Solar cell, photovoltaic module, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The utility model discloses a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power utilization device and a power generation device.The solar cell comprises a first substrate and a plurality of battery packs which are arranged on the first substrate in the first direction and are sequentially connected in series, and each battery pack comprises a plurality of battery strings which are arranged in the first direction and are connected in parallel; each battery string comprises a plurality of sub-batteries which are arranged along a first direction and are sequentially connected in series; each battery pack is connected with at least one bypass switch unit in parallel, and the bypass switch units are used for controlling the battery packs to be in a normal working state or a bypass state.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power consumption device and a power generation device. BACKGROUND

[0002] When a thin-film solar cell (for example, a perovskite solar cell) module is shaded, the module will generate a hot spot effect, thereby affecting the performance and power generation of the module. Generally, the method for solving the hot spot effect of the thin-film solar cell module mainly includes connecting a bypass diode in parallel in the module, and the PN junction structure of the bypass diode forms a reverse bias parallel structure with the solar cells in the module, thereby playing a bypass conduction role.

[0003] However, in the related art, all the sub-cells in the thin-film solar cell module are connected in series, and only one bypass diode is provided. When the shaded area of the module reaches a certain proportion, the bypass diode is turned on, so that the entire module cannot generate power, thereby causing a loss. CONTENT OF THE UTILITY MODEL

[0004] To solve the above technical problems, the present application provides a photovoltaic module configured with multiple bypass diodes, thereby reducing the power loss of the module when the hot spot effect occurs.

[0005] The present application is implemented by the following technical solutions.

[0006] The first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, comprising: a first substrate, and a plurality of cell groups arranged along a first direction on the first substrate and connected in series in turn, each cell group comprising a plurality of cell strings arranged along the first direction and connected in parallel, each cell string comprising a plurality of sub-cells arranged along the first direction and connected in series in turn; and a plurality of bypass switch units, each cell group being connected in parallel with at least one bypass switch unit, and the bypass switch unit being used for controlling the cell group to be in a normal working state or a bypass state.

[0007] In this way, when one or more cell groups are shaded to generate a hot spot effect, the bypass switch unit connected in parallel with the one or more cell groups is turned on, the cell group generating the hot spot effect is short-circuited, and the cell groups not shaded or with insufficient shaded area can continue to generate power, thereby reducing the power loss of the module. In addition, in the present application, each cell group comprises a plurality of cell strings arranged along the first direction, and by connecting the plurality of cell strings of each cell group in parallel, the voltage of the solar cell is reduced, more solar cells can be connected in series without increasing the number of system inverters, thereby improving the power conversion rate of the photovoltaic module system.

[0008] In any embodiment, the bypass switch unit comprises bypass diodes, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode of each battery pack are connected to the negative electrode and the positive electrode of at least one bypass diode, respectively. In this way, the PN junction structure of the bypass diode forms a reverse bias parallel connection structure with the battery pack, and when the battery pack is shaded to generate a hot spot effect, the bypass diode bypasses the battery pack to conduct, so that the battery pack in parallel connection with the bypass diode can be controlled to be in a normal working state or a bypass state.

[0009] In any embodiment, any two adjacent battery packs in the plurality of battery packs comprise a first battery pack and a second battery pack arranged adjacent to each other in the first direction; in the first direction, the first battery pack comprises a first battery string and a second battery string located at the head end and the tail end, respectively, and the second battery pack comprises a third battery string and a fourth battery string located at the head end and the tail end, respectively, and the second battery string and the third battery string are arranged adjacent to each other.

[0010] The sub-cell comprises a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked in order from bottom to top on the first substrate, and in the first direction, the first electrode layer of the tail end sub-cell of the second battery string is electrically connected to the second electrode layer of the head end sub-cell of the third battery string.

[0011] In any embodiment, the solar cell further comprises a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer and a third conductive layer.

[0012] In the first direction, the head end sub-cells of the plurality of battery strings in the first battery pack are electrically connected in order through the first conductive layer; the tail end sub-cells of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery pack are electrically connected in order through the second conductive layer; the tail end sub-cells of the battery strings in the first battery pack except the second battery string, and the head end sub-cells of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery pack are electrically connected in order through the third conductive layer.

[0013] In this way, the first conductive layer realizes the first pole electrical connection of the plurality of battery strings in the first battery pack, the second conductive layer realizes the second pole electrical connection of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery pack, the third conductive layer realizes the second pole electrical connection of the plurality of battery strings in the first battery pack and the first pole electrical connection of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery pack, thereby realizing the parallel connection of the plurality of battery strings in the first battery pack and the parallel connection of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery pack.

[0014] In any embodiment, the solar cell further comprises:

[0015] A first insulating layer is arranged on the sub-cells between the head end sub-cell of the first battery string and the head end sub-cell of the second battery string in the first direction, and the first conductive layer is located on the first insulating layer, and the two ends of the first conductive layer are electrically connected to the head end sub-cell of the first battery string and the head end sub-cell of the second battery string, respectively.

[0016] In the case that there is at least one battery string between the first battery string and the second battery string, the solar cell further comprises: at least one fourth conductive layer, located on and electrically connected to the head terminal cell of the battery string between the first battery string and the second battery string, and part of each fourth conductive layer is located on the first insulating layer and electrically connected to the first conductive layer.

[0017] In this way, the first conductive layer realizes electrical connection with the head terminal cell of the battery string between the first battery string and the second battery string through the fourth conductive layer, and the first insulating layer is arranged to avoid electrical connection between the first conductive layer and the other sub-cells of the battery string in the first battery group except the head terminal cell, thereby avoiding the risk of short circuit.

[0018] In any embodiment, the solar cell further comprises:

[0019] A second insulating layer, in the first direction, the second insulating layer is arranged on at least the sub-cells between the tail terminal cell of the third battery string and the tail terminal cell of the fourth battery string, the second conductive layer is located on the second insulating layer, and two ends of the second conductive layer are electrically connected to the tail terminal cell of the third battery string and the tail terminal cell of the fourth battery string, respectively;

[0020] In the case that there is at least one battery string between the third battery string and the fourth battery string, the solar cell further comprises: at least one fifth conductive layer, located on and electrically connected to the tail terminal cell of the battery string between the third battery string and the fourth battery string, and part of each fifth conductive layer is located on the second insulating layer and electrically connected to the second conductive layer.

[0021] In this way, the second conductive layer realizes electrical connection with the tail terminal cell of the battery string between the third battery string and the fourth battery string through the fifth conductive layer, and the second insulating layer is arranged to avoid electrical connection between the second conductive layer and the other sub-cells of the battery string in the second battery group except the tail terminal cell, thereby avoiding the risk of short circuit.

