Ecological treatment device for water body at bottom of river, lake and channel

Abstract

The utility model relates to a river, lake and channel bottom water body ecological management device which comprises a lower box body which sinks underwater and is close to the water bottom and an upper box body which is provided with an open top end, is half-submerged in the water and emerges from the water surface, and the upper box body and the lower box body are connected through a telescopic communicating pipe; an upper hollow box is arranged around the outlet of the communicating pipe in the upper box body, the water surface of the water body in the upper box body and the water surface of the water body outside the upper box body are mutually isolated, and the bottoms are communicated; a lower hollow box for adjusting the depth from the lower box body to the water bottom is arranged around the inlet of the communicating pipe in the lower box body; the upper box body and the lower box body are provided with facilities which are prevented from being washed away by water flow. According to the device, the method and the design method, sediments at the bottom of a water body are continuously conveyed to the surface layer of the water body under the action of water surface evaporation and plant transpiration by using an upper box body and a lower box body which are provided with communicating pipes without any manual or mechanical action, so that nutrients are provided for aquatic plants planted in the upper box body, and the water environment of rivers and lakes is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to an ecological management device for water bodies at the bottom of a river or lake channel, which is an ecological management and protection device and a device used for preventing and controlling algal blooms and improving the ecological environment. Background Art

[0002] In urban rivers and lakes, there are a lot of sediments at the bottom, and pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and even metal compounds are commonly found in the sediments. The surface of water sediments usually contains 95% to 99% water, of which only a small part is combined with other components to form hydrates, and most of it exists in the form of a free-moving medium, that is, interstitial water. There is a large concentration gradient between the interstitial water and the upper water body. This concentration gradient causes pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter to be released from the sediments, forming a diffusion flux to the overlying water through the sediment-water interface, making the upper water body rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter, leading to eutrophication of the water body.

[0003] Large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in rivers and lakes promote the proliferation of algae, inhibit the growth of submerged plants, hinder the reoxygenation of water bodies, and cause the death of plankton in the water due to lack of oxygen. After death, aquatic organisms decompose and mineralize to form oxygen-consuming organic matter and ammonia nitrogen, resulting in seasonal black and smelly water bodies. Rising water temperatures will accelerate the decomposition of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen by microorganisms and algae residues in the water, accelerate the consumption of dissolved oxygen in the water, and aggravate the black and smelly water bodies. The black and smelly water bodies are mainly caused by lack of oxygen in the water bodies, and are also related to eutrophication and sediment deposition.

[0004] The existing methods for solving the above problems mainly include aeration, water exchange, water replenishment, dredging, ecological floating beds and other measures. Among these methods, except for dredging, the other methods are measures taken for the upper water body and cannot fundamentally solve the problem. Dredging is a measure taken for the bottom sediment, which can fundamentally solve the problem of algae proliferation, but the dredging methods adopted by the existing technology mainly adopt manual dredging or mechanical dredging. Manual or mechanical dredging is a work that consumes a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. If the water body is often polluted, dredging work needs to be carried out frequently and continuously, otherwise water pollution will continue to occur, which has almost become a difficulty in the current urban river management.

[0005] In practice, only pollutants in the surface 20 cm of sediment are released and diffused to the upper water body. When the intensity and flux of pollutants released and diffused in the surface sediment are low, the degree of pollution in the upper water body will naturally be reduced.

[0006] The removal pathways of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in natural water include absorption and transformation by microorganisms, absorption and adsorption by plants, oxidation, gravity sedimentation of particulate matter and interception of particulate matter by plants. It is a comprehensive effect of physics, chemistry, biology and other aspects, among which aquatic plants play a vital role.

[0007] Under hydroponic conditions, the nutrient supply of plants comes from the water body. The bottom water body is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus substances that are transmitted to the water surface, promoting their vigorous growth. The role of aquatic plants in the sewage treatment process is closely related to their growth conditions. The more vigorous the growth, the greater the biomass, and the greater the purification effect. The absorption and transformation of microorganisms is the main removal pathway for ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, and small molecular organic matter. Aquatic plants are the main carriers of microorganisms, providing sufficient space for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, increasing the contact area and opportunities between microorganisms and plants and nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Emergent plants transport oxygen produced by photosynthesis or absorbed by leaves to the roots through airways, forming an oxidized regional environment in the reduced medium of the plant root zone. The stems and leaves of submerged plants can carry out photosynthesis, and an aerobic-anaerobic microenvironment can be formed around the entire plant body, providing favorable conditions and guarantees for the transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Aquatic plants can form a special biofilm structure, which plays a very important role in the filtration, adsorption, absorption and transformation of pollutants, and the surface is also a place for the deposition of heavy metal phase organic matter.

[0008] The more vigorous the plant growth, the more significant the purification effect. However, the growth of aquatic plants is closely related to water depth and water quality. For example, emergent plants can only grow under certain water depth conditions, and submerged plants can only grow under certain transparency conditions. Some artificial channels, including urban rivers that have undergone river slope management, have straight banks and constantly changing water depths, making it difficult for aquatic plants to grow and develop. How to continuously dredge the bottom of the water and plant aquatic plants that can purify water in deeper water bodies is a problem that needs to be solved. Summary of the invention

[0009] In order to overcome the problems of the prior art, the utility model proposes a device for ecological management of water bodies at the bottom of river and lake channels. The device uses an upper and lower box body with a connecting pipe to utilize the evaporation of the water surface and the transpiration of plants, and continuously transports the silt at the bottom of the water body to the surface of the water body without any manual or mechanical action, providing nutrients for the aquatic plants planted in the upper box body, thereby improving the water environment of rivers and lakes.

