Liquid cooling plate and battery pack

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a liquid cooling plate and a battery pack. The liquid cooling plate comprises a lower cooling plate and an upper cooling plate, a groove structure is arranged on the side face of the lower cooling plate, the groove structure and the upper cooling plate form a cooling flow channel, the groove structure comprises a plurality of concentric-square-shaped flow channels, the concentric-square-shaped flow channels are arranged in an M-row N-column matrix mode, at least two first-stage liquid inlet flow channels are arranged on one side of the first row of concentric-square-shaped flow channels, and at least two second-stage liquid inlet flow channels are arranged on the other side of the second row of concentric-square-shaped flow channels. Two sides of each first-stage liquid inlet flow channel are respectively provided with a row of hollow-square-shaped flow channels, one side, opposite to the first-stage liquid inlet flow channels, of each row of hollow-square-shaped flow channels is respectively provided with first-stage liquid outlet flow channels, and the hollow-square-shaped flow channels are respectively communicated with the first-stage liquid inlet flow channels and the first-stage liquid outlet flow channels. According to the liquid cooling plate provided by the utility model, the double parallel flow channel design of the liquid inlet flow channel, the liquid outlet flow channel and branch parallel connection is adopted, and compared with the existing series connection mode and the common large parallel connection mode, the problem of non-uniform heat dissipation capability caused by gradual temperature rise of cooling liquid from an inlet to an outlet is avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a liquid cooling plate and a battery pack. Background Art

[0002] Containerized energy storage, with its convenience, high integration, and safety advantages, is becoming a highly efficient energy solution, contributing to a more stable and reliable power supply. Currently, energy storage battery packs on the market primarily utilize liquid cooling and air cooling. As requirements for battery stability and performance gradually increase, liquid cooling is becoming more widely used.

[0003] According to the thermal performance standards for energy storage battery packs, the temperature difference between different cells within a battery pack must be controlled below 5°C. For liquid-cooled battery packs, the design of the liquid cooling plate, especially the flow channel, is particularly important. Conventional series flow channels remove heat from heat sources such as the cells, gradually increasing the temperature from the inlet to the outlet. Consequently, the temperature of the cooling source corresponding to cells in different locations within the battery pack gradually increases, resulting in varying heat dissipation levels for cells in different locations within the battery pack, and consequently, large temperature differences between cells in different locations within the battery pack. Therefore, the present invention was proposed. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a liquid cooling plate and a battery pack, wherein the liquid cooling plate can solve the problem of large temperature difference between battery cells at different positions in the existing energy storage battery pack.

[0005] The utility model provides a liquid cooling plate, comprising a lower cooling plate and an upper cooling plate arranged on the side of the lower cooling plate, wherein the side of the lower cooling plate close to the upper cooling plate is provided with a groove structure, the groove structure and the upper cooling plate form a cooling channel, the groove structure comprises a plurality of U-shaped channels, the plurality of U-shaped channels are arranged in a matrix of M rows and N columns, at least two primary liquid inlet channels are provided on one side of the U-shaped channels in the first row, a column of U-shaped channels is provided on both sides of each of the primary liquid inlet channels, a primary liquid outlet channel is provided on the side of each column of U-shaped channels opposite to the primary liquid inlet channel, and the U-shaped channels are respectively connected to the primary liquid inlet channel and the primary liquid outlet channel.

[0006] Furthermore, the first-level liquid outlet channel is connected to the third-level liquid outlet channel, the third-level liquid outlet channel is located on one side of the U-shaped channel in the last row, and a total liquid outlet channel is provided on one side of the U-shaped channel in the last column, and the third-level liquid outlet channel is connected to the total liquid outlet channel.

[0007] Furthermore, a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet are respectively provided at one end of the lower cold plate, the liquid inlet is communicated with the primary liquid inlet flow channel, and the liquid outlet is communicated with the total liquid outlet flow channel.

[0008] Furthermore, a secondary liquid inlet channel and a secondary liquid outlet channel are respectively provided at the left and right ends of the U-shaped flow channel, the secondary liquid inlet channel is connected to the primary liquid inlet channel, and the secondary liquid outlet channels of the remaining U-shaped flow channels except the last column are connected to the primary liquid outlet channel, and the secondary liquid outlet channels of the last column of the U-shaped flow channels are connected to the total liquid outlet channel.

[0009] Furthermore, the center line of the first-level liquid outlet flow channel is perpendicular to the center line of the second-level liquid outlet flow channel, the center line of the first-level liquid outlet flow channel is perpendicular to the center line of the third-level liquid outlet flow channel, the center line of the third-level liquid outlet flow channel is perpendicular to the center line of the total liquid outlet flow channel; the center line of the second-level liquid inlet flow channel is perpendicular to the center line of the first-level liquid inlet flow channel.

