A high-voltage power supply module and a control method of a high-voltage power supply module

Abstract

The application provides a high-voltage power supply module and a control method thereof, relates to the technical field of high-voltage power supplies, and the front-stage coarse adjustment unit converts the input DC voltage into an adjustable intermediate DC voltage; the rear-stage fine adjustment unit inversely converts the intermediate DC voltage into a high-frequency AC signal; the high-voltage generation unit boosts and rectifies the high-frequency AC signal into a high-voltage DC output; the feedback sampling unit collects the voltage and / or current signals of the high-voltage DC output in real time to generate a feedback signal; the central processing unit receives a target output setting value and the feedback signal; calculates the real-time deviation of the target output setting value and the feedback signal; according to the comparison result of the real-time deviation and a preset deviation threshold value, the front-stage coarse adjustment unit or the rear-stage fine adjustment unit is selectively adjusted to realize closed-loop stable control of the high-voltage DC output. The application can realize wide-range and high-stability high-voltage output, has fast protection capability and good adaptability, and is especially suitable for high-end detection fields such as nuclear physics experiments.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of high-voltage power supply technology, and in particular to a high-voltage power supply module and a control method for the high-voltage power supply module. Background Technology

[0002] In cutting-edge scientific and industrial applications such as high-energy physics, nuclear physics detection, and mass spectrometry, core components such as photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), microchannel plates (MCPs), silicon photomultiplier tubes (SiPMs), and various gas detectors all require a DC power supply capable of providing thousands of volts of high voltage while possessing extremely high stability and purity for biasing. The performance of this power supply directly determines the detector's gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and energy resolution, making it one of the key factors in the success or failure of the entire physical experiment or analysis system.

[0003] Currently, the main problems with high-voltage power modules on the market are as follows: Insufficient performance of general-purpose products: Although commercially available general-purpose high-voltage power modules are inexpensive, their output voltage range is limited, voltage ripple is large, and stability and accuracy are usually insufficient to meet the needs of high-end scientific research applications. More importantly, their protection circuit response speed is usually on the order of milliseconds (ms). Once the expensive detector connected to the back end experiences arcing or short circuit, it cannot provide instantaneous protection, which can easily cause permanent damage to the detector.

[0004] The inherent contradiction in existing technical architectures: Traditional high-voltage power supply designs typically employ a single-stage boost regulator architecture. To achieve a wide output range, this architecture requires extremely high transformation ratios or voltage multipliers. This results in excessively high gain in the control loop in the low-voltage output range, making the system prone to oscillation and difficult to stabilize; while in the high-voltage output range, maintaining precise regulation is challenging. This makes simultaneously achieving both a "wide range of regulation from 0V" and "high precision across the entire range" a significant technical challenge. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a high-voltage power supply module and a control method for the high-voltage power supply module, which solves the defects of existing high-voltage power supply modules, such as narrow output range, insufficient accuracy and stability, slow protection response, and inability to balance wide range and high accuracy, and achieves ultra-wide voltage range, high accuracy, and high stability output.

[0006] This invention provides a high-voltage power supply module, comprising: The pre-stage coarse adjustment unit is used to convert the input DC voltage into an adjustable intermediate DC voltage; The fine-tuning unit is electrically connected to the output of the coarse-tuning unit and is used to invert the intermediate DC voltage into a high-frequency AC signal. The high-voltage generation unit is electrically connected to the output terminal of the subsequent fine-tuning unit, and is used to boost and rectify the high-frequency AC signal into a high-voltage DC output. The feedback sampling unit is used to acquire the voltage and / or current signals of the high-voltage DC output in real time and generate a feedback signal; The central processing unit is electrically connected to the front-end coarse adjustment unit, the back-end fine adjustment unit, and the feedback sampling unit, respectively. The central processing unit is configured as follows: The system receives a target output setpoint and a feedback signal; calculates the real-time deviation between the target output setpoint and the feedback signal; and selectively adjusts the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit or the post-stage fine adjustment unit based on a comparison of the real-time deviation with a preset deviation threshold: when the absolute value of the real-time deviation is greater than the preset deviation threshold, the intermediate DC voltage value output by the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit is adjusted for rapid voltage tracking; when the absolute value of the real-time deviation is less than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, the inverter state of the post-stage fine adjustment unit is adjusted for precise fine-tuning of the output voltage; thus achieving closed-loop stable control of the high-voltage DC output.

[0007] According to the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention, the central processing unit is an FPGA, which is configured to: monitor the feedback signal in real time, and when the voltage or current of the high-voltage DC output exceeds a preset safety threshold, quickly shut down or adjust the output of the subsequent fine-tuning unit to achieve hardware-level rapid protection.

[0008] According to the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention, the FPGA integrates a PID control algorithm. The preset deviation threshold and the parameters of the PID control algorithm can be modified by reloading the FPGA configuration file to adapt to different load characteristics or output accuracy requirements.