[0010] The purpose of the utility model is achieved as follows: a device for ecological management of water bodies at the bottom of a river or lake channel, comprising: a lower box body submerged in water and close to the bottom of the water, and an upper box body with an open top, half submerged in water and floating on the surface of the water, wherein the upper box body and the lower box body are connected by a retractable connecting pipe; the connecting pipe is provided with an upper hollow box for adjusting the floating depth of the upper box body on the water surface around the outlet in the upper box body, emergent plants are planted on the top of the upper hollow box, and a deep water area for planting submerged plants is provided around the upper hollow box, the water surface of the water body in the upper box body is isolated from the water surface of the water body outside the upper box body, and the bottoms are connected; the connecting pipe is trumpet-shaped at the inlet of the lower box body, and a lower hollow box for adjusting the depth of the lower box body from the bottom of the water is provided around it; the upper box body and the lower box body are provided with facilities to prevent being washed away by the water flow.

[0011] Furthermore, the upper box body and the lower box body have a rectangular vertical cross-section and a polygonal horizontal cross-section, and are made of fiberglass or engineering plastics.

[0012] Furthermore, the ratio of the planting area of ​​emergent plants to that of submerged plants in the polygonal upper box is 2:1 to 3:2.

[0013] Furthermore, the vertical cross-section of the upper box and the lower box is rectangular, and the horizontal cross-section is circular. The center of the circular upper box is a connecting pipe, and emergent plants are planted in concentric circles around it. Submerged plants are planted in concentric circles around the emergent plants, and the ratio of the circular diameter of the emergent plants to the diameter of the submerged plants is 0.7 to 0.8.

[0014] Furthermore, the upper edge of the upper box body is 0.4 to 0.6 meters higher than the external water body.

[0015] Furthermore, a box-type implant is arranged in the upper box body, and the box-type implant is in the shape of a hexahedron with a rectangular horizontal cross section, an open top, a closed bottom and left and right sides, and water-permeable walls on the front and back sides.

[0016] Furthermore, the water permeable area of ​​the water permeable side wall is 50% to 70%.

[0017] Furthermore, the facility for preventing the box from being washed away by the water flow is an anchor column fixed to the bottom of the water or the shore and an anchor ring fixedly connected to the upper box and the lower box respectively. The upper box and the lower box are mounted on the anchor column with the anchor ring, so that the upper box and the lower box can float up and down along the anchor column.

[0018] The advantages and beneficial effects of the utility model are as follows: the utility model utilizes the evaporation of the water surface in the upper box body and the reduction of water volume formed by the transpiration of plants to form a negative pressure, and transmits the negative pressure to the bottom expansion of the lower box body through a connecting pipe, thereby generating an absorption force on the sediment at the bottom of the water body. Without any manual or mechanical action, the silt at the bottom of the water body can be continuously transported to the upper box body, providing nutrients for the aquatic plants planted in the upper box body and purifying the water body, and using aquatic plants to perform ecological treatment on the water body, thereby improving the water environment of rivers and lakes, especially urban rivers and lakes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] The utility model is further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0020] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the device described in the first embodiment of the utility model;

[0021] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure in which the connecting pipe is arranged in the middle of the rectangular upper box body according to the second embodiment of the utility model. Figure 1 B direction view;

[0022] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure in which the connecting pipe is arranged on one side of the rectangular upper box body according to the second embodiment of the utility model. Figure 1 B direction view;

[0023] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the circular upper box body described in the fourth embodiment of the utility model, Figure 1 B direction view;

[0024] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the box-type planting body described in the sixth embodiment of the present utility model, in which the water-permeable wall is a circular hole;

[0025] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the structure in which the water-permeable wall of the box-type planting body described in Example 6 of the present utility model is a grid bar. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Embodiment 1:

[0027] This embodiment is a device for ecological management of water bodies at the bottom of rivers and lakes. Figure 1As shown. This embodiment includes: a lower box 1 that is submerged underwater and close to the bottom of the water 01 and an upper box 2 that is open at the top and half submerged in the water and floats on the surface of the water 02. The upper box and the lower box are connected by a retractable connecting pipe 3; the connecting pipe is provided with an upper hollow box 201 around the outlet of the upper box for adjusting the floating depth of the upper box on the water surface, and a water-emergent plant 202 is planted on the top of the upper hollow box. A deep water area for planting submerged plants 203 is provided around the upper hollow box. The water surface of the water body in the upper box is isolated from the water surface of the water body outside the upper box, and the bottoms are connected; the connecting pipe is trumpet-shaped at the inlet 101 of the lower box, and is provided with a lower hollow box 102 around it for adjusting the depth of the lower box from the bottom of the water; the upper box and the lower box are provided with facilities 4 to prevent being washed away by water flow.

[0028] The device described in this embodiment is composed of an upper structure and a lower structure, which are connected by a connecting pipe. Figure 1 The upper structure mainly includes the upper box and the aquatic plants planted in the upper box. The lower structure mainly includes the lower box and the flared opening formed by the outer contour of the lower box. The main function of the lower box is to collect the bottom water. The cross-section of the lower box is a trumpet-shaped, hollow structure with a maximum height h2 (see Figure 1 ) is controlled by the required buoyancy, and a hole is set at the top for injecting coarse sand or water to adjust the position of the lower structure in the water, ensuring that the distance h1 between the bottom edge of the lower box and the surface of the river and lake bottom mud is 0.3-0.5m. The total height h4 of the upper box is 2.0m, the water depth of the emergent plant area is 0.5m, the lower part is a hollow structure, and a hole is set at the top for injecting coarse sand or water, which is used for buoyancy control of the entire upper box and adjusting the position of the upper box in the water. The water depth of the submerged plant area in the upper box is 1.5m. In order to prevent river and lake water from entering the upper box under the action of external wind and waves, the outer edge of the upper box is 0.5m higher than the river and lake water level. The upper box is a treatment area, where emergent plants and submerged plants are planted, with an area ratio of 2:1-3:2.

