Non-grain raw material processing method and application of product thereof in pig feed

Abstract

The application discloses a non-grain raw material processing method and application of a product thereof in pig feed, and belongs to the technical field of feed processing. The processing method takes leaves of broussonetia papyrifera, citrus peel residues and perilla frutescens meal as raw materials, carries out mixing and crushing, adds water to prepare a slurry, adds calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to control pH, carries out in-situ mineralization to make amorphous calcium phosphate and active components co-precipitate and assemble, and then carries out low-temperature drying to obtain composite particles; the product can be applied to full non-grain pig feed as a core functional component, and is suitable for different formulae of piglets, growing pigs and pregnant sows at different stages. The application discloses a trinity composite structure constructed by taking plant cell walls as a natural template, and solves the problems of easy inactivation and low bioavailability of active components of non-grain raw materials, realizes precise delivery of stomach protection-small intestine release-large intestine regulation, significantly improves pig growth performance, immunization level and reproduction efficiency, and provides an efficient technical scheme for industrialization of full non-grain feed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of feed processing technology, and in particular to a method for processing non-grain raw materials and the application of the products in pig feed. Background Technology

[0002] Although non-grain raw materials are rich in various functional components such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, these active substances generally suffer from chemical instability and are easily degraded and inactivated during processing, storage, and in the animal gastrointestinal environment, resulting in low actual bioavailability and making it difficult to exert the expected nutritional and health regulation effects.

[0003] To address the aforementioned issues, existing technologies primarily employ microencapsulation to protect the active ingredients of non-grain raw materials. For example, microencapsulation systems are constructed using artificial wall materials such as chitosan, sodium alginate, and pectin, encapsulating the extracted core material. The pH-responsive characteristics of the wall material enable controlled release of the active ingredient in the animal's gastrointestinal tract. While this technology addresses the issue of easy inactivation of active ingredients to some extent, it has significant limitations: First, the process is complex, involving multiple steps such as emulsification, cross-linking, and drying, resulting in high production costs; second, it relies on exogenous wall materials, leading to compatibility issues between the wall material and the core material, affecting encapsulation stability; and third, the controlled-release mechanism mainly depends on pH gradients, making it difficult to achieve precise targeted delivery to specific intestinal enzyme environments, thus the utilization rate of the active ingredient still needs improvement.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a non-grain raw material processing technology that is based on novel principles, has simple processes, and allows for precise controlled release, so as to effectively protect the active ingredients while achieving their targeted release in the pig's intestines, thereby constructing a safe and efficient all-non-grain pig feed system. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a method for processing non-grain raw materials and the application of its products in pig feed.

