A method for declaring and regulating spot market of a battery swap station cluster virtual power plant

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of swap station cluster virtual power plant spot market declaration and regulation method, it is related to electric vehicle and power system interactive operation technical field, comprising: S1, acquisition swap station cluster operating data and spot market data;S2, construct swap station cluster battery inventory state model;S3, determine swap service safety inventory constraint;S4, calculate swap station cluster virtual power plant spot market reportable capacity;S5, generate swap station cluster virtual power plant spot market declaration power curve;S6, according to market clearing result station cluster regulation task decomposition;S7, execute swap station station end charging power control;S8, rolling correction subsequent period's declaration power curve and station end control instruction.The application realizes the reportable, decomposable, executable and rolling correction of swap station cluster virtual power plant participating in spot market under the premise of guaranteeing the reliability of swap service, improves the executability of market declaration power curve and operation economy.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of electric vehicle and power system interaction operation technology, and particularly relates to a method for spot market declaration and regulation of virtual power plant clusters of battery swapping stations. Background Technology

[0002] With the large-scale development of new energy vehicles, battery swapping has been widely adopted in operational vehicle scenarios such as heavy trucks, taxis, and ride-hailing vehicles due to its advantages of fast charging speed, short vehicle waiting time, and high degree of centralized battery management. Battery swapping stations not only provide centralized charging loads but also possess a certain capacity for battery inventory buffering and load shifting. When multiple battery swapping stations form a cluster within a region, they are uniformly aggregated through a virtual power plant approach. Charging sequence is adjusted according to changes in electricity spot market prices, increasing charging power during low-price periods and decreasing it during high-price periods. This reduces electricity purchase costs and enhances the load-side resource's ability to participate in market regulation.

[0003] Existing orderly charging methods are mostly geared towards ordinary charging stations or vehicle groups, typically treating electric vehicles as deferred charging loads. They focus on constraints such as station arrival time, departure time, and target state of charge, making it difficult to accurately describe the coupling relationship between battery inventory, the number of swappable batteries, and service availability at battery swapping stations. Existing virtual power plant market application methods primarily target wind power, solar power, energy storage, and general controllable loads. Simply equating battery swapping stations to energy storage or adjustable loads easily overlooks the rigid demand for battery swapping services, leading to problems such as insufficient available fully charged batteries after excessive reduction in charging power during high-price periods. Furthermore, the electricity spot market is characterized by large price fluctuations, the need to match application plans with actual execution, and the potential for deviations to trigger assessment costs. Even after a battery swapping station cluster forms an application power curve before or within the day, actual operation is still affected by errors in battery swapping demand forecasting, changes in battery status, and changes in the status of station-end equipment. Without rolling correction and station cluster task decomposition mechanisms, deviations between application power and actual execution power can easily occur, impacting market revenue and the reliability of battery swapping services.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need to propose a method for the declaration and regulation of the spot market for virtual power plants of battery swapping station clusters. Under the premise of ensuring battery swapping services, this method should assess the regulatory capacity that the battery swapping station clusters can declare, generate a power curve for spot market declaration, and perform rolling corrections and station-end power decomposition based on real-time operating status, so as to improve the economy, feasibility and service guarantee capabilities of battery swapping station clusters participating in the spot market. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned issues, this invention provides a method for the declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant spot market for a battery swapping station cluster. Based on the battery inventory status of the swapping stations and future battery swapping service demand, this method constructs a declaration capability assessment model for the battery swapping station cluster, generates a virtual power plant spot market declaration power curve, and decomposes and continuously corrects the aggregated regulation task after market clearing, thereby achieving economical operation of the battery swapping station cluster participating in the spot market and ensuring reliable battery swapping services.

[0006] The objective of this invention is achieved through the following technical solution: A method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster using a battery swapping station is provided. This method operates within a system architecture for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster using a battery swapping station, which includes a battery swapping station, a virtual power plant cluster aggregation and regulation platform, and a power spot market trading platform. The steps are as follows: Step S1: Collect basic parameters of the battery swapping station, station operation status data, battery swapping demand data, and electricity spot market data; Step S2: Construct a battery inventory status model for the battery swapping station cluster; Step S3: Based on the future battery swapping demand forecast, determine the safety stock constraint for battery swapping services that each battery swapping station should maintain within the forecast time domain. Step S4: Under the conditions of meeting the safety stock constraints and station power constraints of battery swapping services, calculate the spot market adjustment capacity that each battery swapping station can declare; Step S5: Based on future spot market prices, battery swapping demand forecasts, battery swapping service safety stock constraints, and the boundary of adjustable capacity, generate the spot market declared power curve for the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster; Step S6: Based on the market clearing results, obtain the market clearing power curve corresponding to the virtual power plant, and decompose the market clearing power curve to each battery swapping station through a weighted allocation method to form the station-end charging power control command for each battery swapping station. Step S7: Each battery swapping station executes battery charging sequencing and power allocation according to the station-side charging power control command; Step S8: Based on real-time battery swapping demand, changes in battery inventory, and deviations in application execution, continuously revise the application power curve and station-side charging power control instructions for subsequent periods.

[0007] Furthermore, the battery swapping station cluster includes at least two battery swapping stations, and each battery swapping station includes at least two battery bays, at least two battery swapping bays, and centralized charging equipment.

[0008] Furthermore, in step S1, the basic parameters of the battery swapping station include the number of battery slots, the rated capacity of a single battery, the maximum charging power at the station, the battery state of charge threshold, the charging efficiency, and the station's access capacity. The station-side operation status data includes the battery charge status, battery inventory energy, number of available fully charged batteries, number of batteries waiting to be charged, current charging power, charging equipment availability status, and communication status of each station in the current time period. The battery swapping demand data includes historical battery swapping order data and real-time battery swapping demand data for each battery swapping station, including the time period during which battery swapping occurs, the number of vehicles swapped, the state of charge of the battery swapped out, the state of charge of the battery swapped in, the vehicle type, and the service pressure of the station. The electricity spot market data includes price signals, declaration periods, market rules, clearing results, and deviation assessment parameters obtained from the electricity spot market trading platform within the future dispatch time domain.

[0009] Furthermore, in step S2, the battery inventory state model of the battery swapping station cluster uses the battery inventory energy of each battery swapping station as a state variable; for the first... Each battery swapping station has its stored energy sufficient to meet: ; in, For the first Each battery swapping station during the dispatch period Battery swapping service inventory energy, For the first Each battery swapping station during the dispatch period The charging power at the station, For charging efficiency, The length of the scheduling period. For scheduling period Battery energy consumed by internal battery swapping service.

[0010] Furthermore, in step S3, for any future time period within the prediction time domain... , No. The energy inventory of each battery swapping service meets the safety stock constraint for the battery swapping service as follows: ; in, Indicates the first In the future, the battery swapping station Battery swapping service inventory energy, For the first In the future, the battery swapping station The safety stock energy for battery swapping services; the safety stock energy for battery swapping services is determined by the cumulative predicted battery swapping demand and safety margin from the future time period to the end of the prediction time domain, satisfying: ; in, To predict the length of the time domain, In order to schedule For future time periods The predicted demand for battery swapping To take into account the prediction error of battery swapping demand, the service level of the site, and the safety margin of sudden battery swapping demand.

