Self-adhesive edged warp-knitted spacer fabric

Abstract

The utility model discloses a self-adhesive edged warp-knitted spacer fabric, which relates to the technical field of textiles and comprises a central bonding area and two edge bonding areas which are distributed along a first direction, and the central bonding area is positioned between the two edge bonding areas. Each edge bonding area comprises a plurality of empty penetrating and shaping needle feeding areas and a plurality of edge full penetrating and self-bonding anti-slip areas, and the empty penetrating and shaping needle feeding areas and the edge full penetrating and self-bonding anti-slip areas are distributed in a staggered mode in the first direction; a one-threading and one-empty threading mode is adopted in the central bonding area; the side bonding area adopts a threading mode that X penetrates through Y to be gradually changed into Y penetrates through X, X and Y both represent the number of knitting needles, and 6-10 threading cycles are performed. The problems of concave-convex edges of finished fabric and loss caused by thinning and inclination of the edges of the fabric in the shaping process are solved, resources are saved, and the cost is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of textiles, in particular to a self-adhesive trimmed warp knitted spacer fabric. Background Art

[0002] 3D warp knitted spacer fabric is a new type of three-dimensional fabric. Due to its excellent water permeability and air permeability, quick drying after washing, and comfort and pressure relief, it has been widely used in home, automobile, baby, elderly care, medical and other fields in recent years.

[0003] Traditional 3D warp knitted spacer fabrics have a three-dimensional structure, and the middle spacer wires are in an "X" support structure. This structure increases the complexity of the yarn path. During the shaping process, the intersection and three-dimensional structure of the spacer wires may hinder the straight penetration of the needle, resulting in the needle not being able to perfectly penetrate the fabric vertically up and down. Therefore, during the shaping process, the needle (referring to the movement of the yarn or fiber through the knitting needle during the weaving process) cannot be completely vertical up and down. When the needle cannot move vertically up and down, it means that the yarn cannot evenly and stably pass through the three-dimensional support structure formed by the spacer wire, which may lead to a decrease in the structural stability of the fabric, especially at the edge of the fabric, which is more likely to tilt due to uneven force; non-vertical needle action may cause the yarn to be subjected to uneven tension when passing through the knitting needle, and some parts may be overstretched, while other parts may be piled up or loose. In the edge area, this uneven tension is more likely to cause the fabric to become thinner, because the edge yarn may be overstretched or not fully fixed; therefore, the fabric needs to cut off the thinned and tilted edges during actual use, resulting in excessive cutting.

[0004] In addition, in order to stack multiple layers of fabric into a usable finished product with a specified thickness, it is currently generally stacked by gluing or sewing. This method increases the production process and labor costs, makes the product price high, and the market promotion and application are subject to certain restrictions. Utility Model Content

[0005] The utility model aims to provide a self-adhesive warp knitted spacer fabric with flush edges, so as to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art and reduce the production cost of the warp knitted spacer fabric.

[0006] To achieve the above purpose, the utility model provides the following solutions:

[0007] The utility model provides a self-adhesive and edge-aligned warp knitted spacer fabric, comprising a central bonding area and two edge bonding areas distributed along a first direction, wherein the central bonding area is located between the two edge bonding areas, each of the edge bonding areas comprises a plurality of empty-threading shaping needle-eating areas and a plurality of edge full-threading self-adhesive anti-slipping areas, and the empty-threading shaping needle-eating areas and the edge full-threading self-adhesive anti-slipping areas are staggeredly distributed along the first direction;

[0008] The central bonding area adopts a yarn threading method of one through and one empty; the edge bonding area adopts a yarn threading method that gradually changes from X through and Y empty to Y through and X empty, where X and Y both represent the number of knitting needles, and 6 to 10 yarn threading cycles are performed.

[0009] Preferably, the edge bonding area adopts a yarn threading method of 7 through and 1 empty, and 7 yarn threading cycles are performed; seven fully threaded areas and seven empty threaded areas are formed in the edge bonding area, and the fully threaded areas and the empty threaded areas are alternately distributed.

