A pumped storage power station semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training system, method and medium

Abstract

This invention provides a semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training system, method, and medium for pumped storage power stations, relating to the field of power station operation and maintenance training technology. It includes: a control and coordination module, a primary equipment simulation module, a simulated switch module, an interface conversion module, and a physical control panel module. The control and coordination module is used to set fault parameters in the primary equipment simulation module according to operation instructions sent by the operator's workstation, and to generate a training result report based on the response operation data fed back by the physical control panel module. The simulated switch module is used to simulate switch actions. The physical control panel module is used to acquire response operation data executed by trainees and to receive operation instructions input by trainees, controlling the primary simulation module to simulate the operating status of the primary equipment after the fault parameters are set. The technical solution of this invention combines realism and practicality, and can be widely used for new employee training and on-the-job skills enhancement.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of power plant operation and maintenance training technology, and in particular to a hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system, method and medium for pumped storage power plants. Background Technology

[0002] Pumped storage power stations, as key peak-shaving and frequency-regulating power sources in the power system, have complex equipment components, encompassing multiple core devices such as generators, main transformers, switching switches, high-voltage busbars, SFC (Static Frequency Converters), and excitation systems, as well as supporting protection systems. Maintenance personnel must possess proficient troubleshooting skills, protection device operation skills, and understanding of multi-device coordination to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power station.

[0003] Traditional operation and maintenance training methods mainly rely on on-site hands-on observation, one-on-one guidance from instructors, and offline simulation software simulations, which have many limitations: First, on-site hands-on training is limited by the operating status of the equipment, making it difficult to simulate real fault scenarios and posing safety risks; second, offline simulation software differs significantly from real equipment, lacking hands-on operation, thus limiting the training effect; third, traditional training cannot simulate multi-device collaborative faults, making it difficult to train operation and maintenance personnel to handle complex cascading faults; fourth, the training effect lacks quantitative evaluation standards, making it impossible to accurately identify the weak points in the operation and maintenance personnel's work. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the purpose of this invention is to provide a semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training system, method, and medium for pumped storage power stations. It constructs simulation models of core equipment in the pumped storage power station through a primary equipment simulation module, achieves signal adaptation and conversion through an interface conversion module, simulates normal and abnormal switch states through a simulated switch module, ensures the realism of practical operation through a physical panel module built using equipment of the same model as the power station, and realizes a closed-loop process of "fault simulation - practical operation - data acquisition - quantitative evaluation - report generation" through a control and coordination module. This improves the fault handling capabilities of operation and maintenance personnel. It combines realism, practicality, and scalability, and can be widely applied to new employee training, on-the-job skills enhancement, and protection device setting optimization in pumped storage power stations.

[0005] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations. The system includes: a control and coordination module, a primary equipment simulation module, a simulated switch module, an interface conversion module, and a physical control panel module. The control and coordination module is communicatively connected to the operator workstations in the primary equipment simulation module and the physical control panel module, respectively. The primary equipment simulation module is communicatively connected to the simulated switch module and the interface conversion module, respectively. The simulated switch module is communicatively connected to the operator workstation. The interface conversion module is communicatively connected to the secondary control panel in the physical control panel module. The control and coordination module is used to receive operation instructions sent by the operator workstation in the physical panel module, and to set fault parameters for the primary equipment simulation module according to the operation instructions; and to generate a training result report for the trainees based on the response operation data fed back by the operator workstation in the physical panel module. The primary equipment simulation module is used to simulate the operating status of the primary equipment in the pumped storage power station under the control of the control data sent by the secondary control panel, and obtain operating simulation data. The simulated switch module is used to simulate the switching actions in the pumped storage power station based on the operation simulation data, obtain switch simulation data, and feed the switch simulation data back to the operator workstation; The interface conversion module is used to convert the running simulation data into physical data adapted to the secondary cabinet, and to convert the running control data in the operation instructions into control data adapted to the primary equipment simulation module. The operator workstation is used to receive operation instructions input by trainees, and to send the operation instructions to the control coordination module and the secondary panel to obtain response operation data executed by the trainees based on the physical data and the switch simulation data; The secondary control panel is used to receive the operation instructions and, through the interface conversion module, control the primary equipment simulation module to simulate the operating status of the primary equipment in the pumped storage power station, as well as to collect the response operation data executed by the trainees based on the physical data and the switch simulation data.

[0006] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the primary equipment simulation module includes at least simulation models of generator motors, main transformers, lines, commutation switches, static frequency converters, and loads; the primary equipment simulation module is also used to obtain the actual equipment parameters of the pumped storage power station and calibrate the model parameters in the simulation model according to the actual equipment parameters.

[0007] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the interface conversion module includes a signal conversion unit and a data verification unit; The signal conversion unit is used to convert the running simulation data and the switch simulation data into physical data adapted to the physical panel module, and to convert the trainee's response operation signal in the physical panel module into response operation data adapted to the control and coordination module. The data verification unit is used to verify the rationality of the physical data and obtain the verification result; when the verification result is a verification failure, an alarm is triggered and the transmission of the physical data to the physical data cabinet module is terminated.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the simulated switch module is specifically used to receive the switch control command output by the primary equipment simulation module, simulate the abnormal state of the circuit breaker, the phase-changing disconnector and the disconnector, and obtain switch simulation data; wherein, the switch control command is generated by the primary equipment simulation module based on the abnormal triggering conditions set for the primary equipment simulation module.

[0009] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the control and coordination module includes a fault simulation unit; the fault simulation unit is used to store multiple equipment fault model parameters and process fault model parameters of the pumped storage power station.

[0010] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the control and coordination module further includes an evaluation unit, which is used to acquire the response operation data fed back by the physical cabinet module and the simulation operation data of the primary equipment simulation module, and compare the response operation data and the simulation operation data with standard data to generate a training result report for the trainees.

