Pellet end face imaging system

Abstract

The utility model discloses a pellet end face imaging system which comprises the components of a horizontally-arranged first conveying belt which is provided with a plurality of pellets in a single row and is suitable for driving the plurality of pellets to move at a first speed along a preset direction; the second conveyor belt is horizontally arranged and connected with the first conveyor belt, and when any core block moves to the second conveyor belt from the first conveyor belt, the second conveyor belt is suitable for driving any core block to move in the preset direction at a second speed larger than the first speed, so that the distance between any core block and the adjacent core block is increased; and the at least one camera is obliquely arranged above the second conveying belt and is suitable for acquiring an end face image of any core block on the second conveying belt so as to carry out defect detection on any core block based on the end face image of any core block. According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, the end surfaces of a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row on a production line can be imaged, so that the online defect detection of the pellets is realized, and the detection efficiency and accuracy of the pellets are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of defect detection, and particularly to a pellet end face imaging system. Background Art

[0002] Currently, multiple pellets on a production line are usually arranged in a single column, closely spaced one by one. The distance between adjacent pellets is small, resulting in the inability to image the end faces of the pellets on the production line, and thus the inability to perform online defect detection on the pellets. According to the prior art, after the pellets are loaded and unloaded from the production line onto a tray, manual inspection of the two end faces and chamfers of the pellets is required. This work requires a large amount of manpower and time costs, and the detection efficiency and accuracy are relatively low, affecting production efficiency and quality.

[0003] Therefore, there is a need to provide a pellet end face imaging system to solve the above technical problems. Utility Model Content

[0004] To this end, this application provides a pellet end face imaging system to solve or at least alleviate the problems above.

[0005] According to one aspect of this application, there is provided a pellet end face imaging system, including: a first conveyor belt arranged horizontally, on which a plurality of pellets are arranged in a single column, adapted to drive the plurality of pellets to move in a predetermined direction at a first speed; a second conveyor belt arranged horizontally, connected to the first conveyor belt, wherein when any one pellet moves from the first conveyor belt to the second conveyor belt, the second conveyor belt is adapted to drive the any one pellet to move in the predetermined direction at a second speed greater than the first speed, so as to increase the distance between the any one pellet and adjacent pellets; at least one camera, arranged obliquely above the second conveyor belt, adapted to collect the end face image of any one pellet on the second conveyor belt, so as to perform defect detection on the any one pellet based on the end face image of the any one pellet.

[0006] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to this application, the at least one camera includes: a first camera, arranged at a first predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction, adapted to collect the rear end face image of any one pellet on the second conveyor belt; a second camera, arranged at a second predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction, adapted to collect the front end face image of any one pellet on the second conveyor belt.

[0007] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to this application, the at least one camera further includes: a third camera, arranged in front of the second camera and at a second predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction, adapted to collect the central hole image of any one pellet on the second conveyor belt, so as to detect whether the central hole of the any one pellet is blocked based on the central hole image of the any one pellet.

[0008] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to the present application, the following are sequentially arranged on the second conveyor belt from left to right: a first in-place sensor, adapted to detect whether any pellet moves to a first position of the second conveyor belt, so that when the first in-place sensor detects that any pellet moves to the first position, the rear end face image of the any pellet is acquired by the first camera; a second in-place sensor, adapted to detect whether any pellet moves to a second position of the second conveyor belt, so that when the second in-place sensor detects that any pellet moves to the second position, the front end face image of the any pellet is acquired by the second camera; a third in-place sensor, adapted to detect whether any pellet moves to a third position of the second conveyor belt, so that when the third in-place sensor detects that any pellet moves to the third position, the central hole image of the any pellet is acquired by the third camera.

[0009] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to the present application, it further includes: a first light source, vertically arranged above the second conveyor belt, adapted to illuminate the rear end face and the front end face of any pellet on the second conveyor belt, so that the first camera and the second camera acquire the rear end face image and the front end face image of the any pellet; a second light source, obliquely arranged above the second conveyor belt, adapted to illuminate the central hole of any pellet on the second conveyor belt, so that the third camera acquires the central hole image of the any pellet.

[0010] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to the present application, it further includes: a first motor, connected to the first conveyor belt, adapted to drive the first conveyor belt to move at a first speed; a second motor, connected to the second conveyor belt, adapted to drive the second conveyor belt to move at a second speed.

[0011] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to the present application, the first conveyor belt includes a first pulley, and the second conveyor belt includes a second pulley; the first motor is connected to the first pulley of the first conveyor belt, adapted to rotate the first pulley to drive the first conveyor belt to move at a first speed; the second motor is connected to the second pulley of the second conveyor belt, adapted to rotate the second pulley to drive the second conveyor belt to move at a second speed.

