Flatness detection device

Abstract

The utility model discloses a flatness detection device, which comprises two conveying belts, an electric sliding rail arranged at the upper end between the two conveying belts, an electric sliding seat arranged on the inner side of the electric sliding rail, an electric telescopic rod fixed at the lower end of the electric sliding seat, and a glass sucker fixed at the telescopic end of the electric telescopic rod. A base plate is fixed to the lower end between the two conveying belts, a supporting table is arranged at the upper end of the base plate, a transparent plastic plate is fixed to the inner side of the upper end of the supporting table, an ink area is arranged in the center of the interior of the transparent plastic plate, square plastic plug gauge pieces are arranged at the four end corners of the outer side of the ink area, and oval plastic plug gauge pieces are arranged on the two sides of the ink area. According to the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, through the overall structure cooperation design, warping degree detection can be rapidly carried out on the edge and the end corner of the glass cover plate, manpower input is reduced, detection efficiency and precision are improved, and the glass cover plate can be rapidly transferred to the next process after detection is completed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of glass detection, in particular to a flatness detection device. Background Art

[0002] As electronic products have higher requirements for the appearance and quality of glass cover plates, strict standards are set for their flatness during the manufacturing process. Traditional flatness detection mostly relies on manual or simple measuring tools, which is not only inefficient but also difficult to meet the requirements of high precision and high repeatability. In addition, manual detection cannot achieve seamless integration with the production line, which can easily cause delays in subsequent processing and waste of materials. Utility Model Content

[0003] Based on this, it is necessary to provide a flatness detection device to address the above technical problems. Through the overall structural coordination design, the warping of the edges and end corners of the glass cover plate can be quickly detected, and traditional manual or simple measuring tool detection can be abandoned. The degree of automation is high, which effectively reduces manpower input and improves detection efficiency and accuracy. After the detection is completed, the glass cover plate can be quickly transferred to the next process, achieving seamless connection with the production line, and effectively reducing delays and material waste in subsequent processing processes.

[0004] In order to solve the above technical problems, the utility model adopts the following technical solutions:

[0005] A flatness detection device is used for detecting the flatness of a glass cover plate.

[0006] The flatness detection device specifically comprises: two conveyor belts, an electric slide rail is arranged at the upper end between the two conveyor belts, an electric slide seat is arranged on the inner side of the electric slide rail, an electric telescopic rod is fixed at the lower end of the electric slide seat, a glass suction cup is fixed at the telescopic end of the electric telescopic rod, a substrate is fixed at the lower end between the two conveyor belts, a support platform is arranged at the upper end of the substrate, a transparent plastic plate is fixed on the inner side of the upper end of the support platform, an ink area is arranged at the center of the transparent plastic plate, a high-definition camera is arranged on the inner side of the support platform and at the center of the ink area, a hollow support cylinder is fixed at the center of the upper end of the substrate, a supporting assembly is arranged between the hollow support cylinder and the support platform, square plastic plug gauge pieces are arranged at the four end corners outside the ink area, a first moving assembly is arranged between the four square plastic plug gauge pieces and the hollow support cylinder, elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces are arranged on both sides of the ink area, and a second moving assembly is arranged between the two elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces and the hollow support cylinders.

[0007] As a preferred embodiment of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, a plurality of chamfered positioning blocks are evenly fixed on the upper end of the transparent plastic plate and located outside the ink area.

[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, the support assembly includes a support shaft, the inner side of the upper end of the hollow support tube is rotatably connected with the support shaft, the upper end of the support shaft is fixed to the support platform, and the outer side of the support shaft is fixed with a first flat gear.

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, an extension seat is fixed to the outer side of the upper end of the hollow support tube, a first motor is fixed to the inner side of the extension seat, a second spur gear is fixed to the output end of the first motor, and the second spur gear is meshingly connected with the first spur gear.

