A phase retrieval wavefront detection method and system based on a non-standard asymmetric pupil

Abstract

The present application relates to a phase retrieval wavefront detection method and system, in particular to a phase retrieval wavefront detection method and system based on a non-standard symmetric pupil, which solves the technical problem of poor precision and stability of the existing phase retrieval wavefront detection method using a standard symmetric circular pupil. The present application uses a non-standard symmetric pupil, so that the optical transfer function presents a distribution with obvious direction characteristics in the frequency domain, thereby enhancing the direction sensitivity of the imaging result to system aberration and misalignment parameters, and more abundant aberration information can be extracted from the imaging data to provide stronger constraint conditions for wavefront recovery, and high-precision and high-stability wavefront detection is realized under complex imaging environment. At the same time, imaging information with direction characteristics can be introduced into the imaging data, thereby realizing effective detection of the wavefront, so that images in different states do not need to be obtained by mechanically moving the focal plane, and the system structure is simplified.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a phase recovery wavefront detection method and system, specifically to a phase recovery wavefront detection method and system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil. Background Technology

[0002] In an ideal optical imaging system, an ideal object point becomes an ideal image point constrained by the diffraction limit. However, due to factors such as manufacturing errors, assembly errors, temperature variations, and structural deformations of optical components, practical optical imaging systems often produce aberrations of varying degrees. These aberrations affect the transfer function of the optical imaging system, thus significantly reducing the contrast and resolution of the image. To achieve near-diffraction-limited imaging, comprehensive and precise aberration correction is usually required. Correcting aberrations first requires probing the phase distribution of the wavefront.

[0003] However, traditional wavefront detectors, such as Hartmann wavefront sensors and pyramidal wavefront sensors, typically rely on complex multi-lens groups, aspherical elements, and beam-splitting structures, which not only increase the system's size and weight but also introduce additional assembly and adjustment errors and non-common-path aberrations. Furthermore, in practical large-scale optical imaging systems, a certain degree of misalignment, such as optical axis misalignment, is often unavoidable. These misalignments introduce complex aberration distributions, causing the imaging characteristics of the optical imaging system to deviate from the ideal model. Misalignment is usually corrected through mechanical assembly and adjustment, or interferometer detection; however, these methods also require complex detection equipment or additional optical structures, making them difficult to implement in certain on-orbit applications. Moreover, even if accurate aberration correction is achieved in a laboratory environment, optical imaging systems may still be affected by temperature gradients, mechanical vibrations, and structural deformations during actual operation, making it difficult to completely eliminate aberrations. Therefore, relying solely on optical methods to achieve accurate aberration correction is not only costly but also lacks long-term stability.

[0004] Computational imaging offers a new approach to aberration correction in optical imaging systems. Compared to correcting aberrations by probing the wavefront through complex optical structures to achieve diffraction limit as much as possible, a more feasible approach is to allow for certain non-ideal characteristics in the optical imaging system. As long as its modulation rules or imaging features can be accurately modeled, aberration correction and high-quality image reconstruction can be achieved using powerful back-end algorithms.

[0005] Phase retrieval wavefront detection (PRF), as an image-based computational imaging method, boasts a simple optical path, requiring only detector image acquisition to achieve phase retrieval and image reconstruction. It offers advantages such as low cost, strong compatibility, and ease of integration with existing imaging chains. However, in PRF, the quality of phase retrieval and image reconstruction depends not only on the algorithm itself but also on factors including the transfer characteristics of the PRF system, imaging noise levels, and sampling methods. Among these, the transfer characteristics of the PRF system are crucial to the entire imaging chain, as its modulation process of the incident wavefront directly determines the amount of information that can be encoded and inverted in the image. The pupil function plays a central role in this modulation process: the shape and boundary characteristics of the pupil jointly determine the optical transfer function of the optical imaging system, thereby affecting the coverage and distribution structure of spatial frequencies.