[0012] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to the present application, the first speed is 100 - 150 mm / s, and the second speed is 220 - 260 mm / s.

[0013] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to the present application, there is a first spacing between two adjacent pellets on the first conveyor belt, and the first spacing is 0 to 10 mm; there is a second spacing between two adjacent pellets on the second conveyor belt, and the second spacing is 15 to 25 mm.

[0014] Optionally, in the pellet end face imaging system according to the present application, the first predetermined angle is 150 to 165°, and the first predetermined angle is 15 to 30°.

[0015] According to the technical solution of the present application, a pellet end face imaging system is provided. A first conveyor belt and a second conveyor belt are horizontally connected. The first conveyor belt can drive a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row to move in a predetermined direction at a first speed. When the pellets move from the first conveyor belt to the second conveyor belt, the second conveyor belt drives the pellets to move in the predetermined direction at a second speed greater than the first speed, so as to increase the spacing between the pellets and adjacent pellets. By increasing the spacing, the end face images of the pellets on the second conveyor belt can be collected by a camera, so as to perform defect detection on the pellets based on the end face images of the pellets. In this way, according to the technical solution of the present application, the end faces of a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row on the second conveyor belt can be imaged, that is, the end faces of a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row on the production line can be imaged, and then the on-line defect detection of the pellets can be realized, greatly improving the detection efficiency and accuracy of the pellets, and further improving the production efficiency and production quality.

[0016] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of the present application. In order to be able to understand the technical means of the present application more clearly, it can be implemented according to the content of the specification. And in order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present application more obvious and understandable, the following specific embodiments of the present application are specifically given. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0017] To achieve the above and related purposes, certain illustrative aspects are described herein in connection with the following description and drawings, which indicate various ways in which the principles disclosed herein can be practiced, and all aspects and their equivalent aspects are intended to fall within the scope of the claimed subject matter. By reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent. Throughout the present disclosure, like reference numerals generally refer to like parts or elements.

[0018] Figures 1 to 3 respectively show a schematic structural diagram of a pellet end face imaging system 100 provided according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0019] Figure 4 shows Figure 3 an enlarged structural diagram at B therein;

[0020] Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of the arrangement of pellets on the first conveyor belt 110 and the second conveyor belt 120 according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0021] Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of the positions of the first in-place sensor 151, the second in-place sensor 152, and the third in-place sensor 153 provided on the second conveyor belt according to an embodiment of the present application. Detailed implementation manners

[0022] Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. On the contrary, these embodiments are provided so that the present disclosure can be more thoroughly understood and the scope of the present disclosure can be fully conveyed to those skilled in the art.

[0023] Aiming at the problem in the prior art that it is impossible to image the end faces of pellets on the production line, impossible to perform on-line defect detection on the pellets, and manual inspection of the two end faces of the pellets is adopted, resulting in low detection efficiency and accuracy, the present application proposes a pellet end face imaging system 100, which can image the end faces of a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row on the production line, thereby realizing on-line defect detection of the pellets, improving the detection efficiency and accuracy of the pellets, and further improving the production efficiency and production quality.

[0024] Figures 1 to 3 respectively show schematic structural diagrams of a pellet end face imaging system 100 provided according to an embodiment of the present application, Figure 4 shows Figure 3 an enlarged structural diagram at position B in.

[0025] In an embodiment of the present application, as Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown, the pellet end face imaging system 100 includes a horizontally arranged first conveyor belt 110, a horizontally arranged second conveyor belt 120, and at least one camera. The second conveyor belt 120 is connected to the first conveyor belt 110. It should be noted that the conveying speed of the first conveyor belt 110 is the first speed, and the conveying speed of the second conveyor belt 120 is the second speed.

[0026] Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of the arrangement of pellets on the first conveyor belt 110 and the second conveyor belt 120 according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0027] As Figure 5As shown, multiple core blocks are arranged in a single row on the first conveyor belt 110, and the first conveyor belt 110 can drive the multiple core blocks arranged in a single row to move in a predetermined direction at a first speed (horizontal movement). It can be understood that the predetermined direction is also the movement direction of the core blocks.

[0028] When any core block moves from the first conveyor belt 110 to the second conveyor belt 120, the second conveyor belt 120 can drive the any core block to move in the predetermined direction at a second speed, and the second speed is greater than the first speed. In this way, the distance between any core block and its adjacent core block can be increased, that is, the distance between any core block moving onto the second conveyor belt 120 and its adjacent core block is greater than the distance between any core block and its adjacent core block on the first conveyor belt 110. In other words, the distance between two adjacent core blocks on the second conveyor belt 120 is greater than the distance between two adjacent core blocks on the first conveyor belt 110. Based on the distance between two adjacent core blocks on the second conveyor belt 120 (the increased distance), the end faces of the core blocks can be imaged.