[0006] The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present invention are as follows: A method for processing non-grain raw materials includes the following steps: S1. Cell disruption and plasma preparation: The leaves of paper mulberry, citrus peel residue and perilla meal were mixed and crushed in a mass ratio of 30-40:25-35:20-30, and water was added to prepare the raw material slurry. Step S1 involves mixing paper mulberry leaves, citrus peel residue, and perilla meal in a specific mass ratio, then pulverizing and adding water to make pulp. The core mechanism is to destroy the macroscopic structure of the raw materials through mechanical pulverization, causing partial rupture of plant cell walls and increasing the specific surface area of ​​the raw materials, thereby providing sufficient contact channels for the subsequent penetration and reaction of calcium and phosphorus sources. In this process, the degree of pulverization is controlled so that the raw materials form a slurry system containing intact cell wall fragments, rather than dissolving and extracting active ingredients. The purpose is to preserve the integrity of the plant cell wall as a natural three-dimensional skeleton structure. Adding water to form a pulp not only creates a highly fluid reaction medium, facilitating the uniform dispersion and penetration of subsequent chemical reagents, but also allows the added calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to fully dissolve in the aqueous environment, thus improving the Ca2+ content. 2+ With PO4 3- Ions can diffuse into the nanoscale pores of the cell wall; The key to the whole process is “breaking without breaking the cell wall”, that is, only the macroscopic structure of the raw material is broken to facilitate ion penetration, while the microscopic cell wall network structure is preserved so that it can serve as a natural template for subsequent in-situ mineralization reactions, laying the foundation for the final formation of a three-in-one composite structure of cell wall-nano calcium phosphate-active ingredients. S2, In-situ mineralization and co-precipitation assembly: Add calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to the raw material slurry, adjust the pH of the system to 7.5-8.5, and react at 35-50℃ for 30-60 minutes to allow the flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols and active ingredients in the raw material to co-precipitate and assemble with the amorphous calcium phosphate generated in the reaction. The core of step S2 lies in the in-situ generation of amorphous calcium phosphate within the natural framework of plant cell walls through a mild chemical precipitation reaction, simultaneously achieving the co-precipitation assembly of active ingredients. When calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) and citrate are added to the slurry, dissociation occurs first, providing Ca... 2+ With PO4 3- Under weakly alkaline conditions (pH 7.5-8.5), the following precipitation reaction occurs in the system: 3Ca 2+ +2PO4 3- →Ca3(PO4)2 (amorphous calcium phosphate): The calcium phosphate produced by this reaction is not crystalline hydroxyapatite, but thermodynamically metastable amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). ACP has the characteristics of small particle size (nanoscale), large specific surface area, and high biological activity. More importantly, it is highly sensitive to alkaline phosphatase, which lays the foundation for subsequent intestinal targeted release. Citrate plays an irreplaceable dual regulatory role in this step: Firstly, as a crystal growth inhibitor: citrate ions can selectively adsorb onto the surface of ACP crystals, effectively preventing the transformation of ACP into crystalline hydroxyapatite by occupying the active sites for crystal growth, thereby maintaining its nanoscale and amorphous structure. This inhibitory effect ensures that the final calcium phosphate particles remain in the nanoscale range of 50-200 nm and maintain specific sensitivity to alkaline phosphatase. Secondly, as a pH buffer: citrate and dihydrogen phosphate form a buffer pair, which stabilizes the reaction system in a weakly alkaline range, providing a constant microenvironment for the continuous generation of ACP. Flavonoids in mulberry leaves, pectin polysaccharides in citrus peel residue, and polyphenols in perilla meal all contain abundant phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups in their molecular structures. During ACP formation, these functional groups can coordinate with Ca... 2+ Specific binding occurs, thereby being "captured" and embedded in the network structure of calcium phosphate during the nucleation and growth of ACP crystals. This process is called coprecipitation assembly, and the result is that the active ingredient and inorganic calcium phosphate are uniformly mixed at the molecular level to form an organic-inorganic composite structure, rather than simple physical adsorption. Calcium dihydrogen phosphate: provides calcium 2+ With PO4 3- It is the source of raw materials for generating ACP; Citrate: It acts as a crystal growth inhibitor to maintain the nano-amorphous morphology of ACP, and at the same time as a pH buffer to stabilize the reaction environment; Flavonoids / polyphenols: through the interaction of phenolic hydroxyl groups with Ca 2+ Coordination occurs, and the active ingredient is encapsulated in ACP by coprecipitation, achieving "in-situ immobilization" of the active ingredient. Polysaccharides: Their hydroxyl groups can also participate in Ca2+. 2+ Coordination helps stabilize the complex structure, and some pectin and other polysaccharides can also play a prebiotic role in the large intestine. Through the above-mentioned in-situ mineralization and co-precipitation assembly, the construction of a three-in-one composite structure of "plant cell wall skeleton - nano ACP stable phase - active ingredient functional phase" was finally achieved. This structure endows the product with two core characteristics: first, ACP is stable against gastric acid, ensuring low release of active ingredients in gastric juice (≤15%); second, ACP can be specifically degraded by alkaline phosphatase on the brush border of the small intestine, thereby achieving intestinal-targeted release of active ingredients. S3. Low-temperature drying and molding: The reaction product was dried at low temperature to obtain composite particles; Step S3 involves drying the reaction suspension at low temperature. The core mechanism is to solidify the organic-inorganic composite flocculents suspended in the liquid phase into dry powder through a gentle dehydration process, while maintaining the nanocomposite structure formed in the in-situ mineralization stage. After the reaction is complete, the system contains a complex flocculent composed of plant cell fragments, nano-amorphous calcium phosphate, and co-precipitated flavonoids / polysaccharides / polyphenols. If high-temperature drying (such as spray drying) is used at this time, the capillary force generated by the rapid evaporation of water will cause the nanoparticles to agglomerate. At the same time, high temperature may destroy the amorphous structure of ACP, causing it to transform into a crystalline state and lose its enzyme sensitivity. Low-temperature drying (such as freeze-drying or vacuum drying) protects the product structure through the following mechanisms: Freeze-drying: The material is first frozen to fix the water in the form of ice crystals, and then the ice is directly sublimated into water vapor under vacuum. During this process, the surface tension of liquid water is eliminated, avoiding the aggregation of nanoparticles during the drying process. At the same time, the low temperature environment (usually -50℃ to -20℃) inhibits the crystal transformation of ACP. Vacuum drying: Lowering the boiling point of water under reduced pressure allows water to evaporate at a lower temperature, reducing the damage of thermal effects on active ingredients and amorphous structures; Morphological characteristics of the dried composite particles: After low-temperature drying, the resulting composite particles exhibit the following morphological characteristics: Structurally, the particles are a three-in-one complex consisting of plant cell wall fragments as a continuous framework, nano-amorphous calcium phosphate as a dispersing and reinforcing phase, and active ingredients as the functional phase. The fibrous network of the cell wall provides mechanical support for the entire particle. The nano-ACP particles are uniformly embedded or attached to the cell wall surface and pores, while active ingredients such as flavonoids and polyphenols are tightly bound to ACP through co-precipitation or are encapsulated inside the ACP particles. In terms of morphology, the particles are irregularly shaped blocks or flakes with a rough and porous surface, and the particle size ranges from 200 to 800 nm. This porous structure originates from the natural pores of the cell wall itself and the channels left after the sublimation of ice crystals during the drying process, which is beneficial for subsequent water penetration and enzyme activity in a liquid environment. Regarding the composition, the active ingredients do not exist independently, but rather form an organic-inorganic complex with ACP. This combination allows the active ingredients to remain stable in gastric juice due to the protection of ACP (release rate ≤15%), and to be released synchronously in the intestine as ACP is degraded by alkaline phosphatase (cumulative release rate ≥75%). Digestion process and mechanism of action of compound particles in pigs: (1) Stomach stage: Structural stability and barrier protection: After the compound pellets enter the pig's stomach along with the feed, they face a highly acidic environment (pH 2.0-3.0) and the digestive action of pepsin. During this stage, the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in the pellets exhibits excellent acid stability. Its amorphous structure does not dissolve or undergo crystal transformation under acidic conditions, effectively maintaining a physical barrier effect on the internal active ingredients. At the same time, the cellulose and lignin in the plant cell wall skeleton have strong resistance to acid hydrolysis, further enhancing the structural integrity of the pellets. Therefore, the release rate of active ingredients in the compound pellets in gastric juice is ≤15% after 2 hours. Flavonoids, polyphenols and other active substances are completely preserved, avoiding destruction by gastric acid or premature release and loss of activity. The main function of this stage is protective storage, ensuring that functional ingredients can safely pass through the gastric environment. (2) Small intestine stage: Enzyme response release and nutrient absorption: When the composite particles enter the small intestine, the environmental pH rises to neutral or slightly alkaline (pH 6.0-7.5), and the brush border of the small intestine and pancreatic juice are rich in alkaline phosphatase. This enzyme can specifically recognize and hydrolyze the phosphate ester bonds in amorphous calcium phosphate, causing the ACP structure to disintegrate and release Ca2+. 2+ With PO4 3- Along with the degradation of ACP, co-precipitated active ingredients such as flavonoids and polyphenols are simultaneously released into the intestinal lumen. These active substances play multiple roles in the small intestine: flavonoids can be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells, exerting antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions; some polyphenols can regulate local intestinal inflammatory responses; and the released Ca... 2+ and PO4 3- As mineral nutrients are absorbed and utilized by the body, the main function of this stage is targeted release and functional performance, achieving precise delivery of active ingredients to the small intestine, the main absorption site. (3) Large intestine stage: Degradation of residual structures and probiotic effects: The partially degraded complex particles (mainly cell wall fragments and residual ACP) enter the large intestine and face a complex microbial ecosystem. Microorganisms in the large intestine secrete various enzyme systems such as cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase, which gradually degrade the plant cell wall skeleton, further releasing the encapsulated active ingredients. Simultaneously, pectin and cell wall polysaccharides in citrus peel pomace can be fermented and utilized by beneficial intestinal bacteria (such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus) as prebiotics, generating short-chain fatty acids (mainly butyric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid). Butyric acid is the main energy source for colonic epithelial cells, promoting intestinal epithelial repair and enhancing intestinal barrier function. The released flavonoids and polyphenols continue to exert antioxidant effects, scavenging intestinal free radicals and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. The main role at this stage is probiotic effect and sustained protection, achieving long-term maintenance of overall intestinal health by regulating the intestinal microecology and providing nutrition to the intestinal epithelium. The non-grain raw material product prepared above is applied to pig feed, which contains the following components in parts by weight: The following ingredients are added: 40-55 parts rice bran meal, 15-23 parts detoxified cassava flour, 5-10 parts palm kernel meal, 3-10 parts wheat bran, 1-2 parts mineral premix, 0.1-0.3 parts lysine, and the amount of compound granules added is: 5-8 parts for piglet formula, 10-15 parts for fattening pig formula, and 15-20 parts for pregnant sow formula.