[0011] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the control and coordination module is further configured to receive a protection action signal triggered by the relay protection cabinet in the physical panel module based on the operation simulation data, and to correct the protection setting value of the protection action signal based on the response time of the protection action signal and a preset time.

[0012] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the control and coordination module further includes a data recording unit for storing the operation instructions, the operation simulation data, the switch simulation data, the response operation data, and the training result report.

[0013] Secondly, embodiments of the present invention also provide a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations, applied to the control and coordination module of the HIL simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations as described in the first aspect, the method comprising: Obtain the operation instructions input by the trainees; According to the operation instructions, the fault parameters of the primary equipment simulation module are set to simulate the fault state corresponding to the operation instructions and obtain the running simulation data. The system obtains response operation data from the operator workstation in the physical control panel module, which is based on the physical data and the switch simulation data. The switch simulation data is obtained by simulating the switch actions in the pumped storage power station using the simulation data. The response operation data is compared with standard data to generate a training result report for the trainees.

[0014] Thirdly, embodiments of the present invention also provide an electronic device, including a processor and a memory, wherein the memory stores computer-executable instructions that can be executed by the processor, and the processor executes the computer-executable instructions to implement the pumped storage power station semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training method described in the second aspect above.

[0015] Fourthly, embodiments of the present invention also provide a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions. When the computer-executable instructions are invoked and executed by a processor, the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to implement the hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations described in the second aspect above.

[0016] The embodiments of the present invention bring the following beneficial effects: This invention provides a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations, comprising a control and coordination module, a primary equipment simulation module, a simulated switch module, an interface conversion module, and a physical control panel module. The primary equipment simulation module provides flexible and variable fault scenarios, while the physical control panel module uses equipment of the same model as the pumped storage power station, retaining the actual operating interface and control logic. Trainees can repeatedly practice fault handling in a safety-free environment, gaining a hands-on experience and psychological connection consistent with on-site operations. This resolves the contradiction between traditional pure software simulation ("visible but intangible") and on-site practice ("risky and difficult to simulate"). The control and coordination module receives response operation data from the physical control panel module and generates a training result report. It can quantitatively score trainees' operational accuracy, response time, and step completeness from multiple dimensions. Compared to the subjective evaluation of traditional "master-apprentice" training, this system provides objective and traceable evaluation criteria.

[0017] Other features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the following description, or some features and advantages may be inferred from the description or determined without doubt, or may be learned by practicing the techniques described above.

[0018] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, preferred embodiments are described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0019] To more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0020] Figure 1 A structural block diagram of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 A structural block diagram of another hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 A flowchart of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations provided in this embodiment of the invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0021] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] Traditional operation and maintenance training methods mainly rely on on-site hands-on observation, one-on-one guidance from instructors, and offline simulation software simulations, which have many limitations: First, on-site hands-on training is limited by the operating status of the equipment, making it difficult to simulate real fault scenarios and posing safety risks; second, offline simulation software differs significantly from real equipment, lacking the tactile experience of hands-on operation, thus limiting the training effect; third, traditional training cannot simulate multi-device collaborative faults, making it difficult to train operation and maintenance personnel to handle complex cascading faults; fourth, the training effect lacks quantitative evaluation standards, making it impossible to accurately identify the weak points in the operation and maintenance personnel's work.

[0023] While existing electrical simulation technologies have made some progress in fault simulation and setting verification, their adaptability to full-scenario, semi-physical, and closed-loop operation and maintenance training for pumped storage power stations is insufficient. Some simulation systems focus only on single-device fault simulation, lacking the ability to simulate all equipment across the entire station; some systems have low data synchronization accuracy, resulting in significant deviations between fault simulations and real-world scenarios; and some systems have not achieved deep integration of simulation and physical control panels, failing to meet the practical training needs of operation and maintenance personnel. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training system that balances realism, practicality, and systematicity to address the problems of low efficiency, incomplete scenario coverage, and poor practicality of traditional training methods.

[0024] Based on this, this invention provides a semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations. The system's primary equipment simulation module provides flexible and variable fault scenarios, while the physical control panel module uses equipment of the same model as the pumped storage power station, retaining the actual operating interface and control logic. Trainees can repeatedly practice fault handling in a safety-free environment, gaining a hands-on experience and psychological understanding consistent with on-site conditions. The control and coordination module receives response operation data from the physical control panel module, generates a training result report, and can quantitatively score trainees' operational accuracy, response time, and completeness of steps across multiple dimensions.

[0025] To facilitate understanding of this embodiment, a detailed introduction will first be given to a hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations disclosed in this embodiment of the invention.

[0026] Example 1 This invention provides a hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations. Figure 1 This is a structural block diagram of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for a pumped storage power station, provided as an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1 As shown, the semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations may include: a control and coordination module, a primary equipment simulation module, a simulated switch module, an interface conversion module, and a physical control panel module; the control and coordination module is communicatively connected to the operator workstations in the primary equipment simulation module and the physical control panel module, the primary equipment simulation module is communicatively connected to the simulated switch module and the interface conversion module, the simulated switch module is communicatively connected to the operator workstation, and the interface conversion module is communicatively connected to the secondary control panel in the physical control panel module; The control and coordination module is used to receive operation instructions sent by the operator workstation in the physical panel module, and to set fault parameters for the primary equipment simulation module according to the operation instructions; and to generate a training result report for the trainees based on the response operation data fed back by the operator workstation in the physical panel module. The primary equipment simulation module is used to simulate the operating status of the primary equipment in the pumped storage power station under the control of the control data sent by the secondary control panel, and obtain operating simulation data. The simulated switch module is used to simulate the switching actions in the pumped storage power station based on the operation simulation data, obtain switch simulation data, and feed the switch simulation data back to the operator workstation; The interface conversion module is used to convert the running simulation data into physical data adapted to the secondary cabinet, and to convert the running control data in the operation instructions into control data adapted to the primary equipment simulation module. The operator workstation is used to receive operation instructions input by trainees, and to send the operation instructions to the control coordination module and the secondary panel to obtain response operation data executed by the trainees based on the physical data and the switch simulation data; The secondary control panel is used to receive the operation instructions and, through the interface conversion module, control the primary equipment simulation module to simulate the operating status of the primary equipment in the pumped storage power station, as well as to collect the response operation data executed by the trainees based on the physical data and the switch simulation data.