[0029] As Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown, at least one camera is arranged obliquely above the second conveyor belt, and the end face image of any core block (i.e., any core block that has moved onto the second conveyor belt 120) on the second conveyor belt 120 can be collected by the at least one camera, so as to perform defect detection on any core block based on the end face image of any core block.

[0030] It can be seen that according to the core block end face imaging system 100 provided by the embodiments of the present application, the end faces of multiple core blocks arranged in a single row on the conveyor belt (the second conveyor belt) can be imaged, and thus online defect detection of the core blocks can be realized, improving the detection efficiency and accuracy of the core blocks, and further improving the production efficiency and production quality.

[0031] It should be noted that according to the embodiments of the present application, the types of defects of the core blocks that can be detected based on the end face image of the core blocks include but are not limited to: scratches, cracks, missing corners, chipping, impurities, non-conformity of enrichment degree (shape and characters), whether the central hole is blocked, and other defects.

[0032] In some embodiments, the first speed can be 100 - 150 mm / s. The second speed can be 220 - 260 mm / s. It should be noted that the present application does not limit the specific values of the first speed and the second speed, as long as it is ensured that the second speed is greater than the first speed to a certain extent so that the distance between two adjacent core blocks on the second conveyor belt 120 can meet the requirements of end face imaging.

[0033] As Figure 5As shown, in some embodiments, there is a first spacing between two adjacent core blocks on the first conveyor belt 110, and the first spacing can be, for example, 0 - 10 mm. There is a second spacing between two adjacent core blocks on the second conveyor belt 120, and the second spacing can be, for example, 15 - 25 mm. However, it should be noted that this application does not limit the specific values of the first spacing and the second spacing, as long as it is ensured that the second spacing is greater than the first spacing to a certain extent so that the end face of the core block on the second conveyor belt 120 can be imaged based on the second spacing between two adjacent core blocks on the second conveyor belt 120.

[0034] In some embodiments, as Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown, the at least one camera can include a first camera 131 and a second camera 132. The first camera 131 and the second camera 132 are respectively arranged above the second conveyor belt. Among them, the first camera 131 is arranged at a first predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction (i.e., the moving direction of the core block), and the first camera 131 is used to collect the rear end face image of any core block on the second conveyor belt 120 (i.e., any core block that has moved onto the second conveyor belt 120). The second camera 132 is arranged at a second predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction, and the second camera 132 is used to collect the front end face image of any core block on the second conveyor belt 120 (i.e., any core block that has moved onto the second conveyor belt 120).

[0035] In some embodiments, as Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown, the at least one camera can further include a third camera 133. The third camera 133 is arranged above the second conveyor belt, and the third camera 133 is arranged in front of the second camera 132 (with a predetermined distance between them). The third camera 133 is also at the second predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction. Through the third camera 133, the central hole image of any core block on the second conveyor belt 120 can be collected, so as to detect whether the central hole of any core block is blocked based on the central hole image of any core block.

[0036] In some embodiments, the first predetermined angle can be 150 - 165°. The second predetermined angle can be 15 - 30°. It should be noted that the present invention does not limit the specific values of the first predetermined angle and the second predetermined angle.

[0037] In some embodiments, as Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the pellet end face imaging system 100 further includes a first light source 141 and a second light source 142. The first light source 141 is vertically arranged above the second conveyor belt, and the first light source 141 is used to illuminate the rear end face and the front end face of any pellet on the second conveyor belt 120, so that the first camera 131 and the second camera 132 can collect the rear end face image and the front end face image of any pellet, ensuring higher clarity and quality of the collected rear end face image and front end face image, so as to perform more accurate defect detection on the pellet end face.

[0038] The second light source 142 can be inclined and arranged above the second conveyor belt. Through the second light source 142, the central hole of any pellet on the second conveyor belt 120 can be illuminated, so that the third camera 133 can collect the central hole image of any pellet, ensuring higher clarity and quality of the collected central hole image, so as to perform more accurate defect detection on the pellet central hole.

[0039] It should be noted that the first light source 141 can be a high-brightness white point light source, and the second light source 142 can be an ordinary white point light source.

[0040] In some embodiments, a first in-place sensor 151, a second in-place sensor 152, and a third in-place sensor 153 are sequentially arranged on the second conveyor belt 120 from left to right. Figure 6 The figure shows a schematic diagram of the positions of the first in-place sensor 151, the second in-place sensor 152, and the third in-place sensor 153 arranged on the second conveyor belt according to the embodiments of the present application.