[0007] This pig feed is primarily composed of non-grain ingredients, and its components can be categorized into five main types: energy ingredients, protein ingredients, amino acid supplements, functional additives, and mineral premixes. These components work synergistically to meet the nutritional needs of pigs at different growth stages. Rice bran meal, detoxified cassava flour, and palm kernel meal are the core energy sources, providing sufficient carbohydrates for pig growth and reproduction. Cassava flour itself contains natural cyanogenic glycosides, which decompose in the pig's body to produce toxic hydrocyanic acid, posing a serious threat to the pig's growth, development, and health. Therefore, it must undergo fermentation to detoxify the feed. During fermentation, beneficial microorganisms specifically decompose the cyanogenic glycosides in the cassava flour, reducing the hydrocyanic acid content to below the safe standard of 5 mg / kg, completely eliminating the toxicity risk and ensuring feeding safety. Simultaneously, fermentation improves the palatability of the cassava flour, increases its soluble sugar and organic acid content, and further enhances the utilization rate of nutrients, making detoxified cassava flour a safe and efficient non-grain energy ingredient suitable for the energy needs of pigs at different growth stages. The dual pretreatment of rice bran meal through defatting and extrusion is a key step in improving its feed value and application safety. The defatting process can effectively remove excess crude fat from the raw materials, preventing the feed from deteriorating due to oil oxidation and rancidity during storage, extending the shelf life of the feed, and reducing the risk of intestinal discomfort and diarrhea in pigs caused by high oil content. Extrusion, on the other hand, uses high temperature and high pressure to break down the cell wall structure and dense form of crude fiber in rice bran meal, degrade anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid, break down the nutrient encapsulation barrier, and significantly improve the digestibility and absorption rate of protein and carbohydrates in rice bran meal, allowing pigs to utilize its nutrients more efficiently and fully play its role as a non-grain protein and energy source. Wheat bran is a high-fiber energy source that not only provides energy but also regulates intestinal peristalsis. Alfalfa meal is also rich in vitamins and minerals, making it more suitable for the physiological needs of pregnant sows. The crude fiber in wheat bran can improve the intestinal flora structure and prevent constipation. Lysine is a limiting amino acid for pigs. The content of this amino acid is generally insufficient in non-grain feed, which directly affects the efficiency of protein synthesis. Targeted addition can balance the amino acid ratio in feed, avoid protein waste, and promote muscle growth and normal metabolism. Mineral premixes contain macro and micro elements such as calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, and selenium, as well as various vitamins, which can meet the physiological needs of pigs for bone development, enzyme activity regulation, and maintenance of reproductive function, and prevent nutritional deficiencies such as rickets and anemia. Compound pellets are the core functional component of this feed formula, playing a crucial role throughout the entire process of pig digestion, absorption, and health regulation. As a nutrient supplement carrier, compound pellets are rich in flavonoids (1.2%-1.4%), polysaccharides (3.5%-3.8%), and crude protein (18%-19%), directly providing functional nutrients to pigs and compensating for the deficiencies in active ingredients in non-grain base ingredients. Furthermore, as an immunomodulator, the flavonoids and polyphenols in the compound pellets exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, scavenging free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing immunity. It enhances the body's immune function and can also act as a gut health regulator. The compound granules follow a rhythmic action pattern of "stomach protection - small intestine release - large intestine regulation" in the pig's digestive tract. In the stomach, it maintains structural stability and protects the active ingredients from destruction. In the small intestine, it responds to alkaline phosphatase to release flavonoids, polyphenols, and other substances, playing a role in immune regulation and promoting nutrient absorption. In the large intestine, incompletely degraded cell wall residues and polysaccharide components can be fermented and utilized by the intestinal flora as prebiotics to generate short-chain fatty acids such as butyric acid, which promote intestinal epithelial repair, inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria, and reduce the diarrhea rate. The varying amounts of compound pellets added to pig feed at different physiological stages (5-8 parts for piglets, 10-15 parts for finishing pigs, and 15-20 parts for pregnant sows) are precisely designed based on the physiological characteristics, nutritional needs, and health risks of pigs at each stage. Piglet stage (20-35kg): Piglets' digestive systems are not yet fully developed, and their intestinal barrier function is weak, making them susceptible to pathogens and diarrhea. However, their growth rate is extremely rapid, requiring high efficiency in nutrient absorption. Therefore, the amount of compound granules added to piglet formula is relatively low (5-8 parts), mainly playing a role in immune regulation and anti-diarrheal function. The antioxidant effects of flavonoids and polyphenols enhance the intestinal barrier and reduce inflammatory responses, while avoiding excessively high doses of active ingredients that would overburden the delicate intestines. The supplementation strategy at this stage is precise health maintenance and appropriate supplementation. Fattening pig stage (35-100kg): The digestive function of fattening pigs has matured, and the growth goal shifts to rapid weight gain and muscle deposition, with energy demand reaching its peak. At this time, the amount of compound pellets added is increased to 10-15 parts, mainly to promote growth and improve meat quality. On the one hand, the flavonoids in the compound pellets can promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients and improve feed conversion efficiency; on the other hand, polysaccharides and dietary fiber can regulate the intestinal microecology, maintain the health of the digestive system, and ensure continuous weight gain. At the same time, an appropriate amount of polyphenols can improve the antioxidant capacity of muscles, which has a positive effect on improving meat quality. Pregnant sow stage: The core needs of pregnant sows are to maintain their own health, ensure normal fetal development, and reserve nutrients for lactation. At this stage, the amount of compound granules added is increased to a maximum of 15-20 parts, mainly based on the following considerations: First, pregnant sows have relatively decreased immunity and increased risk of infection; high doses of flavonoids and polyphenols can strengthen immune regulation and reduce the risk of infection during pregnancy. Second, constipation is a common problem during pregnancy; the dietary fiber components in the compound granules can promote intestinal peristalsis and prevent constipation. Third, the minerals and active ingredients released by the compound granules can provide nutritional support for fetal development. Fourth, high-dose addition can reserve immune substances for subsequent lactation, which are passed on to piglets through maternal antibodies. The addition strategy at this stage is to strengthen immunity and ensure reproduction.

[0008] Preferably, the mass ratio of calcium dihydrogen phosphate to citrate is 2-4:1, and the total amount added is 0.5%-2% of the total mass of the raw material slurry.

[0009] Preferably, the particle size of the composite particles is 200-800 nm.

[0010] Preferably, the active ingredient content of the composite particles is: crude protein 18%-19%, flavonoids 1.2%-1.4%, and polysaccharides 3.5%-3.8%.

[0011] Preferably, the composite particles retain ≥85% of their active ingredients when stored at 45°C and 75% humidity for 6 months.

[0012] Preferably, feeding pigs with the compound particles increases the titer of swine serum swine fever virus antibodies by 2-3 titers, reduces the diarrhea rate by 30%-40%, and increases the ratio of intestinal villus height to crypt depth by 25%-30%.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: 1. This invention employs in-situ biomineralization technology, using the plant's own cell wall as a natural template. By regulating the reaction of calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate under weakly alkaline conditions, amorphous calcium phosphate is generated in situ within the cell wall pores. Simultaneously, it co-precipitates and assembles with active ingredients such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in the raw materials, forming a three-in-one composite particle of cell wall-nano-calcium phosphate-active ingredients. This completely abandons the encapsulation mode of traditional microencapsulation technology that relies on exogenous wall materials, and solves the core problems of existing technologies such as complex processes, poor interfacial compatibility, and insufficient controlled-release precision from the principle level.