[0027] In the technical solution of this invention embodiment, the primary equipment simulation module can be constructed based on electromagnetic transient simulation software. It may include simulation models of the main equipment used in pumped storage power stations, used to simulate the electrical characteristics and dynamic responses of the primary equipment under normal operation, single fault, and compound fault conditions. The operational simulation data output by the primary equipment simulation module includes simulation results and switching quantities. The primary equipment simulation module is connected to the interface conversion module, outputting the simulation results of the equipment to the interface conversion module. The primary equipment simulation module is also connected to the simulated switch module, controlling the opening and closing states of the simulated switches through the switching quantities output by the primary equipment simulation module. In this invention embodiment, the simulation models in the primary equipment simulation module can be added, deleted, and modified according to actual simulation needs. For example, when a simulation model needs to be added, only the simulation model in the primary equipment simulation module needs to be updated; the new simulation model is input into the primary equipment simulation module without adjusting other modules, and therefore without modifying the core control logic.

[0028] For example, the simulation model of primary equipment in the primary equipment simulation module can at least include simulation models of generator motors, main transformers, lines, commutator switches, SFCs, and loads. Furthermore, in the primary equipment simulation module, the parameters of each simulation model are the same as the actual equipment parameters of the pumped storage power station, and can be calibrated according to the actual equipment parameters of different pumped storage power stations. Specifically, the primary equipment simulation module is used to acquire the actual equipment parameters of the pumped storage power station and calibrate the model parameters in the simulation model based on the actual equipment parameters. The actual equipment parameters can be obtained by the control and coordination module collecting data from the actual equipment in the pumped storage power station. The control and coordination module sends the collected actual equipment parameters to the primary equipment simulation module, which uses the received actual equipment parameters as model parameters in the simulation model. For example, the actual equipment parameters that can be calibrated include at least core parameters such as rated capacity, impedance value, and switching frequency. That is, the primary equipment simulation module can acquire the core parameters such as rated capacity, impedance value, and switching frequency corresponding to each piece of equipment in the pumped storage power station and input the acquired core parameters into the corresponding simulation model. Furthermore, the simulation module supports two calibration modes: manual parameter input calibration and automatic calibration using imported actual operating data. The automatic calibration mode achieves precise matching between simulation and measured data by dynamically adjusting model parameters. By dynamically adjusting the parameters in the simulation model, the deviation between the simulation model's output operating data and the actual equipment's operating data can be controlled within ±1%. Taking SFC as an example, the SFC simulation model employs a hybrid modeling method combining electromagnetic and electromechanical transients. At the microsecond time scale, it performs detailed electromagnetic transient modeling of the SFC's main circuits, including the rectifier bridge, inverter bridge, DC reactor, and output filter, accurately reproducing the switching behavior, commutation process, harmonic characteristics, and short-circuit current rise rate (di / dt) of the thyristors / IGBTs. At the millisecond time scale, it dynamically couples and calculates the rotor position, speed, stator flux linkage, and other electromechanical parameters of the generator motor, ensuring that the torque-speed curve during start-up and shutdown is highly consistent with the actual unit. To ensure the consistency of dynamic response between the SFC simulation model and the actual SFC, an online model parameter self-calibration unit is introduced for SFC calibration. During the model calibration phase, a standard step response test (from 0 to 50% of rated torque step) is performed, and the actual firing angle α_real output by the real SFC control cabinet and the firing angle α_sim predicted by the simulation model are recorded simultaneously. When the deviation between the two exceeds a preset threshold (e.g., Δα > 2° or response time difference > 10ms), key parameters in the simulation model, such as commutation reactance, dead time, and PI regulator parameters, are automatically adjusted. For example, the key parameters such as commutation reactance, dead time, and PI regulator parameters are adjusted according to preset adjustment rules until the overlap of the dynamic response curve is ≥ 95%. The overlap of the curve is evaluated by the correlation coefficient.

[0029] The interface conversion module is used to perform mode conversion on the communication signals between the primary equipment simulation module and the physical control panel module. It is understood that the physical control panel module includes equipment identical to the actual equipment in a pumped storage power station. Therefore, the output signals of the physical control panel module include current, voltage, switching signals, and analog signals. These signals cannot be directly recognized by the primary simulation equipment and need to be converted to generate smaller signals (such as binary or digital signals) that the primary equipment simulation module can recognize. Similarly, the interface conversion module can also convert the smaller signals output by the primary equipment simulation module into current, voltage, switching signals, and analog signals that the secondary control panel in the physical control panel module can recognize. For example, the output signal of the physical control panel module can be at least one of 0~1A current, 0~100V voltage, switching signals, and analog signals. Correspondingly, the signals that the physical control panel module can recognize are also 0~1A current, 0~100V voltage, switching signals, and analog signals. Therefore, the simulation data is a small signal output by the simulation module and cannot be directly recognized by the physical panel module. It needs to be converted by the interface conversion module to obtain signals such as 0~1A current, 0~100V voltage, switch quantity and analog quantity that the physical panel module can recognize, i.e., physical data. Furthermore, taking SFC as an example, a bidirectional high-bandwidth real-time communication channel is established through the interface conversion module to realize precise signal interaction between the SFC simulation model of the primary equipment simulation module and the SFC control and protection cabinet in the physical panel module. The output simulation model calculates the instantaneous values ​​of three-phase stator voltage / current, rotor position angle θ, unit speed n and other key state quantities, and injects them into the input terminals of the SFC control and protection cabinet in the form of analog quantity (±10V) or IEC 61850-9-2 LE sampled value (SV) after high-speed digital-to-analog conversion (DAC). The input side collects the digital quantities or switching quantities such as trigger pulse signals (GatePulses), start / stop commands, and fault alarm signals issued by the SFC control and protection cabinet in the physical panel module, and feeds them back to the SFC simulation model of the primary equipment simulation module in real time after analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) or GOOSE message parsing to update the conduction status of power devices and control logic.