[0029] The upper and lower boxes are cylindrical in shape, and the horizontal cross-section of the cylinder can be circular or rectangular. The upper box is open at the top and closed at the bottom, and a connecting interface for a connecting pipe is provided at the bottom. The lower box is closed at the top and provided with a connecting interface for a connecting pipe, and the bottom is open in a trumpet shape. The horizontal cross-section of the upper and lower boxes can be consistent or inconsistent, such as: the horizontal cross-section of the upper and lower boxes is rectangular; or the horizontal cross-section of the upper box is rectangular, and the horizontal cross-section of the lower box is circular.

[0030] The planting area in the upper box can be planted directly or in a box-type planting method, that is, small boxes are fixed with some soil at the bottom of the small boxes, or some aquatic plant roots are directly fixed, so that one or several plants grow in the small boxes. Then, several small boxes for planting different plants are combined to form partitions, classifications, and blocks of various plants in the upper box.

[0031] The method of using small boxes to divide, block and classify different plants has greatly increased the flexibility and adaptability of plant planting and simplified maintenance and management. Specifically, it can effectively avoid the disorderly spread of aquatic plants, facilitate the timely replacement of plant species, reduce the mutual influence and scope of influence, effectively intercept and store sediments, prevent backflow to the bottom of rivers and lakes, and facilitate disposal. In order to use different growth depths of different aquatic plants in water, the box-type planting body can be raised by adding pads in the upper box to change the adaptive water depth of the plant. For example, in the emergent plant area, adding a 0.2m high pad can change the water depth from 0.5m to 0.3m, which can adapt to the growth of shallow water plants or meet the requirements of water depth in the early stage of planting. In the submerged plant area, adding pads can even turn it into an emergent plant area. In winter, it is completely submerged below the ice layer and all the overwintering submerged plants are planted, which can still purify water.

[0032] The water in the upper box is isolated from the surrounding water. Under the action of evaporation from the water surface and transpiration from plants, a water level difference will be formed inside and outside the upper box, which is equivalent to a siphon or water suction pump. The bottom water rises to the upper box through the connecting pipe, and the water flows through the emergent plant area and the submerged plant area in turn. Figure 1 The direction of flow of arrow A in the middle. Because the bottom of the device is connected to the river and lake water body, the water inside and outside the device will be naturally balanced, without energy consumption, and no special pump equipment for absorbing and exchanging water bodies is needed, which is green and energy-saving. When it rains, the rainwater is on the surface of the river and lake water body, and within the range of the upper box, which is equivalent to the rainwater directly mixing with the bottom water body, playing a dilution role. Because the outer edge of the upper box is 0.5m above the water surface, for heavy rain, the upper box collects rainwater and has a more significant dilution effect.

[0033] In order to keep the connecting pipe straight, the horizontal projections of the upper and lower boxes should be in the same position, and facilities are set up to prevent them from being washed away by the water flow. The facilities to prevent them from being washed away by the water flow can be anchor rings and anchor posts, which prevent large horizontal misalignment between the upper and lower parts, and also facilitate overall horizontal movement and position change. In still water, anchor posts may not be set, and bagged gravel may be hung at the anchor rings to adjust the position of the upper and lower structures. In artificial waterways such as diversion channels with relatively fixed water depths, the upper and lower boxes can also be directly fixed on the shore.

[0034] The biggest feature of this embodiment is that the upper and lower boxes are adjustable, so that it can adapt to waters of different depths, especially in deep waters, and can also plant emergent plants, which is equivalent to greatly expanding the planting area of ​​aquatic plants, especially emergent plants. The emergence of this planting device is a very friendly solution for urban rivers with vertical river banks or deep lake water purification. The connecting pipe described in this embodiment uses a retractable pipe, such as a corrugated pipe, such as Figure 1 As shown, or other retractable pipe types. The connecting pipe should be designed to be easy to disassemble and assemble so that connecting pipes of different lengths can be used according to different water depths.

[0035] Embodiment 2:

[0036] This embodiment is an improvement of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment regarding the upper box body and the lower box body. The vertical cross-section shape of the upper box body and the lower box body described in this embodiment is a rectangle (see Figure 1 ), the horizontal cross-section shape is polygonal, and the material is fiberglass or engineering plastics.

[0037] Figure 2 The upper box body is shown to have a rectangular horizontal cross-section. Two connecting pipes are arranged in the middle, and emergent plant areas are arranged on both sides of the connecting pipes, and submerged plant areas are arranged on both sides of the emergent plant areas.

[0038] The connecting pipe can also be arranged on one side of the upper box body, such as Figure 3 As shown, the emergent plant area and the submerged plant area are arranged in sequence.

[0039] Embodiment three:

[0040] The present embodiment is an improvement of the above-mentioned embodiment, and is a refinement of the polygonal upper box body of the above-mentioned embodiment. The ratio of the planting area of ​​emergent plants to that of submerged plants in the polygonal upper box body described in the present embodiment is 2:1 to 3:2, that is, 1.5 to 2.0. It can also be said that, in the total planting area, the area of ​​emergent plants accounts for 60% to 70%.

[0041] The pollution tolerance and purification capacity of emergent plants are significantly greater than those of submerged plants. Therefore, the ratio of the planting area of ​​emergent plants to that of submerged plants should be greater than 1, that is, the proportion of the planting area of ​​emergent plants in the total planting area should be greater than 50%. In the 1950s and 1960s, emergent plants in Taihu Lake accounted for 80% of the total biomass of aquatic plants. In the 1970s and 1980s, emergent plants in Tianjin Yuqiao Reservoir accounted for about 60% of the total biomass of aquatic plants. At that time, the water bodies of Taihu Lake and Yuqiao Reservoir were excellent. Combined with the pollution tolerance and purification capacity of aquatic plants and actual typical cases, the ratio of the planting area of ​​emergent plants to submerged plants in the upper box is determined to be 2:1 to 3:2.