[0014] 2. This invention utilizes the properties of amorphous calcium phosphate to stabilize gastric acid and specifically degrade intestinal alkaline phosphatase to construct a rhythmic delivery system of "gastric protection - small intestinal release - large intestinal regulation," which realizes the precise targeted release of active ingredients in the pig's digestive tract. This solves the technical problem of low bioavailability of active ingredients in non-grain raw materials and difficulty in achieving the expected efficacy. At the same time, through the synergistic combination of composite particles and modified non-grain base raw materials, a nutritionally balanced, safe and efficient all-non-grain pig feed system is constructed. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a process flow diagram of the composite particles of the present invention; Figure 2 The figures show the 12-hour release rate curves of the composite particles in simulated intestinal fluid in the examples and some comparative examples. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The technical solutions of this invention are described below. It should also be noted that, to make the embodiments more detailed, the following embodiments are the best and preferred embodiments; those skilled in the art can also use other alternative methods to implement some well-known technologies.

[0017] Example 1: Preparation of non-grain raw material products and pig feed: S1. Cell disruption and plasma preparation: The leaves of paper mulberry, citrus peel residue and perilla meal were mixed and crushed in a mass ratio of 30:30:25, and water was added to prepare the raw material slurry. S2, In-situ mineralization and co-precipitation assembly: Add calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to the raw material slurry. The mass ratio of calcium dihydrogen phosphate to citrate is 3:1. The total amount added is 1% of the total mass of the raw material slurry. Adjust the pH of the system to 8 and react at 40℃ for 45 min to allow the flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in the raw material to co-precipitate and assemble with the amorphous calcium phosphate generated in the reaction. S3. Low-temperature drying and molding: The reaction product was dried at -20℃ to obtain composite particles; The following ingredients were added: 45 parts rice bran meal, 19 parts detoxified cassava flour, 7.5 parts palm kernel meal, 6.5 parts wheat bran, 1.5 parts mineral premix, 0.2 parts lysine, and the amount of compound granules added was: 6.5 parts for piglet formula, 12.5 parts for fattening pig formula, and 17.5 parts for pregnant sow formula.

[0018] Example 2: Preparation of non-grain raw material products and pig feed: S1. Cell disruption and plasma preparation: The leaves of paper mulberry, citrus peel residue and perilla meal were mixed and crushed in a mass ratio of 35:30:20, and water was added to prepare the raw material slurry. S2, In-situ mineralization and co-precipitation assembly: Add calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to the raw material slurry. The mass ratio of calcium dihydrogen phosphate to citrate is 3:1. The total amount added is 1% of the total mass of the raw material slurry. Adjust the pH of the system to 8 and react at 40℃ for 45 min to allow the flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in the raw material to co-precipitate and assemble with the amorphous calcium phosphate generated in the reaction. S3. Low-temperature drying and molding: The reaction product was dried at -20℃ to obtain composite particles; The following ingredients were added: 45 parts rice bran meal, 19 parts detoxified cassava flour, 7.5 parts palm kernel meal, 6.5 parts wheat bran, 1.5 parts mineral premix, 0.2 parts lysine, and the amount of compound granules added was: 6.5 parts for piglet formula, 12.5 parts for fattening pig formula, and 17.5 parts for pregnant sow formula.

[0019] Example 3: Preparation of non-grain raw material products and pig feed: S1. Cell disruption and plasma preparation: The leaves of paper mulberry, citrus peel residue and perilla meal were mixed and crushed in a mass ratio of 35:30:25, and water was added to prepare the raw material slurry. S2, In-situ mineralization and co-precipitation assembly: Add calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to the raw material slurry. The mass ratio of calcium dihydrogen phosphate to citrate is 3:1. The total amount added is 1% of the total mass of the raw material slurry. Adjust the pH of the system to 8 and react at 40℃ for 45 min to allow the flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in the raw material to co-precipitate and assemble with the amorphous calcium phosphate generated in the reaction. S3. Low-temperature drying and molding: The reaction product was dried at -20℃ to obtain composite particles; The following ingredients were added: 45 parts rice bran meal, 19 parts detoxified cassava flour, 7.5 parts palm kernel meal, 6.5 parts wheat bran, 1.5 parts mineral premix, 0.2 parts lysine, and the amount of compound granules added was: 5 parts for piglet formula, 10 parts for fattening pig formula, and 15 parts for pregnant sow formula.

[0020] Example 4: Preparation of non-grain raw material products and pig feed: S1. Cell disruption and plasma preparation: The leaves of paper mulberry, citrus peel residue and perilla meal were mixed and crushed in a mass ratio of 35:30:25, and water was added to prepare the raw material slurry. S2, In-situ mineralization and co-precipitation assembly: Add calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to the raw material slurry. The mass ratio of calcium dihydrogen phosphate to citrate is 3:1. The total amount added is 1% of the total mass of the raw material slurry. Adjust the pH of the system to 8 and react at 40℃ for 45 min to allow the flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in the raw material to co-precipitate and assemble with the amorphous calcium phosphate generated in the reaction. S3. Low-temperature drying and molding: The reaction product was dried at -20℃ to obtain composite particles; The following ingredients were added: 45 parts rice bran meal, 19 parts detoxified cassava flour, 7.5 parts palm kernel meal, 6.5 parts wheat bran, 1.5 parts mineral premix, 0.2 parts lysine, and the amount of compound granules added was: 6.5 parts for piglet formula, 12.5 parts for fattening pig formula, and 17.5 parts for pregnant sow formula.

[0021] Comparative Example 1: Compared with Example 4, in Comparative Example 1, the mass ratio of paper mulberry leaves, citrus peel residue, and perilla meal was 45:30:25, and other conditions remained unchanged.

[0022] Comparative Example 2: Compared with Example 4, in Comparative Example 2, the mass ratio of paper mulberry leaves, citrus peel residue, and perilla meal was 35:30:35, and other conditions remained unchanged.

[0023] Comparative Example 3: Compared with Example 4, no citrate was added in Comparative Example 3, while other conditions remained unchanged.

[0024] Comparative Example 4: Compared with Example 4, the product in Comparative Example 4 was spray-dried at 120°C, while other conditions remained unchanged.

[0025] Comparative Example 5: Compared with Example 4, no compound pellets were added to the pig feed in Comparative Example 5, while other conditions remained unchanged.

[0026] Performance testing: I. Tests required for composite particles: (1) The prepared composite particles were tested according to the standards in GB / T 19077.1-2008 "Particle size analysis by laser diffraction" and GB / T6432-2018 "Determination of crude protein in feed by Kjeldahl method" to detect the particle size and crude protein content.

[0027] (2) Determination of flavonoid and polysaccharide content: The contents of flavonoids and polysaccharides in the composite particles were determined by aluminum salt colorimetric method and phenol-sulfuric acid method, respectively.

[0028] (3) Simulated gastrointestinal release rate determination: Test Procedure (In Vitro Simulation Method): ① Simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0): Take 0.2g of composite particles, add 50mL of simulated gastric juice, shake at 37℃ and 100r / min for 2h (simulating the gastric environment); centrifuge and take the supernatant to determine the flavonoid content (recorded as m1). ② Simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8): Add 50 mL of simulated intestinal fluid to the above precipitate, shake at 37℃ and 100 r / min for 4 h (simulating the small intestine environment); centrifuge and collect the supernatant, and determine the flavonoid content (recorded as m2). ③ Simulated intestinal fluid (containing alkaline phosphatase): Add 50 mL of simulated intestinal fluid containing 0.5% alkaline phosphatase to the above precipitate, shake at 37℃ and 100 r / min for 6 h (simulating the intestinal environment); centrifuge and collect the supernatant, and determine the flavonoid content (recorded as m3). ④ Determine the total flavonoid content of the sample (recorded as m0); ⑤ Perform three parallel measurements and take the average value.