[0010] Furthermore, the sizes of the U-shaped flow channels in the same column are different.

[0011] Furthermore, the size of each of the secondary liquid inlet flow channels connected to the same primary liquid inlet flow channel is different; the flow difference between each of the primary liquid inlet flow channels is less than 5%, and the flow difference between each of the secondary liquid inlet flow channels connected to the same primary liquid inlet flow channel is less than 10%.

[0012] The utility model further provides a battery pack, comprising battery cell modules arranged in a matrix and the above-mentioned liquid cooling plate, wherein the battery cell modules are connected to a side of the upper cooling plate away from the lower cooling plate.

[0013] Furthermore, the projection positions of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery pack on the liquid cooling plate respectively correspond to an inlet of the first-level liquid inlet channel.

[0014] Furthermore, two adjacent battery cells in each column constitute a battery cell unit, and a vertical projection area of ​​the battery cell unit corresponds to one of the U-shaped flow channels.

[0015] In summary, compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0016] The liquid cooling plate provided by this utility model utilizes a matrix of U-shaped channels, with a primary inlet and outlet connected to the U-shaped channels. This dual parallel channel design, with the inlet and outlet channels connected in parallel with a branch, avoids the uneven heat dissipation from inlet to outlet caused by the gradual increase in coolant temperature, compared to existing series and large parallel designs. The multiple U-shaped channels arranged in a matrix allow for precise, differentiated heat dissipation design down to the individual battery cells, minimizing temperature differences between cells in the battery pack. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation methods of the utility model or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the specific implementation methods or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some implementation methods of the utility model. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the upper cold plate and the lower cold plate in Example 1 of the present utility model;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a top view of the lower cold plate in Example 1 of the present utility model;

[0020] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the direction of the coolant in the lower cold plate in Example 1 of the utility model

[0021] Figure 4 This is a schematic structural diagram of the optimized cooling channel in Example 1 of the present utility model;

[0022] Figure 5 This is a schematic structural diagram of the battery pack in Example 1 of the present utility model;

[0023] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the optimized cooling channel in Example 2 of the present utility model;

[0024] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the structure of the cooling channel in the comparative example.

[0025] Explanation of the accompanying symbols: 1-lower cold plate; 101-liquid inlet; 102-total liquid inlet channel; 103-first-level liquid inlet channel; 104-U-shaped channel; 1041-secondary liquid inlet channel; 1042-secondary liquid outlet channel; 105-first-level liquid outlet channel; 106-third-level liquid outlet channel; 107-total liquid outlet channel; 108-liquid outlet; 2-upper cold plate; 201-liquid inlet interface; 202-liquid outlet interface; 3-battery cell module. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions of the present invention in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the embodiments described are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0027] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", etc., indicating directions or positional relationships, are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific direction, be constructed and operated in a specific direction, and therefore should not be understood as a limitation on the present invention.

[0028] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the said features. In the description of the present utility model, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined. In addition, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be a communication between the two elements. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present utility model can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0029] Example 1

[0030] A liquid cooling plate, such as Figure 1 As shown, the system comprises a lower cold plate 1 and an upper cold plate 2 attached to the side of the lower cold plate 1. The upper cold plate 2 and the lower cold plate 1 are connected using conventional techniques in the art. A groove structure is provided on the side of the lower cold plate 1 near the upper cold plate 2. The groove structure and the upper cold plate 2 form a cooling channel. The groove structure includes a liquid inlet 101, a liquid outlet 108, a main liquid inlet channel 102, multiple U-shaped channels 104, a primary liquid inlet channel 103, a primary liquid outlet channel 105, a tertiary liquid outlet channel 106, and a main liquid outlet channel 107.

[0031] like Figure 2As shown, a plurality of U-shaped flow channels 104 are arranged in a matrix of M rows and N columns (M and N are both integers). Counting from the top to the bottom, at least two primary liquid inlet flow channels 103 are provided above the first row of U-shaped flow channels 104. A column of U-shaped flow channels 104 is provided on both sides of each primary liquid inlet flow channel 103. A primary liquid outlet flow channel 105 is provided on the side of each column of U-shaped flow channels 104 opposite to the primary liquid inlet flow channel 103. Each U-shaped flow channel 104 is respectively connected to the primary liquid inlet flow channel 103 and the primary liquid outlet flow channel 105. The primary liquid outlet flow channel 105 is connected to the tertiary liquid outlet flow channel 106 arranged in the horizontal direction. The tertiary liquid outlet flow channel 106 is located on one side of the last row of U-shaped flow channels 104. A total liquid outlet flow channel 107 is provided on the right side of the last column of U-shaped flow channels 104. The tertiary liquid outlet flow channel 106 is connected to the total liquid outlet flow channel 107.