[0009] According to the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention, the subsequent fine-tuning unit is a full-bridge inverter circuit; the central processing unit drives the full-bridge inverter circuit by outputting a PWM signal, and finely controls its energy output by adjusting the frequency and / or duty cycle of the PWM signal.

[0010] According to the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention, the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit includes a DC / DC step-down module controlled by a microcontroller, and the central processing unit sends voltage commands to the microcontroller through a digital communication interface to control the intermediate DC voltage value.

[0011] According to the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention, the high-voltage generation unit includes a high-frequency high-voltage transformer and a multi-stage voltage multiplier rectifier circuit connected to the secondary winding of the high-frequency high-voltage transformer, for boosting and rectifying the high-frequency AC signal into a continuously adjustable high-voltage DC output from 0 volts to 6000 volts.

[0012] According to the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention, the feedback sampling unit further includes a temperature sensing circuit for monitoring the temperature of key components of the high-voltage power supply module; the central processing unit is further configured to execute over-temperature protection logic when the detected temperature exceeds a preset threshold.

[0013] The high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention further includes a human-machine interface unit, which includes a display screen and buttons for local operation, and a serial or Ethernet interface for remote communication; the central processing unit supports remote real-time monitoring, fault log downloading and control program updating through the Ethernet interface.

[0014] According to the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention, the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit, the post-stage fine adjustment unit and the high-voltage generation unit adopt a modular independent design; the central processing unit, the feedback sampling unit and the human-machine interaction unit are integrated on the same control board.

[0015] The present invention also provides a control method for a high-voltage power supply module, applied to any of the high-voltage power supply modules described above, the method comprising the following steps: S1. The input DC voltage is converted into an adjustable intermediate DC voltage through the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit; S2. The intermediate DC voltage is inverted into a high-frequency AC signal by the subsequent fine-tuning unit; S3. The high-frequency AC signal is boosted and rectified into a high-voltage DC output through a high-voltage generation unit; S4. The voltage and / or current of the high-voltage DC output are collected in real time through the feedback sampling unit to obtain a feedback signal; S5. The central processing unit calculates the real-time deviation between the target output setpoint and the feedback signal; compares the real-time deviation with a preset deviation threshold; if the absolute value of the real-time deviation is greater than the preset deviation threshold, the front coarse adjustment unit is adjusted to change the intermediate DC voltage; if the absolute value of the real-time deviation is less than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, the inverter state of the back fine adjustment unit is adjusted. S6. Iterate through S4 to S5 to stabilize the high-voltage DC output at the target output setting value.

[0016] The high-voltage power supply module and its control method provided by this invention resolve the contradiction between wide output range and high precision in existing technologies through a two-stage collaborative architecture of coarse adjustment in the front stage and fine adjustment in the rear stage. By utilizing the deviation between the target setpoint and the real-time feedback signal, the central processing unit performs coordinated closed-loop stable control on the intermediate DC voltage output by the coarse adjustment unit and the inverter state of the fine adjustment unit. This invention can achieve high-precision, high-stability output with an ultra-wide continuously adjustable range from 0V to 6000V, and possesses high reliability, making it suitable for high-end scientific research and industrial fields. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in this invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a structural schematic diagram of the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating the control method for the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention.

[0020] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the printed circuit board layout design provided by the present invention.

[0022] Figure 5 This is a signal processing flowchart of the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention.

[0023] Figure label: 10: Pre-stage coarse adjustment unit; 20: Post-stage fine adjustment unit; 30: High voltage generation unit; 40: Feedback sampling unit; 50: Central processing unit; 60: Human-computer interaction unit. Detailed Implementation

[0024] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the technical solutions of this invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0025] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The specific operation methods in the method embodiments can also be applied to the device embodiments or system embodiments. In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise stated, "at least one" includes one or more. "Multiple" refers to two or more. For example, at least one of A, B, and C includes: A existing alone, B existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, A and C existing simultaneously, B and C existing simultaneously, and A, B, and C existing simultaneously. In the present invention, " / " means "or". For example, A / B can mean A or B. "And / or" in this document is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone.

[0026] First, the technical terms involved in this invention will be explained: BNC: Bayonet Neill-Concelman, BNC connector; HVBNC: High Voltage Bayonet Neill-Concelman, a high-voltage BNC connector; PCB: Printed Circuit Board.

[0027] FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array.

[0028] In the detection systems of heavy-ion accelerator spectrometers and nuclear physics experimental terminals, the high-voltage module is a core component that determines whether the detector can operate stably and whether the experimental data is reliable. Different types of detection terminals, such as semiconductor detectors, scintillators, time projection chambers, and multi-wire proportional chambers, all require high-voltage DC bias with specific parameters to establish a stable signal acquisition electric field. If the high-voltage supply does not meet the detector polarity requirements or the parameters are unstable, it will directly lead to signal loss, abnormal gain, and even damage to valuable detector components. Therefore, customizing a suitable high-voltage module for a nuclear physics experimental terminal is a fundamental prerequisite for ensuring the smooth conduct of experiments.