[0022] In any embodiment, the solar cell further comprises:

[0023] A third insulating layer, in the first direction, the third insulating layer is arranged on at least the sub-cells between the tail terminal cell of the first battery string and the head terminal cell of the fourth battery string, the third conductive layer is located on the third insulating layer, and two ends of the third conductive layer are electrically connected to the tail terminal cell of the first battery string and the head terminal cell of the fourth battery string, respectively;

[0024] At least one sixth conductive layer, the sixth conductive layer is located on and electrically connected to at least the head terminal cell of the third battery string, and part of each sixth conductive layer is located on the third insulating layer and electrically connected to the third conductive layer.

[0025] Therefore, the tail terminal cell of the battery string other than the second battery string in the first battery group and the head terminal cell of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery group are sequentially connected through the electrical connection of the third conductive layer and the sixth conductive layer. In addition, the third insulating layer is arranged to avoid the third conductive layer from contacting the sub-cell between the first battery string and the fourth battery string, thereby avoiding the risk of short circuit.

[0026] In any embodiment, the plurality of bypass switch units include a first bypass diode and a second bypass diode; and the solar cell further includes:

[0027] The first lead-out wire and the second lead-out wire, the first pole of the first battery group and the second pole of the first bypass diode are connected through the first lead-out wire, and the second pole of the first battery group and the first pole of the first bypass diode are connected through the second lead-out wire;

[0028] The third lead-out wire and the fourth lead-out wire, the first pole of the second battery group and the second pole of the first bypass diode are connected through the third lead-out wire, and the second pole of the second battery group and the first pole of the second bypass diode are connected through the fourth lead-out wire; wherein the first pole is one of the positive pole and the negative pole, and the second pole is the other of the positive pole and the negative pole.

[0029] Therefore, when the first battery group and / or the second battery group is shaded to generate a hot spot effect, the first bypass diode and / or the second bypass diode is turned on to short circuit the first battery group and / or the second battery group generating the hot spot effect.

[0030] In any embodiment, the solar cell further includes: a second substrate located on the plurality of battery groups, the plurality of battery groups being encapsulated between the first substrate and the second substrate, the second substrate being provided with a first junction box and a second junction box, and the first bypass diode and the second bypass diode being arranged in the first junction box and the second junction box, respectively.

[0031] The second substrate is provided with at least one through hole, and the first lead-out wire, the second lead-out wire, the third lead-out wire and the fourth lead-out wire pass through the through hole and are electrically connected with the first bypass diode and the second bypass diode, respectively.

[0032] Therefore, the current generated by the solar cell is led out to the junction box.

[0033] In any embodiment, the sub-cell includes a light-absorbing layer, and the light-absorbing layer includes one or more of a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper-indium-gallium-selenium light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide light-absorbing layer, and an organic dye light-absorbing layer. The above-mentioned light-absorbing layer can be used to prepare a thin-film solar cell with a light-absorbing layer thickness of microns or nanometers, so as to expand the application scenarios of the solar cell.

[0034] The second aspect of the present application further provides a photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module comprising the solar cell of the first aspect of the present application.

[0035] The third aspect of the present application further provides an electric device, the electric device comprising the photovoltaic module of the second aspect of the present application.

[0036] The fourth aspect of the present application further provides a power generation device, the power generation device comprising the photovoltaic module of the second aspect of the present application.

[0037] The details of one or more embodiments of the present application are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0038] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced as follows. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings can also be obtained by those skilled in the art without any creative effort on the basis of these drawings.

[0039] Figure 1 a Structure block diagram of the photovoltaic module provided by some embodiments of the present application; Figure 1 b Schematic block diagram of the electric device provided by some embodiments of the present application; Figure 1 c Schematic block diagram of the power generation device provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0040] Figure 2 Structure schematic diagram of the solar cell provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0041] Figure 3 Top view schematic diagram of the plurality of cell groups provided by some embodiments of the present application; Figure 4 For Figure 3 Circuit schematic diagram of the solar cell;

[0042] Figure 5 Top view schematic diagram of the plurality of cell groups provided by some other embodiments of the present application; Figure 6 For Figure 5 Circuit schematic diagram of the solar cell;

[0043] Figure 7 Structure schematic diagram of the plurality of sub-cells provided by some embodiments of the present application; Figure 8 For Figure 7 Structure schematic diagram of the functional layer;

[0044] Figure 9a to 9c Flowchart of the manufacturing method of the solar cell provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0045] Figure 10 A top view schematic diagram of a solar cell provided for some embodiments of the present application; Figure 11 A top view schematic diagram of a solar cell provided for some embodiments of the present application; Figure 10 A top view schematic diagram of a first junction box in the solar cell provided for some embodiments of the present application; Figure 12 A top view schematic diagram of a second junction box in the solar cell provided for some embodiments of the present application; Figure 10 A top view schematic diagram of a second junction box in the solar cell provided for some embodiments of the present application.

[0046] 1 solar cell; 2 electric device; 3 power generation device; 100 photovoltaic module; 101 first substrate; 102 second substrate; 11 sealing layer; 13 cell group; 131 first cell group; 132 second cell group; 14 cell string; 15 first cell string; 16 second cell string; 17 third cell string; 18 fourth cell string; 19 sub-cell; 191 first electrode layer; 192 functional layer; 193 second electrode layer; 20 bypass diode; 201 first bypass diode; 202 second bypass diode; 21 first insulating layer; 22 second insulating layer; 23 third insulating layer; 24 fourth insulating layer; 31 first conductive layer; 32 second conductive layer; 33 third conductive layer; 34 fourth conductive layer; 35 fifth conductive layer; 36 sixth conductive layer; 37 seventh conductive layer; 38 eighth conductive layer; 411 first junction box; 412 second junction box; 42 through hole; L1 first lead-out wire; L2 second lead-out wire; L3 third lead-out wire; L4 fourth lead-out wire. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] The embodiments of the technical solutions of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and therefore only serve as examples, and cannot limit the protection scope of the present application.

[0048] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present application belongs; the terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments, and are not intended to limit the present application; the terms "include" and "have" and any variations thereof in the specification and claims of the present application and the above description of drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0049] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first", "second", "third" and the like are only used to distinguish different objects, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number, specific order or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the meaning of "a plurality of" is two or more, unless otherwise explicitly and specifically limited.

[0050] Reference to“an embodiment” herein means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of the phrase“in an embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are they necessarily all directed to the same embodiment, nor are they necessarily all mutually exclusive or alternative embodiments.

[0051] In the description of the embodiments of the application, the term“and / or” only means an association relationship of the associated objects, which means that there can be three relationships, for example, A and / or B, which can mean that A exists alone, A and B exist together, and B exists alone. In addition, the character“ / ” herein generally means that the front and rear associated objects are“or” relationship.