[0042] Embodiment 4:

[0043] The present embodiment is an improvement on the above-mentioned embodiment, and is a refinement of the above-mentioned embodiment regarding the upper box body and the lower box body. The vertical cross-sectional shape of the upper box body and the lower box body described in the present embodiment is a rectangle, and the horizontal cross-sectional shape is a circle. The center of the circular upper box body is a connecting pipe, and emergent plants are planted in concentric circles around it. Submerged plants are planted in concentric circles around the emergent plants, and the ratio of the circular diameter of the emergent plants to the circular diameter of the submerged plants is 0.7 to 0.8.

[0044] The outlet of the connecting pipe in the upper box is arranged in the middle, and the upper box and the lower box are circular in shape. Figure 4 To ensure the water purification effect, the ratio of the planting area of ​​emergent plants to submerged plants is 2:1 to 3:2. 2 / r 1 The value of is 0.7~0.8, such as Figure 4 shown.

[0045] To ensure the water purification effect, the planting area ratio of emergent plants to submerged plants is 2:1 to 3:2, that is, 1.5 to 2. 2 Planting of emergent plants within the range 1 -r 2 Submerged plants planted within the scope:

[0046]

[0047]

[0048]

[0049]

[0050]

[0051]

[0052]

[0053] so:

[0054] Embodiment five:

[0055] This embodiment is an improvement of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment regarding the upper box. The upper edge of the upper box described in this embodiment is 0.3 to 0.6 meters higher than the external water body h5. Figure 1 shown.

[0056] The outer edge of the upper box is about 0.5m higher than the external water surface, which can effectively prevent the mixing of the water inside and outside the upper box. For example, in a lake in a city, the average water depth is 3.0m, the wind zone length is 1500m, the average wave height of wind waves is 0.15-0.15m when the wind is level 3 or 4, the average wave height is 0.25-0.35m when the wind is level 5 or 6, and the average wave height is 0.5m when the wind is level 8. If the outer edge of the upper box is 0.5m higher than the external water surface, the exchange of water inside and outside the upper box can be completely prevented, thereby ensuring the independence of the internal and external water bodies.

[0057] Embodiment six:

[0058] This embodiment is an improvement of the above embodiment, which is a refinement of the upper box body of the above embodiment. The upper box body described in this embodiment is provided with a box-type planting body 204, and the box-type planting body has a rectangular horizontal cross-section and a hexahedron, with an open top, a closed bottom and left and right sides, and water-permeable walls on the front and back sides. Figure 5 , 6 shown.

[0059] The side wall of the box-type planting body along the water flow direction is permeable, and the side wall perpendicular to the water flow direction is impermeable. The permeable form can be round holes 2041 ( Figure 5 ) or bar type (bar long holes 2042, Figure 6 ), the permeable area accounts for about 60%, and the material of the box-type implant is engineering plastic or glass fiber reinforced plastic. The plane area of ​​the box-type implant is 1m 2 It is taken as the base number and adjusted in steps of 0.5m to control the planting density.

[0060] It should be noted that the front, back, left, and right buttons described in this embodiment Figure 4 , 5 The water flow direction is determined by the water-facing surface ( Figure 4 , 5 ), and then confirm the left and right sides in turn.

[0061] Embodiment seven:

[0062] This embodiment is an improvement of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment regarding the water-permeable side wall. The water-permeable area of ​​the water-permeable side wall described in this embodiment is 50% to 70%.

[0063] From the aspect of water volume and flow balance, the sum of the permeable areas of each planting box on the upper box plane is equal to the area of ​​the connecting pipe. In this way, the permeable area of ​​each planting box is very small. However, aquatic plants have a very strong asexual reproduction ability. In one growing season, the number of plants increases several times. Especially for emergent plants, their root system is like a net, filling the entire living space. It is precisely by using the developed root system to purify the water body. The more developed the root system, the stronger the purification ability. However, the developed root system seriously hinders the flow of water, and there is even a situation where the root system fills the permeable hole. Combined with the test results and considering the safety margin, the permeable area is determined to be 50% to 70%.

[0064] Embodiment eight:

[0065] The present embodiment is an improvement of the above-mentioned embodiment, and is a refinement of the above-mentioned embodiment regarding the facility for preventing being washed away by the water current. The facility for preventing being washed away by the water current described in the present embodiment is an anchor column fixed to the bottom of the water or the shore and an anchor ring 401 fixedly connected to the upper box body and the lower box body respectively. The upper box body and the lower box body are sleeved on the anchor column 402 with the anchor ring, so that the upper box body and the lower box body can float up and down along the anchor column.

[0066] The upper and lower boxes should be kept in the horizontal position as much as possible to avoid bending of the connecting pipe, which would cause obstruction and make the connecting pipe not smooth. To this end, this embodiment adopts a method of fixing anchor posts: inserting several anchor posts into the bottom of the water and fixing them, inserting anchor rings on the anchor posts, and the anchor rings are fixedly connected with the upper and lower boxes, so that the anchor rings drive the upper and lower boxes to move up and down along the anchor posts, so that the upper and lower boxes maintain their depth in the water and maintain their relative positions, so that they will not be washed away by the water flow or have a large misalignment.

[0067] Embodiment nine:

[0068] This embodiment is a method for ecological management of water bodies at the bottom of rivers and lakes channels using the ecological management device described in the above embodiment, and the method comprises the following steps:

[0069] Step 1, set the lower box: put the anchor ring of the lower box on the anchor column, adjust the position of the lower box in the water by injecting coarse sand or water into the lower hollow box, and ensure that the distance between the lower box and the bottom of the water body is 0.3 to 0.5m.

[0070] The lower hollow box usually has a reserved hole for adding appropriate water or coarse sand. The position of the lower box at the bottom of the water mainly depends on the ratio of air to water or coarse sand in the lower hollow box. First, calculate how little water or coarse sand should be added to the lower hollow box, put it in the water and actually measure the depth of the lower box from the bottom of the water, and then adjust it to reach the required depth h1 = 0.3 ~ 0.5m.