[0010] Preferably, the width of each edge bonding area is 6 cm to 20 cm.

[0011] Preferably, the guide bar numbers of the self-adhesive edge-trimmed warp-knitted spacer fabric are GB1: 2-2 / 0-0 / 0-0 / 2-2 / 2-2 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 3-3 / 3-3 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 2-2 / / , GB2: 0-1 / 1-0 / / , GB3: 0-1-0-1 / 3-4-3-4 / / , GB4: 1-0-1-0 / 4-3-4-3 / / , GB5: 0-1 / 1-0 / / , GB6: 2-2 / 0-0 / 0-0 / 2-2 / 2-2 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 3-3 / 3-3 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 2-2 / / .

[0012] Preferably, the yarn used in the edge bonding area is hot-melt yarn, mechanical interlocking yarn or microcapsule textile yarn; the mechanical interlocking yarn includes wool yarn and hook yarn, the wool yarn includes a first main yarn and a first secondary yarn distributed on the surface of the first main yarn, a part of the first secondary yarn is fixedly connected to the first main yarn, and multiple hook-shaped structures or loop-shaped structures are formed by the first secondary yarn located outside the first main yarn, the hook yarn includes a second main yarn and a second secondary yarn distributed on the surface of the second main yarn, a part of the second secondary yarn is fixedly connected to the second main yarn, and multiple hook-shaped structures are formed by the second secondary yarn located outside the second main yarn, the wool yarn can be adhesively connected to the hook yarn, and only the wool yarn or only the hook yarn is used in the same edge bonding area; the microcapsule textile yarn includes a third main yarn, and multiple microcapsules are bonded in the third main yarn, and an adhesive material is provided in each microcapsule.

[0013] Preferably, the yarn used in the empty threaded area in the edge bonding area is looser than the yarn used in the fully threaded area in the edge bonding area; GB1 and GB2 are threaded in the same direction in the empty threaded area of the edge bonding area, GB5 and GB6 are threaded in the same direction in the empty threaded area of the edge bonding area, GB1 and GB2 are threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction in the fully threaded area of the edge bonding area, and GB5 and GB6 are threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction in the fully threaded area of the edge bonding area.

[0014] The present utility model also provides a production method for the above-mentioned warp-knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive and even edges, comprising the following steps:

[0015] (1) Select the yarns for the central bonding area and the edge bonding area;

[0016] (2) Warping and weaving production: According to the specific requirements of the edge bonding area and the central bonding area, design the number of warping beams and the process, and design the yarn threading method and the laying-in organization for the edge self-adhesive area and the central self-adhesive area. Thread the yarns in the threading method of seven picks and one miss for seven cycles as specified in the process design, and start the weaving production according to the process requirements;

[0017] (3) Post-finishing: Conduct the setting production on a stentering machine. The length of the steel needles for stentering on the stentering machine is 6 mm - 12 mm, and the stentering cloth-hanging area is within 0 mm - 20 mm from the cloth edge; the process of the setting production is as follows: Select the setting temperature in the range of 180 °C - 200 °C, the machine speed is 8 m / min - 18 m / min, the overfeed is selected at 0% to +3%. When hanging the cloth for setting, the needle part's needle-piercing area is the first empty-pick area;

[0018] (4) Inspection and rolling of the product: After the product is heat-set, lay it flat on the site and wait for inspection and rolling for use in the subsequent processes.

[0019] Preferably, the stentering cloth-hanging area is within 0 mm - 5 mm from the cloth edge.

[0020] Preferably, the overfeed is selected at 0%.