[0052] In the description of the embodiments of the application, the technical terms“length”,“width”,“thickness”,“upper”,“lower”,“front”,“rear”,“left”,“right”,“vertical”,“horizontal”,“top”,“bottom”,“inner”,“outer”,“circumferential” and the like indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of the application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, operate or be used in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the embodiments of the application.

[0053] In the description of the embodiments of the application, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the technical terms“mounting”,“connection”,“connection”,“fixing” and the like should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be fixedly connected, or it can be detachably connected, or it can be integrated; it can be mechanically connected, or it can be electrically connected; it can be directly connected, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium; it can be the internal communication of two elements or the interaction relationship between two elements. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms in the embodiments of the application can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0054] In the description of the embodiments of the application, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the technical term“contact” should be understood in a broad sense, which can be direct contact or contact through an intermediate medium layer, which can be contact between two objects in contact without interaction force, or contact between two objects in contact with interaction force.

[0055] The application will be described in detail below.

[0056] When a thin-film solar cell (e.g. perovskite solar cell) module is shaded, the module cannot generate energy due to the lack of light, and consumes the energy generated by other modules that are in the light. The shaded module heats up due to the consumption of energy, and generates a hot spot effect, thereby affecting the performance and power generation of the module. Generally, the method for solving the hot spot effect of a thin-film solar cell module is to connect a bypass diode in parallel with the module, and the PN junction structure of the bypass diode is connected in reverse bias with the solar cells in the module to form a parallel structure, thereby playing a bypass conduction role.

[0057] However, in the related art, all the sub-cells in the thin-film solar cell module are connected in series, and only one bypass diode is provided. When the shaded area of the module reaches a certain proportion, the bypass diode is turned on, and the entire module cannot generate electricity, resulting in a loss.

[0058] Therefore, the inventors propose a technical solution in which the solar cell includes a plurality of cell groups connected in series, and each cell group is connected in parallel with one or more bypass switch units. When one or more cell groups are shaded and generate a hot spot effect, the bypass switch units connected in parallel with the one or more cell groups are turned on, and the cell groups generating the hot spot effect are short-circuited. The cell groups that are not shaded or have a shaded area that is insufficient can continue to generate electricity. In this way, the power loss of the module is reduced. In addition, in the present application, each cell group includes a plurality of cell strings arranged in a first direction. By connecting the plurality of cell strings of each cell group in parallel, the voltage of the solar cell is reduced, and more solar cells can be connected in series without increasing the number of system inverters, thereby improving the power conversion rate of the photovoltaic module system.

[0059] The technical solution described in the embodiments of the present application is applicable to a photovoltaic module including a solar cell, an electric device using the photovoltaic module, and a power generation device using the photovoltaic module.

[0060] As shown in Figure 1 a The photovoltaic module 100 includes a solar cell 1. The solar cell 1 can be one or a plurality of solar cells. If the solar cell 1 is a plurality of solar cells 1, the plurality of solar cells 1 can be connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixed connection. The mixed connection means that some of the plurality of solar cells 1 are connected in series and some are connected in parallel, thereby providing a higher voltage and current.

[0061] Figure 1 bA schematic block diagram of the power utilization device 1 provided in some embodiments of the present application is shown in FIG. 1. The power utilization device 2 includes the photovoltaic module 100. The power utilization device 2 can be a vehicle, a mobile phone, a portable device, a notebook computer, a ship, a spacecraft, an electric toy, an electric tool, or the like. The vehicle can be a fuel automobile, a gas automobile, or a new energy automobile. The spacecraft includes an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, a spacecraft, or the like. The electric toy includes a stationary or mobile electric toy, such as a game machine, an electric automobile toy, an electric ship toy, an electric airplane toy, or the like. The electric tool includes a metal cutting electric tool, a grinding electric tool, an assembling electric tool, a railway electric tool, or the like, such as an electric drill, an electric grinder, an electric wrench, an electric screwdriver, an electric hammer, an impact electric drill, a concrete vibrator, an electric planer, or the like. The power utilization device 2 is not specially limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0062] Figure 1 c A schematic block diagram of the power generation device 3 provided in some embodiments of the present application is shown in FIG. 2. The power generation device 3 includes the photovoltaic module 100. The power generation device 3 can further include a control system and a transmission system. The power generation device 3 provided in the present application adjusts the electric energy generated from the photovoltaic module 100 to be able to match the electric energy of the power utilization device through the control system and the transmission system.

[0063] In the following, the power utilization device 1 and the power generation device 3 provided in some embodiments of the present application are described in detail. Figures 2 to 12 In the following, the power utilization device 1 and the power generation device 3 provided in some embodiments of the present application are described in detail.

[0064] As shown in FIG. 1, the present application provides a solar cell, which includes a first substrate 101, and a plurality of cell groups 13 arranged along a first direction on the first substrate 101 and connected in series, each cell group 13 including a plurality of cell strings 14 arranged along the first direction and connected in parallel, each cell string 14 including a plurality of sub-cells 19 arranged along the first direction and connected in series, and a plurality of bypass switch units 20, each cell group 13 being connected in parallel with at least one bypass switch unit 20, the bypass switch unit 20 being configured to control the cell group 13 to be in a normal working state or a bypass state.

[0065] As shown in FIG. 1, the present application provides a solar cell, which includes a first substrate 101, and a plurality of cell groups 13 arranged along a first direction on the first substrate 101 and connected in series, each cell group 13 including a plurality of cell strings 14 arranged along the first direction and connected in parallel, each cell string 14 including a plurality of sub-cells 19 arranged along the first direction and connected in series, and a plurality of bypass switch units 20, each cell group 13 being connected in parallel with at least one bypass switch unit 20, the bypass switch unit 20 being configured to control the cell group 13 to be in a normal working state or a bypass state. Figure 2 As shown in FIG. 1, the present application provides a solar cell, which includes a first substrate 101, and a plurality of cell groups 13 arranged along a first direction on the first substrate 101 and connected in series, each cell group 13 including a plurality of cell strings 14 arranged along the first direction and connected in parallel, each cell string 14 including a plurality of sub-cells 19 arranged along the first direction and connected in series, and a plurality of bypass switch units 20, each cell group 13 being connected in parallel with at least one bypass switch unit 20, the bypass switch unit 20 being configured to control the cell group 13 to be in a normal working state or a bypass state.

[0066] The materials of the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102 may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102 include inorganic substrates made of quartz, sapphire, glass, etc., and transparent plastic substrates made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetraacetyl cellulose, brominated phenoxy, aromatic polyamides, polyimides, polystyrenes, polyarylates, polysulfones, polyolefins, etc.

[0067] In some embodiments, the battery groups 13 located at both ends of the plurality of battery groups 13 along the first direction are spaced a predetermined distance from the edge of the first substrate 101 to expose the edge of the first substrate 101. The solar cell further includes a sealing layer 11 disposed along the edge of the first substrate 101. The sealing layer 11 seals the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102 together. The material of the sealing layer 11 includes, but is not limited to, butyl rubber.