[0030] The physical control panel module includes secondary control panels and an operator workstation. The secondary control panels are identical to the equipment models actually used in the operation and maintenance of pumped storage power stations, retaining the real operating interfaces and control logic to ensure that the trainees' hands-on experience is consistent with that on-site. The secondary control panels can include the unit's LCU (Local Control Unit), governor electrical cabinet, excitation regulating cabinet, relay protection cabinet, SFC control and protection panel, and AC / DC distribution cabinet. The relay protection cabinet includes DC demagnetization and rotor overvoltage protection cabinets, generator motor protection cabinets, and main transformer protection cabinets. The unit's LCU in the secondary control panel communicates with the governor electrical cabinet, excitation regulating cabinet, relay protection cabinet, and SFC control and protection panel to obtain the real-time operating status of each panel and synchronize it to the operator workstation. Trainees can view the real-time operating status of each panel through the operator workstation. Similarly, the operator workstation can communicate the real-time operating status to other modules such as the control coordination module, allowing the control coordination module to store the real-time operating status and the primary equipment simulation module and simulated switch module to continue operating.

[0031] The simulated switch module is connected to the primary equipment simulation module and the physical control panel module. It receives switch control commands output by the primary equipment simulation module and simulates abnormal states of circuit breakers, phase-changing disconnectors, and disconnectors to obtain switch simulation data. The switch control commands are generated by the primary equipment simulation module based on abnormal trigger conditions set for the module, including switching quantities describing the switching states of circuit breakers, phase-changing disconnectors, and disconnectors. Specifically, the simulated switch module supports simulation of abnormal states such as circuit breaker failure to close or open, disconnector malfunction, and circuit breaker failure. Abnormal trigger conditions (such as ±10% operating voltage fluctuation or 0.5-2s mechanical jamming delay) can be set for the primary equipment simulation module via the control coordination module. The primary equipment simulation module then controls the simulated switch module's actions, simulating the response and protection logic of the physical control panel module under abnormal states. The status feedback signal (switch simulation data) of the simulated switch module is transmitted in real time to the secondary control panel and operator workstation. The operator workstation provides a visual display of the switch status and action process, facilitating maintenance personnel's observation of the impact chain of abnormal states.

[0032] In this embodiment of the invention, trainers select training modes, fault types, and other information through an operator workstation to generate operation instructions, or they can customize operation instructions. For example, the training mode describes the training objectives set for trainers with different work experience. These can be a basic training mode (mastering normal start-up and shutdown procedures and operating condition switching), a single fault handling mode (training in the judgment and handling of typical single faults), or a complex fault handling mode (training in emergency handling capabilities for multi-fault chain reactions), etc. The fault type describes the possible faults that may occur in the pumped storage power station equipment. For example, a fault type could be a stator single-phase ground fault in the generator motor, a high-voltage side winding inter-turn short circuit in the main transformer, or a main transformer inter-turn short circuit plus generator outlet circuit breaker failure, etc. The operator workstation sends the operation instructions to the control coordination module. Based on the training mode and fault type, there are corresponding equipment fault parameters. These fault parameters are used to determine the location and scope of the fault, define the electrical characteristics of the fault, and control the timing of the fault's occurrence and development. Fault parameters can be queried using the fault type. The operation instructions include the fault type, training mode, and fault parameters. The operator workstation sends operation instructions to the control coordination module and the secondary control panel.

[0033] The control coordination module sends fault parameters from the control commands to the primary equipment simulation module, setting the parameters of each simulation model within the primary equipment simulation module. The secondary control panel can query corresponding operation control data based on the fault type and training mode in the operation commands, controlling each simulation module in the primary equipment simulation module to operate according to the fault parameters. The secondary control panel sends the operation control data to the interface conversion module, converting it into control data compatible with the primary equipment simulation module, and then sending it to the primary equipment simulation module. Under the control of the control data, the primary equipment simulation module simulates the operating status of the primary equipment in the pumped storage power station and outputs operation simulation data. The operation simulation data describes the output data of the primary equipment during operation and can be data such as voltage, current, switching quantities, and analog signals. The operation simulation data can be converted into physical data compatible with the secondary control panel via the interface conversion module and sent to the secondary control panel. The switching quantities in the operation simulation data can be sent as switch control commands to the analog switch module, controlling the analog switch module to simulate the switching actions of the circuit breakers, phase-changing disconnectors, and disconnectors in the pumped storage power station based on the switching quantities, obtaining switch simulation data. The switch simulation data is used to describe the switching state of circuit breakers, phase-changing disconnectors, and disconnect switches after executing switch control commands.

[0034] The secondary control panel receives switch simulation data and physical data, and automatically operates and displays the data according to a preset operating strategy. Trainees execute corresponding response actions based on the physical data and switch simulation data, obtaining response operation data. The secondary control panel sends this operation data to the operator workstation, which then forwards it to the control coordination module. Upon receiving the response operation data, the control coordination module compares it with preset standard operation data. If the data matches, the trainee's action is correct; otherwise, it indicates an error. The module then queries the corresponding solution to generate a training result report for the trainee.