[0071] Step 2, set up the upper box: connect the lower box with the upper box with a connecting pipe, and put the anchor ring of the upper box on the anchor column, put box-type planters for planting emergent plants or submerged plants in the upper box, and combine the box-type planters to form an area ratio of emergent plants to submerged plants of 2:1 to 3:2, as well as multiple plant varieties to ensure biodiversity; inject coarse sand or water into the upper hollow box, adjust the buoyancy of the upper box on the water surface, and ensure that the upper edge of the upper box is 0.4 to 0.6 meters above the water surface.

[0072] In order to prevent river and lake water from entering the upper structure under the action of external wind and waves, the outer edge of the upper structure is 0.5m higher than the river and lake water level. For this reason, the upper box also needs to be buoyant controlled. There is an orifice on the top of the upper box, through which water or coarse sand can be injected into the upper hollow box to adjust the upper edge of the upper box to maintain a height of 0.5 meters above the external water surface. The total height h4 of the upper box is 2.0m, the water depth of the emergent plant area is 0.5m, and emergent plants are planted; the water depth of the submerged plant area is 1.5m, and submerged plants are planted. The water at the bottom of the river and lake rises to the upper structure through the connecting pipe, and the water flows through the emergent plant area and the submerged plant area in turn.

[0073] Step 3, absorbing the bottom of the water body: the amount of water in the upper box is reduced due to evaporation of the water surface and transpiration of plants, forming a trend of the water level in the upper box to drop. This trend of water level drop forms a trend of absorbing water from the lower box in the connecting pipe, and then forms an upward natural water flow. Under the expansion effect of the lower box, the water flow absorbs the sediment at the bottom of the water body within the expansion range into the upper box, and diffuses in the upper box as nutrients for the plants in the upper box.

[0074] The water in the upper box is isolated from the surrounding water. Under the action of water surface evaporation and plant transpiration, a water level difference will be formed between the water surface in the upper box and the external water surface, which is equivalent to a siphon and water suction pump, so that the bottom water rises to the upper structure. Because the bottom of the device is connected to the river and lake water, the water inside and outside the device will be naturally balanced, without energy consumption, and no special pump equipment for water absorption and water exchange is required, which is green and energy-saving.

[0075] The lifting power of the bottom water body mainly comes from evaporation of the water surface and transpiration of plants. The greater the evaporation of the water surface and the more vigorous the plant growth, the greater the upward lifting force.

[0076] Take Beijing as an example to explain the evaporation of water surface. The average evaporation of water surface over many years is 932 mm. Beijing is located in the semi-arid and semi-humid climate zone of the northern temperate zone. Affected by the monsoon, it has four distinct seasons. Water surface evaporation is affected by meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc., and there are also obvious seasonal changes. The evaporation of water surface is a single-peak distribution, with evaporation of 138 mm in April; the evaporation is the largest in May and June, both 146 mm, and the evaporation of water surface in these two months accounts for about one-third of the whole year; the evaporation in July and August is about 109 mm; September, October, and November are 95, 86, and 45 mm respectively; the evaporation in January and December is the smallest, both about 29 mm, and the evaporation in these two months accounts for only about 5% of the whole year. This is because spring is windy, dry and rainy, with a large saturation difference, more sunshine, rapid temperature rise, and increased evaporation rate. The rainy season usually begins in late June, sometimes as late as July. The temperature in early summer is high, dry and hot, which is conducive to evaporation. Although the temperature is high in summer, there are more rainy days, and the evaporation is less than that in May and June. Winter has the lowest temperature and the least evaporation.

[0077] Transpiration is a sign of plant growth vitality. The absorption of water and nutrients by plants promote each other. Plants with strong transpiration also absorb nutrients well. The amount of transpiration is closely related to the type and growth stage of aquatic plants.

[0078] The water content of submerged plants is about 90%. It does not change much for different species and different stages and is relatively stable. However, it is different for emergent plants. The water content varies in different growth stages. For example, in May, the water content of reeds and wild rice grass is 68.2% and 73.5% respectively. In December, it is 64% and 54.3% respectively. Different species of plants have different water consumption. For example, the water consumption of pennywort is the highest at 210g / (m 2 .h), the water consumption of spring rain is the highest at 86.5g / (m 2 .h), the water consumption of green radish is the highest at 57g / (m 2 .h).

[0079] Step 4, rainfall dilutes the bottom of the water body: When it rains, rainwater gathers in the upper box, forming a rising trend. This rising trend creates downward pressure on the connecting pipe, and then forms a natural downward water flow in the connecting pipe. The downward water flow will stir the sediment at the bottom of the water body and dilute the impurity content at the bottom of the water.

[0080] During rainfall, rainwater is on the surface of rivers and lakes, but within the upper box, it is equivalent to mixing directly with the bottom water, which plays a dilution role. Since the outer edge of the upper box is about 0.5m above the water surface, the upper box collects rainwater and has a more significant dilution effect for heavy rain.

[0081] Embodiment ten:

[0082] This embodiment is a design method for the river and lake channel bottom water ecological management device described in the above embodiment, and the design method includes:

[0083] Determination of the size of the upper box: the ratio of the sum of the evaporation and transpiration water within the upper box to the plane area of ​​the upper structure is less than 0.1;

[0084] According to research, the ratio of water volume to treatment area should be less than 0.1, that is, the ratio of the sum of evaporation and transpiration water within the upper box to the plane area of ​​the upper box should be less than 0.1. Considering the convenience of transportation and installation, the side length of the upper box is generally controlled to be less than 6m.

[0085] Determination of the connecting pipe diameter: The connecting pipe diameter should meet the requirements of smooth water flow between the upper and lower structures when the water consumption and evaporation of plants are large during the vigorous growth period, or during heavy rainfall. The connecting pipe diameter shall not be less than 0.1m.

[0086] (1) Evaporation and transpiration

[0087] Taking a square facility with a side length of 5.5m as an example, the area of ​​the emergent plant area is 16.5m 2 , water consumption 0.007m 3 / h, submerged plant area 13.75m 2 , water consumption 0.016m 3 / h. If the pipe diameter is 0.20m, the flow rate is 0.73m / h. Even in the arid northwest region of my country, the evaporation increases by 2 times and the flow rate is 2.19m / h.