[0068] like Figure 3 、 Figure 5 and Figure 7 As shown, in some embodiments, a plurality of sub-cells 19 are arranged along a first direction on a first substrate 101 , and the sub-cells 19 include a first electrode layer 191 , a functional layer 192 , and a second electrode layer 193 stacked sequentially from bottom to top on the first substrate 101 .

[0069] In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode layer 191 can be a transparent conductive material, including but not limited to one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO), cerium-doped indium oxide (ICO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc-doped zinc oxide (IZO) and antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO).

[0070] In some embodiments, the material of the second electrode layer 193 may include a metal electrode material, a carbon material, or a composite electrode material composed of a metal electrode material and a transparent electrode material; wherein the metal electrode material includes one or more of silver, aluminum, gold, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel, platinum and palladium, and the carbon material includes graphene, etc.

[0071] In some embodiments, functional layer 192 includes at least a light-absorbing layer 1922. Light-absorbing layer 1922 can generate electron-hole pairs under the stimulation of incident photons. The flow of electrons and holes generates current, thereby converting light energy into electrical energy. Light-absorbing layer 1922 can convert solar energy into electrical energy using any suitable mechanism.

[0072] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer 1922 can include one or more of a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide light-absorbing layer, and an organic dye light-absorbing layer. The above-mentioned light-absorbing layers can be used to prepare thin-film solar cells with a light-absorbing layer thickness of microns or nanometers, so as to expand the application scenarios of solar cells.

[0073] In some embodiments, the functional layer 192 further includes a first transport layer 1921 located between the first electrode layer 191 and the light-absorbing layer 1922, and / or a second transport layer 1923 located between the light-absorbing layer 1922 and the second electrode layer 193. One of the first transport layer 1921 and the second transport layer 1923 is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer. The arrangement of the electron transport layer and / or the hole transport layer helps to extract and transport the electron-hole pairs generated by the light-absorbing layer 1922 to the corresponding electrode, thereby improving the carrier transport capability. The electron transport layer and the hole transport layer can be arranged on both sides of the light-absorbing layer 1922, or one of them can be arranged on one side of the light-absorbing layer 1922, such as only the hole transport layer, which is not limited herein.

[0074] The electron transport layer material is an n-type semiconductor and has an electron transport capability. The specific material includes but is not limited to one or more of titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), vanadium oxide (V2O5), zinc tin oxide (Zn2SnO4), fullerene C60, fullerene C70, fullerene C76, fullerene C78, fullerene C84, fullerene C 60 (C 60 ), fullerene C 70 (C 70 ), and fullerene derivatives (such as [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid isomethyl ester, PC 61 BM), etc., which are not specifically limited herein.

[0075] The hole transport layer material is a p-type semiconductor and has a hole transport capability. The specific material includes but is not limited to one or more of nickel oxide (NiOx), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), copper iodide (CuI), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), zinc oxide, 2,2',7,7'-tetra(N,N-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)((2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), etc., which are not specifically limited herein.

[0076] In some embodiments, in order to further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, interface treatment layers can also be added between different film layers in the first electrode layer 191, the functional layer 192, and the second electrode layer 193, such as a passivation layer for passivating perovskite defects, a blocking layer for blocking hole transport, and the like.

[0077] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a P1 scribe line, a P2 scribe line, and a P3 scribe line, the P1 scribe line penetrates the first electrode layer 191, the P2 scribe line penetrates the functional layer 192, and the P3 scribe line penetrates the second electrode layer 193 and the functional layer 192, and the P1 scribe line, the P2 scribe line, and the P3 scribe line divide the first electrode layer 191, the functional layer 192, and the second electrode layer 193 into a plurality of sub-cells 19. Figure 7

[0078] In the present application, the number of the battery groups 13, the number of the battery strings 14 in each battery group 13, and the number of the sub-cells 19 in each battery string 14 can all be 2 or more, and the number of the battery strings 14 in different battery groups 13 can be the same or different, and the number of the sub-cells 19 in different battery strings 14 can be the same or different.

[0079] When a battery group 13 is shaded to produce a hot spot effect, the power generation of the shaded battery group 13 will decrease. In the present application, each battery group 13 is connected in parallel with one or more bypass switch units 20, and the bypass switch unit 20 can control the battery group 13 to be in a normal working state or a bypass state according to the power generation or voltage of the battery group 13 connected in parallel with it. Thus, when one or more battery groups 13 are shaded to produce a hot spot effect, the bypass switch units 20 connected in parallel with the one or more battery groups 13 are turned on, the one or more battery groups 13 producing the hot spot effect are short-circuited, and the battery groups 13 that are not shaded or have insufficient shading area can continue to generate power. In this way, the power loss of the solar cell is reduced. In addition, in the present application, each battery group 13 includes a plurality of battery strings 14 arranged in a first direction, and by connecting the plurality of battery strings 14 of each battery group 13 in parallel, the voltage of the solar cell is reduced, more solar cells can be connected in series without increasing the number of system inverters, and thus the power conversion rate of the photovoltaic module system can be improved.

[0080] In some embodiments, the bypass switch unit 20 includes a bypass diode, the positive electrode and the negative electrode of each battery group 13 are respectively connected to the negative electrode and the positive electrode of at least one bypass diode, the PN junction structure of the bypass diode and the battery group 13 form a reverse-biased parallel connection structure, and when the battery group 13 is shaded to produce a hot spot effect, the bypass diode functions as a bypass to conduct the battery group 13. In this way, the battery group 13 connected in reverse parallel with the bypass diode can be controlled to be in a normal working state or a bypass state. ​

[0081] But not limited to this, the bypass switch unit 20 can also be other switch components capable of controlling the battery pack 13 to be in a normal working state or a bypass state, for example, the bypass switch unit 20 can also be a transistor, specifically a MOS tube (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), and the MOS tube is controlled to be on or off by the control unit, thereby controlling the battery pack 13 to be in a normal working state or a bypass state.

[0082] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, any two adjacent battery packs 13 in the plurality of battery packs 13 include a first battery pack 131 and a second battery pack 132 arranged adjacent to each other along a first direction; in the first direction, the first battery pack 131 includes a first battery string 15 and a second battery string 16 located at a head end and a tail end respectively, and the second battery pack 132 includes a third battery string 17 and a fourth battery string 18 located at the head end and the tail end respectively. Figure 3

[0083] As shown in FIG. 1, the number of battery packs 13 is 3, and the number of battery strings 14 in each battery pack 13 is 3. But not limited to this, the number of battery packs 13 and the number of battery strings 14 contained in each battery pack 13 can be more or less, and the present application does not specially limit this. Figure 3 As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, in the first direction, the first electrode layer 191 of the tail end sub-cell 162 of the second battery string 16 is electrically connected with the second electrode layer 193 of the head end sub-cell 171 of the third battery string 17, and thus the series connection of the first battery pack 131 and the second battery pack 132 is realized. In some embodiments, the second electrode layer 193 of the head end sub-cell 171 of the third battery string 17 is also filled with P2 lines to realize the electrical connection with the first electrode layer 191 of the tail end sub-cell 162 of the second battery string 16. But not limited to this, the two can also be electrically connected by other means, and the present application does not limit this.