[0035] This invention provides a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations. The system comprises a control and coordination module, a primary equipment simulation module, a simulated switch module, an interface conversion module, and a physical control panel module, each with clearly defined functional boundaries. This avoids direct coupling between modules, reduces system complexity, and improves reliability. It supports independent upgrades and maintenance of individual modules; for example, a higher-precision interface conversion chip can be replaced without affecting other modules. It facilitates dynamic fault expansion; when a new fault type is added, only the model library of the primary equipment simulation module needs to be updated, without modifying the core control logic. The primary equipment simulation module provides flexible and variable fault scenarios, while the physical control panel module uses equipment of the same model as the pumped storage power station, retaining the actual operating interface and control logic. Trainees can repeatedly practice fault handling in a safe environment, gaining a hands-on experience and psychological connection consistent with on-site conditions. This resolves the contradiction between traditional pure software simulation ("visible but intangible") and on-site practice ("risky and difficult to simulate"). The control and coordination module receives response operation data from the physical control panel module and generates a training result report. It can quantitatively score trainees' operation accuracy, response time, and step completeness from multiple dimensions. Compared with the subjective evaluation of the traditional "master-apprentice" system, this system provides objective and traceable evaluation criteria.

[0036] Example 2 This invention also provides another hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations; this method is implemented based on the system described in the above embodiments; this method focuses on describing the specific functions of the control and coordination module.

[0037] Figure 2 A structural block diagram of another hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations provided in this embodiment of the invention is shown below. Figure 2As shown, the control and coordination module includes a fault simulation unit, an evaluation unit, a data recording unit, and a clock synchronization management unit. The fault simulation unit stores multiple equipment fault model parameters and process fault model parameters for the pumped storage power station. The evaluation unit acquires the response operation data fed back by the physical control panel module and the simulation operation data of the primary equipment simulation module, compares the response operation data and the simulation operation data with standard data, and generates a training result report for the trainees.

[0038] Specifically, the fault simulation unit can pre-store fault models of typical equipment such as generator stator grounding, main transformer inter-turn short circuit, SFC commutation failure, single-phase grounding of the line, and excitation system demagnetization, as well as various procedural fault models. It can trigger corresponding fault scenario simulations based on training needs (training mode and fault type). Specifically, the fault simulation unit can send typical equipment fault models or procedural fault models to the primary equipment simulation module. The primary equipment simulation module inputs the data from the typical equipment fault models or procedural fault models into the simulation model as parameters, enabling the simulation model to generate corresponding fault scenarios after running. The simulation data after startup is transmitted to the physical control panel module via the interface conversion module, which simulates the response of the secondary control panel under fault conditions. Procedural fault models simulate various procedural faults by modifying the unit LCU setpoints (changing them to control logic parameters) within the physical control panel module.

[0039] The fault simulation unit also supports single fault and compound fault simulation. Compound fault simulation can superimpose 2 to 3 related fault types to simulate the chain reaction after fault superposition. In this case, the fault simulation unit sends multiple fault models to the primary equipment simulation module simultaneously. For example, typical combined scenarios include main transformer inter-turn short circuit coupling generator outlet circuit breaker failure, SFC commutation failure coupling excitation system demagnetization, and line single-phase grounding coupling bus voltage loss, simulating the chain reaction after fault superposition.

[0040] The fault simulation unit also supports dynamic fault expansion. New fault type parameters, including fault occurrence conditions, dynamic development process and impact range, can be imported through the control and coordination module. The corresponding fault model is automatically generated based on the component characteristics of the primary equipment simulation module. When new fault parameters are imported, they need to be validated. After the validation is passed, they are automatically updated to the fault model library and a version record is generated.

[0041] The data recording unit is used to store operation instructions, equipment operation data, fault triggering information and evaluation results during the simulation process, and generate a simulation report containing timestamps, operator identifiers and data hash values, supporting fault scenario reproduction and operation process traceability. The clock synchronization management unit is used to periodically synchronize the time of the primary equipment simulation module, interface conversion module, switch simulation module, and physical panel module.

[0042] The evaluation unit collects response operation data from the physical control panel module and operational status data from the primary equipment simulation module, compares it with pre-stored standard data, and generates an operation and maintenance evaluation result. The evaluation result includes quantitative scores in three dimensions: operational accuracy, response time, and step completeness. The weights for these scores are determined based on power plant experience; for example, operational accuracy has a weight of 0.5, response time 0.3, and step completeness 0.2. When the operational result deviates from the standard data by more than 5%, it is deemed an unqualified operation, and optimization suggestions are displayed. The standard data is obtained through actual operation. It is understandable that, based on the operational simulation data from the primary equipment simulation module, trainees need to perform protection operations on the secondary control panel to protect the secondary control panel and personnel safety. In this case, the secondary control panel responds to the trainee's actions, generating a response operation signal and sending it to the interface conversion module. The interface conversion module converts the response operation signal into response operation data adapted to the control and coordination module and sends the response operation data to the evaluation unit.

[0043] The control and coordination module is also used to receive protection action signals triggered by the relay protection cabinet in the physical panel module based on the operational simulation data, and to correct the protection settings of the protection action signals based on the response time of the protection action signals and the preset time. Specifically, the physical panel module and the primary equipment simulation module form a closed-loop simulation. When the primary equipment simulation module simulates a fault, the relay protection cabinet in the physical panel module triggers a protection action based on the operational simulation data transmitted by the interface conversion module. Its action signal is fed back to the primary equipment simulation module to verify the accuracy of the protection settings and the rationality of the action sequence. When the difference between the protection action time and the preset simulation time exceeds 10ms, the control and coordination module automatically performs linear correction on the protection delay setting, that is, it increases or decreases the protection delay according to the preset linear adjustment interval and prompts the training personnel. The closed-loop simulation process also supports online verification of protection settings and can generate a setting verification report to clarify the adaptability and optimization direction of each protection setting.