[0010] As a preferred implementation of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, the bottom ends of the four square plastic plug gauges are fixed with a first support rod, and the bottom ends of the two elliptical plastic plug gauges are fixed with a second support rod.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, the first moving assembly includes a first rail seat, four first rail seats are fixed to the outer side of the lower end of the hollow support tube, the interior of the hollow support tube and the inner sides of the four first rail seats are rotatably connected with threaded columns, the lower ends of the four first support rods are respectively threadedly connected to the four threaded columns, each of the threaded columns is close to one end of the hollow support tube and is located on the inner side of the hollow support tube and is fixed with a first bevel gear, a second motor is fixed inside the base plate and at the center of the hollow support tube, a second bevel gear is fixed to the output end of the second motor, the second bevel gear is located on the inner side of the hollow support tube and is meshed with the four first bevel gears respectively.

[0012] As a preferred implementation of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, a slide groove is provided at the lower end of each of the first rail seats, and the first support rod is located inside the slide groove and is slidably connected to the slide groove.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model, the second moving assembly includes a second rail seat, a second rail seat is symmetrically fixed on the outside of the hollow support tube, a guide column is fixed at the lower end of the inner side of each second rail seat, the lower ends of the two second support rods are respectively slidably connected to the two guide columns, a bidirectional screw is rotatably connected inside the hollow support tube and located between the two second rail seats, the two second support rods are respectively located on the outside of both sides of the bidirectional screw and are threadedly connected to the bidirectional screw, a third spur gear is fixed on the outside of the bidirectional screw and located on the inside of the hollow support tube, a third motor is fixed on the inside of the hollow support tube and located on the outside of the third spur gear, a fourth spur gear is fixed to the output end of the third motor, and the fourth spur gear is meshingly connected to the third spur gear.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the following beneficial effects:

[0015] The flatness detection device provided by the utility model can quickly detect the warpage of the edge and end corner of the glass cover plate through the overall structural coordination design, abandoning the traditional manual or simple measuring tool detection, with a high degree of automation, effectively reducing manpower input and improving detection efficiency and accuracy, and after the detection is completed, the glass cover plate can be quickly transferred to the next process, achieving seamless connection with the production line, and effectively reducing delays and material waste in subsequent processing processes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] In order to more clearly illustrate the scheme in the utility model, a brief introduction is given below to the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the utility model. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model;

[0018] Figure 2 A structural schematic diagram of the upper end of the support platform of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model;

[0019] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the structure of the lower end of the support platform of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model;

[0020] Figure 4 This is a schematic structural diagram of the inner side of the hollow support tube of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model.

[0021] The markings in the figure are as follows:

[0022] 1. Conveyor belt; 2. Electric slide rail; 3. Electric slide seat; 4. Electric telescopic rod; 5. Glass suction cup; 6. Base plate; 7. Support platform; 8. Transparent plastic plate; 9. Ink area; 10. Chamfered block; 11. High-definition camera; 12. Hollow support tube; 13. Support shaft; 14. First flat gear; 15. Extension seat; 16. First motor; 17. Second flat gear; 18. Square plastic plug gauge; 19. First support rod; 20. First rail seat; 21. Slide groove; 22. Threaded column; 23. First bevel gear; 24. Second motor; 25. Second bevel gear; 26. Elliptical plastic plug gauge; 27. Second support rod; 28. Second rail seat; 29. ​​Guide column; 30. Bidirectional screw; 31. Third flat gear; 32. Third motor; 33. Fourth flat gear. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the solution of the utility model, the technical solution in the embodiment of the utility model will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiment of the utility model. Obviously, the described embodiment is only a part of the embodiment of the utility model, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiment of the utility model, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work should fall within the scope of protection of the utility model.

[0024] As mentioned in the background technology, traditional flatness detection mostly relies on manual or simple measuring tools, which is not only inefficient, but also difficult to meet the requirements of high precision and high repeatability. In addition, manual detection cannot achieve seamless integration with the production line, which easily causes delays in subsequent processing and waste of materials.