[0084] Figure 7 In some embodiments, the plurality of battery strings 14 in each battery pack 13 are isolated, and for the plurality of sub-cells 19 in each battery string 14, the second electrode layer 193 is filled with P2 lines to realize the series connection of the plurality of sub-cells 19 in each battery string 14 in turn. But not limited to this, the two adjacent sub-cells 19 in the battery string 14 can also be connected in series by other means, and the present application does not limit this.

[0085] In some embodiments, the plurality of battery strings 14 in each battery pack 13 are isolated, and for the plurality of sub-cells 19 in each battery string 14, the second electrode layer 193 is filled with P2 lines to realize the series connection of the plurality of sub-cells 19 in each battery string 14 in turn. But not limited to this, the two adjacent sub-cells 19 in the battery string 14 can also be connected in series by other means, and the present application does not limit this.

[0086] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, any two adjacent battery packs 13 in the plurality of battery packs 13 include a first battery pack 131 and a second battery pack 132 arranged adjacent to each other along a first direction; in the first direction, the first battery pack 131 includes a first battery string 15 and a second battery string 16 located at a head end and a tail end respectively, and the second battery pack 132 includes a third battery string 17 and a fourth battery string 18 located at the head end and the tail end respectively. Figure 3 ​As shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell further comprises: a first conductive layer 31, a second conductive layer 32 and a third conductive layer 33 located on the plurality of cell groups 13; in the first direction, the head terminal cells 14a of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the first cell group 131 are sequentially electrically connected through the first conductive layer 31; the tail terminal cells 14b of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the second cell group 132 are sequentially electrically connected through the second conductive layer 32; the tail terminal cells 14b of the cell strings 14 in the first cell group 131 except the second cell string 16, and the head terminal cells 14a of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the second cell group 132 are sequentially electrically connected through the third conductive layer 33. Here, the head terminal cell 14a and the tail terminal cell 14b of the cell string 14 refer to the sub-cell 19 located at the head and tail of the cell string 14 respectively in the first direction.

[0087] In this way, the first conductive layer 31 realizes the electrical connection of the first poles d1 (see Figure 4 and Figure 6 ) of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the first cell group 131, the second conductive layer 32 realizes the electrical connection of the second poles d2 (see Figure 4 and Figure 6 ) of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the second cell group 132, and the third conductive layer 33 realizes the electrical connection of the second poles d2 of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the first cell group 131, and the electrical connection of the first poles d1 of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the second cell group 132, thereby realizing the parallel connection of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the first cell group 131, and the parallel connection of the plurality of cell strings 14 in the second cell group 132.

[0088] Here, the first pole d1 is one of the positive pole and the negative pole, the second pole d2 is the other of the positive pole and the negative pole, and the polarity of the first pole d1 is opposite to that of the second pole d2. In some embodiments, when the electrons in the plurality of sub-cells 19 are transmitted in the first direction, the first pole d1 is the negative pole, and the second pole d2 is the positive pole; conversely, when the electrons in the plurality of sub-cells 19 are transmitted in the direction opposite to the first direction, the first pole d1 is the positive pole, and the second pole d2 is the negative pole. Figures 3 to 6 and Figure 9a to 9c The first pole d1 being the positive pole and the second pole d2 being the negative pole as marked in the above are only examples, and are not intended to limit the present application.

[0089] In the related art, the internal of the perovskite solar cell is usually all sub-cells in series along the first direction, and one perovskite solar cell is connected in reverse parallel with one bypass diode. When the perovskite solar cell is shaded to generate hot spot effect, the bypass diode is opened, which will cause the whole perovskite solar cell to be unable to generate electricity, resulting in loss. In the present application, the thin-film solar cell, especially the perovskite solar cell, includes a plurality of battery groups 13 (for example, two) arranged along the first direction, each battery group 13 includes a plurality of battery strings 14. The present application realizes the series connection of the plurality of battery groups 13, the parallel connection of the plurality of battery strings 14 in each battery group 13, and the parallel connection of each battery group 13 and at least one bypass switch unit 20 through the setting of the plurality of conductive layers such as the first conductive layer 31, the second conductive layer 32, the third conductive layer 33, and the lead-out wire. In this way, when one or more battery groups 13 of the perovskite solar cell are shaded to generate hot spot effect, the bypass switch unit 20 connected in parallel with the one or more battery groups 13 is opened, the battery group 13 generating hot spot effect is short-circuited, and the battery group 13 not shaded or with insufficient shading area can still continue to generate electricity. In this way, the power loss of the perovskite solar cell is reduced.

[0090] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes: a first insulating layer 21, in the first direction, the first insulating layer 21 is arranged on at least the sub-cells 19 between the first end sub-cell 151 of the first battery string 15 and the first end sub-cell 161 of the second battery string 16, the first conductive layer 31 is located on the first insulating layer 21, and the two ends of the first conductive layer 31 are respectively electrically connected with the first end sub-cell 151 of the first battery string 15 and the first end sub-cell 161 of the second battery string 16.

[0091] As shown in Figure 3 In some embodiments, in the case that there is at least one battery string 14 between the first battery string 15 and the second battery string 16, the solar cell further includes: at least one fourth conductive layer 34, which is located on and electrically connected with the first end sub-cell 14a of the battery string 14 between the first battery string 15 and the second battery string 16, and part of each fourth conductive layer 34 is located on the first insulating layer 21 and electrically connected with the first conductive layer 31. The fourth conductive layer 34 can be located above or below the first conductive layer 31. In some embodiments, the fourth conductive layer 34 extends along the second direction, which is perpendicular or oblique to the first direction.

[0092] In this way, the first conductive layer 31 realizes electrical connection with the first end sub-cell 14a of the battery string 14 between the first battery string 15 and the second battery string 16 through the fourth conductive layer 34, and the setting of the first insulating layer 21 avoids the electrical connection of the first conductive layer 31 with the sub-cells 19 other than the first end sub-cell 14a in the battery string 14 in the first battery group 131, thereby avoiding the risk of short circuit.