[0044] Furthermore, the interface conversion module includes a signal conversion unit and a data verification unit; the signal conversion unit is used to convert the running simulation data and the switch simulation data into physical data adapted to the physical panel module, and to convert the trainee's response operation signal in the physical panel module into response operation data adapted to the control and coordination module; the data verification unit is used to perform rationality verification on the physical data and obtain a verification result; when the verification result is a verification failure, an alarm is triggered and the transmission of the physical data to the physical panel module is terminated.

[0045] For example, the data verification unit verifies the rationality of the converted current and voltage values. When the instantaneous current value exceeds twice the rated value or the voltage exceeds the 0~100V range, an alarm is triggered and data transmission is terminated. The interface conversion module can use a 16-bit resolution digital-to-analog converter chip with a conversion rate set to 1MS / s to ensure accurate conversion of transient signals.

[0046] This invention provides a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations. Through a fault simulation unit, it pre-stores various typical equipment faults and process-related fault models, supporting single / compound fault simulation and dynamic expansion. It covers the main fault types of core power station equipment, avoiding a single training scenario and enhancing trainees' ability to identify and handle cascading faults. This system closely reflects actual operational risks and addresses the pain point of traditional training's "fixed pre-set fault scenarios and difficulty in simulating complex faults." Trainees can repeatedly practice various scenarios, from single faults to compound cascading faults, in a safe environment, significantly improving their emergency response capabilities. The evaluation unit quantifies and scores operational data, upgrading training effectiveness from "qualitative and fuzzy evaluation" to "quantitative and precise evaluation." This serves as a basis for personnel skill assessment and guides the optimization of subsequent training content, forming a positive cycle of "training-evaluation-improvement." The data recording unit stores simulation data throughout the entire process, generating traceable simulation reports. This transforms the training process from a "one-time experience" into a "traceable and reusable digital asset," providing a teaching case library for subsequent training and a standardized tool for reviewing accident emergency drills. The cooperation between the various units in the control and coordination module forms a complete training loop, encompassing fault triggering, operation response, data recording, quantitative evaluation, and report generation. This loop can be widely applied to new employee training and on-the-job skills enhancement in pumped storage power stations.

[0047] Example 3 This invention provides a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations, which is applied to the HIL simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations provided in the aforementioned embodiments. Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating a hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training method for a pumped storage power station, provided as an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 As shown, the hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HIL) operation and maintenance training method for this pumped storage power station may include: Step S301: Obtain the operation instructions input by the trainee.

[0048] Trainers can select training modes, fault types, and other information through the operator workstation to generate operation instructions, or they can define their own operation instructions. The operator workstation then sends the operation instructions to the control and coordination module. Before receiving the operation instructions, the control and coordination module can also initialize the primary equipment simulation module, interface conversion module, analog switch module, and physical control panel module, synchronize the clocks of each module, and load initial operating parameters.

[0049] Step S302: According to the operation instruction, the fault parameters of the primary equipment simulation module are set to simulate the fault state corresponding to the operation instruction and obtain running simulation data.

[0050] The control and coordination module sets the fault parameters of the primary equipment simulation module according to control commands. The secondary control panel queries the corresponding operation control data based on the fault type and training mode in the operation commands, and sends the operation control parameters to the interface conversion module. The interface conversion module converts the operation control parameters into control data and sends it to the primary equipment simulation model to drive the simulation model in the primary equipment simulation module that has completed the fault parameter settings, generating corresponding fault states, such as stator grounding and circuit breaker failure, and outputting operation simulation data. The operation simulation data describes the operation status data and switching quantities of the simulation models of various devices in the pumped storage power station under fault states. The primary equipment simulation module sends the operation status data to the interface conversion module. The signal conversion unit in the interface conversion module converts the operation status data into a signal format recognizable by the physical control panel module, i.e., generating physical data. The data verification unit performs a rationality check on the physical data. If the rationality check is successful, the physical data is sent to the physical control panel module. If the rationality check fails, an alarm is triggered and the transmission of the physical data to the physical control panel module is terminated. The switch input will be sent directly to the analog switch module as a switch control command, controlling the analog switch to execute the control command and simulate abnormal states of circuit breakers, phase-changing disconnectors, and disconnect switches to obtain switch simulation data. The switch simulation data will then be sent directly to the operator workstation in the physical control panel module and displayed visually on the operator workstation.

[0051] Step S303: Obtain the response operation data fed back by the operator workstation in the physical panel module, which is based on the physical data and the switch simulation data executed by the trainee.

[0052] The switch simulation data is obtained by the simulation switch module based on the operational simulation data to simulate the switch actions in the pumped storage power station. After receiving the physical data, the physical control panel module executes real equipment actions (such as protection device tripping, LCU response, etc.), generates response operation signals, and sends these signals to the interface conversion module. The interface conversion module converts and verifies the validity of the response operation signals to obtain the response operation data. In another possible implementation, trainees can operate the cabinet equipment based on the physical data received by the physical control panel module to generate response operation signals.

[0053] Step S304: Compare the response operation data with standard data to generate a training result report for the trainees.

[0054] The control and coordination module compares the response operation data with standard data, and quantifies the results based on three dimensions: operational accuracy, response time, and completeness of steps. This quantified evaluation result serves as the training outcome report for the trainers. The evaluation result can also be sent to the operator's workstation for display. If the evaluation result indicates unsatisfactory operation, optimization solutions can be provided in the training outcome report. Specifically, optimization solutions can be retrieved from a pre-set optimization solution database.

[0055] In another possible implementation, if repeated training or a change in fault type is required, the process can return to step S301 until training is complete, a simulation report is generated, and the report is stored.