[0006] In existing phase retrieval wavefront detection techniques, to simplify system models and algorithm solutions, the pupil is typically a standard symmetrical shape with uniform transmittance, such as a standard symmetrical circular pupil. However, the standard symmetrical circular pupil exhibits symmetry in information modulation across different directions, lacking structural diversity. This results in weak constraints on phase retrieval in certain frequency bands, affecting the stability and convergence quality of the algorithm. Therefore, traditional phase retrieval methods relying solely on standard symmetrical circular pupils struggle to fully utilize the acquired image information, making accurate estimation of system misalignment difficult and limiting the application potential of computational imaging in extreme resolution and complex optical structures. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of this invention is to solve the technical problems of poor accuracy and stability of existing phase recovery wavefront detection methods using standard symmetrical circular pupils, and to provide a phase recovery wavefront detection method and system based on non-standard symmetrical pupils.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0009] A phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, characterized by the following steps:

[0010] Step 1: Load a circular aperture and N polygonal apertures with different geometric structures into the phase retrieval wavefront detection system to form N+1 pupils, including one standard symmetrical circular pupil and N non-standard symmetrical pupils, thus obtaining a phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on non-standard symmetrical pupils, where N is an integer greater than 1; then, under multiple known specific aberrations, use the N+1 pupils to acquire images respectively, obtaining multiple sets of imaging data, each set of imaging data including N+1 frames of images;

[0011] Step 2: Define the misalignment parameters of the phase recovery wavefront detection system based on non-standard symmetric pupils, then use Zernike polynomials to characterize the system aberrations, and add the misalignment parameters and known specific aberrations to obtain the wavefront phase distribution. Construct the pupil functions of N+1 pupils according to the wavefront phase distribution.

[0012] Step 3: Based on the pupil functions of N+1 pupils, the maximum likelihood estimation method is used to construct a joint evaluation function that includes system aberrations, misalignment parameters, and object scene distribution.

[0013] Step 4: Substitute the multiple sets of imaging data collected in Step 1 into the joint evaluation function, and use an optimization algorithm to minimize the joint evaluation function to obtain multiple sets of initial Zernike polynomial coefficients and multiple sets of initial misalignment parameters.

[0014] Step 5: Take a weighted average of multiple sets of initial Zernike polynomial coefficients and multiple sets of initial misalignment parameters to obtain Zernike polynomial coefficients and misalignment parameters. Then, based on the Zernike polynomial coefficients, obtain the system aberrations.

[0015] Step 6: Obtain the wavefront detection model of the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, and input the system aberration and misalignment parameters as compensation terms into the wavefront detection model to obtain the wavefront detection correction model; load the optical imaging system under test into the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, and acquire test images. Then, input the test images into the wavefront detection correction model and optimize it to obtain the wavefront of the optical imaging system under test, thus completing the wavefront detection.

[0016] Further, in step 2, the wavefront phase distribution is as follows:

[0017]

[0018] in, The wavefront phase distribution, , These are the coordinates of the pupil plane in the X and Y directions, respectively; , These are misalignment parameters, representing the offset in the X and Y directions of the pupil plane, respectively; This represents the phase distribution of system aberrations. Let i be the i-th polynomial of the system aberration. Let be the coefficient of the i-th polynomial term of the system aberration, and I be the order of the polynomial; Given the phase distribution of a specific aberration, The coefficients are for a known specific aberration.

[0019] Further, in step 2, the pupil function is:

[0020]

[0021] in, Let be the pupil function of the k-th pupil, where k is an integer and 1≤k≤N+1; Let j be the binary pupil function of the k-th pupil, where j is the imaginary unit.