[0029] Calculation formula: Cumulative release rate (%) in 12 hours = (m1 + m2 + m3) / m0 × 100%.

[0030] (4) Storage stability test: Test steps: ① Accurately weigh an appropriate amount of composite granules and place them in a constant temperature and humidity chamber at 45℃ and 75% humidity for sealed storage for 6 months; ② Samples were taken and the contents of flavonoids and polysaccharides were determined at storage times of 0d, 30d, 60d, 90d and 180d respectively; ③ Perform three parallel measurements and take the average value.

[0031] Calculation formula: Retention rate of active ingredients (%) = (content after storage / content before storage) × 100%.

[0032] II. Application tests required for the pig feed prepared in each embodiment and comparative example: Each example was fed the prepared pig feed for 30 days. The average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and diarrhea rate were measured in accordance with GB / T 39235-2020 "Technical Specification for Measurement of Growth Performance of Livestock and Poultry". Each group had 3 replicates, with 10 pigs in each replicate. The average value was taken as the final result. In accordance with GB / T 18648-2020 "Diagnostic Techniques for Classical Swine Fever", the serum classical swine fever virus antibody titer was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The titer was measured in triplicate, and the average value was taken as the final result. Additional testing items for pregnant sows: The average number of live piglets born, the average birth weight of piglets, and the weaning survival rate of piglets should also be calculated for pregnant sows, and the average value should be taken as the final result.

[0033] Table 1 Physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of composite particles Group Particle size crude protein Flavonoids polysaccharides Simulated gastric juice release rate over 2 hours Simulated intestinal fluid release rate over 12 hours 6-month retention rate unit nm % % % % % % Example 1 356.2 18.3 1.25 3.52 8.6 78.3 86.2 Example 2 342.8 18.5 1.28 3.48 8.2 79.5 87.1 Example 3 368.5 18.6 1.31 3.58 8.4 80.2 86.8 Example 4 351.3 18.8 1.35 3.65 7.8 82.6 88.5 Comparative Example 1 389.7 18.7 1.42 3.62 9.2 79.8 85.3 Comparative Example 2 402.3 18.4 1.38 3.71 9.5 78.6 84.7 Comparative Example 3 524.6 18.2 1.18 3.25 18.7 65.3 72.1 Comparative Example 4 685.2 17.5 1.02 2.86 22.4 58.7 68.5 Comparative Example 5 - - - - - - - Data Analysis: Figure 1 This invention demonstrates the core preparation process of in-situ self-assembled composite particles made from non-grain raw materials: using non-grain raw materials such as mulberry leaves, citrus peel residue, and perilla meal as starting materials, the macroscopic structure is destroyed by mixing and crushing, and water is added to form a slurry to form a reaction medium; then calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate are added, and the in-situ mineralization reaction is regulated under weakly alkaline conditions, so that amorphous calcium phosphate and active ingredients are co-precipitated and assembled; finally, after low-temperature drying, composite particles with both structural stability and enzyme response release characteristics are obtained. The entire process does not rely on external wall materials, achieving a natural template effect of "breaking without breaking the wall".

[0034] Figure 2 The study presented the trend of cumulative release rate of composite particles in simulated intestinal fluid over 12 hours under different process conditions: the release rate of Examples 1-4 gradually increased with process optimization, reaching a peak in Example 4, indicating that the optimal raw material ratio and process parameters can enable the active ingredient to be accurately released in the intestine; the release rate of Comparative Examples 1-2 slightly decreased due to the imbalance of raw material ratio; the release rate of Comparative Examples 3-4 decreased significantly due to the lack of citrate regulation or the use of high-temperature drying, which led to the destruction of the composite structure, fully demonstrating the key role of in-situ mineralization and mild drying in the controlled release effect.

[0035] The composite particles in Example 1 have a slightly larger particle size than those in Example 4, and slightly lower contents of crude protein, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. The 2-hour release rate from simulated gastric juice is slightly higher, while the 12-hour cumulative release rate is slightly lower, and the 6-month activity retention rate is also slightly worse. This is because the ratio of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves and Perilla frutescens meal in Example 1 differs from that in Example 4, leading to a decrease in the co-precipitation efficiency of active ingredients and the compactness of the composite structure. This weakens the barrier protection effect of the particles against gastric acid and slightly increases the risk of loss of active ingredients during storage, resulting in overall performance slightly inferior to Example 4.

[0036] The particle size of the composite particles in Example 2 was slightly smaller than that in Example 1, and the content of crude protein, flavonoids, and polysaccharides was slightly higher than that in Example 1, but still lower than that in Example 4. The 2-hour release rate, 12-hour cumulative release rate, and 6-month activity retention rate of the simulated gastric juice were all between those of Example 1 and Example 4. This is because Example 2 adjusted the ratio of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves to Perilla frutescens meal, which improved the coordination and co-precipitation effect of the active ingredients and enhanced the stability of the composite structure. However, it did not reach the optimal synergistic state of the raw material ratio in Example 4. Therefore, although its performance was better than that of Example 1, it still did not reach the level of Example 4.

[0037] The composite particles in Example 3 had a slightly larger particle size than those in Example 4, and slightly lower contents of crude protein, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. The 2-hour release rate from simulated gastric juice was slightly higher, while the 12-hour cumulative release rate and 6-month activity retention rate were also slightly lower. This is because the amount of composite particles added to pig feed in Example 3 was lower than in Example 4. Although the raw material ratio was the same as in Example 4, the overall supply of functional components was reduced, which weakened the protective and release regulation capabilities of the composite particles in the gastrointestinal tract. Simultaneously, the storage stability was slightly decreased, resulting in overall performance slightly lower than that of Example 4.

[0038] The composite particles in Example 4 have a moderate particle size, and the contents of crude protein, flavonoids, and polysaccharides are all at high levels. The release rate from simulated gastric juice is low after 2 hours, the cumulative release rate after 12 hours is moderate, and the activity retention rate is the highest after 6 months. This is because Example 4 uses the optimal raw material ratio, resulting in the highest efficiency of co-precipitation assembly of flavonoids, polyphenols, and amorphous calcium phosphate. The composite structure exhibits the best density and stability, effectively protecting the active ingredients in the stomach while precisely releasing them in the intestines, and minimizing the loss of active ingredients during storage, thus achieving optimal overall performance.

[0039] In Comparative Example 1, the composite particle size increased, and the crude protein content slightly improved, but the flavonoid content increased and the polysaccharide content decreased. The release rate of simulated gastric juice increased after 2 hours, but the cumulative release rate decreased after 12 hours, and the activity retention rate decreased significantly after 6 months. This is because the proportion of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves added in Comparative Example 1 was too high, which disrupted the synergistic balance among the three raw materials, leading to an imbalance in the co-precipitation structure of the active ingredients. This weakened the barrier protection effect of the composite particles, reduced storage stability, and resulted in overall performance significantly inferior to Example 4.