[0041] Among them, the first in-place sensor 151 is used to detect whether any pellet moves to the first position of the second conveyor belt 120. When the first in-place sensor 151 detects that any pellet moves to the first position, the rear end face image of the any pellet can be collected by the first camera 131. The second in-place sensor 152 is used to detect whether any pellet moves to the second position of the second conveyor belt 120. When the second in-place sensor 152 detects that any pellet moves to the second position, the front end face image of the any pellet can be collected by the second camera 132. The third in-place sensor 153 is used to detect whether any pellet moves to the third position of the second conveyor belt 120. When the third in-place sensor 153 detects that any pellet moves to the third position, the central hole image of the any pellet can be collected by the third camera 133.

[0042] In some embodiments, such as Figure 3 and Figure 4As shown, the pellet end face imaging system 100 further includes: a first motor 112 connected to the first conveyor belt 110, and a second motor 122 connected to the second conveyor belt 120. The first conveyor belt 110 can be driven by the first motor 112 to move at a first speed. The second conveyor belt 120 can be driven by the second motor 122 to move at a second speed.

[0043] Furthermore, as Figure 2 shown, the first conveyor belt 110 includes a first pulley 111, and the second conveyor belt 120 includes a second pulley 121. The diameter and size of the second pulley 121 of the second conveyor belt 120 are smaller than those of the first pulley 111 of the first conveyor belt 110. It should be noted that the first motor 112 is connected to the first pulley 111 of the first conveyor belt 110, and the first conveyor belt 110 (the circular belt of the first conveyor belt 110) is driven to move at a first speed by driving the first pulley 111 to rotate. The second motor 122 is connected to the second pulley 121 of the second conveyor belt 120, and the second conveyor belt 120 (the circular belt of the second conveyor belt 120) is driven to move at a second speed by driving the second pulley 121 to rotate.

[0044] According to the pellet end face imaging system 100 of the present application, a first conveyor belt and a second conveyor belt are horizontally arranged and connected. The first conveyor belt can drive a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row to move in a predetermined direction at a first speed. When the pellets move from the first conveyor belt to the second conveyor belt, the second conveyor belt drives the pellets to move in the predetermined direction at a second speed greater than the first speed, so as to increase the distance between adjacent pellets. By increasing the distance, the end face images of the pellets on the second conveyor belt can be collected by a camera, so as to perform defect detection on the pellets based on the end face images of the pellets. In this way, according to the technical solution of the present application, it is possible to image the end faces of a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row on the conveyor belt (the second conveyor belt), that is, to image the end faces of a plurality of pellets arranged in a single row on the production line, and further to perform online defect detection on the pellets, greatly improving the detection efficiency and accuracy of the pellets, and further improving the production efficiency and production quality.

[0045] In the description of this specification, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, terms such as "connected" and "fixed" should be understood in a broad sense. In addition, the orientation or positional relationship indicated by terms such as "front", "rear", "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "top", and "bottom" is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or unit referred to must have a specific direction, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation to the present application.

[0046] In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. It will be understood, however, that embodiments of the present application may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.

[0047] Similarly, it should be understood that, in order to streamline this disclosure and assist in understanding one or more of the various aspects of the present application, in the foregoing description of the exemplary embodiments of the present application, the various features of the present application are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof. However, the disclosed method should not be construed as reflecting an intention that the claimed subject matter of the present application requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Thus, the claims following the detailed description are hereby expressly incorporated into this detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of the present application.

[0048] Those skilled in the art should understand that the modules or units or components of the devices in the examples disclosed herein may be arranged in the devices as described in the embodiments, or alternatively may be located in one or more devices different from those in the examples. The modules in the foregoing examples may be combined into one module or further divided into multiple sub-modules.

[0049] Those skilled in the art can understand that the modules in the devices of the embodiments can be adaptively changed and disposed in one or more devices different from those of the embodiments. The modules or units or components in the embodiments can be combined into one module or unit or component, and further can be divided into multiple sub-modules or sub-units or sub-components. Except that at least some of such features and / or processes or units are mutually exclusive, any combination can be adopted to combine all the features disclosed in this specification (including the accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) and all the processes or units of any method or device so disclosed. Unless otherwise expressly stated, each feature disclosed in this specification (including the accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) can be replaced by an alternative feature that provides the same, equivalent or similar purpose.

[0050] In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that although some of the embodiments described herein include certain features included in other embodiments but not others, the combination of features of different embodiments is within the scope of the present application and forms different embodiments.

