing a polymer electrolyte precursor, the polymer electrolyte precursor comprising one or more oligomers selected from the group consisting of: polycarbonate amidoacrylate, polyether amidoacrylate, polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyaminoacrylate, polyester polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyaminoacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyaminoacrylate, polyether polyester amidoacrylate, polycarbonate ... Polycarbonate amidine methacrylate, polyether amidine methacrylate, polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester amidine methacrylate, polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polyether amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidine methacrylate, polyether amidine methacrylate, polyester polyether amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyether amidine methacrylate, polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester amidine methacrylate, polycarbonate imine ester acrylate, polyether imine ester acrylate, polyester imine ester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether imine ester acrylate, polycarbonate polyester imine ester acrylate Ester acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyimide acrylate, polyether polyimide acrylate, polyester polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide acrylate, polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide acrylate, polycarbonate imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester imide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate Polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyimide methacrylate, polyester polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyimide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyimide methacrylate, polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester imide methacrylate, polycarbonate urea acrylate, polyether urea acrylate, polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyurea acrylate, polyether polyurea acrylate, polyester polyurea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea acrylatePolycarbonate polyester polyurea acrylate, polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea acrylate, polycarbonate urea methacrylate, polyether urea methacrylate, polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyurea methacrylate, polyester polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurea methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurea methacrylate, polyether polyester urea methacrylate Acrylic acid ester, polycarbonate polyether polyester urea methacrylate, polycarbonate urethane acrylate, polyether urethane acrylate, polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyurethane acrylate, polyester polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane acrylate, polyether polyester urethane acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane Acrylic ester, polycarbonate urethane methacrylate, polyether urethane methacrylate, polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester urethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyurethane methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester polyurethane methacrylate, polyether polyester urethane methacrylate Polycarbonate polyether polyester urethane methacrylate, polycarbonate acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether acrylate, polycarbonate polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate polyether polyester acrylate, polycarbonate methacrylate, polyether methacrylate, polyester methacrylate, polycarbonate polyether methacrylate, polycarbonate polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, polyether polyester methacrylate, and polycarbonate polyether polyester methacrylate.

15. The battery cell of claim 14, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor further comprises one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of: isobornyl acrylate; hexadecyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate; silsesquioxane acrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane methacrylate, T8 silsesquioxane methacrylate Esters, T10 silsesquioxane methacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane methacrylates, methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, propyl cyanoacrylate, isopropyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, allyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, T6 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T8 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T10 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, T12 silsesquioxane cyanoacrylates, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, tert-butylacrylamide, styrene, methylstyrene, dimethylstyrene, trimethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene, ethoxystyrene, acetoxystyrene, methacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof.

16. The battery cell of claim 15, wherein the polymer electrolyte precursor further comprises an initiator selected from the group consisting of: 1-1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarboxynitrile), 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-propane] dihydrochloride, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, bis(1-(tert-butylperoxy)-1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, and tert-butyl peracetate. tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl isopropyl peroxide carbonate, dicumene peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, peracetic acid, tert-amyl peroxide, 4,4-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid), 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarboxynitrile) (ABCN or ACHN), ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate (or other persulfates), lauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl benzoyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA), or combinations thereof.

17. The battery cell of claim 16, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​formed by polymerizing a mixture comprising 50%-99.9% by weight of the one or more oligomers, 0%-50% by weight of the one or more monomers, and 0.1%-10% by weight of the initiator.

18. The battery cell of claim 17, wherein the polymer electrolyte comprises a combination of the solvent, the salt and the additive in an amount between about 10% and 90% by weight, and wherein the remainder comprises the polymer matrix.

19. The battery cell of claim 12, wherein the gel polymer electrolyte has a storage modulus greater than 10 Pa and less than 30,000 Pa at a frequency of 1 Hz within the linear viscoelastic range of the gel polymer electrolyte.

20. The battery cell of claim 12, wherein the battery cell comprises up to 2.5 g of gel polymer electrolyte per ampere-hour.

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