[0032] One end of the lower cold plate 1 is provided with a liquid inlet 101 and a liquid outlet 108, respectively. One end of the upper cold plate 2 is provided with a liquid inlet port 201 and a liquid outlet port 202, which communicate with the liquid inlet 101 and the liquid outlet 108, respectively. The liquid inlet 101 is connected to the primary liquid inlet channel 103 via the main liquid inlet channel 102, and the main liquid outlet channel 107 is connected to the liquid outlet 108.

[0033] A secondary liquid inlet channel 1041 and a secondary liquid outlet channel 1042 are respectively provided at the left and right ends of the U-shaped flow channel 104. The secondary liquid inlet channel 1041 is connected to the primary liquid inlet channel 103. Except for the last column, the secondary liquid outlet channels 1042 of the remaining U-shaped flow channels 104 are all connected to the primary liquid outlet channel 105. The secondary liquid outlet channel 1042 of the last column of U-shaped flow channels 104 is connected to the total liquid outlet channel 107.

[0034] The center lines of the connected flow channels are perpendicular to each other, namely: the center line of the primary liquid outlet flow channel 105 is perpendicular to the center line of the secondary liquid outlet flow channel 1042, the center line of the primary liquid outlet flow channel 105 is perpendicular to the center line of the tertiary liquid outlet flow channel 106; the center line of the tertiary liquid outlet flow channel 106 is perpendicular to the center line of the total liquid outlet flow channel 107; the center line of the secondary liquid inlet flow channel 1041 is perpendicular to the center line of the primary liquid inlet flow channel 103. The connection between the primary liquid inlet flow channel 103 and the secondary liquid inlet flow channel 1041 is smoothly transitioned, the connection between the primary liquid outlet flow channel 105 and the secondary liquid outlet flow channel 1042 is smoothly transitioned, and the connection between the primary liquid outlet flow channel 105 and the tertiary liquid outlet flow channel 106, and the connection between the tertiary liquid outlet flow channel 106 and the total liquid outlet flow channel 107 are all smoothly transitioned.

[0035] After the width of the first-level liquid inlet channel 103 and the second-level liquid inlet channel 1041 are initially designed to gradually decrease from both ends inward to construct the liquid cooling plate fluid domain, computational fluid dynamics software is used to simulate and obtain the flow rate of each first-level liquid inlet channel 103 and the second-level liquid inlet channel 1041. The width of the corresponding first-level liquid inlet channel 103 and the second-level liquid inlet channel 1041 is adjusted according to the calculation results. The above steps are repeated until the flow rate of each first-level liquid inlet channel 103 in the calculation results is equal, and the flow rate of each second-level liquid inlet channel 1041 under the same first-level liquid inlet channel 103 is equal, which can be close to equal in actual calculation.

[0036] In this embodiment, there are 4 rows and 4 columns with a total of 16 U-shaped flow channels 104, two first-level liquid inlet flow channels 103, and two first-level liquid outlet flow channels 105. A first-level liquid inlet flow channel 103 is provided between the first column and the second column, a first-level liquid inlet flow channel 103 is provided between the third column and the fourth row, a first-level liquid outlet flow channel 105 is provided on the side of the first column away from the second column, and a first-level liquid outlet flow channel 105 is provided between the second column and the third column.

[0037] According to the cooling channel structure, the coolant flows in from the liquid inlet 101, passes through the main liquid inlet channel 102 and is divided into two streams and enters the first-level liquid inlet channel 103 respectively. In the process of flowing from the inlet side to the outlet side in the first-level liquid inlet channel 103, it flows into the corresponding U-shaped channel 104 from the 8 secondary liquid inlet channels 1041 on both sides, and then flows out from the secondary liquid outlet channel 1042 of the U-shaped channel 104 and merges into the corresponding first-level liquid outlet channel 105 (the secondary liquid outlet channel 1042 of the fourth column of the U-shaped channel 104 directly merges into the total liquid outlet channel 107, and merges into the tertiary liquid outlet channel 106 through the first-level liquid outlet channel 105, and finally merges into the total liquid outlet channel 107 from the tertiary liquid outlet channel 106, flows out of the liquid cold plate through the liquid outlet 108 and takes away the heat generated by the battery cell. The flow direction of the coolant is as follows Figure 3 As shown, Figure 3 The dotted line position in the figure is the projection position of the battery module, the thicker arrow is the direction of the liquid inlet, and the thinner arrow is the direction of the liquid outlet.