[0029] Current general-purpose modules are mostly fixed polarity (supporting only positive or negative high voltage) and have limited output ranges (e.g., 0-3000V), failing to cover the differentiated bias requirements of various detectors. Furthermore, their current drive capability is weak (only able to stably output microampere-level current), making them prone to voltage drops due to insufficient current supply when the detector count rate surges in strong radiation fields (load current increases to the milliampere level). Moreover, the targeted protection mechanisms of general-purpose modules are not robust enough (e.g., fast-response arc suppression function), easily causing module shutdown when internal arcing occurs within the detector. Overcurrent protection response delays (milliseconds) cannot promptly mitigate the risk of equipment damage caused by detector short circuits or internal discharges. In addition, the stability indicators of general-purpose modules are low (due to temperature drift, etc.), failing to meet the high-voltage accuracy requirements of detectors.

[0030] Based on this, in order to solve the problem of high voltage supply for heavy ion accelerator spectrometers and nuclear physics experimental terminals, a dedicated high voltage power supply module needs to be designed. This module needs to integrate functions such as precise high voltage conversion, positive and negative polarity adaptation, high-precision stable control, multiple protections, remote monitoring and standardized packaging. At the same time, it needs to optimize thermal management and high voltage isolation for experimental environments, and ultimately provide a stable, safe and controllable high voltage bias for the detector to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of experimental data.

[0031] In some specific embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 1 As shown, this solution provides a high-voltage power supply module that receives an external low-voltage DC input (e.g., 24V DC) and can output a continuously adjustable high-voltage DC from 0V to 6000V. The high-voltage power supply module mainly includes: The pre-stage coarse adjustment unit 10 is used to convert the input DC voltage into an adjustable intermediate DC voltage; The post-stage fine-tuning unit 20 is electrically connected to the output terminal of the pre-stage coarse-tuning unit and is used to invert the intermediate DC voltage into a high-frequency AC signal. The high-voltage generation unit 30 is electrically connected to the output terminal of the subsequent fine-tuning unit and is used to boost and rectify the high-frequency AC signal into a high-voltage DC output. The feedback sampling unit 40 is used to acquire the voltage and / or current signals of the high voltage DC output in real time and generate a feedback signal; Central processing unit 50 is electrically connected to the front-end coarse adjustment unit, the back-end fine adjustment unit, and the feedback sampling unit, respectively. The central processing unit is configured as follows: The system receives a target output setpoint and a feedback signal; calculates the real-time deviation between the target output setpoint and the feedback signal; and selectively adjusts the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit or the post-stage fine adjustment unit based on a comparison of the real-time deviation with a preset deviation threshold: when the absolute value of the real-time deviation is greater than the preset deviation threshold, the intermediate DC voltage value output by the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit is adjusted for rapid voltage tracking; when the absolute value of the real-time deviation is less than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, the inverter state of the post-stage fine adjustment unit is adjusted for precise fine-tuning of the output voltage; thus achieving closed-loop stable control of the high-voltage DC output. In some possible embodiments of the present invention, the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit 10 includes a DC / DC step-down module controlled by a microcontroller, and the central processing unit sends voltage commands to the microcontroller through a digital communication interface to control the intermediate DC voltage value.

[0032] In a possible embodiment, the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit 10 can specifically be a high-efficiency DC / DC buck module controlled by a microcontroller. It receives an external 24V DC input and, under the control of the MCU, outputs an adjustable intermediate DC voltage from 0V to 10V. This intermediate DC voltage serves as the input power for the subsequent fine adjustment unit 20. The purpose of this design is to provide a stable and pre-adjustable energy source for the subsequent circuitry, which is crucial for achieving a final output adjustable from 0V. The MCU communicates via a communication interface (such as I...) 2 (C or SPI) is connected to the central processing unit 50 and receives its instructions to set the target value of the intermediate DC voltage.

[0033] In some possible embodiments of the present invention, the central processing unit is an FPGA.

[0034] Furthermore, the FPGA integrates a PID control algorithm, and the preset deviation threshold and the parameters of the PID control algorithm can be modified through the FPGA configuration file to adapt to different load characteristics or output accuracy requirements.

[0035] In addition, the FPGA is configured to monitor the feedback signal in real time, and when the voltage or current of the high-voltage DC output exceeds a preset safety threshold, quickly shut down or adjust the output of the subsequent fine-tuning unit to achieve hardware-level rapid protection.

[0036] This invention provides a collaborative control algorithm based on a deviation threshold, implemented through the core control logic of a central processing unit (FPGA): First, read the target voltage setting value. The actual output voltage collected by the feedback unit Calculate real-time deviation The system has a preset deviation threshold. (For example, it can be set to 1% or 50V of the target value). The FPGA will and Comparison: like This is considered the coarse adjustment stage. At this point, the FPGA sends commands to the microcontroller controlling the preceding DC / DC buck module via a digital communication interface (such as SPI), significantly adjusting its output voltage (i.e., the intermediate DC voltage) to achieve the desired effect. fast towards Approaching. This stage focuses on adjusting speed and range coverage.