[0011] Furthermore, in step S4, the declareable adjustment capability includes the declareable downward adjustment capability, the declareable upward adjustment capability, and the sustainable adjustment time; In the future, the battery swapping station Eligible for downward adjustment satisfy: ; in, For the first In the future, the battery swapping station The reference charging power, To meet the minimum charging power required to maintain the safety stock constraints of battery swapping services; In the future, the battery swapping station Capacity eligible for upward adjustment satisfy: ; in, The maximum charging power that can be increased is determined by the capacity of the battery to be charged; when the first The battery swapping station will be available from the future. The beginning of the continuous If the safety stock constraint and station power constraint for battery swapping services are met within each time period, the adjustment capacity of the battery swapping station within that time window will be included in the declared capacity boundary. The feasibility of the proposed downward and upward adjustments to the capabilities is revised accordingly; The revised capacity of each battery swapping station meets the following requirements: ; in, This is an executability correction factor, and ; The capacity has been reduced after the correction for a single station. The adjusted capacity for a single station; the executability adjustment coefficient is based on the first... The inventory margin, battery swapping demand forecasting error, station equipment availability, and historical execution deviation of each battery swapping station are determined; the corrected capacity boundary of the virtual power plant cluster of battery swapping stations meets the following requirements: ; in, This refers to the number of battery swapping stations; The revised capacity reduction for virtual power plants. The adjusted upward capacity for the virtual power plant; Further assessment of the sustainable adjustment time of each battery swapping station is needed, for the first... A battery swapping station, if it is located in... The beginning of the continuous If the safety stock constraint and station power constraint for battery swapping services are met within each time period, then the first period is considered to be... Each battery swapping station has continuous... The ability to adjust over a period of time; The corresponding battery swapping service inventory energy meeting the battery swapping service safety stock constraint can be further expressed as: ; The station-end power constraint can be expressed as: ; in, Indicates from the future time period The numbering of the continuous adjustment period that begins to extend backward. This represents the number of consecutive adjustment periods; when all the above constraints are met, this is the [number of]th adjustment period. The claimable capacity of a battery swapping station within the corresponding time window can be included in the virtual power plant aggregate claimable capacity boundary; if the constraints are not met in a certain period, the sustainable adjustment time or the claimable adjustment capacity of the station needs to be shortened.

[0012] Furthermore, in step S5, the spot market power declaration curve of the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster is obtained by aggregating the planned charging power of each battery swapping station, satisfying: ; in, For virtual power plants in the future The power of spot market declarations, For the first In the future, the battery swapping station The planned charging power; the offset of the spot market declared power curve relative to the aggregated benchmark charging power satisfies: ; in, For the future period of the battery swapping station cluster Aggregate reference charging power; The spot market declared power curve is generated through a comprehensive operating cost minimization model; the comprehensive operating cost includes electricity purchase cost, declaration deviation risk cost, inventory safety cost, and battery swapping service guarantee cost, and the objective function satisfies: ; in, For future time periods The spot market price or forecast price, To account for the risk and cost of reporting deviations, For inventory safety costs, To ensure the cost of battery swapping services, , , These are the weighting coefficients for the corresponding cost items.

[0013] Furthermore, in step S6, the electricity spot market trading platform generates market clearing results according to market clearing rules. The market clearing results include the clearing power of virtual power plants in each clearing period; the clearing power in continuous clearing periods constitutes a market clearing power curve. The virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster uses the market clearing power curve as the tracking target, decomposes the aggregated power of the virtual power plant to each battery swapping station, generates station-end charging power control commands for each battery swapping station, and satisfies: ; in, For the first Each battery swapping station during the dispatch period Station-side charging power control commands, For virtual power plants during dispatch periods The spot market clearing power; during the task decomposition process, allocation weights are constructed based on the inventory margin, battery swapping demand pressure, and capacity margin of each battery swapping station, wherein the inventory margin, battery swapping demand pressure, and capacity margin respectively satisfy: ; in, For inventory margin, To ensure a safety stock of energy for battery swapping stations to provide battery swapping services in the future. To meet the pressure of battery swapping demand, This represents the projected demand for battery swapping in a given time period for future time periods. This represents the number of fully charged batteries available. To prevent small positive numbers with a denominator of zero; For capacity margin, Maximum charging power at the battery swapping station. For the first The baseline charging power of a battery swapping station during time period k.

[0014] Furthermore, in step S7, each battery swapping station prioritizes the charging of batteries within the station according to the station-side charging power control command; for the first... The first battery swapping station A block of batteries to be charged, whose charging priority indicators meet the following: ; in, For the first Charging priority indicators for block batteries; The state of charge threshold for replaceable batteries; For the first Block batteries during the period The state of charge; This indicates taking the non-negative part; For the first Service pressure indicators for each battery swapping station; For the first The time urgency indicator for a battery to reach a replaceable state; , , To correspond to the weighting coefficients, the station control system allocates charging power to the batteries to be charged according to the charging priority index. No. The actual charging power of each battery swapping station satisfy: ; in, For the first A collection of batteries waiting to be charged within a battery swapping station that participates in charging scheduling. For the first Blocks of batteries awaiting charging during the scheduling period The actual charging power does not exceed the station-side charging power control command and the upper limit of the charging equipment capacity; The corresponding battery state of charge is: ; in, No. The first battery swapping station Update the state of charge of each individual cell in the block battery system. For the first The charging efficiency of a single battery. The rated capacity of a single battery To regulate the duration of the cycle; During station-side execution, the station control system continuously updates the number of available fully charged batteries. The number of fully charged batteries available at each battery swapping station at the next moment is: ; in, For the first The number of batteries in each battery swapping station. For indicator functions; When there is a deviation between the actual charging power at the station and the charging power control command, the station will execute the deviation. satisfy: ; in, Indicates the first The battery swapping station during the time period Instruction execution deviation; No. Each battery swapping station uploads its actual charging power, station-side execution deviation, battery inventory energy, number of available fully charged batteries, and equipment status to the battery swapping station cluster virtual power plant aggregation and control platform; the feedback data can be represented as: ; in, For the first The battery swapping station during the time period The feedback state vector, This indicates the availability or abnormal status of the station-end equipment.

[0015] Furthermore, in step S8, the virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster updates the battery swapping demand forecast results, safety stock constraints, and claimable capacity boundaries in each rolling scheduling period, and constructs a rolling correction objective function in the subsequent forecast time domain: ; in, For the future period of the battery swapping station cluster The planned aggregate power, The market power that has been cleared or needs to be tracked; the rolling correction objective function is used to coordinate electricity purchase costs, market execution deviations, inventory safety and battery swapping service guarantees, and after each rolling optimization is completed, only the station-end charging power control command corresponding to the current scheduling period is executed.