[0056] In one specific implementation, "inter-turn short circuit of main transformer" is selected as the fault type, and the system operation process is as follows: 1. The control and coordination module simulates the inter-turn short-circuit fault of the main transformer through the primary equipment simulation module. The fault parameters are set for the simulation model of the main transformer in the primary equipment simulation module: the short-circuit point is located in the middle of the high-voltage side winding, the transition resistance is 0.1Ω, and the fault occurrence time is t=2s. 2. The interface conversion module converts the simulated fault current (0.8A) and voltage (60V) signals into a format compatible with the physical panel module and transmits them to the main transformer protection cabinet in the physical panel module. 3. Maintenance personnel observe fault alarm information through the main transformer protection cabinet and operate the protection device to perform fault isolation, reclosing, and other operations; 4. The control and coordination module collects the action data (action time, action type) of the protection device and the post-fault status data of the primary equipment simulation module; 5. The evaluation unit compares the collected data with standard data (action time ≤ 0.5s, action type is tripping + reclosing) to generate a quantitative score; 6. If the operation is successful, the key points for troubleshooting will be displayed; if it is unsuccessful, the operator workstation will mark the incorrect operation steps and recommend optimization solutions, supporting retraining.

[0057] In another specific implementation, the "single-phase grounding coupled generator outlet circuit breaker failure" composite fault type is selected, and the system operation flow is as follows: 1. Fault logic set in the control and coordination module: A-phase non-metallic grounding occurs at t=1s (grounding resistance 10Ω), and the generator output circuit breaker fails (mechanical jamming) at t=1.5s. 2. The primary equipment simulation module simulates the fault development process. After the line is grounded, the current rises to 0.9A. After the circuit breaker fails, the fault expands and the generator stator current increases to 1.2kA. The signal is transmitted to the line protection cabinet and generator protection cabinet in the physical panel module through the interface conversion module. 3. Trainees should first handle the grounding fault through the line protection cabinet. If the circuit breaker fails to operate, they should then operate the bus failure protection device to isolate the fault. 4. The control and coordination module records the sequence of actions, operation steps, and equipment status changes of the trainees throughout the entire operation process, and generates a three-dimensional score that includes operation accuracy, response time, and step completeness. 5. After the training, a simulation report is generated, showing the fault development sequence diagram, operation trajectory and optimization suggestions, and supporting the reproduction of fault scenarios for trainees to review and learn from.

[0058] In another specific embodiment, the overcurrent protection setting of the generator motor is checked using the system provided in this embodiment of the invention: 1. Input the set value to be calibrated (overcurrent stage I set value 5A, action time 0.1s) through the operator workstation. 2. The primary equipment simulation module simulates overcurrent faults under different loads and generates overcurrent signals of different amplitudes (4A, 5A, 6A). 3. The signal is transmitted to the generator motor protection cabinet via the interface conversion module, and the actual action time of the protection device in the physical panel module is recorded; 4. The control and coordination module compares the actual action time with the set value setting time. When the difference exceeds 10ms, it automatically performs linear correction on the overcurrent protection delay setting. 5. Generate a setting verification report, clarifying the setting adaptability and correction suggestions, and providing data support for power plant protection setting optimization.

[0059] The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations provided in this invention simulates the fault states corresponding to the primary equipment simulation modules according to operation instructions. It can simulate various types of faults, such as single faults, compound faults, and process faults, covering various risk scenarios in the actual operation of the power station. High-risk faults (such as circuit breaker failure and SFC commutation failure) are practiced in the simulation environment, avoiding safety hazards in on-site operations. The response operation data is compared with standard data to generate a training result report. It abandons the subjective evaluation method of "masters judging based on experience" in traditional training and uses data as the basis for assessment. It realizes a complete training closed loop of "fault simulation - practical operation - data collection - quantitative evaluation - report generation". Trainees can understand their own operation level and improvement direction in real time, forming an effective learning cycle of "learning - practice - feedback - improvement".

[0060] Example 4 This invention also provides an electronic device for running the above-described hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations; see also Figure 4 The diagram shows the structure of an electronic device, which includes a memory 400 and a processor 401. The memory 400 stores one or more computer instructions, which are executed by the processor 401 to implement the aforementioned hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations.

[0061] Furthermore, Figure 4 The electronic device shown also includes a bus 402 and a communication interface 403. The processor 401, the communication interface 403 and the memory 400 are connected via the bus 402.

[0062] The memory 400 may include high-speed random access memory (RAM) and may also include non-volatile memory, such as at least one disk storage device. Communication between this system network element and at least one other network element is achieved through at least one communication interface 403 (which can be wired or wireless), such as the Internet, wide area network, local area network, metropolitan area network, etc. The bus 402 can be an ISA bus, PCI bus, or EISA bus, etc. The bus can be divided into address bus, data bus, control bus, etc. For ease of representation, Figure 4 The symbol is represented by a single double-headed arrow, but this does not mean that there is only one bus or one type of bus.

[0063] Processor 401 may be an integrated circuit chip with signal processing capabilities. In implementation, each step of the above method can be completed by the integrated logic circuitry in the hardware of processor 401 or by instructions in software form. Processor 401 can be a general-purpose processor, including a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Network Processor (NP), etc.; it can also be a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic devices, or discrete hardware components. It can implement or execute the methods, steps, and logic block diagrams disclosed in the embodiments of this invention. The general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor or any conventional processor. The steps of the methods disclosed in the embodiments of this invention can be directly manifested as execution by a hardware decoding processor, or execution by a combination of hardware and software modules in the decoding processor. The software module can reside in a readily available storage medium in the art, such as random access memory, flash memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electrically erasable programmable memory, or registers. This storage medium is located in memory 400, and processor 401 reads information from memory 400 and, in conjunction with its hardware, completes the steps of the method described in the foregoing embodiments.