[0021] The present utility model has achieved the following technical effects compared with the prior art:

[0022] The warp-knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive and even edges of the present utility model utilizes the structure of the combination of empty and threaded areas in the edge bonding area of the warp-knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive and even edges, selects an M5489-CM260X8 type stentering machine and preferably selects a needle part with a length of 8 mm for stentering. The stentering cloth-hanging area is preferably within 0 - 5 mm from the cloth edge towards the central bonding area, and preferably selects 0 overfeed for setting. When hanging the cloth for setting, the needle part's needle-piercing area is the first empty-pick area; it solves the problems of unevenness and inclination of the finished cloth edge caused by stress concentration at the edge during the setting process, and solves the loss caused by thinning and inclination of the fabric edge, saves resources, and reduces costs.

[0023] Furthermore, by using specific hot-melt yarns, mechanical interlocking yarns or microcapsule textile yarns in the edge bonding area, and through the carefully designed yarn threading method, the automatic bonding of the edge can be achieved during the production process of the fabric, without the need for additional adhesives or sewing processes, greatly simplifying the subsequent processing flow and reducing costs.

[0024] Furthermore, in the edge bonding area, the existence of the empty-through shaping needle-piercing area facilitates the vertical up-and-down movement of the needle piece, enabling the needle piece to evenly and stably pass through the three-dimensional support structure formed by the spacer yarns, thereby improving the structural stability of the fabric edge.

[0025] Furthermore, in the edge bonding area, the staggered distribution of the empty-through shaping needle-piercing area and the edge full-through self-adhesive anti-slip area along the first direction can disperse stress, avoid stress concentration, and prevent quality problems such as uneven edges, thinning of the edges, and hardening of the edges, ensuring a straight edge.

[0026] Furthermore, in the empty-through area of the edge bonding area, GB1 and GB2 are threaded in the same direction, and in the empty-through area of the edge bonding area, GB5 and GB6 are threaded in the same direction. This can make the empty-through area of the edge bonding area softer and looser, facilitating the passage of the needle piece.

[0027] Furthermore, in the full-through area of the edge bonding area, GB1 and GB2 can be threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction, and in the full-through area of the edge bonding area, GB5 and GB6 can be threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction. That is, the full-through area of the edge bonding area can be selected to be threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction according to needs. If threaded in the same direction, the full-through area of the edge bonding area will also be softer. If a harder full-through area of the edge bonding area is required, the full-through area of the edge bonding area can be selected to be threaded in the opposite direction.

[0028] Furthermore, the warp-knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive straight edges of the present invention is not only applicable to traditional clothing fabrics, but also due to its self-bonding characteristics, can be widely used in multiple fields such as construction, automotive interiors, and furniture, meeting the needs of different industries for high-performance fabrics. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0030] Figure 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the warp-knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive straight edges of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 2 is a structural schematic diagram of the wool yarn used in the warp-knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive straight edges of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 3 is a structural schematic diagram of the hooked yarn used in the warp-knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive straight edges of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 4Structural schematic diagram of the microcapsule textile yarn used in the self-adhesive edge-aligned warp-knitted spacer fabric of the present utility model;

[0034] Among them,

[0035] 100. Self-adhesive edge-aligned warp-knitted spacer fabric;

[0036] 1. Edge bonding area;

[0037] 2. Central bonding area;

[0038] 3. Open-loop setting needle-feeding area;

[0039] 4. Edge full-loop self-adhesive anti-slip area;

[0040] 5. Wool yarn; 501. First main yarn; 502. First auxiliary yarn;

[0041] 6. Hook yarn; 601. Second main yarn; 602. Second auxiliary yarn;

[0042] 7. Microcapsule textile yarn; 701. Third main yarn; 702. Microcapsule. Specific implementation manners

[0043] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present utility model. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present utility model, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present utility model.

[0044] The purpose of the present utility model is to provide a self-adhesive edge-aligned warp-knitted spacer fabric to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art and reduce the production cost of the warp-knitted spacer fabric.

[0045] To make the above-mentioned objects, features, and advantages of the present utility model more obvious and understandable, the present utility model will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific implementation manners.