[0022] Furthermore, step 3 specifically involves:

[0023] Step 3.1: Based on the pupil functions of the N+1 pupils, obtain the point spread functions corresponding to the N+1 pupils using the following formula:

[0024]

[0025] in, Let be the point spread function corresponding to the k-th pupil, and let x and y be the coordinates of the image plane in the X and Y directions, respectively. Indicates Fourier transform;

[0026] Step 3.2: Based on the point spread function corresponding to the N+1 pupils, obtain the optical transfer function corresponding to each of the N+1 pupils using the following formula:

[0027]

[0028] in, Let be the optical transfer function corresponding to the k-th pupil. , These are the coordinates in the X and Y directions of the frequency domain, respectively;

[0029] Step 3.3: Based on the optical transfer functions corresponding to the N+1 pupils, the maximum likelihood estimation method is used to construct the joint evaluation function as shown in the following formula:

[0030]

[0031] in, For the joint evaluation function, Represents the coefficients of the Zernike polynomial; , The image acquired under the k-th pupil; for . conjugate.

[0032] Furthermore, in step 1, the known specific aberration is a single aberration.

[0033] Furthermore, in step 4, the optimization algorithm is a gradient descent algorithm, a genetic algorithm, or a particle swarm optimization algorithm.

[0034] This invention also provides a phase recovery wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, used to implement the aforementioned phase recovery wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil. The system includes a phase recovery wavefront detection system comprising a light source, a collimating lens, a polarizer, and a beam splitter sequentially arranged in the light source's emission direction, as well as a wavefront modulation element, a converging lens, and an image detector. The emitted light from the light source is sequentially incident on the beam splitter via the collimating lens and polarizer. The wavefront modulation element is arranged in the reflected light path of the beam splitter and is used to load a known specific aberration, with its emitted light returning to the beam splitter. The converging lens and the image detector are sequentially arranged in the transmitted light path of the beam splitter.

[0035] Its special feature is that it also includes an aperture stop positioned between the collimating lens and the polarizer;

[0036] The aperture includes a pupil wheel, a circular symmetrical aperture and N polygonal apertures with different geometric structures arranged on the pupil wheel along the circumferential direction, wherein N is an integer greater than 1; the pupil wheel is used to sequentially insert the circular symmetrical aperture and the N polygonal apertures into the optical path, and the geometric structure of the N polygonal apertures is an inscribed polygon of the circular symmetrical aperture.

[0037] Furthermore, the polygonal aperture is a triangular aperture, a rhomboid aperture, or a pentagonal aperture.

[0038] Furthermore, the wavefront modulation element is a spatial light modulator or a liquid crystal lens.

[0039] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0040] 1. The present invention provides a phase recovery wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil. The non-standard symmetrical pupil makes the optical transfer function exhibit a distribution with obvious directional characteristics in the frequency domain, thereby enhancing the directional sensitivity of the imaging results to system aberrations and misalignment parameters. In this way, richer aberration information can be extracted from the imaging data, providing stronger constraints for subsequent wavefront recovery and realizing high-precision and high-stability wavefront detection in complex imaging environments.

[0041] 2. The present invention provides a phase recovery wavefront detection method based on non-standard symmetrical pupils. By using multiple non-standard symmetrical pupils, imaging information with directional characteristics is introduced into the imaging data obtained under the same known specific aberration, so as to realize the effective detection of wavefront information. Therefore, it is not necessary to obtain images under different states by mechanically moving the focal plane, which simplifies the system structure and improves the stability and practicality of the system. Attached Figure Description

[0042] Figure 1This is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 2 A comparison diagram of the standard symmetrical circular pupil and the non-standard symmetrical pupil obtained in step 1 of the method of this embodiment of the invention, wherein (a) is the standard symmetrical circular pupil, and (b)-(d) are the non-standard symmetrical pupils of triangle, rhombus and pentagon respectively;

[0044] Figure 3 The diagram shows a comparison of the point spread function of the non-standard symmetrical pupil and the standard symmetrical circular pupil obtained in step 2 of the method in the embodiment. Among them, (a) is the standard symmetrical circular pupil, and (b)-(d) are the non-standard symmetrical pupils of triangle, rhombus and pentagon, respectively.