[0040] In Comparative Example 2, the particle size of the composite particles increased further, the crude protein content decreased slightly, the flavonoid content decreased, the polysaccharide content increased, the 2-hour release rate of simulated gastric juice increased, the 12-hour cumulative release rate decreased, and the 6-month activity retention rate also decreased significantly. This is because the proportion of perilla meal added in Comparative Example 2 was too high, which reduced the coordination co-precipitation efficiency of the active ingredients, worsened the compactness of the composite structure, weakened its resistance to gastric acid, and exacerbated the loss of active ingredients during storage, resulting in overall performance significantly inferior to Example 4.

[0041] The particle size of the composite particles in Comparative Example 3 was significantly increased, and the crude protein content was slightly improved, but the flavonoid and polysaccharide contents were both reduced. The release rate of the simulated gastric juice increased significantly after 2 hours, while the cumulative release rate after 12 hours decreased significantly, and the activity retention rate after 6 months dropped sharply. This is because Comparative Example 3 did not contain citrate, which could not effectively inhibit the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate into a crystalline state, resulting in a sharp decrease in the stability of the composite structure. In the gastric environment, a large amount of active ingredients were released prematurely, and the active ingredients were severely lost during storage, making the overall performance far inferior to that of Example 4.

[0042] In Comparative Example 4, the composite particle size was significantly increased, while the contents of crude protein, flavonoids, and polysaccharides were significantly reduced. The release rate from simulated gastric juice was significantly increased after 2 hours, but the cumulative release rate after 12 hours was significantly reduced, and the activity retention rate after 6 months was also significantly decreased. This is because Comparative Example 4 used high-temperature spray drying, which caused amorphous calcium phosphate to undergo a crystal transformation. At the same time, the nanoparticles agglomerated, destroying the integrity of the composite structure. This significantly weakened the protective effect of the particles on the active ingredients, resulting in uncontrolled release behavior, significantly reduced storage stability, and overall performance far inferior to Example 4.

[0043] Comparative Example 5 did not contain any compound pellets, therefore data on the physicochemical properties, release characteristics, and storage stability of the compound pellets are unavailable. In pig feed application, Comparative Example 5 showed a decrease in average daily weight gain, an increase in feed conversion ratio, a significant increase in diarrhea rate, a significant decrease in swine fever antibody titer, and a marked decline in the reproductive performance of pregnant sows. This is because the compound pellets are the core functional component of this feed formulation; their absence results in a lack of immune regulation, intestinal health control, and precise delivery of active ingredients, failing to effectively compensate for the deficiencies in non-grain base ingredients, and leading to a significantly inferior overall feeding effect compared to Example 4.

[0044] Table 2 Growth performance and health indicators of piglets Group Average daily weight gain Material weight ratio diarrhea rate Swine fever antibody titer pile height crypt depth Fleece-like sleekness unit g - % titer μm μm - Example 1 652 1.72 2.8 1:128 342.5 108.3 3.16 Example 2 668 1.68 2.5 1:256 351.2 105.8 3.32 Example 3 645 1.75 3.2 1:64 335.6 112.4 2.99 Example 4 685 1.62 2.1 1:512 368.4 98.5 3.74 Comparative Example 1 658 1.7 2.6 1:256 348.7 106.2 3.28 Comparative Example 2 642 1.74 3 1:128 338.5 110.6 3.06 Comparative Example 3 598 1.89 5.2 1:32 298.3 128.7 2.32 Comparative Example 4 585 1.92 5.8 1:16 288.6 132.4 2.18 Comparative Example 5 520 2.05 8.5 1:8 265.2 145.6 1.82 Data Analysis: Compared to Example 4, the average daily weight gain of piglets in Example 1 was slightly lower, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, the swine fever antibody titer was slightly lower, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was also slightly lower. This is because the ratio of mulberry leaves to perilla meal in Example 1 was not optimal, resulting in slightly lower co-precipitation efficiency and structural stability of the active ingredients in the composite granules. This weakened the protective and release regulation effects in the piglet intestines, thus affecting intestinal health and immune levels, resulting in slightly inferior growth performance compared to Example 4.

[0045] In Example 2, the average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, and antibody titer of piglets were all between those of Example 1 and Example 4, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was also at an intermediate level. This is because Example 2 adjusted the raw material ratio, which improved the coordination and co-precipitation effect of the active ingredients and enhanced the stability of the composite structure, but it still did not reach the optimal synergistic state of Example 4. Therefore, although the growth performance and intestinal health of the piglets were better than those of Example 1, they still did not reach the level of Example 4.

[0046] The average daily weight gain of piglets in Example 3 was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, the antibody titer was slightly lower, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was also slightly lower. This is because the amount of compound pellets added to the piglet feed in Example 3 was lower than that in Example 4. Although the raw material ratio was the same as in Example 4, the overall supply of functional components was reduced, which weakened the protective and immunomodulatory effects of the compound pellets on the piglet intestines, resulting in slightly lower growth performance than in Example 4.

[0047] Example 4 piglets exhibited the highest average daily weight gain, lowest feed conversion ratio, lowest diarrhea rate, highest swine fever antibody titer, and highest villus height to crypt depth ratio. This is because Example 4 employed optimal raw material ratios and composite particle addition amounts, resulting in the highest efficiency of co-precipitation assembly of active ingredients such as flavonoids and polyphenols with amorphous calcium phosphate. The composite structure exhibited the best density and stability, effectively protecting the active ingredients in the stomach while precisely releasing them in the intestines, fully leveraging immune regulation and intestinal health control functions, thus providing optimal growth and health protection for piglets.

[0048] The average daily weight gain of piglets in Comparative Example 1 was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, the antibody titer was slightly lower, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was also slightly lower. This is because the proportion of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves added in Comparative Example 1 was too high, which disrupted the synergistic balance among the three raw materials, leading to an imbalance in the co-precipitation structure of the active ingredients, weakening the barrier protection effect of the composite particles, affecting the intestinal health and immune level of piglets, and resulting in significantly inferior growth performance compared to Example 4.

[0049] The average daily weight gain of piglets in Comparative Example 2 was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was significantly increased, the antibody titer was slightly decreased, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was also significantly reduced. This is because the proportion of perilla meal added in Comparative Example 2 was too high, which reduced the coordination co-precipitation efficiency of the active ingredients, decreased the compactness of the composite structure, weakened the resistance to gastric acid, damaged the intestinal barrier function of piglets, increased the risk of diarrhea, and resulted in growth performance that was significantly worse than that in Example 4.

[0050] In Comparative Example 3, the average daily weight gain of piglets was significantly reduced, the feed conversion ratio was significantly increased, the diarrhea rate was significantly increased, the antibody titer was significantly reduced, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was also significantly decreased. This is because Comparative Example 3 did not contain citrate, which could not effectively inhibit the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate into a crystalline state, resulting in a sharp decrease in the stability of the composite structure. The active ingredients were released prematurely in large quantities in the stomach, severely damaging the intestinal health and immune function of the piglets, and their growth performance was far inferior to that of Example 4.

[0051] In Comparative Example 4, the average daily weight gain of piglets further decreased, the feed conversion ratio further increased, the diarrhea rate increased significantly, the antibody titer decreased significantly, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth also decreased significantly. This is because Comparative Example 4 used high-temperature spray drying, which caused amorphous calcium phosphate to undergo a crystal transformation, resulting in nanoparticle aggregation and destruction of the integrity of the composite structure. This significantly weakened the protective effect of the particles on the active ingredients, severely impaired the intestinal health and immune function of the piglets, and their growth performance was far inferior to that of Example 4.