[0037] like This is the fine-tuning stage. At this point, the FPGA basically keeps the output voltage of the preceding stage constant and switches to finely adjusting the duty cycle (and / or frequency) of the PWM signal output to the full-bridge inverter circuit. Fine-tuning and stabilization are then performed. This stage focuses on adjusting accuracy and ripple suppression.

[0038] Through the dynamic decision-making and control switching based on the magnitude of the deviation, the system effectively resolves the inherent contradiction between wide-range adjustment and high-precision stability, achieving high-performance output across the entire range from 0V to full voltage.

[0039] The overvoltage and overcurrent protection functions in the high-voltage power supply module are implemented by dedicated hardware logic circuits within the FPGA, rather than by software programs. Specifically, the high-speed voltage / current signal from the output sampling circuit is converted by an ADC, and its digital value is directly input to the hardware comparator module inside the FPGA for real-time comparison with a preset safety threshold register.

[0040] Once the limit is exceeded, the comparator output signal will immediately (typically within several FPGA clock cycles) set a hardware flip-flop. The output of this flip-flop is directly connected to a specific I / O pin of the FPGA, which is configured to directly drive the enable or disable pin of the subsequent full-bridge inverter driver chip.

[0041] This protection path is implemented entirely in hardware logic, with the signal flow not passing through any processor core or software interrupt service routine, thus minimizing the total delay from fault detection to power shutdown. In one embodiment, when the inverter bridge switching frequency is 100kHz, the response time of this hardware protection circuit can be significantly less than one switching cycle (10μs), achieving true cycle-level fast protection and effectively suppressing damage from transient faults such as load arcing.

[0042] In this embodiment, the central processing unit 50 preferably employs a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The FPGA, with its abundant logic resources and parallel processing capabilities, executes multiple core tasks: a) Receive the user's target output setting value (e.g., set the output to 5000V) through the human-computer interaction unit. b) Send instructions to the MCU via the communication bus to set the intermediate DC voltage value output by the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit 10; c) Receive voltage and current feedback signals from feedback sampling unit 40 in real time; d) An internal high-speed PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control algorithm is used to compare and calculate the feedback signal with the target setpoint; e) Based on the output of the PID algorithm, generate and adjust the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal used to drive the subsequent fine-tuning unit 20 in real time; f) Execute rapid protection logic for overvoltage, overcurrent, and overtemperature.

[0043] In some possible embodiments of the present invention, the post-stage fine-tuning unit 20 is a full-bridge inverter circuit; the control signal for the post-stage fine-tuning unit is a PWM signal, and the central processing unit drives the full-bridge inverter circuit by outputting the PWM signal, and finely controls its energy output by adjusting the frequency and / or duty cycle of the PWM signal.

[0044] In a possible embodiment, the subsequent fine-tuning unit 20 may specifically be a full-bridge inverter circuit composed of MOSFETs or IGBTs. It receives the intermediate DC voltage from the preceding coarse-tuning unit 10 and, under the control of the PWM drive signal output by the FPGA, inverts it into a high-frequency (e.g., 100kHz) square-wave AC current. The FPGA achieves fine and rapid regulation of the energy transferred to the next stage by precisely adjusting the duty cycle or frequency of the PWM signal.

[0045] In some possible embodiments of the present invention, the high-voltage generation unit 30 includes a high-frequency high-voltage transformer and a multi-stage voltage multiplier rectifier circuit connected to the secondary winding of the high-frequency high-voltage transformer, for boosting and rectifying the high-frequency AC signal into a continuously adjustable high-voltage DC output from 0 volts to 6000 volts.

[0046] In a possible embodiment, the high-voltage generation unit 30 includes a custom-designed high-frequency high-voltage transformer and a multi-stage voltage multiplier rectifier circuit. The primary winding of the high-frequency transformer is connected to the output of the subsequent fine-tuning unit 20, which has a high turns ratio, boosting the input low-voltage high-frequency AC to approximately 1000V. This 1000V AC is then fed into a 6-stage voltage multiplier rectifier circuit composed of multiple high-voltage diodes and high-voltage capacitors, and is finally rectified and filtered to a stable high-voltage DC output of up to 6000V.

[0047] In some possible embodiments of the present invention, the feedback sampling unit 40 further includes a temperature sensing circuit for monitoring the temperature of key components of the high-voltage power supply module; the central processing unit is also configured to execute over-temperature protection logic when the temperature exceeds a preset threshold.

[0048] In some possible embodiments of the present invention, the adjustment range of the high-voltage DC output is 0 volts to 6000 volts.