[0016] Through the above design scheme, the present invention can bring the following beneficial effects: This invention models battery swapping station clusters as virtual power plant resources with battery inventory buffering capacity and load shifting capabilities, accurately describing their operational characteristics that distinguish them from ordinary charging loads and conventional energy storage resources. Based on future battery swapping demand forecasts, a safety stock constraint for battery swapping services is constructed and embedded into the spot market declaration and station cluster control process. This avoids insufficient available fully charged batteries due to the pursuit of market economy, improving the guarantee capacity of battery swapping services. Simultaneously, the declaration capacity of the battery swapping station cluster is calculated based on the safety stock constraint and station operating status, reducing the risk of over-declaration by virtual power plants and improving the executability of the spot market declaration power curve. The aggregation control task is decomposed into station clusters based on market clearing results, allowing each battery swapping station to undertake different control tasks according to its own inventory margin, demand pressure, and capacity conditions, improving the cluster's collaborative operation effect. An intraday rolling correction mechanism is adopted to continuously correct subsequent control commands based on real-time battery swapping demand, battery inventory changes, and market execution deviations, reducing the deviation between declared power and actual executed power, and improving the economy and stability of the battery swapping station cluster participating in the spot market. Attached Figure Description

[0017] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments: Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a spot market declaration and regulation method for a virtual power plant cluster of battery swapping stations according to the present invention. Figure 2 This is a diagram of the system architecture for the spot market declaration and control of the virtual power plant cluster of the battery swapping station according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be implemented in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0019] It should be noted that, unless otherwise stated, the technical or scientific terms used in this invention should have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0020] Furthermore, the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that includes a series of steps or units is not limited to the steps or units listed, but may optionally include steps or units not listed, or may optionally include other steps or units inherent to such process, method, product, or apparatus.

[0021] Furthermore, the technical features involved in the different embodiments of the present invention described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0022] This invention provides a method for spot market declaration and regulation of virtual power plants in a battery swapping station cluster, the steps of which are as follows: Figure 1 As shown, specifically: Step S1: Collect basic parameters of the battery swapping station, station operation status data, battery swapping demand data, and electricity spot market data; Step S2: Based on the data collected from each battery swapping station in Step S1, construct a battery inventory status model for the battery swapping station cluster; Step S3: After constructing the battery inventory status model of the battery swapping station cluster, determine the safety stock constraint of battery swapping services that each battery swapping station should maintain in the forecast time domain based on the future battery swapping demand forecast results. Step S4: Under the conditions of meeting the safety stock constraints and station power constraints of battery swapping services, calculate the spot market adjustment capacity that each battery swapping station can declare; Step S5: Based on future spot market prices, battery swapping demand forecasts, battery swapping service safety stock constraints, and the boundary of adjustable capacity, generate the spot market declared power curve for the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster; Step S6: Receive the market clearing results formed by the spot market of the electricity spot market based on the power curve declared by the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster, obtain the market clearing power curve corresponding to the virtual power plant, and decompose the market clearing power curve to each battery swapping station through the weight allocation method to form the station-end charging power control instruction of each battery swapping station. Step S7: Each battery swapping station executes battery charging sequencing and power allocation according to the station-side charging power control command; Step S8: Based on real-time battery swapping demand, changes in battery inventory, and deviations in application execution, continuously revise the application power curve and station-side charging power control instructions for subsequent periods.

[0023] In this invention, rolling correction refers to re-collecting the real-time operating status and market information of the battery swapping station during each rolling scheduling period, updating the future battery swapping demand forecast, safety stock constraints and the boundary of the declared capacity, and correcting the declared power curve and station control instructions for subsequent periods.

[0024] In this invention, the method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant for a battery swapping station cluster includes a number of battery slots, a number of swappable batteries, and centralized charging equipment in each battery swapping station. The virtual power plant realizes aggregated declaration and coordinated regulation of multiple battery swapping stations by uniformly collecting the operating status of each battery swapping station and uniformly generating market declaration power curves.

[0025] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific implementation process.

[0026] like Figure 1 As shown, this invention provides a method for spot market declaration and regulation of virtual power plants formed by the aggregation of multiple battery swapping stations. This method targets virtual power plant resources formed by the aggregation of multiple battery swapping stations. By collecting the operating status of the battery swapping station cluster and information from the electricity spot market, it constructs a battery inventory status model for the battery swapping stations, determines the safety stock constraint for battery swapping services, assesses the declaration capability of the battery swapping station cluster in the spot market, and further generates a market declaration power curve, decomposes the station cluster regulation tasks, and executes intraday rolling corrections. This improves the economic efficiency and feasibility of the battery swapping station cluster participating in the spot market while ensuring the reliability of battery swapping services.

[0027] like Figure 2As shown, the method described in this embodiment operates within a spot market declaration and control system architecture for a battery swapping station cluster virtual power plant. This system includes multiple battery swapping stations, a battery swapping station cluster virtual power plant aggregation and control platform, and a power spot market trading platform. Each battery swapping station is responsible for collecting and uploading operational status data such as battery inventory, the number of available fully charged batteries, the number of batteries awaiting charging, charging equipment status, real-time charging power, and battery swapping demand. The battery swapping station cluster virtual power plant aggregation and control platform is responsible for data collection, inventory status modeling, safety stock constraint generation, declaration capability assessment, spot market declaration, station cluster task decomposition, and rolling correction. The power spot market trading platform provides price signals, market rules, and clearing results to the aggregation and control platform and receives the declared power curves from the battery swapping station cluster virtual power plant. The specific implementation steps are as follows: The battery swapping station cluster virtual power plant achieves aggregated declaration and coordinated control of multiple battery swapping stations by uniformly collecting the operational status of each battery swapping station and uniformly generating spot market declared power curves.

[0028] Step S1: Collect battery swapping station cluster operation data and spot market data. In this embodiment, the control period is set as follows: The control period can be set to 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or 1 hour, depending on the electricity spot market clearing, metering, or settlement cycle. During each dispatch period... The virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster performs data collection and preprocessing to form a basic dataset for subsequent modeling, reporting, and control. The collected data includes basic parameters of the battery swapping stations, station-end operating status data, battery swapping demand data, and electricity spot market data.

[0029] (1) Basic parameters of the battery swapping station. For the first A battery swapping station is used to collect parameters such as the number of battery slots, the rated capacity of a single battery, the maximum charging power at the station, the battery state-of-charge threshold, the charging efficiency, and the station's access capacity. The rated capacity of a single battery is denoted as... The maximum charging power is denoted as The maximum energy storage of the battery is denoted as , can be represented as: ; in, For the first The number of battery bays or the number of manageable batteries per battery swapping station. This refers to the rated capacity of a single battery.

[0030] (2) Station-side operational status data. Information such as battery state of charge, battery inventory, number of available fully charged batteries, number of batteries waiting to be charged, current charging power, charging equipment availability, and communication status is collected at each station through the battery management system, charger controller, station control system, and metering device. The number of available fully charged batteries refers to the number of batteries whose state of charge meets the requirements for battery swapping services. For example, when the battery state of charge is not lower than a set threshold... At that time, the battery is included in the available fully charged battery set. The battery swapping station during the time period The number of available fully charged batteries can be expressed as: ; in, For the first The first of the battery swapping stations Block batteries during the period The state of charge, This is an indicator function that takes the value 1 if the condition within the parentheses is true, and 0 otherwise.

[0031] (3) Battery swapping demand data. Historical battery swapping order data and real-time battery swapping demand data are collected from each battery swapping station, including the time period of battery swapping, the number of vehicles swapped, the state of charge of the swapped-out battery, the state of charge of the swapped-in battery, vehicle type, and station service pressure. Based on the historical battery swapping demand data, the first... Historical battery swapping demand sequence of the battery swapping stations: ; in, The length of the historical observation window. Indicates the first The battery swapping demand of each battery swapping station during the previous control cycle. To improve data reliability, the original battery swapping demand sequence can be processed by outlier removal, missing value imputation, and time alignment before the data is entered into the model. For missing data caused by communication anomalies, data interpolation between adjacent time periods or the daily historical average of the same type can be used for correction; for abnormal demand values ​​that significantly exceed the station's service capacity, the demand can be limited according to the station's maximum battery swapping capacity.