[0051] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of ordinal numbers such as "first", "second", "third", etc. to describe ordinary objects merely indicates different instances of similar objects and is not intended to imply that the objects so described must have a given order in terms of time, space, ranking, or in any other way.

[0052] Although the present application has been described in terms of a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art of the present technology will appreciate that other embodiments can be contemplated within the scope of the present application as thus described. In addition, it should be noted that the language used in this specification has been selected primarily for readability and teaching purposes rather than for the purpose of explaining or limiting the subject matter of the present application. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims. For the scope of the present application, the disclosure made herein is illustrative and not restrictive, and the scope of the present application is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A pellet end face imaging system, characterized in that, Including: A first conveyor belt arranged horizontally, on which a plurality of core blocks are arranged in a single row, and is adapted to drive the plurality of core blocks to move in a predetermined direction at a first speed; A second conveyor belt arranged horizontally, connected to the first conveyor belt. When any core block moves from the first conveyor belt to the second conveyor belt, the second conveyor belt is adapted to drive the any core block to move in the predetermined direction at a second speed greater than the first speed, so as to increase the distance between the any core block and the adjacent core blocks; At least one camera, arranged obliquely above the second conveyor belt, and is adapted to collect the end face image of any core block on the second conveyor belt, so as to perform defect detection on the any core block based on the end face image of the any core block.

2. The pellet end face imaging system according to claim 1, wherein, The at least one camera includes: A first camera, arranged at a first predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction, and is adapted to collect the rear end face image of any core block on the second conveyor belt; A second camera, arranged at a second predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction, and is adapted to collect the front end face image of any core block on the second conveyor belt.

3. The pellet end face imaging system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The at least one camera further includes: A third camera, arranged in front of the second camera and at a second predetermined angle with respect to the predetermined direction, and is adapted to collect the central hole image of any core block on the second conveyor belt, so as to detect whether the central hole of the any core block is blocked based on the central hole image of the any core block.

4. The pellet end face imaging system according to claim 3, characterized in that, On the second conveyor belt, there are successively arranged from left to right: A first in-place sensor, adapted to detect whether any core block moves to the first position of the second conveyor belt, so that when the first in-place sensor detects that any core block moves to the first position, the rear end face image of the any core block is collected by the first camera; A second in-place sensor, adapted to detect whether any core block moves to the second position of the second conveyor belt, so that when the second in-place sensor detects that any core block moves to the second position, the front end face image of the any core block is collected by the second camera; A third in-place sensor, adapted to detect whether any core block moves to the third position of the second conveyor belt, so that when the third in-place sensor detects that any core block moves to the third position, the central hole image of the any core block is collected by the third camera.

5. The pellet end face imaging system according to claim 3, characterized in that, It further includes: A first light source, arranged vertically above the second conveyor belt, and is adapted to illuminate the rear end face and the front end face of any core block on the second conveyor belt, so that the first camera and the second camera can collect the rear end face image and the front end face image of the any core block; A second light source, arranged obliquely above the second conveyor belt, and is adapted to illuminate the central hole of any core block on the second conveyor belt, so that the third camera can collect the central hole image of the any core block.

6. The pellet end face imaging system according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, It further includes: A first motor, connected to the first conveyor belt, and is adapted to drive the first conveyor belt to move at a first speed; A second motor, connected to the second conveyor belt, and is adapted to drive the second conveyor belt to move at a second speed.

7. The pellet end face imaging system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first conveyor belt includes a first pulley, and the second conveyor belt includes a second pulley; The first motor is connected to the first pulley of the first conveyor belt and is adapted to rotate the first pulley to drive the first conveyor belt to move at a first speed; The second motor is connected to the second pulley of the second conveyor belt and is adapted to rotate the second pulley to drive the second conveyor belt to move at a second speed.

8. The pellet end face imaging system according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that The first speed is 100 - 150 mm / second, and the second speed is 220 - 260 mm / second.

9. The pellet end face imaging system according to any one of claims 1 - 5, characterized in that There is a first spacing between two adjacent pellets on the first conveyor belt, and the first spacing is 0 - 10 mm; There is a second spacing between two adjacent pellets on the second conveyor belt, and the second spacing is 15 - 25 mm.

10. The pellet end face imaging system according to claim 2, characterized in that The first predetermined angle is 150 - 165°, and the first predetermined angle is 15 - 30°. It should be noted that there seems to be an error in the text of where it says "The first predetermined angle is 15 - 30°" again which might be a duplication or incorrect statement. This has been translated as it is but should be checked for accuracy in the original technical context.

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