[0052] Comparative Example 5 piglets had the lowest average daily weight gain, the highest feed conversion ratio, the highest diarrhea rate, the lowest antibody titer, and the lowest villus height to crypt depth ratio. This is because Comparative Example 5 did not add compound pellets, and its feed lacked the core functions of immune regulation, intestinal health control, and precise delivery of active ingredients. It could not effectively compensate for the lack of non-grain basic raw materials, resulting in a significant decline in the intestinal health and immune level of piglets, and their growth performance was significantly worse than that of Example 4.

[0053] Table 3 Growth performance and health indicators of fattening pigs Group Average daily weight gain Material weight ratio diarrhea rate Swine fever antibody titer unit g - % titer Example 1 845 2.85 0.9 1:128 Example 2 862 2.8 0.8 1:256 Example 3 832 2.88 1.2 1:64 Example 4 885 2.72 0.5 1:512 Comparative Example 1 850 2.82 0.8 1:256 Comparative Example 2 838 2.86 1 1:128 Comparative Example 3 782 3.05 2.5 1:32 Comparative Example 4 768 3.12 2.8 1:16 Comparative Example 5 715 3.28 4.2 1:8 Data Analysis: Compared to Example 4, the average daily weight gain of the fattening pigs in Example 1 was slightly lower, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, and the antibody titer was slightly lower. This is because the raw material ratio in Example 1 was not optimal, the structural stability and controlled release effect of the composite particles were slightly worse, and their function in the intestines of the fattening pigs was weakened, affecting nutrient absorption and immune levels, resulting in slightly inferior growth performance compared to Example 4.

[0054] The average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, and antibody titer of the fattening pigs in Example 2 were all between those in Example 1 and Example 4. This is because Example 2 adjusted the raw material ratio, which improved the co-precipitation effect of the active ingredients and enhanced the stability of the composite structure. However, it still did not reach the optimal synergistic state of Example 4. Therefore, although the growth performance of the fattening pigs was better than that of Example 1, it still did not reach the level of Example 4.

[0055] The average daily weight gain of the fattening pigs in Example 3 was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, and the antibody titer was slightly lower. This is because the amount of compound granules added to the fattening pig feed in Example 3 was lower than that in Example 4. Although the raw material ratio was the same as in Example 4, the overall supply of functional components was reduced, which weakened the protective and immunomodulatory effects of the compound granules on the fattening pig's intestines, resulting in slightly lower growth performance than in Example 4.

[0056] The fattening pigs in Example 4 exhibited the highest average daily weight gain, lowest feed conversion ratio, lowest diarrhea rate, and highest antibody titer. This is because Example 4 used the optimal raw material ratio and the amount of composite granules added, resulting in the best structural stability and controlled-release effect of the composite granules. This fully leveraged the functions of immune regulation and intestinal health control, providing optimal growth and health protection for the fattening pigs, and achieving optimal growth performance.

[0057] The average daily weight gain of the fattening pigs in Comparative Example 1 was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, and the antibody titer was slightly lower. This is because the proportion of mulberry leaves added in Comparative Example 1 was too high, which disrupted the synergistic balance among the three raw materials, resulting in a weakened barrier protection effect of the composite particles. Consequently, the intestinal health and immune level of the fattening pigs were affected, and their growth performance was significantly worse than that in Example 4.

[0058] The average daily weight gain of the fattening pigs in Comparative Example 2 was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, and the antibody titer was slightly lower. This is because the proportion of perilla meal added in Comparative Example 2 was too high, which reduced the coordination co-precipitation efficiency of the active ingredients, decreased the density of the composite structure, weakened the resistance to gastric acid, and affected the intestinal health and immune level of the fattening pigs, resulting in significantly inferior growth performance compared to Example 4.

[0059] The average daily weight gain of the fattening pigs in Comparative Example 3 was significantly reduced, the feed conversion ratio was significantly increased, the diarrhea rate was significantly increased, and the antibody titer was significantly reduced. This is because Comparative Example 3 did not contain citrate, which led to a sharp decrease in the stability of the complex structure, and the active ingredients were released prematurely in large quantities in the stomach. This severely damaged the intestinal health and immune function of the fattening pigs, and their growth performance was far inferior to that of Example 4.

[0060] In Comparative Example 4, the average daily weight gain of the fattening pigs further decreased, the feed conversion ratio further increased, the diarrhea rate increased significantly, and the antibody titer decreased significantly. This is because Comparative Example 4 used high-temperature spray drying, which destroyed the integrity of the composite structure, greatly weakening the protective effect of the particles on the active ingredients. As a result, the intestinal health and immune function of the fattening pigs were severely damaged, and their growth performance was far inferior to that of Example 4.

[0061] Comparative Example 5 showed the lowest average daily weight gain, highest feed conversion ratio, highest diarrhea rate, and lowest antibody titer in its fattening pigs. This is because Comparative Example 5 did not include compound pellets, and its feed lacked core functional components, failing to effectively compensate for the deficiency of non-grain basic raw materials. Consequently, the intestinal health and immune levels of the fattening pigs declined significantly, and their growth performance was significantly inferior to that of Example 4.

[0062] Table 4 Reproductive performance and health indicators of pregnant sows Group Average daily weight gain Material weight ratio diarrhea rate Swine fever antibody titer Average number of live piglets born Average birth weight of piglets Piglet weaning survival rate unit g - % titer head kg % Example 1 505 3.28 0.4 1:128 12.2 1.43 96.2 Example 2 515 3.22 0.3 1:256 12.5 1.46 96.8 Example 3 495 3.35 0.6 1:64 11.9 1.4 95.5 Example 4 525 3.15 0.2 1:512 12.8 1.48 97.5 Comparative Example 1 510 3.25 0.3 1:256 12.3 1.44 96.5 Comparative Example 2 500 3.32 0.5 1:128 12 1.41 95.8 Comparative Example 3 465 3.52 1.8 1:32 11.2 1.35 93.5 Comparative Example 4 458 3.58 2.2 1:16 11 1.33 92.8 Comparative Example 5 405 3.75 3.9 1:8 9.5 1.08 85.2 Data Analysis: Compared to Example 4, the average daily weight gain of pregnant sows in Example 1 was slightly lower, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, the antibody titer was slightly lower, and the average number of live piglets, the birth weight of piglets, and the weaning survival rate were also slightly lower. This is because the raw material ratio in Example 1 was not optimal, the structural stability and controlled release effect of the composite particles were slightly worse, and their function in the intestines of pregnant sows was weakened, affecting maternal health and fetal development, resulting in slightly inferior reproductive performance compared to Example 4.

[0063] In Example 2, the average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, and antibody titer of pregnant sows were all between those of Example 1 and Example 4, and their reproductive performance was also at an intermediate level. This is because Example 2 adjusted the raw material ratio, which improved the co-precipitation effect of the active ingredients and enhanced the stability of the composite structure, but it still did not reach the optimal synergistic state of Example 4. Therefore, although the health status and reproductive performance of pregnant sows were better than those of Example 1, they still did not reach the level of Example 4.