[0046] Embodiment 1

[0047] As Figures 1 to 4 shown, this embodiment provides a self-adhesive edge-aligned warp-knitted spacer fabric 100, including a central bonding area 2 and two edge bonding areas 1 distributed along the first direction, and the central bonding area 2 is located between the two edge bonding areas 1. Each edge bonding area 1 includes a plurality of open-loop setting needle-feeding areas 3 and a plurality of edge full-loop self-adhesive anti-slip areas 4, and the open-loop setting needle-feeding areas 3 and the edge full-loop self-adhesive anti-slip areas 4 are alternately distributed along the above-mentioned first direction;

[0048] The central bonding area 2 adopts a yarn threading method of threading one yarn and leaving one space; the edge bonding area 1 adopts a yarn threading method that gradually changes from threading X yarns and leaving Y spaces to threading Y yarns and leaving X spaces. Both X and Y represent the number of knitting needles, and 6 to 10 yarn threading cycles are performed. This yarn threading method can disperse stress, avoid stress concentration, and avoid quality problems such as uneven edges, thinning of the edges, and hardening of the edges, ensuring a neat edge. Among them, both X and Y represent the number of knitting needles. For example, if X is taken as 7 and Y is taken as 1, it means that the edge bonding area 1 adopts a yarn threading method that changes from threading seven yarns and leaving one space to threading six yarns and leaving two spaces, then to threading five yarns and leaving three spaces... until it changes to threading one yarn and leaving seven spaces.

[0049] The existence of the hollow threading shaping needle feeding area 3 in the edge bonding area 1 facilitates the vertical up and down movement of the needle feeding, enabling the yarn to pass through the three-dimensional support structure formed by the spacer yarn evenly and stably, improving the structural stability of the fabric and reducing it; the hollow threading shaping needle feeding area 3 in the edge bonding area 1 and the edge full threading self-adhesive anti-slip area 4 are staggered along the first direction, which can disperse stress, avoid stress concentration, and avoid quality problems such as uneven edges, thinning of the edges, and hardening of the edges, ensuring a neat edge.

[0050] It should be noted that when the warp knitted spacer fabric with self-adhesive neat edges of this embodiment needs to be stacked:

[0051] If the edge bonding area 1 uses heat-melt yarn, by heating the edge bonding area 1, the adjacent edge bonding areas 1 are bonded together; if the edge bonding area 1 uses mechanically interlocked yarn, the edge bonding area 1 using the wool yarn 5 is connected to the edge bonding area 1 using the hooked yarn 6 on another warp knitted spacer fabric; if the edge bonding area 1 uses microcapsule textile yarn 7, then the edge bonding area 1 is heat-treated, causing the microcapsules 702 to rupture and release the bonding material in the microcapsules 702, so that the yarns in the adjacent edge bonding areas 1 on the two adjacent warp knitted spacer fabrics are bonded together.

[0052] In an alternative embodiment of this embodiment, preferably, the guide bar notation of the warp knitted spacer fabric 100 with self-adhesive neat edges is GB1: 2-2 / 0-0 / 0-0 / 2-2 / 2-2 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 3-3 / 3-3 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 2-2 / / , GB2: 0-1 / 1-0 / / , GB3: 0-1-0-1 / 3-4-3-4 / / , GB4: 1-0-1-0 / 4-3-4-3 / / , GB5: 0-1 / 1-0 / / , GB6: 2-2 / 0-0 / 0-0 / 2-2 / 2-2 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 3-3 / 3-3 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 2-2 / / .

[0053] In an alternative embodiment of this embodiment, preferably, the width of each edge bonding area 1 is 6 cm to 20 cm.