[0032] (4) Electricity spot market data. Information such as price signals, bidding periods, market rules, clearing results, and deviation assessment parameters for the future dispatch time domain are obtained from the electricity spot market trading platform. During the dispatch period... Constructing a future prediction time domain Intra-spot price vector:

[0033] in, Indicates future time period The corresponding spot market price or forecast price. Through the above data collection process, the aggregation and regulation platform forms a unified data foundation that includes "station status - battery swapping demand - market price - equipment constraints", providing input for subsequent inventory modeling, safety stock constraint calculation, and market declaration capability assessment.

[0034] Step S2: Construct a battery inventory status model for the battery swapping station cluster. After data collection is completed, the virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster constructs a battery inventory status model for each station based on the battery inventory status, station-side charging power, and battery swapping demand. This model describes the dynamic process of how the battery swapping station's inventory energy changes with charging input and battery swapping service consumption, and serves as the basis for subsequent safety stock constraint calculations and assessments of claimable capacity.

[0035] For the The energy storage status of the battery swapping station is denoted as follows: During the regulatory cycle If the charging power at the station is The battery energy consumed by the battery swapping service is Then the dynamics of the inventory energy can be expressed as:

[0036] in, For the charging efficiency of the battery swapping station. For the charging power of the station, Battery energy consumed for battery swapping services.

[0037] The charging power at the station meets the following requirements:

[0038] Energy satisfaction:

[0039] For the first The maximum energy storage capacity of the battery swapping station This refers to the minimum energy reserve required for equipment operation or basic service. It should be noted that... This only represents the physical or basic operating lower limit; the safety stock constraint generated in subsequent step S3... This further reflects the requirements for future battery swapping service guarantees.

[0040] For by The aggregated energy storage of a battery swapping station cluster consisting of 10 battery swapping stations can be expressed as:

[0041] Its aggregate charging power can be expressed as:

[0042] The aggregated charging power is the main power variable interacting between the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster and the power grid. In a spot market bidding scenario, the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster adjusts the power of each battery swapping station... This forms a market-oriented aggregated application power curve.

[0043] Furthermore, to describe the relationship between the number of available fully charged batteries and the inventory energy, the platform can classify the batteries within each station into three categories based on the battery state of charge distribution: swappable batteries, batteries awaiting charging, and batteries charging. Swappable batteries are used to meet current and near-term battery swapping needs, while batteries awaiting charging and batteries charging constitute the resource base for restoring service capacity in subsequent periods. Therefore, battery swapping stations are no longer simply viewed as ordinary charging loads, but are modeled as inventory-type load resources with constraints on charging power, inventory energy, and service capacity.

[0044] Step S3: Determine the safety stock constraint for battery swapping services After constructing the battery inventory status model, the aggregation and control platform determines the safety stock constraints that each battery swapping station should maintain within the forecast period, based on future battery swapping demand forecasts and service guarantee requirements. This step is designed to prevent the battery swapping station cluster from excessively reducing charging power during high-price periods, leading to a shortage of available fully charged batteries and thus affecting user battery swapping services.

[0045] During the scheduling period For the first Based on historical battery swapping demand, current time characteristics, site type, vehicle operation patterns, and real-time order information, the platform predicts future battery swapping needs. Battery swapping demand sequence within a scheduling period:

[0046] in, Indicates the time period For future time periods The predicted demand for battery swapping.

[0047] For any future time period within the prediction time domain , No. The energy storage capacity of the battery swapping station must meet the following requirements:

[0048] in, For battery swapping stations in the future The safety stock energy of the battery swapping station. This safety stock energy is determined by the cumulative projected battery swapping demand from this future period to the end of the forecast time domain and the safety margin:

[0049] in, This indicates the future time period number within the prediction time domain for which the safety stock is to be calculated; Indicates from the first From the end of the future time period to the end of the prediction time domain The various time periods; To take into account the prediction error of battery swapping demand, the service level of the site, and the safety margin of sudden battery swapping demand.

[0050] The safety margin can be determined based on historical prediction errors, site service requirements, and operational risk levels. For example, if the first... The standard deviation of the historical battery swapping demand forecast error for the battery swapping station is: Therefore, the safety margin can be taken as:

[0051] in, For safety margins, a larger safety margin can be set for battery swapping stations with large fluctuations in demand, high service level requirements, or located in transportation hub areas. For battery swapping stations with relatively stable demand or low service pressure, a smaller setup is possible. .

[0052] Therefore, the first The inventory status of the battery swapping stations within the predicted time domain must meet the following dynamic safe operating range:

[0053] When the system detects the safety stock energy of the battery swapping station for a future time period Exceeding the station's maximum energy storage capacity If this occurs, it indicates that relying solely on the battery swapping station's own inventory is insufficient to meet the predicted service demand. In this case, the system can trigger a service risk warning and reduce the market regulation tasks undertaken by that station in the subsequent decomposition of station group control tasks. At the same time, it can increase the charging priority of that station or ensure the regional battery swapping service capacity through collaborative compensation with adjacent stations.

[0054] With the aforementioned safety stock constraints, when battery swapping station clusters participate in spot market bidding, they no longer simply reduce charging power during high-price periods based on price signals, but determine the power range that can participate in market regulation on the premise of ensuring that future battery swapping service demand can be met.

[0055] Step S4: Calculate the market demand for battery swapping station clusters. After determining the battery inventory status model and safety stock constraints for battery swapping services at each swapping station, the aggregation and regulation platform further calculates the declareable capacity of the swapping station cluster for the spot market. The declareable capacity refers to the power regulation capacity that the swapping station cluster can declare and actually execute in the spot market, provided that it meets the safety stock constraints for battery swapping services, station-end power constraints, and inventory capacity constraints.

[0056] In this embodiment, the capabilities that can be declared include three aspects: the capability that can be reduced, the capability that can be increased, and the time for sustainable adjustment.

[0057] (1) Calculation of Adjustable Capacity. Adjustable capacity represents the amount of charging power that a battery swapping station can reduce relative to the base charging power within a certain time period. For the first... Battery swapping stations, in the future The down-adjustment capability is represented as:

[0058] in, For the first Battery swapping station in the future The reference charging power, The minimum charging power required to maintain while meeting the safety stock constraints of battery swapping services.

[0059] The minimum charging power It is not a fixed value, but is determined by the current inventory level, future battery swapping demand, and safety stock constraints. When the current inventory margin is high and future battery swapping demand is low, With a smaller capacity, battery swapping stations can reduce charging power more during peak price periods; when current inventory is close to a safe level or future battery swapping demand is high... If the capacity increases, the station's downward adjustment capacity will decrease accordingly. If the calculation yields... If the base charging power of the station is insufficient to meet the requirements for restoring the safety stock, the capacity can be reduced to zero, and the station can be marked as a priority charging station.

[0060] (2) Calculation of Adjustable Capacity. Adjustable capacity represents the amount of charging power that a battery swapping station can increase relative to the base charging power within a certain period. For the first... Battery swapping stations, in the future The upscalability is represented as:

[0061] in, This represents the maximum charging power at the battery swapping station. This is the upper limit of the charging power that can be increased, determined by the capacity of the batteries to be charged. It is used to characterize whether there are enough batteries in the station to absorb the additional charging power. If there are many batteries to be charged in the station and the charging equipment has a capacity margin, the station has a strong ability to increase the charging power. If the batteries in the station are close to full or there are few batteries to be charged, even if there is still surplus power capacity at the station, it is not advisable to continue to increase the charging power.