[0045] Figure 4 The diagram shows a comparison of the modulation transfer functions of the non-standard symmetrical pupil and the standard symmetrical circular pupil obtained in step 2 of the method in the embodiment. (a) is the standard symmetrical circular pupil, and (b)-(d) are the non-standard symmetrical pupils of triangle, rhombus and pentagon, respectively.

[0046] Figure 5 This is a system structure diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the aperture structure in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0048] The annotations in the attached figures are explained as follows:

[0049] 1-Light source, 2-Collimating lens, 3-Aperture stop, 4-Beam splitter, 5-Polarizer, 6-Wavefront modulation element, 7-Converging lens, 8-Image detector. Detailed Implementation

[0050] The phase recovery wavefront detection method and system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil proposed in this invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Those skilled in the art should understand that these embodiments are merely used to explain the technical principles of this invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this invention.

[0051] A phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes the following steps:

[0052] Step 1: Load a circular aperture and N polygonal apertures with different geometries into the phase retrieval wavefront detection system, forming N+1 pupils including one standard symmetrical circular pupil and N non-standard symmetrical pupils, thus obtaining a phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on non-standard symmetrical pupils, where N is an integer greater than 1; then, under multiple known specific aberrations, acquire images using the N+1 pupils respectively, obtaining multiple sets of imaging data, each set of imaging data including N+1 frames of images. The standard symmetrical circular pupil is shown below. Figure 2 As shown in (a), the non-standard symmetrical pupil is as follows: Figure 2 As shown in (b)-(d) in this embodiment, the specific aberration is known to be a single aberration.

[0053] A standard symmetrical circular pupil possesses rotational symmetry. Conversely, the non-standard symmetrical pupil used in this embodiment exhibits directionality, resulting in a directional optical transfer function. Although this directional characteristic introduces edge diffraction, it breaks the rotational symmetry of the standard symmetrical circular pupil, making it more practical in certain situations. In actual phase retrieval, the system may experience imperfections. Comparing the point spread function and modulation transfer function characteristics of the standard symmetrical circular pupil and the non-standard symmetrical pupil under misalignment aberration conditions, as shown... Figure 3 , Figure 4 As shown in (a)-(d), it can be seen that under non-standard symmetrical pupils, although edge diffraction occurs, the spectral distribution of the system exhibits characteristics such as enhanced directionality, which destroys the rotational symmetry of the system and can improve the discernibility of the misaligned position and amplitude of the system, providing additional constraints for the phase recovery of misaligned aberrations.

[0054] Step 2: Define the misalignment parameters of the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil. Then, use the Zernike polynomial to characterize the system aberrations, and add the misalignment parameters and known specific aberrations to obtain the wavefront phase distribution as shown in the following formula:

[0055]

[0056] in, The wavefront phase distribution, , These are the coordinates of the pupil plane in the X and Y directions, respectively; , These are misalignment parameters, representing the offset in the X and Y directions of the pupil plane, respectively; This represents the phase distribution of system aberrations. Let i be the i-th polynomial of the system aberration. Let be the coefficient of the i-th polynomial term of the system aberration, and I be the order of the polynomial; Given the phase distribution of a specific aberration, The coefficients are for a known specific aberration.

[0057] Then, based on the wavefront phase distribution, the pupil functions for N+1 pupils are constructed, as shown in the following formula:

[0058]

[0059] in, Let be the pupil function of the k-th pupil, where k is an integer and 1≤k≤N+1; Let j be the binary pupil function for the k-th pupil, where the pixel value of the pupil aperture is 1 and the pixel value of the rest is 0; j is the imaginary unit.

[0060] To address the misalignment error introduced by optical axis misalignment, the misalignment parameter is defined as the offset in the X direction of the pupil plane. offset in the Y direction The misalignment parameter causes asymmetric distortion of the optical transfer function shape of the system. Therefore, the misalignment parameter is introduced into the Zernike polynomial, so that the misalignment error can be compensated during subsequent wavefront detection.