[0049] In a possible embodiment, the feedback sampling unit 40 includes a high-precision, low-temperature-drift high-voltage resistor divider network to proportionally reduce the output 0-6000V high voltage to a low-voltage signal of 0-5V for sampling by the FPGA's ADC (analog-to-digital converter); this is voltage feedback. It also includes a sampling resistor or Hall current sensor connected in series in the output circuit to acquire the output current signal; this is current feedback. Furthermore, a temperature sensor can be placed near critical power devices to monitor the module's operating temperature. All these signals together constitute the feedback signal, which is sent to the FPGA.

[0050] In some possible embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 1 As shown, the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention also includes a human-machine interface unit 60, which includes a display screen and buttons for local operation, and a serial or Ethernet interface for remote communication; the central processing unit supports remote real-time monitoring, fault log downloading and control program updates through the Ethernet interface.

[0051] Specifically, the human-machine interface unit 60 includes an OLED display screen and several buttons for users to perform operations such as voltage setting and status viewing locally. It also includes a serial (RS-232 / RS-485) or Ethernet interface for connecting to a host computer to achieve remote control, data logging, and system integration.

[0052] Specifically, a preset deviation threshold The proportional, integral, and derivative parameters of the PID control algorithm, as well as overvoltage and overcurrent protection thresholds, are all stored in the FPGA's configuration registers or external non-volatile memory. Users can connect to the host computer software via local buttons or a remote Ethernet interface to modify these parameters and issue update commands online. After receiving new parameters, the FPGA can dynamically adjust its control behavior by reloading parts of its configuration file or updating its internal registers, without having to re-flash the entire firmware. This allows the same hardware module to flexibly adapt to resistive, capacitive, or detector loads with special transient characteristics, or to switch between constant voltage and constant current output modes, greatly improving the product's adaptability and scenario coverage.

[0053] In some possible embodiments of the present invention, the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit, the post-stage fine adjustment unit, and the high-voltage generation unit are modularly and independently designed; the central processing unit, the feedback sampling unit, and the human-machine interaction unit are integrated on the same control board.

[0054] Specifically, the DC / DC step-down module, full-bridge inverter module, high-frequency transformer, and voltage doubler rectifier module are linearly arranged and physically isolated on the PCB, and connected via standardized interfaces. This modular design allows for individual replacement of any power unit in case of failure, facilitating maintenance. The control section (including FPGA, sampling and conditioning circuitry, and communication interface) is integrated on a separate control board, connected to the power board via connectors. This layout not only reduces interference from the high-voltage section to the low-voltage control signals but also allows for upgrading the control board to add new functions to the entire power module (such as adding communication protocols and algorithms), achieving hardware reconfigurability and functional scalability.

[0055] It is worth noting that traditional single-stage high-voltage topologies require extremely high transformer ratios to cover a wide range, resulting in excessively high control loop gain and instability at low voltage outputs, while the adjustment resolution is insufficient at high voltage outputs. The high-voltage power supply module provided by this invention employs a two-stage architecture: a front-stage coarse adjustment (DC-CDC) and a rear-stage fine adjustment (high-frequency inverter). This decouples the wide-range voltage regulation task (achieved by adjusting the intermediate DC voltage of the front stage) from the high-precision voltage stabilization task (achieved by adjusting the PWM of the rear stage). This two-stage architecture completely avoids this contradiction: the front stage is responsible for establishing a globally correct voltage platform over a wide range, while the rear stage performs fine adjustment on this platform, thus achieving excellent dynamic response and steady-state accuracy across the entire voltage range.

[0056] In some specific embodiments of the present invention, combined with Figure 1 and Figure 2 The control method for the high-voltage power supply module provided by this invention will be described. The method includes the following steps: After the module is powered on, the user sets a target output voltage value, such as 5000V, through the human-machine interface unit 60. The FPGA receives this setting value.

[0057] Step S1: Convert the input DC voltage into an adjustable intermediate DC voltage through the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit; Specifically, the collaborative control logic inside the FPGA is activated. First, it calculates a suitable pre-amplifier output value based on the target value of 5000V (for example, instructing the MCU to control the pre-amplifier coarse adjustment unit 10 to output an intermediate DC voltage of 8.5V). This is the coarse adjustment step.

[0058] Step S2: The intermediate DC voltage is inverted into a high-frequency AC signal by the subsequent fine-tuning unit; Simultaneously, the FPGA's PID controller begins operation, generating an initial PWM signal to drive the subsequent fine-tuning unit 20, which inverts its input 8.5V intermediate DC voltage into a high-frequency AC signal. This is the fine-tuning inverter step.

[0059] Step S3: The high-frequency AC signal is boosted and rectified into a high-voltage DC output through the high-voltage generation unit; The high-frequency AC signal is boosted and rectified by the high-voltage generation unit 30 to generate a high-voltage DC output at the output terminal. This is the high-voltage generation step.

[0060] Step S4: The voltage and / or current of the high-voltage DC output are collected in real time through the feedback sampling unit to obtain a feedback signal; The feedback sampling unit 40 acquires the high voltage value at the output terminal in real time (e.g., the current value is 4998V) and converts it into a low voltage feedback signal to be sent back to the FPGA. This is the feedback sampling step.