[0088] (2) Rainfall

[0089] Taking a rainstorm with a rainfall of 100 mm in 24 hours as an example, taking the same square facility with a side length of 5.5 m as an example, and a pipe diameter of 0.20 m, the flow rate is 4.05 m / h.

[0090] If the pipe diameter is 0.1m, the water flow velocity is 16.2m / h under the same rainfall intensity, which is still relatively small.

[0091] In summary, the diameter of the connecting pipe is not determined by the flow rate. Considering factors such as minimizing water flow resistance, preventing clogging and safety backup, two or more connecting pipes can be set, and the diameter of the pipe should not be less than 0.1m.

[0092] Determination of the length of the connecting pipe: The length of the connecting pipe is the difference between the water depth of the river or lake and the height of the upper box and the lower box.

[0093] The length of the connecting pipe h3 (see Figure 1 ) is the difference between the water depth of rivers and lakes and the height of the upper and lower boxes. With rainfall and evaporation, the water depth of rivers and lakes changes accordingly. This requires that the length of the connecting pipe has the ability to automatically adjust, especially to meet the requirement of increased length.

[0094] In order to automatically adapt to the change of water depth, the connecting pipe adopts a semicircular side wall (see Figure 1 ) or Ω-shaped structure, made of rubber hose. When the water depth increases, the connecting pipe grows, the semicircular or Ω-shaped structure will be stretched and straightened, and each protruding part will be stretched π / 2 to π times accordingly, so as to achieve the purpose of the connecting pipe growth. This deformation is only deformation, not stress deformation, which is more conducive to the reliability and safety of the facility.

[0095] Layout of ecological management devices: To ensure the purification effect, ecological management devices are arranged within 30%-40% of the water surface area of ​​rivers and lakes, and the net distance between the ecological management devices is larger than the external contour size of the upper box plane.

[0096] The forces acting on the ecological management device mainly include buoyancy, wave force, and wind force. In the city, affected by surrounding buildings, these wind and wave forces are relatively small, and the connecting pipe has elongation performance, so the ecological management device can achieve self-balance, and the ecological management device is safe and reliable.

[0097] The outer edge of the upper box is about 0.5m above the water surface, effectively preventing the mixing of water inside and outside the structure. For example, in a lake in a city, the average water depth is 3.0m, the wind zone length is 1500m, and the average wave height is 0.15-0.15m when the wind is level 3 or 4, 0.25-0.35m when the wind is level 5 or 6, and 0.5m when the wind is level 8.

[0098] When the water quality in the upper box reaches the preset requirements, the position of the ecological management device can be moved and changed to continue treating the bottom water.

[0099] In winter, the ecological treatment device is sunk below the ice layer to continue purifying the water, without the need for disassembly, transportation or storage.

[0100] The upper and lower boxes should be the same size and made of the same material to facilitate manufacturing, transportation and installation. Considering factors such as durability and buoyancy control, it is made of corrosion-resistant, lightweight and high-strength fiberglass.

[0101] Aquatic plant configuration:

[0102] Aquatic plant selection principles:

[0103] (1) It has strong stain resistance. Only with a certain degree of stain resistance can it survive, which is the primary prerequisite.

[0104] (2) Select plants with different growth cycles, especially those that can survive and grow in early spring and late autumn, to ensure purification effects during low temperature seasons.

[0105] (3) Large biomass: The role of aquatic plants in sewage treatment is closely related to their growth conditions. The more vigorous the growth and the larger the biomass, the greater the purification effect.

[0106] (4) Resistance to mowing: In summer, pollutants in the sediment are released and diffused quickly, and the release and diffusion flux is large. Therefore, it is necessary to select plants with vigorous vegetative growth, rapid plant growth, large plant biomass, and several germination peaks a year, so that more pollutants can be removed through multiple harvests.

[0107] (5) Perennial; after a successful planting, only subsequent maintenance and management are required without replanting.

[0108] (6) Diversity: When removing many types of pollutants, a combination of different ecological functional types is required to ensure the purification effect.

[0109] The emergent plants planted in the upper box must have the ability to tolerate pollution and purify water.

[0110] The emergent plants with strong pollution tolerance mainly include: cattail, water plantain, arrowhead, reed, wild rice stem, calamus, water lily, papyrus, knotweed, yellow calamus, and sedge.

[0111] The purification capacity of emergent plants is determined by the nitrogen and phosphorus content and biomass of the plant itself, and the nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation capacity of the plant is mainly determined by the biomass.

[0112] The nitrogen content in plants from high to low: Allium, iris, variegated reed, canna, variegated canna, pickerel grass, windmill grass, wild taro, loosestrife, reed, water plantain, calamus, Alisma, lily, rush, cattail, and iris.

[0113] The phosphorus content in plants from high to low: pickerel grass, wild taro, canna, iris, variegated canna, Alisma, calamus, loosestrife, windmill grass, variegated reed, lily, water plantain, cattail, rush, allium, and iris.

[0114] Biomass from large to small: reed, water lily, water plantain, windmill grass, canna, loosestrife, cattail, calamus, variegated canna, variegated reed, pickerel grass, wild taro, Alisma orientalis, rush, allium, iris, and iris.

[0115] The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus from large to small: canna, reed, windmill grass, water plantain, lily of the valley, loosestrife, variegated canna, variegated reed, calamus, pickerel grass, cattail, wild taro, allium, oriental, iris, calamus, rush, and iris.

[0116] Emergent plants suitable for water depth ≤ 20cm include: rush, variegated reed, red polygonum, water polygonum, water celery, sedge, Cyperus, calamus, calamus, cattail, sedge, rain lily, duckweed, yellow calamus, iris, canna, and iris.