[0054] In an alternative embodiment of the present embodiment, preferably, the yarn used in the edge bonding area 1 is a hot-melt yarn, a mechanical interlocking yarn, or a microcapsule textile yarn 7; the mechanical interlocking yarn includes a wool yarn 5 and a hook yarn 6. The wool yarn 5 includes a first main yarn 501 and a first secondary yarn 502 distributed on the surface of the first main yarn 501. Part of the first secondary yarn 502 is fixedly connected to the first main yarn 501, and multiple hook-shaped structures or loop-shaped structures are formed on the first secondary yarn 502 located outside the first main yarn 501. The hook yarn 6 includes a second main yarn 601 and a second secondary yarn 602 distributed on the surface of the second main yarn 601. Part of the second secondary yarn 602 is fixedly connected to the second main yarn 601, and multiple hook-shaped structures are formed on the second secondary yarn 602 located outside the second main yarn 601. The wool yarn 5 can be adhesively connected to the hook yarn 6, and only the wool yarn 5 or only the hook yarn 6 is used in the same edge bonding area 1; the microcapsule textile yarn 7 includes a third main yarn 701, and multiple microcapsules 702 are bonded in the third main yarn 701, and an adhesive material is provided in each microcapsule 702.

[0055] The warp-knitted spacer fabric 100 with self-adhesive and trimmed edges of the present embodiment uses a hot-melt yarn, a mechanical interlocking yarn, or a microcapsule textile yarn 7 in the edge bonding area 1, and a carefully designed yarn threading method, so that the edges of the fabric can be automatically bonded during the production process, without additional adhesives or sewing processes, greatly simplifying the subsequent processing flow and reducing costs.

[0056] In an alternative embodiment of the present embodiment, there is another preferred solution. The edge bonding area 1 adopts a yarn threading method of 7 through 1 empty, and 7 threading cycles are performed; seven full-through areas and seven empty-through areas are formed in the edge bonding area 1, and the full-through areas and the empty-through areas are alternately distributed.

[0057] In an alternative embodiment of the present embodiment, preferably, the yarn used in the empty-through area of the edge bonding area 1 is looser than the yarn used in the full-through area of the edge bonding area 1; in the empty-through area of the edge bonding area 1, GB1 and GB2 are threaded in the same direction, and in the empty-through area of the edge bonding area 1, GB5 and GB6 are threaded in the same direction. Threading in the same direction in the empty-through area of the edge bonding area 1 can make the empty-through area of the edge bonding area 1 softer.

[0058] In the full-through area of the edge bonding area 1, GB1 and GB2 can be threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction, and in the full-through area of the edge bonding area 1, GB5 and GB6 can be threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction. That is, the full-through area of the edge bonding area 1 can be threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction according to needs. If GB1 and GB2 are threaded in the same direction and GB5 and GB6 are threaded in the same direction, the full-through area of the edge bonding area 1 will also be softer; if the full-through area of the edge bonding area 1 needs to be harder, then the full-through area of the edge bonding area 1 can be threaded with GB1 and GB2 in the opposite direction and GB5 and GB6 in the opposite direction.

[0059] Example Two

[0060] This embodiment provides a production method of the warp-knitted spacer fabric 100 with self-adhesive and even edges in Example One, including the following steps:

[0061] (1) Select the yarns for the central bonding area 2 and the edge bonding area 1;

[0062] (2) Warping and weaving production: According to the specific requirements of the edge bonding area 1 and the central bonding area 2, design the number of warping heads and processes, and design the yarn threading method and laying-in organization for the edge self-adhesive area and the central self-adhesive area. Thread the yarns in the threading method of seven picks and one skip for seven cycles as specified in the process design, and start the weaving production according to the process requirements;

[0063] (3) Post-finishing: Conduct the setting production on a stenter. The length of the steel needles for stretching on the stenter is 6 mm - 12 mm, and the setting cloth-hanging area is within 0 mm - 20 mm from the cloth edge, preferably within 0 mm - 5 mm from the cloth edge; The process of the setting production is as follows: Select the setting temperature in the range of 180 °C - 200 °C, the machine speed is 8 m / min - 18 m / min, the overfeed is selected from 0% to +3%, preferably 0%. When hanging the cloth for setting, the needle insertion area of the needle parts is the first empty-picking area;

[0064] In this embodiment, the model of the stenter is M5489-CM260X8;

[0065] (4) Inspection and rolling of the product: After the product is heat-set, lay it flat on the site and wait for inspection and rolling for use in the subsequent processes.