[0061] Step S5: Calculate the real-time deviation between the target output setpoint and the feedback signal through the central processing unit; compare the real-time deviation with a preset deviation threshold; if the absolute value of the real-time deviation is greater than the preset deviation threshold, adjust the front coarse adjustment unit to change the intermediate DC voltage; if the absolute value of the real-time deviation is less than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, adjust the inverter state of the back fine adjustment unit. Step S6: Iteratively execute steps S4 to S5 to stabilize the high-voltage DC output at the target output setting value.

[0062] Possibly, the central processing unit is an FPGA, which is further configured to: monitor the feedback signal in real time, and when the voltage or current of the high-voltage DC output exceeds a preset safety threshold, quickly shut down or adjust the output of the subsequent fine-tuning unit to achieve hardware-level rapid protection.

[0063] For example, the FPGA compares the feedback value of 4998V with the setpoint of 5000V, obtaining a deviation of -2V. The PID algorithm performs high-speed calculations based on this deviation and immediately adjusts the duty cycle of the output PWM signal (e.g., slightly increasing the duty cycle). This adjustment causes the subsequent fine-tuning unit 20 to transfer more energy to the high-voltage generation unit 30, thereby increasing the output voltage until it stabilizes at 5000V. If a sudden change in load causes a significant voltage drop, the FPGA, in addition to quickly adjusting the PWM, may also re-instruct the MCU to increase the intermediate DC voltage of the preceding stage to provide stronger energy support. This process of linkage and dynamic adjustment between the preceding and following stages is the closed-loop collaborative control step. Throughout the operation, the FPGA continuously monitors the current feedback signal at microsecond intervals. Once a detector arc occurs, causing a sudden surge in current, the FPGA will detect this overcurrent state within several clock cycles and immediately place the PWM output to a safe state (e.g., shutdown), thereby achieving rapid protection for the module and the load.

[0064] The high-voltage power supply module and its control method provided by this invention, compared with existing technologies, utilize a two-stage collaborative control architecture of coarse adjustment in the front stage and fine adjustment in the back stage. This separates the processing of wide-range voltage regulation and small-range precision adjustment, effectively solving the inherent contradiction of single-stage architectures being unable to balance wide range and high precision. It can achieve smooth, high-precision output over an ultra-wide range from 0V to 6000V, achieving a unity of wide range and high precision. Employing an FPGA as the central processing unit, it utilizes its high-speed parallel processing capability to execute a PID closed-loop control algorithm, enabling rapid compensation for disturbances such as load changes and temperature drift, ensuring extremely low voltage ripple and extremely high time stability. Leveraging the high-speed characteristics of the FPGA, it monitors the output voltage and current in real time, responding to overcurrent / overvoltage faults such as detector arcing and short circuits within microseconds, quickly cutting off the output. This effectively protects the expensive precision detectors connected to the back end and the power supply module itself, far superior to traditional millisecond-level protection schemes. It integrates a local button display and a remote communication interface, supporting automated testing and system integration. The hardware reconfigurability of FPGAs provides great flexibility for subsequent functional upgrades (such as constant current mode, custom timing output, etc.), extends the device life cycle, and significantly reduces costs, providing cost-effective key equipment support for related scientific research fields.

[0065] In some specific embodiments of the present invention, the high-voltage power supply module provided by the present invention includes a main power circuit, a control circuit, a sampling feedback circuit, a human-machine interaction module, and an interface. The main power circuit sequentially includes a DC / DC step-down module, a full-bridge inverter circuit, a transformer, a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, and an output filter circuit, forming a voltage conversion loop through circuit wiring; the control circuit is based on an FPGA and integrates signal generation and feedback processing functions; the sampling feedback circuit includes input voltage sampling, output voltage sampling, output current sampling, and temperature reading units; the human-machine interaction module is equipped with button input and status display, and can also realize remote interaction through a host computer; the interface includes a 24V DC input interface and a high-voltage DC output interface, which are used to connect the input power supply and output high-voltage signals, respectively, and output stable high-voltage DC after processing by the main power circuit.

[0066] Preferably, the DC / DC step-down module is controlled by a microcontroller. It can convert a 24V DC input voltage into an adjustable 0-10V DC voltage. The microcontroller receives FPGA instructions or settings from the host computer to adjust the step-down duty cycle and provide an appropriate voltage for the full-bridge inverter circuit.

[0067] Preferably, the full-bridge inverter circuit adopts a MOSFET full-bridge topology to invert the 0-10V DC output from the DC / DC buck module into a 0-10V variable frequency AC voltage. The inverter drive signal is generated by the FPGA, and the input requirements of the transformer are matched by adjusting the drive pulse frequency and duty cycle.

[0068] Preferably, the transformer is a customized high-frequency high-voltage transformer that boosts the 0-10V AC voltage output from the full-bridge inverter circuit to approximately 1000V, optimizing the core material and winding turns ratio to balance boosting efficiency and insulation performance.