[0025] In order to solve this technical problem, the utility model provides a flatness detection device, which is applied to the flatness detection of a glass cover plate.

[0026] Specifically, please refer to Figure 1-4 The flatness detection device specifically comprises: two conveyor belts 1, an electric slide rail 2 is arranged at the upper end between the two conveyor belts 1, an electric slide seat 3 is arranged inside the electric slide rail 2, an electric telescopic rod 4 is fixed to the lower end of the electric slide seat 3, a glass suction cup 5 is fixed to the telescopic end of the electric telescopic rod 4, a substrate 6 is fixed to the lower end between the two conveyor belts 1, a support platform 7 is arranged at the upper end of the substrate 6, a transparent plastic plate 8 is fixed to the inner side of the upper end of the support platform 7, an ink area 9 is arranged at the center of the transparent plastic plate 8, and the inner part of the support platform 7 A high-definition camera 11 is arranged on the side and in the center of the ink area 9, a hollow support tube 12 is fixed at the center of the upper end of the substrate 6, a supporting component is arranged between the hollow support tube 12 and the support platform 7, square plastic plug gauge pieces 18 are arranged at the four end corners of the outer side of the ink area 9, a first movable component is arranged between the four square plastic plug gauge pieces 18 and the hollow support tube 12, elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces 26 are arranged on both sides of the ink area 9, and a second movable component is arranged between the two elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces 26 and the hollow support tube 12.

[0027] The flatness detection device provided by the utility model can quickly detect the warpage of the edge and end corner of the glass cover plate through the overall structural coordination design, abandoning the traditional manual or simple measuring tool detection, with a high degree of automation, effectively reducing manpower input and improving detection efficiency and accuracy, and after the detection is completed, the glass cover plate can be quickly transferred to the next process, achieving seamless connection with the production line, and effectively reducing delays and material waste in subsequent processing processes.

[0028] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the solution of the utility model, the technical solution in the embodiments of the utility model will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0029] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features and technical solutions in the embodiments may be combined with each other.

[0030] It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters denote similar items in the following drawings, and therefore, once an item is defined in one drawing, further definition and explanation thereof is not required in subsequent drawings.

[0031] Please refer to Figure 1-4 , a flatness detection device, which includes two conveyor belts 1, a base plate 6 is fixed at the lower end between the two conveyor belts 1, a support platform 7 is arranged at the upper end of the base plate 6, a transparent plastic plate 8 is fixed on the inner side of the upper end of the support platform 7, and an ink area 9 is arranged at the center of the transparent plastic plate 8. In order to facilitate the accurate positioning of the glass cover plate on the transparent plastic plate 8 and align it with the ink area 9, an electric slide rail 2 is arranged at the upper end between the two conveyor belts 1, an electric slide seat 3 is arranged on the inner side of the electric slide rail 2, an electric telescopic rod 4 is fixed at the lower end of the electric slide seat 3, and a glass suction cup 5 is fixed at the telescopic end of the electric telescopic rod 4. A plurality of chamfering blocks 10 are evenly fixed at the upper end of the transparent plastic plate 8 and located on the outer side of the ink area 9, and the chamfering design of the plurality of chamfering blocks 10 is matched, so that even if there is a slight deviation in positioning when the glass cover plate is transferred and placed on the transparent plastic plate 8 by the electric slide rail 2 and the electric slide seat 3, the glass cover plate can be placed normally;

[0032] In order to facilitate the support of the support platform 7, a hollow support tube 12 is fixed at the center of the upper end of the base plate 6, and a support component is provided between the hollow support tube 12 and the support platform 7;

[0033] Specifically, the support assembly includes a support shaft 13, the inner side of the upper end of the hollow support tube 12 is rotatably connected with the support shaft 13, the upper end of the support shaft 13 is fixed to the support platform 7, and the outer side of the support shaft 13 is fixed with a first flat gear 14. In order to conveniently drive the support platform 7 to rotate, thereby driving the glass cover to rotate, an extension seat 15 is fixed to the outer side of the upper end of the hollow support tube 12, and a first motor 16 is fixed to the inner side of the extension seat 15. A second flat gear 17 is fixed to the output end of the first motor 16, and the second flat gear 17 is meshed and connected with the first flat gear 14;