[0062] (3) Assessment of Sustainable Adjustment Time. For spot market declarations, adjustment capabilities for a single time period are insufficient. The battery swapping station cluster also needs to have the ability to execute the declared power curves over multiple consecutive scheduling periods. Therefore, the aggregation and control platform further assesses the sustainable adjustment time of each battery swapping station.

[0063] For the A battery swapping station, if it is located in... The beginning of the continuous If the inventory safety constraint and station power constraint are met within each time period, then the first time period is considered to be... The battery swapping station has continuous The regulating capacity over a given time period. The corresponding constraint can be expressed as:

[0064] When all the above constraints are met, the first... The declared capacity of a battery swapping station within the corresponding time window can be included in the virtual power plant aggregated declared capacity boundary; if the constraints are not met in a certain period, the sustainable adjustment time needs to be shortened or the declared adjustment capacity of the station needs to be reduced.

[0065] (4) Aggregation of cluster-declarable capacity. After obtaining the adjustable capacity, adjustable capacity and sustainable adjustment time of each battery swapping station, the aggregation and control platform summarizes the capacity of each station to obtain the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster in the future time period. Aggregate down-adjustment capability and aggregate up-adjustment capability:

[0066]

[0067] In a preferred embodiment, to avoid excessive virtual power plant applications due to prediction errors, an executability correction coefficient can be further introduced. The reporting capacity of a single station has been revised as follows:

[0068] in, According to the first The inventory margin, demand forecasting error, equipment availability, and historical execution deviation of each battery swapping station are determined. When the station has a high inventory margin, low demand forecasting error, and high equipment availability... The value is relatively large; when the site service pressure is high or the execution uncertainty is large. The value is relatively small.

[0069] The revised capability boundary that a battery swapping station cluster can declare is as follows:

[0070] This capability boundary is used to limit the range of changes in the subsequent spot market declared power curve, ensuring that the declared power of the virtual power plant reflects its market price responsiveness without exceeding the actual executable capacity of the battery swapping station cluster. Thus, step S4 completes the transformation from single-station operation to cluster market declared capacity, providing a constraint basis for the subsequent generation of the spot market declared power curve and the decomposition of station cluster control tasks.

[0071] Step S5: Generate the spot market declared power curve of the virtual power plant for the battery swapping station cluster. After obtaining the declared capacity boundaries of the battery swapping station cluster, the aggregation and control platform generates a spot market declared power curve for the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster based on future spot market prices, battery swapping demand forecasts, and inventory safety constraints. This declared power curve characterizes the aggregated charging power that the battery swapping station cluster plans to purchase from the grid during each declared period.

[0072] During the scheduling period Let the prediction time domain length be... Virtual power plants in the future The declared power is , No. The planned charging power corresponding to each battery swapping station is Then we have:

[0073] in, It is necessary to meet the following constraints: station power constraints, inventory status constraints, and battery swapping service safety stock constraints:

[0074] To ensure that the spot market bidding curve does not exceed the executable range of the battery swapping station cluster, the offset of the bidding power relative to the baseline power should meet the cluster's bidable capacity boundary constraints. When the virtual power plant reduces its charging power during high-price periods, the following should be met:

[0075] When a virtual power plant increases its charging power during periods of low prices, the following should be satisfied:

[0076] in, For the future period of the battery swapping station cluster Aggregate reference charging power, The aggregate's downscalability is adjusted after executability modifications. This refers to the aggregate upscalability after executability modifications.

[0077] In one implementation, the spot market reporting optimization model aims to minimize overall operating costs, which include electricity purchase costs, reporting deviation risk costs, inventory safety costs, and battery swapping service guarantee costs. Its objective function can be expressed as:

[0078] in, For future time periods The spot market price or forecast price; The cost of reporting deviation risk is used to characterize the potential deviation risk between the reported power and the subsequent actual executable power. The inventory safety cost is used to constrain operational risks when inventory energy approaches the safety boundary. The cost of ensuring battery swapping services is used to characterize the impact of insufficient available fully charged batteries or reduced service capacity. , , These are the corresponding weight coefficients. It refers to the length of the regulatory cycle or the reporting period in the spot market.

[0079] The inventory safety cost can be determined based on the distance between the battery swapping station's inventory energy and the safety stock boundary. For example, when the inventory of a battery swapping station approaches the lower limit of the safety stock, the corresponding inventory safety cost increases, guiding the optimization model to prioritize ensuring the station's energy replenishment needs. The inventory safety cost can be expressed as:

[0080] The battery swapping service guarantee cost characterizes the potential for insufficient battery swapping service capacity due to improper charging power scheduling. This cost increases when the number of fully charged batteries available in the future is lower than the predicted battery swapping demand or service safety threshold. The declaration deviation risk cost characterizes the potential deviation risk between the declared power curve and the subsequent actual executable power, and can be determined based on historical execution deviations, demand forecasting errors, and equipment availability.

[0081] During the optimization process, the platform automatically adjusts the charging sequence based on spot market prices and battery swapping service safety constraints: when prices are low in the future and there are enough batteries available for charging at the station, charging power is increased first to replenish battery inventory in advance; when prices are high in the future and there is sufficient safety stock margin, charging power is appropriately reduced to decrease the cost of purchasing electricity during high-price periods. Unlike charging transfers based solely on price, this invention consistently uses safety stock constraints and the boundary of declareable capacity as hard constraints during the declaration curve generation process, avoiding insufficient battery swapping service capacity due to the pursuit of market economics.

[0082] After optimization, the platform obtains the virtual power plant application power sequence in the prediction time domain:

[0083] The declared power sequence can be submitted to the electricity spot market trading platform according to the spot market rules, serving as the day-ahead or intraday market declaration curve for the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster.

[0084] Step S6: Decompose the station cluster regulation tasks based on the market clearing results. After the virtual power plant submits its power curve, the electricity spot market trading platform determines the clearing result according to market rules. After obtaining the market-cleared power curve, the aggregation and control platform decomposes the power plan at the virtual power plant aggregation level to each battery swapping station, forming charging power control instructions that can be executed by the station.

[0085] Assume a virtual power plant during the time period Market clearing power is , No. The charging power control command for the battery swapping station during this period is: Then the task decomposition of the station group should satisfy the aggregation power consistency constraint:

[0086] Meanwhile, the control commands at each station should also meet the station-end power constraints and inventory safety constraints:

[0087] When decomposing tasks for the battery swapping network, the platform comprehensively considers the inventory margin, demand pressure, capacity margin, and equipment availability of each battery swapping station. The inventory margin of a battery swapping station can be expressed as:

[0088] in, The larger the value, the more abundant the station's current inventory is relative to its safety stock, and the more suitable it is to undertake the task of adjusting charging power during periods of high prices. The smaller the value, the higher the service pressure on the station, and its market regulation tasks should be reduced while its energy replenishment priority should be increased.

[0089] No. The demand pressure for battery swapping stations can be determined based on the relationship between future projected swapping demand and the current number of fully charged batteries available. For example:

[0090] in, To prevent small positive numbers with a denominator of zero. When A larger value indicates that the station will face greater pressure from future battery swapping needs and should not be burdened with excessive tasks of adjusting charging power.

[0091] No. The capacity margin of a battery swapping station can be expressed as:

[0092] when A larger value indicates that the station still has room to increase its charging power, making it suitable for undertaking more charging tasks during periods of lower prices.