[0093] like Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, a seventh conductive layer 37 may also be provided on the first terminal battery 151 of the first battery string 15 and the first terminal battery 161 of the second battery string 16, and the seventh conductive layer 37 extends along the second direction, and the two ends of the first conductive layer 31 are respectively connected to the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the first terminal battery 151 of the first battery string 15 and the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the first terminal battery 161 of the second battery string 16.

[0094] In some embodiments, when there are other battery groups 13 on the side of the first battery group 131 away from the second battery group 132, the first conductive layer 31 and the first insulating layer 21 also cover the first terminal battery 151 of the first battery string 15 and extend to the battery group 13 on the side of the first battery group 131 away from the second battery group 132, and the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the first terminal battery 151 of the first battery string 15 is partially located on the first insulating layer 21 and connected to the first conductive layer 31.

[0095] like Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, at least the end of the first conductive layer 31 away from the first battery string 15 can protrude outward along the first direction from the first insulating layer 21 located thereunder, so that one end of the first conductive layer 31 forms a good connection with the first terminal battery 161 of the second battery string 16.

[0096] In some embodiments, the fourth conductive layer 34 and the seventh conductive layer 37 are both located on the second electrode layer 193 of the corresponding sub-cell 19. However, not limited thereto, in some embodiments, the first electrode layer 191 of the first terminal battery 14a of the plurality of battery strings 14 in the first battery group 131 may further include an extension portion (not shown) that protrudes from the functional layer 192 and the second electrode layer 193 of the first terminal battery 14a in a direction opposite to the first direction, and the fourth conductive layer 34 and the seventh conductive layer 37 may further be located on the extension portion.

[0097] In some embodiments, the first insulating layer 21 and the first conductive layer 31 may extend in a straight line along a direction that is the same as or oblique to the first direction, but are not limited thereto, and may also extend along a curve or a broken line.

[0098] like Figure 3As shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes: a second insulating layer 22, in a first direction, the second insulating layer 22 is at least arranged on the sub-cell 19 between the tail terminal cell 172 of the third cell string 17 and the tail terminal cell 182 of the fourth cell string 18, the second conductive layer 32 is located on the second insulating layer 22, and the two ends of the second conductive layer 32 are electrically connected to the tail terminal cell 172 of the third cell string 17 and the tail terminal cell 182 of the fourth cell string 18, respectively.

[0099] In some embodiments, when there is at least one cell string 14 between the third cell string 17 and the fourth cell string 18, the solar cell further includes: at least one fifth conductive layer 35, located on and electrically connected to the tail terminal cell 14b of the cell string 14 between the third cell string 17 and the fourth cell string 18, and a portion of each fifth conductive layer 35 is located on the second insulating layer 22 and electrically connected to the second conductive layer 32. The fifth conductive layer 35 can be located above or below the second conductive layer 32 and can extend along the second direction.

[0100] In this way, the second conductive layer 32 is electrically connected to the tail terminal battery 14b of the battery string 14 between the third battery string 17 and the fourth battery string 18 through the fifth conductive layer 35, and the setting of the second insulating layer 22 avoids the second conductive layer 32 from being electrically connected to other sub-batteries 19 of the battery string 14 in the second battery group 132 except the tail terminal battery 14b, thereby avoiding the risk of short circuit.

[0101] like Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, a seventh conductive layer 37 may also be provided on the tail terminal battery 172 of the third battery string 17 and the tail terminal battery 182 of the fourth battery string 18, and the two ends of the second conductive layer 32 are respectively connected to the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the tail terminal battery 172 of the third battery string 17 and the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the tail terminal battery 182 of the fourth battery string 18.

[0102] In some embodiments, when there are other battery groups 13 on the side of the second battery group 132 away from the first battery group 131, the second insulating layer 22 and the second conductive layer 32 also cover the tail terminal battery 182 of the fourth battery string 18 and extend to the battery group 13 located on the side of the second battery group 132 away from the first battery group 131, and the second conductive layer 32 is connected to the first terminal battery 19 of the battery group 13 or the conductive layer located on the first terminal battery 19 to achieve electrical connection with the tail terminal battery 182 of the fourth battery string 18.

[0103] In some embodiments, at least the end of the second conductive layer 32 away from the fourth battery string 18 can protrude outward from the second insulating layer 22 located thereunder in a direction opposite to the first direction, so that one end of the second conductive layer 32 forms a good connection with the tail terminal battery 172 of the third battery string 17.

[0104] In some embodiments, the fifth conductive layer 35 and the seventh conductive layer 37 are both located on the second electrode layer 193 of the corresponding sub-cell 19. However, this is not limiting. In some embodiments, the first electrode layer 191 of the tail terminal battery 14 b of the plurality of battery strings 14 in the second battery group 132 may further include an extension (not shown) that protrudes from the functional layer 192 and the second electrode layer 193 of the tail terminal battery 14 b along the first direction. The fifth conductive layer 35 and the seventh conductive layer 37 may further be located on the extension.

[0105] In some embodiments, the second insulating layer 22 and the second conductive layer 32 may extend in a straight line along a direction that is the same as or oblique to the first direction, but are not limited thereto, and may also extend along a curve or a broken line.

[0106] like Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes: a third insulating layer 23, which is arranged at least on the sub-cell 19 between the tail terminal cell 152 of the first cell string 15 and the head terminal cell 181 of the fourth cell string 18 in the first direction, and the third conductive layer 33 is located on the third insulating layer 23, and the two ends of the third conductive layer 33 are electrically connected to the tail terminal cell 152 of the first cell string 15 and the head terminal cell 181 of the fourth cell string 18, respectively.

[0107] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes: at least one sixth conductive layer 36, the sixth conductive layer 36 being located at least on and electrically connected to the first terminal cell 171 of the third cell string 17, and a portion of each sixth conductive layer 36 being located on the third insulating layer 23 and connected to the third conductive layer 33. The sixth conductive layer 36 may be located above or below the third conductive layer 33, and may extend along the second direction.

[0108] In some embodiments, when there is at least one battery string 14 between the first battery string 15 and the second battery string 16, the sixth conductive layer 36 is also provided on the tail terminal battery 14b of the battery string 14 between the first battery string 15 and the second battery string 16; when there is at least one battery string 14 between the third battery string 17 and the fourth battery string 18, the sixth conductive layer 36 is also provided on the head terminal battery 14a of the battery string 14 between the third battery string 17 and the fourth battery string 18. In this way, the present application realizes the sequential connection of the tail terminal battery 14b of the battery string 14 other than the second battery string 16 in the first battery group 131 and the head terminal battery 14a of multiple battery strings 14 in the second battery group 132 through the electrical connection of the third conductive layer 33 and the sixth conductive layer 36; in addition, the provision of the third insulating layer 23 prevents the third conductive layer 33 from contacting the sub-battery 19 located between the first battery string 15 and the fourth battery string 18, thereby avoiding the risk of short circuit.