[0034] In order to facilitate the detection of the warpage of the edge and corner of the glass cover plate on the ink area 9, square plastic plug gauge pieces 18 are arranged at the four corners outside the ink area 9, and a first moving component is arranged between the four square plastic plug gauge pieces 18 and the hollow support tube 12. Elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces 26 are arranged on both sides of the ink area 9, and a second moving component is arranged between the two elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces 26 and the hollow support tube 12. The bottom ends of the four square plastic plug gauge pieces 18 are fixed with a first support rod 19, and the bottom ends of the two elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces 26 are fixed with a second support rod 27;

[0035] When the four square plastic plug gauges 18 or the two elliptical plastic plug gauges 26 move close to the glass cover plate and can enter under the glass cover plate, it means that the flatness of the corresponding position of the glass cover plate is unqualified. In order to facilitate the capture of the glass cover plate so that the staff can remove the glass cover plate, a high-definition camera 11 is arranged on the inner side of the support 7 and at the center of the ink area 9;

[0036] Specifically, the first moving assembly includes a first rail seat 20, four first rail seats 20 are fixed to the outer side of the lower end of the hollow support tube 12, and the inside of the hollow support tube 12 and the inner sides of the four first rail seats 20 are rotatably connected with threaded columns 22, and the lower ends of the four first support rods 19 are respectively threadedly connected with the four threaded columns 22, and each threaded column 22 is close to one end of the hollow support tube 12 and is located inside the hollow support tube 12. A first bevel gear 23 is fixed, and a second motor 24 is fixed inside the base plate 6 and located at the center of the hollow support tube 12, and a second bevel gear 25 is fixed to the output end of the second motor 24, and the second bevel gear 25 is located inside the hollow support tube 12 and is respectively meshed with the four first bevel gears 23;

[0037] Specifically, the second moving assembly includes a second rail seat 28, a second rail seat 28 is symmetrically fixed on the outside of the hollow support tube 12, a bidirectional screw 30 is rotatably connected inside the hollow support tube 12 and located between the two second rail seats 28, two second support rods 27 are respectively located on the outside of both sides of the bidirectional screw 30 and are threadedly connected to the bidirectional screw 30, a third flat gear 31 is fixed on the outside of the bidirectional screw 30 and located on the inside of the hollow support tube 12, a third motor 32 is fixed on the inside of the hollow support tube 12 and located on the outside of the third flat gear 31, a fourth flat gear 33 is fixed to the output end of the third motor 32, and the fourth flat gear 33 is meshed and connected with the third flat gear 31;

[0038] The flatness detection device provided in Example 1 is further optimized. Specifically, Figure 4 As shown, in order to facilitate the movement of the square plastic plug gauge piece 18 and the oval plastic plug gauge piece 26, a slide groove 21 is provided at the lower end of each first rail seat 20, and the first support rod 19 is located inside the slide groove 21 and is slidably connected to the slide groove 21. A guide column 29 is fixed to the lower end of the inner side of each second rail seat 28, and the lower ends of the two second support rods 27 are slidably connected to the two guide columns 29 respectively, so that the square plastic plug gauge piece 18 and the oval plastic plug gauge piece 26 are more stable when moving;

[0039] The above electrical components are all electrically connected to the main controller and the power supply, wherein the main controller can be a conventional known device for control such as a computer, and the existing public power connection technology will not be repeated here;