[0061] Step 3: Based on the pupil functions of the N+1 pupils, construct a joint evaluation function including system aberrations, misalignment parameters, and object-scene distribution using the maximum likelihood estimation method. Specifically:

[0062] Step 3.1: Based on the pupil functions of the N+1 pupils, obtain the point spread functions corresponding to the N+1 pupils using the following formula:

[0063]

[0064] in, Let be the point spread function corresponding to the k-th pupil, and let x and y be the coordinates of the image plane in the X and Y directions, respectively. Indicates Fourier transform;

[0065] Step 3.2: Based on the point spread function corresponding to the N+1 pupils, obtain the optical transfer function corresponding to each of the N+1 pupils using the following formula:

[0066]

[0067] in, Let be the optical transfer function corresponding to the k-th pupil, and u and v be the coordinates in the X and Y directions in the frequency domain, respectively; , Let be the modulation transfer function and phase transfer function corresponding to the k-th pupil, respectively. In an ideal, aberration-free condition... It is an even-symmetric function and is unaffected by phase changes;

[0068] Step 3.3: Based on the optical transfer functions corresponding to the N+1 pupils, the maximum likelihood estimation method is used to construct the joint evaluation function as shown in the following formula:

[0069]

[0070] in, For the joint evaluation function, Represents the coefficients of the Zernike polynomial; , The image acquired under the k-th pupil; for . conjugate.

[0071] Step 4: Substitute the multiple sets of imaging data collected in Step 1 into the joint evaluation function, and use an optimization algorithm to minimize the joint evaluation function to obtain multiple sets of initial Zernike polynomial coefficients and multiple sets of initial misalignment parameters.

[0072] Step 5: Take a weighted average of multiple sets of initial Zernike polynomial coefficients and multiple sets of initial misalignment parameters to obtain the Zernike polynomial coefficients and misalignment parameters. Then, based on the Zernike polynomial coefficients, obtain the system aberrations.

[0073] Step 6: Obtain the wavefront detection model of the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil. Incorporate system aberrations and misalignment parameters as compensation terms into the wavefront detection model to obtain a corrected wavefront detection model. Load the optical imaging system under test into the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on the non-standard symmetrical pupil and acquire test images. Then, input the test images into the corrected wavefront detection model and optimize it to obtain the wavefront of the optical imaging system under test, thus completing the wavefront detection.

[0074] This embodiment first introduces a known specific aberration and modulates it in a controlled manner. The known specific aberration is a single aberration, specifically a low-order aberration with clear physical meaning, such as coma, astigmatism, or defocus, used to enhance the sensitivity of the acquired imaging data to misalignment parameters. Under this modulation state, the acquired imaging data is processed to determine the misalignment parameters in the optical path caused by assembly errors or system structure offsets. Misalignment parameters include, but are not limited to, pupil translation and equivalent eccentricity parameters. The misalignment parameters are used as compensation terms to correct the wavefront detection model, eliminating the influence of misalignment errors on subsequent wavefront detection results. To improve the accuracy and robustness of acquiring misalignment parameters, this embodiment acquires multiple sets of imaging data under different single aberration modulation conditions and incorporates the misalignment parameters and system aberrations into a unified imaging model for joint modeling, obtaining a joint evaluation function. Simultaneously, by jointly constraining each set of imaging data, an optimization problem of multi-frame image fusion is constructed to achieve simultaneous solution of misalignment parameters and system aberrations. The system aberration is also used as a compensation term to further correct the wavefront detection model, improving wavefront detection accuracy. Building upon this, more complex aberration combinations can be added, or wavefront detection can be directly performed on the optical system under test under unknown aberration conditions. Since the misalignment parameters and system aberrations have been effectively separated and compensated, this embodiment can achieve stable and accurate wavefront detection under complex imaging conditions.