[0093] In one implementation, the aggregation and control platform can construct the task decomposition weights for the website group:

[0094] in, This indicates taking the non-negative part. , , These are the weighting coefficients. The task decomposition weight for the i-th battery swapping station in the station cluster is determined by the following: The larger the inventory margin, the larger the capacity margin, and the smaller the demand pressure, the higher the weight of the battery swapping station. The larger the value, the more suitable the station is for undertaking market regulation tasks.

[0095] When market clearing power requires the battery swapping station cluster to reduce charging power, that is:

[0096] The aggregation and control platform prioritizes allocating power reduction tasks to battery swapping stations with higher inventory levels and lower demand pressure, based on each station's available capacity and allocation weight. Let the required power reduction for the cluster be:

[0097] Then the first The down-regulation power handled by each battery swapping station can be expressed as:

[0098] Simultaneously, the following must be satisfied:

[0099] in, This is an index for battery swapping stations, used to index all battery swapping stations within the cluster. The allocation weights of the battery swapping stations are summed. When the allocation task of a certain battery swapping station exceeds its downward adjustment capacity, the excess part is shared by the other battery swapping stations that still have the capacity to downward adjust.

[0100] When market clearing power requires the battery swapping station cluster to increase charging power, that is:

[0101] The aggregation and control platform prioritizes allocating power increase tasks to battery swapping stations with a large number of batteries awaiting charging and significant capacity margins, based on each station's available power increase capacity and margin. Let the required power increase for the cluster be:

[0102] Then the first The power increase undertaken by the battery swapping station meets the following requirements:

[0103] And there are:

[0104] After completing the task breakdown, the first The charging power control command for this battery swapping station is:

[0105] The instruction is sent to the corresponding battery swapping station control system through the virtual power plant aggregation and control platform of the battery swapping station cluster, and is used to guide the charging equipment at the station to perform power control.

[0106] Through the above task decomposition process, the market clearing power curve at the virtual power plant level is transformed into station-side power control commands that can be executed by each battery swapping station, thereby realizing the step-by-step implementation of "market clearing results - cluster control tasks - single station execution commands".

[0107] Step S7: Execute station-side charging power control. In step S6, the virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster decomposes the aggregation and control task into charging power control commands for each battery swapping station based on the spot market clearing results, the inventory margin of each battery swapping station, the battery swapping demand pressure, and the station's capacity conditions. For the first... A battery swapping station, during the time period The received control commands are denoted as Upon receiving the instruction, the station control system, considering the battery charge status, charger availability, and battery swapping service requirements within the station, sorts and allocates power to the batteries to be charged, ensuring that the actual power output at the station tracks the control instruction as closely as possible.

[0108] The target to be executed on the site can be represented as:

[0109] in, For the first The battery swapping station during the time period The actual charging power is determined by factors such as the station's charging equipment, the number of batteries to be charged, and the battery's state of charge. The actual charging power is not always exactly equal to the control command; therefore, the station control system first verifies the executability of the control command.

[0110] In one implementation, the first The actual executable charging power of the battery swapping station meets the following requirements:

[0111] in, For time period The set of batteries to be charged that participate in charging scheduling. For the first The first battery swapping station The maximum charging power allowed by the battery or corresponding charging channel.

[0112] To ensure the reliability of the battery swapping service, the station control system calculates the charging priority of batteries waiting to be charged within the station before allocating power. This priority comprehensively considers the battery's current state of charge, the station's service pressure, and the urgency with which the battery is expected to reach swappable status. For the first... The first battery swapping station The charging priority of a battery to be charged can be expressed as:

[0113] in, For the first Charging priority indicators for block batteries; The state of charge threshold for replaceable batteries; For the first Block batteries during the period The state of charge; This indicates taking the non-negative part; For the first Service pressure indicators for each battery swapping station; For the first The time urgency indicator for a battery to reach a replaceable state; , , These are the corresponding weighting coefficients.

[0114] When a battery has a low state of charge, the site has high future battery swapping demand, or the battery is close to being swappable but still needs a small amount of additional charge, its priority is high, and the station control system will prioritize allocating charging power to that battery. Conversely, for batteries that do not affect battery swapping services in the short term, their charging priority can be appropriately reduced, so that the station's charging power better conforms to the virtual power plant's market clearing plan.

[0115] After power sequencing is completed, the station control system allocates charging power to the batteries to be charged according to their priority from high to low. The first battery swapping station The charging power of the block battery ,satisfy:

[0116] Meanwhile, the total power of all batteries waiting to be charged within the station should not exceed the station's control commands and equipment capacity limits.

[0117] Based on the above allocation results, the first The actual charging power of the battery swapping station is:

[0118] The corresponding battery state of charge is updated as follows:

[0119] in, For the first The charging efficiency of a single battery. The rated capacity of a single battery To regulate the duration of the cycle.

[0120] During station-side execution, the station control system continuously updates the number of available fully charged batteries.

[0121] No. The number of fully charged batteries available at each battery swapping station at the next moment is:

[0122] in, For the first The number of batteries in each battery swapping station. This is an indicator function.

[0123] If the number of available fully charged batteries is detected to be lower than a safety threshold during the station's execution process, the station control system enters a service guarantee priority mode. In this mode, the station's control logic prioritizes ensuring the minimum replenishment power required for the battery swapping service. If the minimum replenishment power conflicts with the market regulation instructions issued by the virtual power plant, the station control system will feed back the power deviation that cannot be executed to the aggregation and regulation platform, which will then reallocate the regulation task in subsequent rolling corrections.

[0124] The station-side execution deviation is defined as:

[0125] in, Indicates the first The battery swapping station during the time period Instruction execution deviation. When A value greater than zero indicates that the actual charging power of the station is lower than the control command; when When the value is less than zero, it indicates that the actual charging power of the station is higher than the control command.

[0126] The station control system generates feedback data from actual power output, execution deviation, battery inventory energy, number of available fully charged batteries, equipment availability status, and abnormal alarm information, and uploads this data to the virtual power plant aggregation and control platform of the battery swapping station cluster. The feedback data can be represented as:

[0127] in, For the first The battery swapping station during the time period The feedback state vector, This indicates the availability or abnormal status of the station-end equipment.

[0128] Therefore, step S7 implements the market regulation plan formed by the virtual power plant aggregation layer into the charging behavior of each battery swapping station, and establishes a closed-loop connection with the aggregation and regulation platform through execution feedback.

[0129] Step S8: Perform intraday rolling correction Due to uncertainties in battery swapping demand, station equipment status, and spot market prices, the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster may experience discrepancies between the declared power curve and the actual executed power at the station during actual operation. To reduce execution deviations and ensure the reliability of battery swapping services, this embodiment incorporates a rolling correction mechanism during daily operation.

[0130] In each rolling decision period The aggregation and control platform re-collects the real-time operating status of each battery swapping station, including actual battery swapping demand, actual inventory energy, actual number of fully charged batteries available, actual charging power at the station, availability of charging equipment, and execution deviation from the previous time period. The system first updates the battery swapping demand forecast sequence for the future prediction time domain based on the newly added battery swapping demand observations.

[0131] in, Indicates the rolling decision-making period For future time periods The predicted demand for battery swapping.