[0040] The use process of the flatness detection device provided by the utility model is as follows: when the glass cover is located at the upper end of the transparent plastic plate 8 and is aligned with the ink area 9 through the positioning of the chamfered positioning block 10, the square plastic plug gauge piece 18 and the elliptical plastic plug gauge piece 26 move toward the edge and end corner of the glass cover. When the square plastic plug gauge piece 18 or the elliptical plastic plug gauge piece 26 enters below the glass cover, it means that the flatness of the corresponding position of the glass cover is unqualified. Based on the optical detection principle, the square plastic plug gauge piece 18 or the elliptical plastic plug gauge piece 26 overlaps with the ink area 9 to form a color change, so that the high-definition camera 11 can be used to capture its change, so that the staff can remove the glass cover;

[0041] First, the electric slide rail 2 and the electric slide seat 3 drive the electric telescopic rod 4 and the glass sucker 5 to move to the top of the glass cover plate, start the electric telescopic rod 4 to extend the glass sucker 5 to suck the glass cover plate, and then move the glass cover plate to the upper end of the transparent plastic plate 8 through the electric slide rail 2 and the electric slide seat 3, control the glass sucker 5 to release the adsorption, and cooperate with the positioning of the chamfering block 10 to facilitate the placement of the glass cover plate on the upper end of the transparent plastic plate 8 and align it with the ink area 9;

[0042] When the glass cover is placed, the second motor 24 and the third motor 32 are started at the same time, and the four threaded columns 22 are driven to rotate through the meshing of the second bevel gear 25 and the four first bevel gears 23, and then the four first support rods 19 are driven to move toward the four end corners of the glass cover through the guidance of the slide groove 21, and the four end corners of the glass cover are detected in cooperation with the square plastic plug gauge 18;

[0043] The meshing of the fourth flat gear 33 and the third flat gear 31 drives the bidirectional screw 30 to rotate, and then the two second support rods 27 are driven to approach each other through the guidance of the guide column 29, and the two side edges of the glass cover are tested in cooperation with the elliptical plastic plug gauge piece 26. If the first test is completed and the square plastic plug gauge piece 18 and the elliptical plastic plug gauge piece 26 cannot enter under the glass cover, it means that the first test is qualified;

[0044] Then, the square plastic plug gauge piece 18 and the elliptical plastic plug gauge piece 26 are controlled to move away from the glass cover plate, and the first motor 16 is started to drive the second flat gear 17 to rotate. The meshing of the second flat gear 17 and the first flat gear 14 drives the support shaft 13 to rotate, and then drives the support platform 7 to rotate, so that the glass cover plate rotates ninety degrees. The two elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces 26 are used to facilitate the detection of the remaining two edges of the glass cover plate. After all the tests are completed and the flatness is qualified, the glass cover plate is transferred to the conveyor belt 1 again through the electric slide rail 2, the electric slide seat 3, the electric telescopic rod 4 and the glass suction cup 5, so as to facilitate seamless connection to other production lines.

[0045] In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", "connected", "fixed" and the like should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral one; it can be a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, or communication with each other; it can be a direct connection, or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, it can be the internal connection of two elements or the interaction relationship between two elements, unless otherwise clearly defined. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0046] Obviously, the embodiments described above are only some embodiments of the utility model, rather than all embodiments. The preferred embodiments of the utility model are given in the accompanying drawings, but they do not limit the patent scope of the utility model. The utility model can be implemented in many different forms. On the contrary, the purpose of providing these embodiments is to make the understanding of the disclosure of the utility model more thorough and comprehensive. Although the utility model is described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, for those skilled in the art, it is still possible to modify the technical solutions recorded in the aforementioned specific implementation methods, or to replace some of the technical features therein with equivalents. Any equivalent structure made using the contents of the utility model specification and the accompanying drawings, directly or indirectly used in other related technical fields, is also within the scope of patent protection of the utility model.