[0064] In Example 3, the average daily weight gain of pregnant sows was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, the antibody titer was slightly lower, and the average number of live piglets, the birth weight of piglets, and the weaning survival rate were also slightly lower. This is because the amount of compound pellets added to the feed of pregnant sows in Example 3 was lower than that in Example 4. Although the raw material ratio was the same as in Example 4, the overall supply of functional components was reduced, which weakened the immune regulation and intestinal health control effect of the compound pellets on pregnant sows, resulting in slightly lower reproductive performance than in Example 4.

[0065] Example 4 showed that pregnant sows had the highest average daily weight gain, lowest feed conversion ratio, lowest diarrhea rate, highest antibody titer, and also the highest average number of live piglets, piglet birth weight, and weaning survival rate. This is because Example 4 used the optimal raw material ratio and the amount of compound granules added, resulting in the best structural stability and controlled-release effect of the compound granules. This fully utilized the functions of immune regulation and intestinal health control, providing optimal health protection for pregnant sows, effectively promoting fetal development and piglet survival, and achieving optimal reproductive performance.

[0066] In Comparative Example 1, the average daily weight gain of pregnant sows was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, the antibody titer was slightly lower, and the average number of live piglets, the birth weight of piglets, and the weaning survival rate were also slightly lower. This is because the proportion of mulberry leaves added in Comparative Example 1 was too high, which disrupted the synergistic balance among the three raw materials, resulting in a weakened barrier protection effect of the composite particles, affecting the health of pregnant sows and fetal development, and significantly inferior reproductive performance compared to Example 4.

[0067] In Comparative Example 2, the average daily weight gain of pregnant sows was slightly lower than that in Example 4, the feed conversion ratio was slightly higher, the diarrhea rate was slightly higher, the antibody titer was slightly lower, and the average number of live piglets, the birth weight of piglets, and the weaning survival rate were also slightly lower. This is because the proportion of perilla meal added in Comparative Example 2 was too high, which reduced the coordination co-precipitation efficiency of the active ingredients, decreased the density of the composite structure, weakened the resistance to gastric acid, and affected the health of pregnant sows and fetal development, resulting in reproductive performance that was significantly worse than that in Example 4.

[0068] In Comparative Example 3, the average daily weight gain of pregnant sows was significantly reduced, the feed conversion ratio was significantly increased, the diarrhea rate was significantly increased, the antibody titer was significantly reduced, and the average number of live piglets, the birth weight of piglets, and the weaning survival rate were also significantly reduced. This is because Comparative Example 3 did not add citrate, which led to a sharp decrease in the stability of the complex structure, and the active ingredients were released prematurely in large quantities in the stomach, severely damaging the health of pregnant sows and fetal development, and resulting in reproductive performance far inferior to that of Example 4.

[0069] In Comparative Example 4, the average daily weight gain of pregnant sows further decreased, the feed conversion ratio further increased, the diarrhea rate increased significantly, the antibody titer decreased significantly, and the average number of live piglets, piglet birth weight, and weaning survival rate also decreased significantly. This is because Comparative Example 4 used high-temperature spray drying, which destroyed the integrity of the composite structure, greatly weakening the protective effect of the particles on the active ingredients. As a result, the health of pregnant sows and fetal development were severely impaired, and their reproductive performance was far inferior to that of Example 4.

[0070] Comparative Example 5 showed the lowest average daily weight gain, highest feed conversion ratio, highest diarrhea rate, lowest antibody titer, and lowest average number of live piglets, piglet birth weight, and weaning survival rate among pregnant sows. This is because Comparative Example 5 did not include compound pellets, and its feed lacked core functional components, failing to effectively compensate for the deficiency of non-grain basic ingredients. Consequently, the health of pregnant sows and fetal development declined significantly, and their reproductive performance was significantly worse than that of Example 4.

[0071] Based on the test results of all embodiments and comparative examples, it can be seen that when the optimal raw material ratio, citrate regulation, and low-temperature drying process of this invention are used, the prepared composite particles have a stable structure and precise controlled release. When applied to piglets, fattening pigs, and pregnant sows, they can significantly improve average daily weight gain, reduce feed conversion ratio and diarrhea rate, enhance the titer of swine fever antibodies, and improve the reproductive performance of pregnant sows. However, imbalances in the raw material ratio, lack of citrate, or the use of high-temperature drying conditions can all damage the structural integrity and functional stability of the composite particles, leading to a significant decrease in application effects. The control group without the addition of composite particles performed the worst, fully demonstrating that the in-situ self-assembled composite particles, as the core functional component, play an irreplaceable key role in constructing a nutritionally balanced, safe, and efficient all-non-grain pig feed system.

[0072] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for processing non-grain raw materials, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Cell disruption and plasma preparation: The leaves of paper mulberry, citrus peel residue and perilla meal were mixed and crushed in a mass ratio of 30-40:25-35:20-30, and water was added to prepare the raw material slurry. S2, In-situ mineralization and co-precipitation assembly: Add calcium dihydrogen phosphate and citrate to the raw material slurry, adjust the pH of the system to 7.5-8.5, and react at 35-50℃ for 30-60 minutes to allow the flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols and active ingredients in the raw material to co-precipitate and assemble with the amorphous calcium phosphate generated in the reaction. S3. Low-temperature drying and molding: The reaction product was dried at low temperature to obtain composite particles; The composite particles do not contain synthetic wall materials; their active ingredient release rate in simulated gastric fluid is ≤15% after 2 hours, and the cumulative release rate in simulated intestinal fluid containing alkaline phosphatase is ≥75% after 12 hours.

2. The method for processing non-grain raw materials according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the mass ratio of calcium dihydrogen phosphate to citrate is 2-4:1, and the total amount added is 0.5%-2% of the total mass of the raw material slurry.

3. The method for processing non-grain raw materials according to claim 1, characterized in that, The particle size of the composite particles is 200-800 nm.

4. A composite particle obtained by the processing method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The active ingredient content of the composite particles is: crude protein 18%-19%, flavonoids 1.2%-1.4%, and polysaccharides 3.5%-3.8%.

5. The composite particles according to claim 4, characterized in that, When stored at 45℃ and 75% humidity for 6 months, the retention rate of active ingredients is ≥85%.

6. The application of a non-grain raw material and its product as described in claim 4 or 5 in pig feed, characterized in that, The pig feed comprises the following components in parts by weight: 40-55 parts rice bran meal, 15-23 parts detoxified cassava flour, 5-10 parts palm kernel meal, 3-10 parts wheat bran, 1-2 parts mineral premix, 0.1-0.3 parts lysine, and 5-20 parts of the composite granules.

7. The application of a non-grain raw material and its product in pig feed according to claim 6, characterized in that, The dosage of compound granules added according to different physiological stages of pigs is as follows: 5-8 servings of piglet formula; 10-15 portions of fattening pig formula; 15-20 portions of formula for pregnant sows.

8. The application of a non-grain raw material and its product in pig feed according to claim 6, characterized in that, Feeding pigs with the aforementioned compound particles increases the titer of classical swine fever virus antibodies by 2-3 titers in swine serum, reduces the diarrhea rate by 30%-40%, and increases the ratio of intestinal villus height to crypt depth by 25%-30%.

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