[0069] Preferably, the voltage multiplier rectifier circuit adopts a 6-voltage multiplier rectifier topology, consisting of high-voltage capacitors and diodes, which rectifies and multiplies the 1000V AC voltage output from the transformer to 6000V high-voltage DC. The component selection is adapted to high-voltage scenarios to ensure voltage multiplication efficiency and reliability.

[0070] Preferably, the FPGA serves as the main control unit, outputting full-bridge inverter drive pulses to adjust the inverter frequency and duty cycle in real time; sending DC / DC step-down commands to the microcontroller; collecting input voltage sampling, output voltage sampling, output current sampling, and temperature sensor data; and after differential amplification and AD conversion, dynamically adjusting the main circuit parameters through PID algorithm calculations to maintain stable high-voltage output.

[0071] In addition, in the sampling feedback circuit, the input side acquires the DC-DC output voltage through a precision resistor voltage divider, and the output side acquires a 6000V DC voltage using a high-voltage voltage divider module, which is converted into a low-voltage signal that can be processed by the FPGA; a high-precision sampling resistor is connected in series in the high-voltage output circuit, and the current signal is extracted through a differential amplifier circuit; the temperature sensor is attached to the main power component to read the temperature data in real time, and triggers the protection mechanism when the threshold is exceeded.

[0072] Preferably, the human-machine interaction module has host computer software that communicates with the FPGA via serial port / Ethernet to realize parameter setting, status monitoring, and control command sending functions; it is equipped with local key input and status display units to realize local voltage setting, mode switching, reset and status display, and the commands are parsed and executed by the FPGA.

[0073] Preferably, the main circuit adopts a modular design, with independent DC / DC step-down, full-bridge inverter, transformer step-up, and voltage doubler rectifier units, which facilitates fault diagnosis and component replacement; the FPGA hardware is reconfigurable, supports functional expansion, and adapts to application requirements iteration.

[0074] This invention relates to a high-voltage power supply module that precisely achieves high-voltage conversion from 24V to 0-6000V through DC / DC step-down, full-bridge inversion, transformer step-up, and voltage multiplier rectification, with the main circuit and FPGA control working in tandem. Components in each stage of the main circuit are adapted to high-voltage scenarios, ensuring stable voltage conversion. The FPGA, combined with sampling feedback and PID algorithms, effectively suppresses fluctuations, load effects, and temperature drift, improving output accuracy. The module is based on a modular and reconfigurable design, adapting to different voltage and load requirements, and supports local and remote interaction. It integrates multi-parameter protection to ensure equipment safety. The circuit and control logic are clear, and component selection balances performance and cost, facilitating production and maintenance. It enables efficient acquisition of stable high voltage in research, industry, and other scenarios, providing reliable support for high-voltage power supply applications and optimization, and possesses significant practical value in the field of high-voltage power supply.

[0075] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, please refer to Figure 3 , 4 5, Figure 3 , 4Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the overall structure, printed circuit board layout, and signal processing flow of the high-voltage power supply module. The high-voltage power supply module mainly consists of a housing, a PCB board (circuit board in the figure), a 24V DC input interface, a high-voltage output interface, a control circuit, and sampling components. The housing is made of epoxy glass cloth laminate, enabling stable operation in high-voltage environments and preventing surface discharge. The PCB board integrates a DC / DC step-down module, a full-bridge inverter circuit, a transformer, a 6x voltage multiplier rectifier circuit, and an FPGA control unit (FPGA or FPGA core board in the figure). These components work together to ensure stable operation under high-voltage conditions. The PCB board is soldered with the 24V input port, high-voltage output port, and communication interface, which are led out through a DC connector, a high-voltage sealed connector, and a serial / Ethernet connector, respectively. The overall processing flow for voltage conversion and stable output of the high-voltage power supply module is as follows: Figure 3 As shown, after a low-voltage DC input, the voltage is stepped down by a DC / DC converter to the appropriate voltage, then converted to AC by an inverter circuit. The AC voltage is then boosted by a transformer, rectified by a voltage doubler, and filtered at the output to obtain a high-voltage DC. Simultaneously, input voltage, output voltage, output current, and temperature data are sampled, amplified differentially, and transmitted to the FPGA. The FPGA uses this data to adjust the inverter circuit, and interaction is achieved through button input and status display.

[0076] This invention addresses the shortcomings of existing high-voltage power supply modules, such as narrow voltage regulation range, insufficient output stability, lack of intelligent control, and limited adaptability, by providing a high-voltage power supply module based on 24V DC input. Through a system composed of a DC / DC step-down module, a full-bridge inverter circuit, a transformer, a 6x voltage multiplier rectifier circuit, and an FPGA control unit, the system utilizes the synergistic effect of each component to construct a high-voltage conversion and precise control loop. This allows for the stable conversion of 24V DC to an adjustable high-voltage DC of 0-6000V. It can adapt to different load requirements and application scenarios. With the help of real-time sampling feedback from the FPGA and a PID algorithm, it effectively suppresses voltage fluctuations, load changes, and temperature effects, ensuring output stability and achieving high-precision, intelligent control of the high-voltage power supply. This provides reliable high-voltage power supply support for scientific research experiments, industrial testing, and other scenarios, and provides data support for the performance optimization and safe operation of high-voltage power supplies.