[0117] Emergent plants suitable for water depths of 20 - 50 cm include: Acorus gramineus, Zizania latifolia, Sparganium stoloniferum, Limnocharis flava, Butomus umbellatus, Ludwigia prostrata, Canna glauca, Lythrum salicaria, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Houttuynia cordata var. thomsonii, Sium suave, Scirpus validus, Cyperus serotinus, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Typha orientalis, Sagittaria trifolia, Thalia dealbata.

[0118] Emergent plants suitable for water depths > 50 cm include: Phragmites australis, Zizania latifolia, Typha orientalis.

[0119] Germination period of emergent plants: Those that germinate in February mainly include Pontederia cordata, Iris pseudacorus, Lythrum salicaria, Canna indica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Arundo donax var. versicolor, Phragmites australis, Scirpus validus, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia. Others such as Thalia dealbata, Cyperus alternifolius, Sagittaria trifolia germinate in March.

[0120] Emergent plants with strong cold tolerance mainly include: Juncus effusus, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites australis, Sparganium stoloniferum, Butomus umbellatus, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum hydropiper, Ludwigia prostrata, Lythrum salicaria, Sium suave, Oenanthe javanica, Scirpus validus, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus rotundus, Typha orientalis, Typha minima, Monochoria korsakowii, Monochoria vaginalis, Iris pseudacorus, Iris ensata, Iris sanguinea, Lolium perenne, Sagittaria trifolia.

[0121] Emergent plants with strong salt tolerance mainly include: Phragmites australis, Typha orientalis, Iris pseudacorus, Spartina alterniflora, Vetiveria zizanioides, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Canna glauca, Iris halophila, Iris lactea, Iris sanguinea, Iris ensata, Scirpus triqueter, Triglochin palustre, Sparganium stoloniferum.

[0122] Basic requirements for submerged plants:

[0123] Compared with emergent plants, the types and quantities of submerged plants are fewer. Different from emergent plants, the growth and distribution of submerged plants are mainly regulated by environmental factors such as light intensity, water temperature, and nutrient salts in the water. Water eutrophication leads to a decrease in water transparency, and submerged plants cannot carry out photosynthesis. Therefore, overcoming light limitation is the primary problem for the growth of submerged plant communities. Submerged plants must meet the following basic requirements:

[0124] (1) Have strong anti-pollution ability;

[0125] (2) Have a low photosynthetic compensation point and can grow in weak-light water;

[0126] (3) Have a large overwintering biomass.

[0127] Those with relatively strong pollution tolerance include Potamogeton crispus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Potamogeton maackianus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Hydrilla verticillata, Elodea canadensis, etc.

[0128] Waterweed, Cranberry, and Hydrilla form advantages in the middle layer of the water body, while Myriophyllum and Ceratophyllum have strong competitive ability in the upper layer of the water body. Potamogeton microdentata and Potamogeton combodontia have low light compensation points and are easy to grow in water bodies with poor light conditions, forming a canopy in the middle and lower layers, and most of the biomass is distributed in the bottom layer of the water. Vallisneria grows in the bottom layer of the water and is the deepest type of aquatic plant community in rivers and lakes.

[0129] Low-temperature resistant submerged plants: Water chestnut, Sichuan creeping algae, comb-toothed Potamogeton, micro-toothed Potamogeton, Malaysian Potamogeton, foxtail algae, Vallisneria, and Ceratophyllum.

[0130] The salt tolerance of submerged plants, from strong to weak, is as follows: Sichuan creeping algae, Potamogeton castanea, Foxtail algae, Ceratophyllum, Potamogeton crispum, Potamogeton lineata, Potamogeton maltese, Black algae, and Vallisneria sinensis.

[0131] Plant layout principles

[0132] ① According to water quality conditions, aquatic plants should be tolerant to pollution, and the plants should be arranged from strong to weak in terms of pollution tolerance;

[0133] ② Arrange emergent plants and submerged plants in order according to their ecological characteristics;

[0134] ③ Single superior communities are arranged in different regions to facilitate management and control;

[0135] ④ Biodiversity: Select 3 plants of different species and forms to increase ecological niches, ensure the diversity and stability of the ecosystem, and ensure the purification effect;

[0136] ⑤ Strive to seamlessly connect plants with different growth periods, especially in early spring and late autumn, and configure corresponding plants to ensure long-term and continuous purification effects.

[0137] Plant layout:

[0138] According to water quality conditions and plant characteristics, the spatial and temporal distribution should be arranged in a certain proportion. The pollution tolerance, nitrogen and phosphorus content and biomass of emergent plants are significantly greater than those of submerged plants, so the planting amount of emergent plants should be increased.

[0139] Horizontal space configuration: Arrange emergent plants and submerged plants that are pollution-resistant, fast-growing, have strong reproductive capacity and good environmental benefits in sequence according to water flow, water quality and water depth conditions.

[0140] Vertical space configuration: Consider the requirements of plant communities with different life forms and the water depth of different plant communities. As the water depth increases, aquatic plants with different life forms or different growth forms of the same life form are selected to occupy different ecological spaces.

[0141] Season configuration: Choose plants that germinate early, mature late, and survive and grow in winter to ensure that they still have purification capabilities in low temperatures and cold seasons.

[0142] my country has a vast territory and a wide range of climate types. For example, Hainan and the Northeast, Jiangsu and Zhejiang and the Northwest have very different climate types. Especially in the northern region, there is a freezing period, which is generally from late December to early February. Aquatic plants are greatly affected by climatic conditions. The same plant sprouts half a month earlier in Shanghai than in Beijing. Considering that the four distinct seasons make the selection and maintenance of aquatic plants more difficult, here, taking the areas with distinct four seasons as an example, combining the biological, physiological and ecological characteristics of aquatic plants, considering the time and space factors, purification effect and landscape effect for arrangement.

[0143] Configuration and management solutions:

[0144] On a water surface, multiple ecological management devices must be arranged, and aquatic plants are configured in a variety of combinations to strive for ecological diversity, so as to ensure the stability and purification effect of the ecosystem. The types of plants in each upper box are different. In an upper box, 3 types of emergent plants are planted in the emergent plant area, and 2 or 3 types of submerged plants are planted in the submerged plant area.