[0132] Based on the updated forecast results, the system recalculates the safety stock energy of each battery swapping station in the future forecast time domain:

[0133] in, This indicates the future time period number within the prediction time domain for which the safety stock is to be calculated. Safety margins set to account for prediction errors and service assurance requirements.

[0134] Subsequently, the aggregation and control platform recalculates the adjustable capacity, adjustable capacity, and sustainable adjustment time of each battery swapping station based on the latest inventory status, updated safety stock constraints, and station equipment status. For the first... The upgraded adjustable capacity of a battery swapping station can be expressed as:

[0135] Its updated upgradable capability can be represented as:

[0136] in, For the first The benchmark charging power of the battery swapping station in the future. To meet the minimum charging power required to meet the updated safety stock constraints, The maximum charging power is determined by the capacity of the battery to be charged.

[0137] If spot market rules allow for intraday adjustments to the application power for subsequent periods, the aggregation and control platform will regenerate the application power curve for subsequent periods based on updated price information, inventory safety constraints, and application capacity boundaries.

[0138] If market rules do not allow modification of the declaration results for cleared periods, the aggregation and regulation platform will re-optimize the task decomposition scheme of each battery swapping station group while keeping the cleared power constraint unchanged, so that the actual execution power at the station end is as close as possible to the cleared power, and prioritize the safety of inventory and battery swapping services.

[0139] In one implementation, the intraday rolling correction model aims to minimize the overall operating cost over the future forecast time domain, expressed as:

[0140] in, To aggregate the planned power of the battery swapping station cluster in the future. For market power that has been cleared or needs to be tracked, This represents market execution deviation. The objective function is used to reconcile electricity purchase costs, market execution deviation, inventory safety, and battery swapping service availability in subsequent periods.

[0141] The above rolling correction model must satisfy the aggregate power constraint:

[0142] Dynamic constraints on inventory at each battery swapping station:

[0143] Safety stock constraints for battery swapping stations:

[0144] Station power constraints:

[0145] In addition, there are market clearing power tracking constraints or deviation assessment constraints. Through these constraints, the system can comprehensively consider spot market prices, market execution deviations, inventory safety, and battery swapping service guarantee requirements during each rolling optimization.

[0146] During the rolling adjustment process, if the actual battery swapping demand of a certain battery swapping station is higher than the predicted value, the system will increase the safety stock requirement for that station in subsequent periods and reduce its downward adjustment tasks. If the actual battery swapping demand is lower than the predicted value, the system can appropriately release the station's inventory adjustment capacity, increasing its space for market regulation. If a battery swapping station experiences increased execution deviation due to equipment failure or communication anomalies, the system will reduce the station's executability weight in the subsequent station group task decomposition and reallocate the uncompleted adjustment volume to other capable battery swapping stations.

[0147] After each rolling optimization is completed, the system only executes the control instructions corresponding to the current time period:

[0148] in, For at any time The system re-optimizes the current time period to obtain the optimal planned charging power. After execution, the system continues to collect the latest feedback data and repeats the above prediction, constraint update, capacity assessment, task decomposition, and station-side execution process at the next decision point.

[0149] Thus, this embodiment forms a closed-loop control process of "data acquisition - inventory modeling - safety stock constraint update - declaration capability assessment - spot market declaration or tracking - station cluster task decomposition - station execution - feedback correction", enabling the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster to continuously adapt to battery swapping demand and station status changes during spot market operation. Implementation Results Description

[0150] Through the steps described above, the method in this embodiment can aggregate multiple battery swapping stations into a virtual power plant resource with unified application and control capabilities. On the one hand, the virtual power plant cluster of battery swapping stations can adjust the charging sequence according to spot market price signals, increasing charging power during low-price periods and decreasing charging power during high-price periods, thereby reducing the overall electricity purchase cost. On the other hand, the system avoids affecting the reliability of battery swapping services by pursuing market gains through safety stock constraints and station cluster task decomposition mechanisms.

[0151] Compared to methods that simply equate battery swapping stations to ordinary adjustable loads or energy storage resources, this embodiment further considers the coupling relationship between the battery inventory status of the swapping station, the number of available fully charged batteries, future swapping demand, and the station's execution capacity, making the generated spot market declared power curve more executable. Through an intraday rolling correction mechanism, the system can also continuously update subsequent control strategies based on actual swapping demand, changes in battery inventory, and changes in the status of station equipment, reducing the deviation between market declared power and actual executed power.

[0152] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the specific implementation of the present invention. Any modifications or equivalent substitutions that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for spot market declaration and regulation of virtual power plants in a battery swapping station cluster, characterized in that... This method operates within a spot market declaration and control system architecture for a virtual power plant cluster using a battery swapping station. This system includes battery swapping stations, a virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster, and a spot market trading platform for electricity. The steps are as follows: Step S1: Collect basic parameters of the battery swapping station, station operation status data, battery swapping demand data, and electricity spot market data; Step S2: Construct a battery inventory status model for the battery swapping station cluster; Step S3: Based on the future battery swapping demand forecast, determine the safety stock constraint for battery swapping services that each battery swapping station should maintain within the forecast time domain. Step S4: Under the conditions of meeting the safety stock constraints and station power constraints of battery swapping services, calculate the spot market adjustment capacity that each battery swapping station can declare; Step S5: Based on future spot market prices, battery swapping demand forecasts, battery swapping service safety stock constraints, and the boundary of adjustable capacity, generate the spot market declared power curve for the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster; Step S6: Based on the market clearing results, obtain the market clearing power curve corresponding to the virtual power plant, and decompose the market clearing power curve to each battery swapping station through a weighted allocation method to form the station-end charging power control command for each battery swapping station. Step S7: Each battery swapping station executes battery charging sequencing and power allocation according to the station-side charging power control command; Step S8: Based on real-time battery swapping demand, changes in battery inventory, and deviations in application execution, continuously revise the application power curve and station-side charging power control instructions for subsequent periods.

2. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster for battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that: The battery swapping station cluster includes at least two battery swapping stations, and each battery swapping station includes at least two battery bays, at least two battery swapping bays, and centralized charging equipment.

3. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster of battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the basic parameters of the battery swapping station include the number of battery slots, the rated capacity of a single battery, the maximum charging power at the station, the battery state of charge threshold, the charging efficiency, and the station's access capacity. The station-side operation status data includes the battery charge status, battery inventory energy, number of available fully charged batteries, number of batteries waiting to be charged, current charging power, charging equipment availability status, and communication status of each station in the current time period. The battery swapping demand data includes historical battery swapping order data and real-time battery swapping demand data for each battery swapping station, including the time period during which battery swapping occurs, the number of vehicles swapped, the state of charge of the battery swapped out, the state of charge of the battery swapped in, the vehicle type, and the service pressure of the station. The electricity spot market data includes price signals, declaration periods, market rules, clearing results, and deviation assessment parameters obtained from the electricity spot market trading platform within the future dispatch time domain.

4. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of virtual power plants in a battery swapping station cluster according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the battery inventory state model of the battery swapping station cluster uses the battery inventory energy of each battery swapping station as a state variable; for the first... Each battery swapping station has its stored energy sufficient to meet: ； in, For the first Each battery swapping station during the dispatch period Battery swapping service inventory energy, For the first Each battery swapping station during the dispatch period The charging power at the station, For charging efficiency, The length of the scheduling period. For scheduling period Battery energy consumed by internal battery swapping service.

5. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster for battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, for any future time period within the prediction time domain... , No. The energy inventory of each battery swapping service meets the safety stock constraint for the battery swapping service as follows: ； in, Indicates the first In the future, the battery swapping station Battery swapping service inventory energy, For the first In the future, the battery swapping station The safety stock energy for battery swapping services; the safety stock energy for battery swapping services is determined by the cumulative predicted battery swapping demand and safety margin from the future time period to the end of the prediction time domain, satisfying: ； in, To predict the length of the time domain, In order to schedule For future time periods The predicted demand for battery swapping To take into account the prediction error of battery swapping demand, the service level of the site, and the safety margin of sudden battery swapping demand.

6. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster for battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the declareable adjustment capacity includes the declareable downward adjustment capacity, the declareable upward adjustment capacity, and the sustainable adjustment time; In the future, the battery swapping station Eligible for downward adjustment satisfy: ； in, For the first In the future, the battery swapping station The reference charging power, To meet the minimum charging power required to maintain the safety stock constraints of battery swapping services; In the future, the battery swapping station Capacity eligible for upward adjustment satisfy: ； in, The maximum charging power that can be increased is determined by the capacity of the battery to be charged; when the first The battery swapping station will be available from the future. The beginning of the continuous If the safety stock constraint and station power constraint for battery swapping services are met within each time period, the adjustment capacity of the battery swapping station within that time window will be included in the declared capacity boundary. The feasibility of the proposed downward and upward adjustments to the capabilities is revised accordingly; The revised capacity of each battery swapping station meets the following requirements: ； in, This is an executability correction factor, and ; The capacity has been reduced after the correction for a single station. The adjusted capacity for a single station; the executability adjustment coefficient is based on the first... The inventory margin, battery swapping demand forecasting error, station equipment availability, and historical execution deviation of each battery swapping station are determined; the corrected capacity boundary of the virtual power plant cluster of battery swapping stations meets the following requirements: ； in, This refers to the number of battery swapping stations; The revised capacity reduction for virtual power plants. The adjusted upward capacity for the virtual power plant; Further assessment of the sustainable adjustment time of each battery swapping station is needed, for the first... A battery swapping station, if it is located in... The beginning of the continuous If the safety stock constraint and station power constraint for battery swapping services are met within each time period, then the first period is considered to be... The battery swapping station has continuous The ability to adjust over a period of time; The corresponding battery swapping service inventory energy meeting the battery swapping service safety stock constraint can be further expressed as: ； The station-end power constraint can be expressed as: ； in, Indicates from the future time period The numbering of the continuous adjustment period that begins to extend backward. This represents the number of consecutive adjustment periods; when all the above constraints are met, this is the [number of]th adjustment period. The declared capacity of a battery swapping station within the corresponding time window can be included in the virtual power plant aggregated declared capacity boundary; if the constraints are not met in a certain period, the sustainable adjustment time needs to be shortened or the declared adjustment capacity of the station needs to be reduced.

7. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster for battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the spot market power declaration curve of the virtual power plant of the battery swapping station cluster is obtained by aggregating the planned charging power of each battery swapping station, satisfying the following: ； in, For virtual power plants in the future The power of spot market declarations, For the first In the future, the battery swapping station The planned charging power; the offset of the spot market declared power curve relative to the aggregated benchmark charging power satisfies: ； in, For the future period of the battery swapping station cluster Aggregate reference charging power; The spot market declared power curve is generated through a comprehensive operating cost minimization model; the comprehensive operating cost includes electricity purchase cost, declaration deviation risk cost, inventory safety cost, and battery swapping service guarantee cost, and the objective function satisfies: ； in, For future time periods The spot market price or forecast price, To account for the risk and cost of reporting deviations, For inventory safety costs, To ensure the cost of battery swapping services, , , These are the weighting coefficients for the corresponding cost items.

8. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster for battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S6, the electricity spot market trading platform generates market clearing results according to the market clearing rules. The market clearing results include the clearing power of virtual power plants in each clearing period. The clearing power during a continuous clearing period constitutes the market clearing power curve; The virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster uses the market clearing power curve as the tracking target, decomposes the aggregated power of the virtual power plant to each battery swapping station, generates station-end charging power control commands for each battery swapping station, and satisfies: ； in, For the first Each battery swapping station during the dispatch period Station-side charging power control commands, For virtual power plants during dispatch periods The spot market clearing power; during the task decomposition process, allocation weights are constructed based on the inventory margin, battery swapping demand pressure, and capacity margin of each battery swapping station, wherein the inventory margin, battery swapping demand pressure, and capacity margin respectively satisfy: ； in, For inventory margin, To ensure a safety stock of energy for battery swapping stations to provide battery swapping services in the future. To meet the pressure of battery swapping demand, This represents the projected demand for battery swapping in a given time period for future time periods. This represents the number of fully charged batteries available. To prevent small positive numbers with a denominator of zero; For capacity margin, Maximum charging power at the battery swapping station. For the first The baseline charging power of a battery swapping station during time period k.

9. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster for battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S7, each battery swapping station prioritizes the charging of batteries within the station according to the station-side charging power control command; for the first... The first battery swapping station A block of batteries to be charged, whose charging priority indicators meet the following: ； in, For the first Charging priority indicators for block batteries; The state of charge threshold for replaceable batteries; For the first Block batteries during the period The state of charge; This indicates taking the non-negative part; For the first Service pressure indicators for each battery swapping station; For the first The time urgency indicator for a battery to reach a replaceable state; , , To correspond to the weighting coefficients, the station control system allocates charging power to the batteries to be charged according to the charging priority index. No. The actual charging power of each battery swapping station satisfy: ； in, For the first A collection of batteries waiting to be charged within a battery swapping station that participates in charging scheduling. For the first Blocks of batteries awaiting charging during the scheduling period The actual charging power does not exceed the station-side charging power control command and the upper limit of the charging equipment capacity; The corresponding battery state of charge is: ； in, No. The first battery swapping station Update the state of charge of each individual cell in the block battery system. For the first The charging efficiency of a single battery. The rated capacity of a single battery To regulate the duration of the cycle; During station-side execution, the station control system continuously updates the number of available fully charged batteries. The number of fully charged batteries available at each battery swapping station at the next moment is: ； in, For the first The number of batteries in each battery swapping station. For indicator functions; When there is a deviation between the actual charging power at the station and the charging power control command, the station will execute the deviation. satisfy: ； in, Indicates the first The battery swapping station during the time period Instruction execution deviation; No. Each battery swapping station uploads its actual charging power, station-side execution deviation, battery inventory energy, number of available fully charged batteries, and equipment status to the battery swapping station cluster virtual power plant aggregation and control platform; the feedback data can be represented as: ； in, For the first The battery swapping station during the time period The feedback state vector, This indicates the availability or abnormal status of the station-end equipment.

10. The method for spot market declaration and regulation of a virtual power plant cluster for battery swapping stations according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S8, the virtual power plant aggregation and control platform for the battery swapping station cluster updates the battery swapping demand forecast results, safety stock constraints, and claimable capacity boundaries in each rolling scheduling period, and constructs a rolling correction objective function in the subsequent forecast time domain: ； in, For the future period of the battery swapping station cluster The planned aggregate power, The market power that has been cleared or needs to be tracked; the rolling correction objective function is used to coordinate electricity purchase costs, market execution deviations, inventory safety and battery swapping service guarantees, and after each rolling optimization is completed, only the station-end charging power control command corresponding to the current scheduling period is executed.

Images