[0109] In some embodiments, in the first direction, both ends of the third conductive layer 33 may protrude outward from the third insulating layer 23 located thereunder, so that both ends of the third conductive layer 33 form a good connection with the tail terminal battery 152 of the first battery string 15 and the first terminal battery 181 of the fourth battery string 18, respectively.

[0110] like Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, a seventh conductive layer 37 can also be provided on the tail terminal battery 152 of the first battery string 15 and the head terminal battery 181 of the fourth battery string 18, and the two ends of the third conductive layer 33 are respectively connected to the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the tail terminal battery 152 of the first battery string 15 and the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the head terminal battery 181 of the fourth battery string 18.

[0111] In some embodiments, the sixth conductive layer 36 and the seventh conductive layer 37 are both located on the second electrode layer 193 of the corresponding sub-cell 19. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the tail terminal battery 14b of the battery string 14 other than the second battery string 16 in the first battery group 131 may further include an extension portion (not shown) that protrudes from the functional layer 192 and the second electrode layer 193 of the tail terminal battery 14b along a first direction. The head terminal battery 14a of the plurality of battery strings 14 in the second battery group 132 may also include an extension portion (not shown) that protrudes from the functional layer 192 and the second electrode layer 193 of the head terminal battery 14a along a direction opposite to the first direction. The sixth conductive layer 36 and the seventh conductive layer 37 may further be located on the extension portion of the corresponding sub-cell 19.

[0112] In some embodiments, the third insulating layer 23 and the third conductive layer 33 may extend in a straight line along a direction that is the same as or oblique to the first direction, but are not limited thereto, and may also extend along a curve or a broken line.

[0113] like Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, in one embodiment of the present application, the solar cell includes an adjacent first battery group 131 and a second battery group 132, the first battery string 15 and the second battery string 16 in the first battery group 131 are adjacent to each other, and the third battery string 17 and the fourth battery string 18 in the second battery group 132 are adjacent to each other. In this way, when one of the first battery group 131 and the second battery group 132 is shaded to produce a hot spot effect, the other battery group 13 that is not shaded or has an insufficient shaded area can still continue to generate electricity, thereby reducing the power loss of the photovoltaic module; in addition, the first battery group 131 and the second battery group 132 each include two parallel battery strings 14, so that the voltage of the solar cell is reduced by half. Without increasing the number of inverters on the system end, more solar cells can be connected in series, for example, from 8 solar cells in series to 16 solar cells in series, thereby improving the power conversion rate of the photovoltaic module system end.

[0114] In some embodiments, in a first direction, both ends of the first conductive layer 31 may protrude outward from the first insulating layer 21 located thereunder, so that both ends of the first conductive layer 31 respectively form a good connection with the first terminal battery 151 of the first battery string 15 and the first terminal battery 161 of the second battery string 16; both ends of the second conductive layer 32 may protrude outward from the second insulating layer 22 located thereunder, so that both ends of the second conductive layer 32 respectively form a good connection with the tail terminal battery 172 of the third battery string 17 and the tail terminal battery 182 of the fourth battery string 18.

[0115] like Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, in some embodiments, the plurality of bypass switch units 20 include a first bypass diode 201 and a second bypass diode 202; the solar cell further includes: a first lead-out line L1 and a second lead-out line L2; the first pole d1 of the first battery group 131 and the second pole d2 of the first bypass diode 201 are connected via the first lead-out line L1, and the second pole d2 of the first battery group 131 and the first pole d1 of the first bypass diode 201 are connected via the second lead-out line L2; a third lead-out line L3 and a fourth lead-out line L4, the first pole d1 of the second battery group 132 and the second pole d2 of the second bypass diode 202 are connected via the third lead-out line L3, and the second pole d2 of the second battery group 132 and the first pole d1 of the second bypass diode 202 are connected via the fourth lead-out line L4.

[0116] Thus, when the first battery group 131 and / or the second battery group 132 is shaded to generate a hot spot effect, the first bypass diode 201 and / or the second bypass diode 202 is turned on to short-circuit the first battery group 131 and / or the second battery group 132 generating the hot spot effect.

[0117] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the solar cell 12 further comprises a fourth insulating layer 24 located below the sixth conductive layer 36, and an eighth conductive layer 38 located above the fourth insulating layer 24, the extending direction of the eighth conductive layer 38 crosses the extending direction of the sixth conductive layer 36, and in the first direction, both ends of the eighth conductive layer 38 protrude outward from the sixth conductive layer 36. Figure 5 As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the solar cell 12 further comprises a fourth insulating layer 24 located below the sixth conductive layer 36, and an eighth conductive layer 38 located above the fourth insulating layer 24, the extending direction of the eighth conductive layer 38 crosses the extending direction of the sixth conductive layer 36, and in the first direction, both ends of the eighth conductive layer 38 protrude outward from the sixth conductive layer 36.

[0118] Figure 5 As shown in FIG. 1, the first lead-out wire L1 can be connected with the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the first terminal cell 151 of the first battery string 15, and the second lead-out wire L2 can be connected with the eighth conductive layer 38 close to the end of the first battery string 15, so that the first lead-out wire L1 and the second lead-out wire L2 are close in the first direction, facilitating the introduction of the first lead-out wire L1 and the second lead-out wire L2 into the same junction box.

[0119] However, the first lead-out wire L1 and the second lead-out wire L2 can also have other connection modes, for example, the first lead-out wire L1 can also be connected with the first conductive layer 31, or the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the first terminal cell 151 of the first battery string 15, and the second lead-out wire L2 can also be connected with the third conductive layer 33, the sixth conductive layer 36, the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the second terminal cell 152 of the first battery string 15, or the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the first terminal cell 181 of the fourth battery string 18, which is not specially limited in the present application.

[0120] As shown in FIG. 1, the third lead-out wire L3 can be connected with the eighth conductive layer 38 close to the end of the fourth battery string 18, and the fourth lead-out wire L4 can be connected with the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the second terminal cell 172 of the third battery string 17. Thus, the third lead-out wire L3 and the fourth lead-out wire L4 are close in the first direction, facilitating the introduction of the third lead-out wire L3 and the fourth lead-out wire L4 into the same junction box. Figure 5

[0121] ​​But not limited to this, the third lead-out line L3 and the fourth lead-out line L4 can also have other connection modes, for example, the third lead-out line L3 can also be connected with the third conductive layer 33, the sixth conductive layer 36, the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the tail terminal cell 152 of the first battery string 15, or the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the head terminal cell 181 of the fourth battery string 18, etc., and the fourth lead-out line L4 can also be connected with the second conductive layer 32 or with the seventh conductive layer 37 located on the tail terminal cell 182 of the fourth battery string 18, etc., which is not specially limited in the present application.