Claims

1. A flatness detection device, characterized in that: The invention comprises two conveyor belts (1), wherein an electric slide rail (2) is arranged at the upper end between the two conveyor belts (1), an electric slide seat (3) is arranged on the inner side of the electric slide rail (2), an electric telescopic rod (4) is fixed to the lower end of the electric slide seat (3), a glass suction cup (5) is fixed to the telescopic end of the electric telescopic rod (4), a base plate (6) is fixed to the lower end between the two conveyor belts (1), a support platform (7) is arranged on the upper end of the base plate (6), a transparent plastic plate (8) is fixed on the inner side of the upper end of the support platform (7), an ink area (9) is arranged at the center of the transparent plastic plate (8), and the support platform (7) is provided with a plurality of ink zones (9). A high-definition camera (11) is arranged on the inner side and at the center of the ink area (9); a hollow support tube (12) is fixed at the center of the upper end of the substrate (6); a support component is arranged between the hollow support tube (12) and the support platform (7); square plastic plug gauge pieces (18) are arranged at the four end corners of the outer side of the ink area (9); a first movable component is arranged between the four square plastic plug gauge pieces (18) and the hollow support tube (12); elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces (26) are arranged on both sides of the ink area (9); and a second movable component is arranged between two of the elliptical plastic plug gauge pieces (26) and the hollow support tube (12).

2. The flatness detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A plurality of chamfered positioning blocks (10) are evenly fixed on the upper end of the transparent plastic plate (8) and located outside the ink area (9).

3. The flatness detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The support assembly comprises a support shaft (13), the inner side of the upper end of the hollow support tube (12) is rotatably connected to the support shaft (13), the upper end of the support shaft (13) is fixed to the support platform (7), and the outer side of the support shaft (13) is fixed to a first flat gear (14).

4. The flatness detection device according to claim 3, characterized in that: An extension seat (15) is fixed to the outer side of the upper end of the hollow support tube (12), a first motor (16) is fixed to the inner side of the extension seat (15), a second spur gear (17) is fixed to the output end of the first motor (16), and the second spur gear (17) is meshingly connected to the first spur gear (14).

5. The flatness detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom ends of the four square plastic plug gauges (18) are all fixed with a first support rod (19), and the bottom ends of the two elliptical plastic plug gauges (26) are all fixed with a second support rod (27).

6. The flatness detection device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The first moving assembly comprises a first rail seat (20), four first rail seats (20) are fixed to the outer side of the lower end of the hollow support tube (12), a threaded column (22) is rotatably connected to the inner sides of the four first rail seats (20) inside the hollow support tube (12), the lower ends of the four first support rods (19) are respectively threadedly connected to the four threaded columns (22), a first bevel gear (23) is fixed to one end of each threaded column (22) close to the hollow support tube (12) and located inside the hollow support tube (12), a second motor (24) is fixed inside the base plate (6) and located at the center of the hollow support tube (12), a second bevel gear (25) is fixed to the output end of the second motor (24), the second bevel gear (25) is located inside the hollow support tube (12) and is respectively meshed and connected to the four first bevel gears (23).

7. The flatness detection device according to claim 6, characterized in that: A slide groove (21) is provided at the lower end of each of the first rail seats (20), and the first support rod (19) is located inside the slide groove (21) and is slidably connected to the slide groove (21).

8. The flatness detection device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The second moving assembly comprises a second rail seat (28), the second rail seat (28) is symmetrically fixed on the outer side of the hollow support tube (12), a guide column (29) is fixed on the lower end of the inner side of each second rail seat (28), the lower ends of the two second support rods (27) are respectively slidably connected to the two guide columns (29), a bidirectional screw rod (30) is rotatably connected inside the hollow support tube (12) and located between the two second rail seats (28), the two second support rods (27) are respectively located on the outer sides of both sides of the bidirectional screw rod (30) and are threadedly connected to the bidirectional screw rod (30), a third spur gear (31) is fixed on the outer side of the bidirectional screw rod (30) and located on the inner side of the hollow support tube (12), a third motor (32) is fixed on the inner side of the hollow support tube (12) and located on the outer side of the third spur gear (31), a fourth spur gear (33) is fixed to the output end of the third motor (32), and the fourth spur gear (33) is meshingly connected to the third spur gear (31).

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