[0066] In the description of the present utility model, it should be noted that the terms "first" and "second" are only used for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0067] Specific examples are applied in the present utility model to elaborate on the principle and implementation manner of the present utility model. The description of the above embodiments is only used to help understand the method and its core idea of the present utility model; at the same time, for those of ordinary skill in the art, according to the idea of the present utility model, there will be changes in the specific implementation manner and application scope. In summary, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present utility model.

Claims

1. A self-adhesive warp knitted spacer fabric, characterized in that: It comprises a central bonding area and two side bonding areas distributed along a first direction, and the central bonding area is located between the two side bonding areas, each of the side bonding areas comprises a plurality of empty-threading shaping needle-eating areas and a plurality of side full-threading self-adhesive anti-slipping areas, and the empty-threading shaping needle-eating areas and the side full-threading self-adhesive anti-slipping areas are staggeredly distributed along the first direction; The central bonding area adopts a threading method of one through and one empty; the edge bonding area adopts a threading method of X through Y empty gradually changing to Y through X empty, X and Y both represent the number of knitting needles, and 6 to 10 threading cycles are performed.

2. The self-adhesive warp-knitted spacer fabric with flush edges according to claim 1, characterized in that: The edge bonding area adopts a threading method of 7 threads and 1 empty threading, and performs 7 threading cycles; seven full threading areas and seven empty threading areas are formed in the edge bonding area, and the full threading areas and the empty threading areas are alternately distributed.

3. The self-adhesive warp-knitted spacer fabric with flush edges according to claim 1, characterized in that: The width of each edge bonding area is 6 cm to 20 cm.

4. The self-adhesive warp-knitted spacer fabric with flush edges according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inlay yarn numbers of the self-adhesive and even-edged warp-knitted spacer fabric are GB1:2-2 / 0-0 / 0-0 / 2-2 / 2-2 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 3-3 / 3-3 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 2-2 / / , GB2:0-1 / 1-0 / / , GB3:0-1-0-1 / 3-4-3-4 / / , GB4:1-0-1-0 / 4-3-4-3 / / , GB5:0-1 / 1-0 / / , GB6:2-2 / 0-0 / 0-0 / 2-2 / 2-2 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 3-3 / 3-3 / 1-1 / 1-1 / 2-2 / / .

5. The self-adhesive warp-knitted spacer fabric with flush edges according to claim 4, characterized in that: The yarn used in the edge bonding area is a hot-melt yarn, a mechanically interlocking yarn or a microcapsule textile yarn; the mechanically interlocking yarn includes a wool yarn and a hook yarn, the wool yarn includes a first main yarn and a first secondary yarn distributed on the surface of the first main yarn, the first secondary yarn portion is fixedly connected to the first main yarn, and the first secondary yarn located outside the first main yarn forms a plurality of hook-shaped structures or loop-shaped structures, the hook yarn includes a second main yarn and a second secondary yarn distributed on the surface of the second main yarn, the second secondary yarn portion is fixedly connected to the second main yarn, and the second secondary yarn located outside the second main yarn forms a plurality of hook-shaped structures, the wool yarn can be bonded and connected to the hook yarn, and the same edge bonding area only uses the wool yarn or only uses the hook yarn; the microcapsule textile yarn includes a third main yarn, a plurality of microcapsules are bonded to the third main yarn, and each of the microcapsules is provided with an adhesive material.

6. The self-adhesive warp-knitted spacer fabric with flush edges according to claim 1, characterized in that: The yarn used in the empty threading area in the edge bonding area is looser than the yarn used in the full threading area in the edge bonding area; GB1 and GB2 in the empty threading area of ​​the edge bonding area are threaded in the same direction, GB5 and GB6 in the empty threading area of ​​the edge bonding area are threaded in the same direction, GB1 and GB2 in the full threading area of ​​the edge bonding area are threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction, and GB5 and GB6 in the full threading area of ​​the edge bonding area are threaded in the same direction or in the opposite direction.

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