[0038] After assembling the liquid cooling plate and the battery module, numerical thermal simulation calculations are performed, and the size of each U-shaped flow channel 104 is determined based on the temperature rise data of the battery cells at different positions. The sizes of the U-shaped flow channels 104 in each column are different.

[0039] When the liquid cooling plate in this embodiment is assembled with the cell modules arranged in a matrix, two adjacent cells in each column form a cell unit, and the vertical projection area of ​​each cell unit corresponds to a U-shaped flow channel 104, such as Figure 3As shown, a battery cell is positioned on either side of the centerline of each U-shaped channel 104. The inlets of the two primary liquid inlet channels 103 are located at the projections of the battery pack's positive and negative electrodes onto the liquid cooling plate. This allows the coolant to flow preferentially through the bottoms of the cells connected to the battery pack's total positive and negative electrodes, effectively addressing the issue of excessive heating in the cells where the total positive and negative electrodes are located.

[0040] After constructing the preliminary model, thermal simulation calculations are performed with the help of finite element analysis software to obtain the temperature distribution of the battery cells in the battery pack. For the U-shaped flow channel 104 corresponding to the battery cells with lower temperatures, the flow channel width is reduced, or the size of the U-shaped flow channel 104 is reduced; for the U-shaped flow channel 104 corresponding to the battery cells with higher temperatures, the flow channel width is increased, or the size of the U-shaped flow channel 104 is increased.

[0041] Prioritize adjusting the area of ​​the U-shaped flow channel 104. According to heat transfer theory and practical experience, the area adjustment ratio of each U-shaped flow channel 104 can be adjusted in the same proportion as the difference between the average temperature of the coolant and the temperature of the battery cell, that is, ΔS / S=(T 电芯 -T 冷却液 ) / T 冷却液 However, if the area has been adjusted to the extreme value allowed by the process structure and still cannot meet the uniform temperature requirement, the inlet and outlet widths of the U-shaped flow channel 104 can be adjusted to adjust the flow rate of the flow channel.

[0042] The flow channel design after optimizing the flow channel in the above manner is as follows Figure 4 Thermal simulation calculations based on the cell model (operating conditions: single cell heating power 12W, ambient temperature 25°C, liquid cooling plate flow 5L / min, inlet temperature 20°C) showed that the cell's maximum temperature was 35.7°C, the minimum temperature was 32.8°C, and the maximum temperature difference was 2.9°C.

[0043] This embodiment also provides a battery pack including the above-mentioned liquid cooling plate, and the battery pack also includes battery cell modules 3 arranged in a matrix, such as Figure 5 As shown, the cell module 3 is mounted on the side of the upper cold plate 2 using conventional techniques in the art. Each row of two adjacent cells forms a cell unit, and the vertical projection of the cell unit corresponds to a U-shaped flow channel 104. The projections of the positive and negative electrodes of the battery pack onto the liquid cold plate each correspond to the entrance of a primary liquid inlet channel 103.

[0044] Example 2

[0045] A liquid cooling plate. The technical solution in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that: in order to further improve the temperature uniformity effect of the liquid cooling plate, the first-level liquid inlet channel 103 is optimized for flow uniformity, and part of the second-level liquid inlet channel 1041 is optimized for flow uniformity.

[0046] Based on the thermal simulation results in Example 1, the flow values ​​of each primary liquid inlet channel 103 and the secondary liquid inlet channel 1041 are extracted, and the corresponding channel widths are adjusted according to the relative size of the flow values. After several iterations of optimization, the flow difference of each primary liquid inlet channel 103 is less than 5%, and the flow difference of the secondary liquid inlet channel 1041 is less than 10%. The structure of the optimized cooling channel is as follows Figure 6 shown.

[0047] After optimization, the model was subjected to thermal simulation calculations (working conditions: single cell heating power 12W, ambient temperature 25°C, liquid cooling plate flow 5L / min, inlet temperature 20°C). The results showed that the maximum cell temperature was 35.2°C (down 0.5°C compared to Example 1), the minimum temperature was 33.4°C, and the maximum temperature difference was 1.8°C (down 1.1°C compared to Example 1). Compared with Example 1, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference were further reduced.

[0048] Comparative Example

[0049] A liquid cooling plate, the cooling channel of the liquid cooling plate is designed in a common series form, such as Figure 7 The coolant enters from the inlet, passes through the cell projection area, and then flows out from the outlet. Each column of cells corresponds to a flow channel branch, and the arrangement and number of cells are consistent with the embodiment.