[0075] This embodiment provides a phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on non-standard symmetrical pupils. It introduces multiple polygonal apertures with different geometric structures into the imaging optical path, forming multiple non-standard symmetrical pupils. This causes the optical transfer function to exhibit a distribution with distinct directional characteristics in the frequency domain, thereby constructing a joint evaluation function that considers pupil geometry, system aberrations, misalignment parameters, and object-scene distribution. Based on this joint evaluation function, the imaging data obtained under multi-pupil conditions are jointly solved to obtain system aberrations and misalignment parameters, which are then used as compensation terms in the wavefront detection model to achieve accurate wavefront detection. Compared with traditional wavefront detection methods using standard circular pupils, this embodiment introduces additional spatial frequency modulation information through non-standard symmetrical pupils, effectively mitigating the solution degradation problem caused by system eccentricity, assembly errors, and other factors, and significantly improving the identifiability of system aberrations and misalignment parameters. This embodiment can achieve quantitative detection of the wavefront of the optical imaging system under test under actual imaging conditions without the need for an additional wavefront detector or interferometry device. It has the advantages of simple structure, strong adaptability and high engineering feasibility, and has broad application prospects in optical system testing and calibration.

[0076] This embodiment also provides a phase recovery wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, used to implement the aforementioned phase recovery wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, including a phase recovery wavefront detection system and an aperture 3, as shown below. Figure 5As shown, the phase retrieval wavefront detection system includes a light source 1, a collimating lens 2, a polarizer 5, and a beam splitter 4 sequentially arranged in the emission direction of the light source 1, as well as a wavefront modulation element 6, a converging lens 7, and an image detector 8. An aperture 3 is positioned between the collimating lens 2 and the polarizer 5. The emitted light from the light source 1 passes sequentially through the collimating lens 2, the aperture 3, and the polarizer 5 before entering the beam splitter 4. The wavefront modulation element 6 is positioned in the reflected light path of the beam splitter 4 and is used to load a known specific aberration; its emitted light returns to the beam splitter 4. The converging lens 7 and the image detector 8 are sequentially arranged in the transmitted light path of the beam splitter 4.

[0077] like Figure 6 As shown, the aperture stop 3 includes a pupil wheel, a circular symmetrical aperture and N polygonal apertures with different geometric structures arranged on the pupil wheel along the circumferential direction. The pupil wheel is used to sequentially insert the circular symmetrical aperture and the N polygonal apertures into the optical path. The geometric structure of the N polygonal apertures is an inscribed polygon of the circular symmetrical aperture. In this embodiment, the polygonal apertures are triangular apertures, rhomboid apertures, or pentagonal apertures, and the wavefront modulation element 6 adopts a spatial light modulator or a liquid crystal lens.

Claims

1. A phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Load a circular aperture and N polygonal apertures with different geometric structures into the phase retrieval wavefront detection system to form N+1 pupils, including one standard symmetrical circular pupil and N non-standard symmetrical pupils, thus obtaining a phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on non-standard symmetrical pupils, where N is an integer greater than 1; then, under multiple known specific aberrations, use the N+1 pupils to acquire images respectively, obtaining multiple sets of imaging data, each set of imaging data including N+1 frames of images; Step 2: Define the misalignment parameters of the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on non-standard symmetric pupils, then use Zernike polynomials to characterize system aberrations, and add misalignment parameters and known specific aberrations to obtain the wavefront phase distribution. Construct the pupil functions of N+1 pupils based on the wavefront phase distribution. Step 3: Based on the pupil functions of N+1 pupils, the maximum likelihood estimation method is used to construct a joint evaluation function that includes system aberrations, misalignment parameters, and object scene distribution. Step 4: Substitute the multiple sets of imaging data collected in Step 1 into the joint evaluation function, and use an optimization algorithm to minimize the joint evaluation function to obtain multiple sets of initial Zernike polynomial coefficients and multiple sets of initial misalignment parameters. Step 5: Take a weighted average of multiple sets of initial Zernike polynomial coefficients and multiple sets of initial misalignment parameters to obtain Zernike polynomial coefficients and misalignment parameters. Then, based on the Zernike polynomial coefficients, obtain the system aberrations. Step 6: Obtain the wavefront detection model of the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, and input the system aberration and misalignment parameters as compensation terms into the wavefront detection model to obtain the wavefront detection correction model; load the optical imaging system under test into the phase retrieval wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, and acquire test images. Then, input the test images into the wavefront detection correction model and optimize it to obtain the wavefront of the optical imaging system under test, thus completing the wavefront detection.