[0145] Plants should be harvested after they mature and before they decompose, so as to effectively remove nitrogen and phosphorus from the water by harvesting the plants, prevent them from rotting in the water and deteriorating the water quality.

[0146] Different plants have different phenological periods, but most of them grow vigorously in summer. Very few grow in early spring, late autumn or even winter. To ensure the purification effect, the selection and configuration of plants in these seasons should be strengthened, such as water celery and water chestnut.

[0147] In spring, when planting for the first time, follow these guidelines:

[0148] Emergent plants: water celery + yellow iris, loosestrife, reed, water plantain, cattail, water bamboo, water lily, Cyperus rotundus, Sagittaria, calamus, canna, two of the following: pink-green foxtail algae, pickerel grass, sedge, and Li's grass.

[0149] Submerged plants: one or two of the following: waterweed + foxtail algae, duckweed, creeping algae, valuable grass, comb-toothed pondweed, micro-toothed pondweed, Malaysian pondweed, black algae, etc.

[0150] Specific combinations can be: (1) water celery + canna + reed, water caltrop + foxtail algae + comb-toothed pondweed; (2) water celery + pickerel grass + water plantain, water caltrop + duckweed + micro-toothed pondweed; (3) water celery + cattail + loosestrife, water caltrop + black algae + Vallisneria; (4) water celery + water grass + lily of the valley, water caltrop + Malaysian pondweed + Sichuan algae.

[0151] In summer, water celery and water caltrops are low-temperature, cold-water plants. When summer comes, water celery stops growing and water caltrops die. At this time, water celery and water caltrops should be harvested. Other plants are in a vigorous growth period.

[0152] In autumn, replant water celery and water chestnut, and keep everything else unchanged.

[0153] In winter, harvest plants with poor cold resistance, such as Cyperus rotundus, Sagittaria, Acorus calamus, Canna, Pink-green foxtail algae, Pickerel grass, Scirpus, Malayan Potamogeton, and Black algae.

[0154] During the ice-covered period, all emergent plants are harvested, and submerged plants with strong cold resistance, such as water chestnut, Potamogeton serrata, Potamogeton microdentata, Cranberry, and Vallisneria sinensis, are retained. The upper structure is completely sunk below the ice layer, and submerged plants are used to purify the water.

[0155] In coastal areas or arid areas where there is salinity, the emergent plants give priority to reeds, cattails, loosestrife, ryegrass, calamus, and sedge; the submerged plants give priority to creeping kelp, comb-toothed pondweed, foxtail algae, water chestnuts, and Malaysian pondweed.

[0156] Plant cultivation:

[0157] Emergent plants: can be planted directly, the planting method is simple.

[0158] Submerged plants: They have high requirements for water depth and light conditions. Species with low light compensation points and pollution tolerance should be selected to establish pioneer communities. When the water quality is good, species with medium pollution tolerance and high light compensation points should be planted. Bundle individual plants with straw, bio-cotton or the plant itself into a clump for planting. Dermatophyte can be cultivated in suspension.

[0159] Finally, it should be noted that the above is only used to illustrate the technical solution of the utility model and is not a limitation. Although the utility model has been described in detail with reference to the preferred arrangement scheme, ordinary technicians in the field should understand that the technical solution of the utility model (such as the appearance of the device, the method of installation and setting, the ecological management method, the variety and planting method of aquatic plants, etc.) can be modified or replaced by equivalents without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the utility model.

Claims

1. A device for ecological management of water bodies at the bottom of rivers and lakes, characterized in that: include: A lower box body submerged in water and close to the bottom of the water, and an upper box body with an open top, half submerged in water and floating on the surface of the water, wherein the upper box body and the lower box body are connected by a retractable connecting pipe; the connecting pipe is provided with an upper hollow box around the outlet in the upper box body for adjusting the floating depth of the upper box body on the water surface, emergent plants are planted on the top of the upper hollow box, and a deep water area for planting submerged plants is provided around the upper hollow box, the water surface of the water body in the upper box body and the water surface of the water body outside the upper box body are isolated from each other, and the bottoms are connected; the connecting pipe is trumpet-shaped at the inlet of the lower box body, and is provided with a lower hollow box around it for adjusting the depth of the lower box body from the bottom of the water; the upper box body and the lower box body are provided with facilities to prevent being washed away by water flow.

2. The ecological management device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper box body and the lower box body have a rectangular vertical cross-section and a polygonal horizontal cross-section, and are made of glass fiber reinforced plastic or engineering plastic.

3. The ecological management device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The ratio of the planting area of ​​emergent plants to that of submerged plants in the polygonal upper box is 2:1 to 3:

2.

4. The ecological management device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The vertical cross-section of the upper box and the lower box is rectangular, and the horizontal cross-section is circular. The center of the circular upper box is a connecting pipe, and emergent plants are planted in concentric circles around it. Submerged plants are planted in concentric circles around the emergent plants, and the ratio of the diameter of the circle where the emergent plants are distributed to the diameter of the submerged plants is 0.7 to 0.

8.

5. The ecological management device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The upper edge of the upper box body is 0.4 to 0.6 meters higher than the external water body.

6. The ecological management device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The upper box body is provided with a box-type planting body, which is in the shape of a hexahedron with a rectangular horizontal cross section, an open top, a closed bottom and left and right sides, and water-permeable walls on the front and back sides.

7. The ecological management device according to claim 6, characterized in that: The water permeable area of ​​the water permeable side wall is 50% to 70%.

8. The ecological management device according to claim 7, characterized in that: The device for preventing the box from being washed away by the current is an anchor column fixed to the bottom of the water or the shore and an anchor ring fixedly connected to the upper box and the lower box respectively. The upper box and the lower box are sleeved on the anchor column by the anchor ring so that the upper box and the lower box can float up and down along the anchor column.

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