[0077] The device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs. Those skilled in the art can understand and implement this without any creative effort.

[0078] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms, and of course, it can also be implemented by hardware. Based on this understanding, the above technical solutions, in essence or the part that contributes to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.

[0079] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-voltage power supply module, characterized in that, include: The pre-stage coarse adjustment unit is used to convert the input DC voltage into an adjustable intermediate DC voltage; The fine-tuning unit is electrically connected to the output of the coarse-tuning unit and is used to invert the intermediate DC voltage into a high-frequency AC signal. The high-voltage generation unit is electrically connected to the output terminal of the subsequent fine-tuning unit, and is used to boost and rectify the high-frequency AC signal into a high-voltage DC output. The feedback sampling unit is used to acquire the voltage and / or current signals of the high-voltage DC output in real time and generate a feedback signal; The central processing unit is electrically connected to the front-end coarse adjustment unit, the back-end fine adjustment unit, and the feedback sampling unit, respectively. The central processing unit is configured as follows: The system receives a target output setpoint and a feedback signal; calculates the real-time deviation between the target output setpoint and the feedback signal; and selectively adjusts the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit or the post-stage fine adjustment unit based on a comparison of the real-time deviation with a preset deviation threshold: when the absolute value of the real-time deviation is greater than the preset deviation threshold, the intermediate DC voltage value output by the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit is adjusted for rapid voltage tracking; when the absolute value of the real-time deviation is less than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, the inverter state of the post-stage fine adjustment unit is adjusted for precise fine-tuning of the output voltage; thus achieving closed-loop stable control of the high-voltage DC output.

2. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The central processing unit is an FPGA, which is configured to: monitor the feedback signal in real time, and when the voltage or current of the high voltage DC output exceeds a preset safety threshold, quickly shut down or adjust the output of the subsequent fine-tuning unit to achieve hardware-level rapid protection.

3. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 2, characterized in that, The FPGA integrates a PID control algorithm. The preset deviation threshold and the parameters of the PID control algorithm can be modified through the FPGA configuration file to adapt to different load characteristics or output accuracy requirements.

4. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 3, characterized in that, The subsequent fine-tuning unit is a full-bridge inverter circuit; the central processing unit drives the full-bridge inverter circuit by outputting a PWM signal, and finely controls its energy output by adjusting the frequency and / or duty cycle of the PWM signal.

5. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pre-stage coarse adjustment unit includes a DC / DC buck module controlled by a microcontroller. The central processing unit sends voltage commands to the microcontroller through a digital communication interface to control the intermediate DC voltage value.

6. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The high-voltage generation unit includes a high-frequency high-voltage transformer and a multi-stage voltage multiplier rectifier circuit connected to the secondary winding of the high-frequency high-voltage transformer, used to boost and rectify the high-frequency AC signal into a continuously adjustable high-voltage DC output from 0 volts to 6000 volts.

7. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The feedback sampling unit also includes a temperature sensing circuit for monitoring the temperature of key components of the high-voltage power supply module; the central processing unit is also configured to execute over-temperature protection logic when the detected temperature exceeds a preset threshold.

8. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a human-machine interface unit, which includes a display screen and buttons for local operation, and a serial or Ethernet interface for remote communication; the central processing unit supports remote real-time monitoring, fault log downloading and control program updates via the Ethernet interface.

9. The high-voltage power supply module according to claim 8, characterized in that, The pre-stage coarse adjustment unit, post-stage fine adjustment unit, and high-voltage generation unit adopt a modular and independent design; the central processing unit, feedback sampling unit, and human-machine interaction unit are integrated on the same control board.

10. A control method for a high-voltage power supply module, characterized in that, Applied to the high-voltage power supply module as described in any one of claims 1-9, the method includes the following steps: S1. The input DC voltage is converted into an adjustable intermediate DC voltage through the pre-stage coarse adjustment unit; S2. The intermediate DC voltage is inverted into a high-frequency AC signal by the subsequent fine-tuning unit; S3. The high-frequency AC signal is boosted and rectified into a high-voltage DC output through a high-voltage generation unit; S4. The voltage and / or current of the high-voltage DC output are collected in real time through the feedback sampling unit to obtain a feedback signal; S5. The central processing unit calculates the real-time deviation between the target output setpoint and the feedback signal; compares the real-time deviation with a preset deviation threshold; if the absolute value of the real-time deviation is greater than the preset deviation threshold, the front coarse adjustment unit is adjusted to change the intermediate DC voltage; if the absolute value of the real-time deviation is less than or equal to the preset deviation threshold, the inverter state of the back fine adjustment unit is adjusted. S6. Iterate through S4 to S5 to stabilize the high-voltage DC output at the target output setting value.

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