2. The phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 2, the wavefront phase distribution is as follows: ； in, The wavefront phase distribution, , These are the coordinates of the pupil plane in the X and Y directions, respectively; , These are misalignment parameters, representing the offset in the X and Y directions of the pupil plane, respectively; This represents the phase distribution of system aberrations. Let i be the i-th polynomial of the system aberration. Let be the coefficient of the i-th polynomial term of the system aberration, and I be the order of the polynomial; Given the phase distribution of a specific aberration, The coefficients are for a known specific aberration.

3. The phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step 2, the pupil function is: ； in, Let be the pupil function of the k-th pupil, where k is an integer and 1≤k≤N+1; Let j be the binary pupil function of the k-th pupil, where j is the imaginary unit.

4. The phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil according to claim 3, characterized in that, Step 3 specifically involves: Step 3.1: Based on the pupil functions of the N+1 pupils, obtain the point spread functions corresponding to the N+1 pupils using the following formula: ； in, Let be the point spread function corresponding to the k-th pupil, and let x and y be the coordinates of the image plane in the X and Y directions, respectively. Indicates Fourier transform; Step 3.2: Based on the point spread function corresponding to the N+1 pupils, obtain the optical transfer function corresponding to each of the N+1 pupils using the following formula: ； in, Let be the optical transfer function corresponding to the k-th pupil. , These are the coordinates in the X and Y directions of the frequency domain, respectively; Step 3.3: Based on the optical transfer functions corresponding to the N+1 pupils, the maximum likelihood estimation method is used to construct the joint evaluation function as shown in the following formula: ； in, For the joint evaluation function, Represents the coefficients of the Zernike polynomial; , The image acquired under the k-th pupil; for . conjugate.

5. A phase recovery wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that: In step 1, the known specific aberration is a single aberration.

6. The phase retrieval wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step 4, the optimization algorithm is gradient descent, genetic algorithm, or particle swarm optimization.

7. A phase recovery wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil, used to implement the phase recovery wavefront detection method based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil as described in any one of claims 1-6, comprising a phase recovery wavefront detection system, the phase recovery wavefront detection system comprising a light source (1), a collimating lens (2), a polarizer (5) and a beam splitter (4) sequentially disposed in the emission direction of the light source (1), and a wavefront modulation element (6), a converging lens (7) and an image detector (8); the emitted light from the light source (1) is incident on the beam splitter (4) sequentially through the collimating lens (2) and the polarizer (5), the wavefront modulation element (6) is disposed in the reflected light path of the beam splitter (4) for loading a known specific aberration, and its emitted light returns to the beam splitter (4), the converging lens (7) and the image detector (8) are sequentially disposed in the transmitted light path of the beam splitter (4); Its features are: It also includes an aperture stop (3) disposed between the collimating lens (2) and the polarizer (5); The aperture (3) includes an aperture wheel, a circular symmetrical aperture and N polygonal apertures with different geometric structures arranged on the aperture wheel along the circumferential direction, wherein N is an integer greater than 1; the aperture wheel is used to sequentially insert the circular symmetrical aperture and the N polygonal apertures into the optical path, and the geometric structure of the N polygonal apertures is an inscribed polygon of the circular symmetrical aperture.

8. A phase recovery wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil according to claim 7, characterized in that: The polygonal aperture is a triangular aperture, a rhomboid aperture, or a pentagonal aperture.

9. A phase recovery wavefront detection system based on a non-standard symmetrical pupil according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that: The wavefront modulation element (6) is a spatial light modulator or a liquid crystal lens.

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