[0064] This invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions. When these computer-executable instructions are called and executed by a processor, they cause the processor to implement the aforementioned hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations. For specific implementation details, please refer to the method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0065] The computer program product for the semi-physical simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations provided in this embodiment of the invention includes a computer-readable storage medium storing non-volatile program code executable by a processor. The instructions included in the program code can be used to execute the methods described in the preceding method embodiments. For specific implementation details, please refer to the method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0066] Those skilled in the art will understand that, for the sake of convenience and brevity, the specific working processes of the systems, devices, and units described above can be referred to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0067] In the several embodiments provided by this invention, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, apparatuses, and methods can be implemented in other ways. The apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For example, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. Furthermore, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Additionally, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some communication interfaces; the indirect coupling or communication connection between devices or units may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0068] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0069] In addition, the functional units in the various embodiments of the present invention can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit.

[0070] If the aforementioned functions are implemented as software functional units and sold or used as independent products, they can be stored in a processor-executable, non-volatile, computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this invention, essentially, or the part that contributes to the prior art, or a portion of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions to cause a computer device (which may be a personal computer, server, or network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods described in the various embodiments of this invention. The aforementioned storage medium includes various media capable of storing program code, such as USB flash drives, portable hard drives, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disks, or optical disks.

[0071] Finally, it should be noted that the above-described embodiments are merely specific implementations of the present invention, used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit it. The scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that any person skilled in the art can still modify or easily conceive of changes to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention, or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features; and these modifications, changes, or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and should all be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations, characterized in that, The system includes: a control and coordination module, a primary equipment simulation module, a simulated switch module, an interface conversion module, and a physical data storage cabinet module; the control and coordination module is communicatively connected to the operator workstations in the primary equipment simulation module and the physical data storage cabinet module, the primary equipment simulation module is communicatively connected to the simulated switch module and the interface conversion module, the simulated switch module is communicatively connected to the operator workstation, and the interface conversion module is communicatively connected to the secondary data storage cabinet in the physical data storage cabinet module; The control and coordination module is used to receive operation instructions sent by the operator workstation in the physical panel module, and to set fault parameters for the primary equipment simulation module according to the operation instructions; and to generate a training result report for the trainees based on the response operation data fed back by the operator workstation in the physical panel module. The primary equipment simulation module is used to simulate the operating status of the primary equipment in the pumped storage power station under the control of the control data sent by the secondary control panel, and obtain operating simulation data. The simulated switch module is used to simulate the switching actions in the pumped storage power station based on the operation simulation data, obtain switch simulation data, and feed the switch simulation data back to the operator workstation; The interface conversion module is used to convert the running simulation data into physical data adapted to the secondary cabinet, and to convert the running control data in the operation instructions into control data adapted to the primary equipment simulation module. The operator workstation is used to receive operation instructions input by trainees, and to send the operation instructions to the control coordination module and the secondary panel to obtain response operation data executed by the trainees based on the physical data and the switch simulation data; The secondary control panel is used to receive the operation instructions and, through the interface conversion module, control the primary equipment simulation module to simulate the operating status of the primary equipment in the pumped storage power station, as well as to collect the response operation data executed by the trainees based on the physical data and the switch simulation data.

2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The primary equipment simulation module includes at least simulation models of generator motors, main transformers, lines, commutation switches, static frequency converters, and loads; the primary equipment simulation module is also used to obtain the actual equipment parameters of the pumped storage power station and calibrate the model parameters in the simulation model based on the actual equipment parameters.

3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The interface conversion module includes a signal conversion unit and a data verification unit; The signal conversion unit is used to convert the running simulation data and the switch simulation data into physical data adapted to the physical panel module. The data verification unit is used to verify the rationality of the physical data and obtain the verification result; when the verification result is a verification failure, an alarm is triggered and the transmission of the physical data to the physical data cabinet module is terminated.

4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The simulated switch module is specifically used to receive the switch control commands output by the primary equipment simulation module, simulate the abnormal states of circuit breakers, phase-changing disconnectors and disconnect switches, and obtain switch simulation data; wherein, the switch control commands are generated by the primary equipment simulation module based on the abnormal triggering conditions set for the primary equipment simulation module.

5. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control and coordination module includes a fault simulation unit; the fault simulation unit is used to store multiple equipment fault model parameters and process fault model parameters of the pumped storage power station.

6. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control and coordination module also includes an evaluation unit, which is used to acquire the response operation data fed back by the physical cabinet module and the simulation operation data of the primary equipment simulation module, and compare the response operation data and the simulation operation data with standard data to generate a training result report for the trainees.

7. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control and coordination module is also used to receive protection action signals triggered by the relay protection cabinet in the physical panel module based on the operation simulation data, and to correct the protection setting value of the protection action signal based on the response time of the protection action signal and the preset time.

8. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control and coordination module also includes a data recording unit for storing the operation instructions, the operation simulation data, the switch simulation data, the response operation data, and the training result report.

9. A semi-physical simulation training method for operation and maintenance of pumped storage power stations, characterized in that, The method, applied to the control and coordination module in the hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training system for pumped storage power stations as described in any one of claims 1-8, comprises: Obtain the operation instructions input by the trainees; According to the operation instructions, the fault parameters of the primary equipment simulation module are set to simulate the fault state corresponding to the operation instructions and obtain the running simulation data. The system obtains response operation data from the operator workstation in the physical control panel module, which is based on the physical data and the switch simulation data. The switch simulation data is obtained by simulating the switch actions in the pumped storage power station using the simulation data. The response operation data is compared with standard data to generate a training result report for the trainees.

10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores computer-executable instructions, which, when invoked and executed by a processor, cause the processor to implement the hardware-in-the-loop simulation operation and maintenance training method for pumped storage power stations as described in claim 9.

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