[0050] Thermal simulation results based on the same operating conditions (single cell heating power 12W, ambient temperature 25°C, water cooling plate flow rate 5L / min, inlet temperature 20°C) show that the cell's maximum temperature is 36.1°C (0.4°C higher than Example 1 and 0.9°C higher than Example 2), the minimum temperature is 32.5°C, and the maximum temperature difference is 3.6°C, 0.7°C higher than Example 1 and 1.8°C higher than Example 2. This shows that the liquid cooling plate provided by the present invention can significantly reduce the temperature difference between the individual cells in the battery pack.

[0051] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the above embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A liquid cooling plate, comprising a lower cooling plate (1) and an upper cooling plate (2) arranged on the side of the lower cooling plate (1), wherein a groove structure is provided on the side of the lower cooling plate (1) close to the upper cooling plate (2), and the groove structure and the upper cooling plate (2) form a cooling channel, characterized in that: The groove structure comprises a plurality of U-shaped flow channels (104), and the plurality of U-shaped flow channels (104) are arranged in a matrix of M rows and N columns. At least two primary liquid inlet flow channels (103) are provided on one side of the first row of the U-shaped flow channels (104), and a column of the U-shaped flow channels (104) is provided on both sides of each of the primary liquid inlet flow channels (103). A primary liquid outlet flow channel (105) is provided on the side of each column of the U-shaped flow channels (104) opposite to the primary liquid inlet flow channel (103), and the U-shaped flow channels (104) are respectively connected to the primary liquid inlet flow channel (103) and the primary liquid outlet flow channel (105).

2. The liquid cooling plate according to claim 1, wherein: The first-level liquid outlet channel (105) is connected to the third-level liquid outlet channel (106), and the third-level liquid outlet channel (106) is located on one side of the U-shaped channel (104) in the last row. A total liquid outlet channel (107) is provided on one side of the U-shaped channel (104) in the last column, and the third-level liquid outlet channel (106) is connected to the total liquid outlet channel (107).

3. The liquid cooling plate according to claim 2, wherein: One end of the lower cold plate (1) is provided with a liquid inlet (101) and a liquid outlet (108), the liquid inlet (101) is connected to the primary liquid inlet channel (103), and the liquid outlet (108) is connected to the total liquid outlet channel (107).

4. The liquid cooling plate according to claim 3, wherein: The left and right ends of the U-shaped flow channel (104) are respectively provided with a secondary liquid inlet flow channel (1041) and a secondary liquid outlet flow channel (1042); the secondary liquid inlet flow channel (1041) is connected to the primary liquid inlet flow channel (103); the secondary liquid outlet flow channels (1042) of the remaining U-shaped flow channels (104) except the last column are all connected to the primary liquid outlet flow channel (105); the secondary liquid outlet flow channels (1042) of the last column of the U-shaped flow channels (104) are connected to the total liquid outlet flow channel (107).

5. The liquid cooling plate according to claim 4, characterized in that: The center line of the primary liquid outlet channel (105) is perpendicular to the center line of the secondary liquid outlet channel (1042); the center line of the primary liquid outlet channel (105) is perpendicular to the center line of the tertiary liquid outlet channel (106); the center line of the tertiary liquid outlet channel (106) is perpendicular to the center line of the total liquid outlet channel (107); and the center line of the secondary liquid inlet channel (1041) is perpendicular to the center line of the primary liquid inlet channel (103).

6. The liquid cooling plate according to claim 1, wherein: The sizes of the U-shaped flow channels (104) in the same column are different.

7. The liquid cooling plate according to claim 4, wherein: The size of each of the secondary liquid inlet flow channels (1041) connected to the same primary liquid inlet flow channel (103) is different; the flow rate difference between each of the primary liquid inlet flow channels (103) is less than 5%, and the flow rate difference between each of the secondary liquid inlet flow channels (1041) connected to the same primary liquid inlet flow channel (103) is less than 10%.

8. A battery pack, characterized in that: It comprises a matrix-arranged battery cell module (3) and a liquid cooling plate as claimed in claims 1 to 7, wherein the battery cell module (3) is connected to the side of the upper cooling plate (2) away from the lower cooling plate (1).

9. The battery pack according to claim 8, characterized in that: The projection positions of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery pack on the liquid cooling plate respectively correspond to an inlet of the first-level liquid inlet channel (103).

10. The battery pack according to claim 9, characterized in that: Two adjacent battery cells in each column constitute a battery cell unit, and a vertical projection area of ​​the battery cell unit corresponds to one of the U-shaped flow channels (104).

Images