[0122] In some embodiments, the materials of the first conductive layer 31, the second conductive layer 32, the third conductive layer 33, the fourth conductive layer 34, the fifth conductive layer 35, the sixth conductive layer 36, the seventh conductive layer 37 and the eighth conductive layer 38 can be conductive tapes or conductive wires; wherein the conductive tapes include but are not limited to copper tapes, and the conductive tapes have adhesion for easy bonding with the sub-cells 19; the materials of the conductive wires include one or more of gold (Au), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), metal alloys, etc.

[0123] The materials of the first insulating layer 21, the second insulating layer 22, the third insulating layer 23 and the fourth insulating layer 24 include materials having adhesion for easy bonding with the sub-cells 19, for example, can include one or more of butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, and polyvinyl butyral, etc.

[0124] In some embodiments, the materials of the first lead-out line L1, the second lead-out line L2, the third lead-out line L3 and the fourth lead-out line L4 include one or more of copper, aluminum, silver, gold, tinned copper or alloys thereof, etc.

[0125] As shown in FIG. 1, in actual application, the series and parallel connection of the plurality of sub-cells 19 can be realized in the following manner: first, as shown in FIG. 2, the seventh conductive layer 37 is formed on the tail terminal cell 152 of the first battery string 15, the head terminal cell 161 of the second battery string 16, the tail terminal cell 172 of the third battery string 17 and the head terminal cell 181 of the fourth battery string 18; then, as shown in FIG. 3, the first insulating layer 21, the second insulating layer 22, the third insulating layer 23 and the fourth insulating layer 24 are formed; then, as shown in FIG. 4, the first lead-out line L1, the second lead-out line L2, the third lead-out line L3 and the fourth lead-out line L4 are formed. Figure 9a to 9c Figure 9a Figure 9b Figure 9c ​​​As shown, the first conductive layer 31, the second conductive layer 32, the third conductive layer 33, the sixth conductive layer 36, the eighth conductive layer 38, and the seventh conductive layer 37 on the head terminal cell 151 of the first cell string 15 and the tail terminal cell 182 of the fourth cell string 18 are formed.

[0126] It should be noted that the above-mentioned conductive layers and insulating layers can be formed by changing the above-mentioned step sequence without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0127] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the second substrate 102 is provided with a first junction box 411 and a second junction box 412, and the first bypass diode 201 and the second bypass diode 202 are arranged in the first junction box 411 and the second junction box 412, respectively. Figures 10 to 12 As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the second substrate 102 is provided with a first junction box 411 and a second junction box 412, and the first bypass diode 201 and the second bypass diode 202 are arranged in the first junction box 411 and the second junction box 412, respectively. Figure 10 As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the second substrate 102 is provided with a first junction box 411 and a second junction box 412, and the first bypass diode 201 and the second bypass diode 202 are arranged in the first junction box 411 and the second junction box 412, respectively. Figure 11 As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the second substrate 102 is provided with a first junction box 411 and a second junction box 412, and the first bypass diode 201 and the second bypass diode 202 are arranged in the first junction box 411 and the second junction box 412, respectively.

[0128] Here, the first lead-out wire L1 and the second lead-out wire L2 can be respectively led out from different through holes 42, or can be led out from the same through hole 42; the third lead-out wire L3 and the fourth lead-out wire L4 can be respectively led out from different through holes 42, or can be led out from the same through hole 42.

[0129] The above-mentioned embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, but not limit the present application; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the above-mentioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the above-mentioned embodiments, or equivalently replace some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, and they should be covered in the scope of the claims and the description of the present application. In particular, as long as there is no structural conflict, each technical feature mentioned in each embodiment can be combined in any way. The present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but includes all technical solutions falling within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized by, The solar cell comprises: a first substrate, and a plurality of battery groups arranged along a first direction on the first substrate and connected in series, each of the battery groups comprising a plurality of battery strings arranged along the first direction and connected in parallel, each of the battery strings comprising a plurality of sub-batteries arranged along the first direction and connected in series; a plurality of bypass switch units, each of the battery groups being connected in parallel with at least one of the bypass switch units, the bypass switch units being used for controlling the battery groups to be in a normal working state or a bypass state.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bypass switch units comprise bypass diodes, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode of each of the battery groups are connected with the negative electrode and the positive electrode of at least one of the bypass diodes, respectively.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, Any two adjacent battery groups in the plurality of battery groups comprise a first battery group and a second battery group arranged adjacently along the first direction; in the first direction, the first battery group comprises a first battery string and a second battery string located at a head end and a tail end, respectively, the second battery group comprises a third battery string and a fourth battery string located at the head end and the tail end, respectively, and the second battery string and the third battery string are arranged adjacently. The sub-batteries comprise a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence from bottom to top on the first substrate, and in the first direction, the first electrode layer of a tail-end sub-battery of the second battery string is electrically connected with the second electrode layer of a head-end sub-battery of the third battery string.

4. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein Any two adjacent battery groups in the plurality of battery groups comprise a first battery group and a second battery group arranged adjacently along the first direction; in the first direction, the first battery group comprises a first battery string and a second battery string located at a head end and a tail end, respectively, the second battery group comprises a third battery string and a fourth battery string located at the head end and the tail end, respectively, and the second battery string and the third battery string are arranged adjacently. The sub-batteries comprise a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence from bottom to top on the first substrate, and in the first direction, the first electrode layer of a tail-end sub-battery of the second battery string is electrically connected with the second electrode layer of a head-end sub-battery of the third battery string.

5. The solar cell according to claim 3, wherein The solar cell further comprises a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer and a third conductive layer. In the first direction, head-end sub-batteries of the plurality of battery strings in the first battery group are electrically connected in sequence through the first conductive layer; tail-end sub-batteries of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery group are electrically connected in sequence through the second conductive layer; tail-end sub-batteries of the battery strings other than the second battery string in the first battery group and head-end sub-batteries of the plurality of battery strings in the second battery group are electrically connected in sequence through the third conductive layer.

6. The solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The solar cell further comprises: a first insulating layer, in the first direction, the first insulating layer is arranged on at least one sub-battery between the head-end sub-battery of the first battery string and the head-end sub-battery of the second battery string, the first conductive layer is located on the first insulating layer, and two ends of the first conductive layer are electrically connected with the head-end sub-battery of the first battery string and the head-end sub-battery of the second battery string, respectively. In the case that there is at least one battery string between the first battery string and the second battery string, the solar cell further comprises: at least one fourth conductive layer, located on and electrically connected to the head terminal cell of the battery string between the first battery string and the second battery string, and part of each fourth conductive layer is located on the first insulating layer and electrically connected to the first conductive layer.

7. The solar cell of claim 5, wherein The solar cell further comprises: a second insulating layer, in the first direction, the second insulating layer is at least provided on the sub-cell between the tail terminal cell of the third battery string and the tail terminal cell of the fourth battery string, the second conductive layer is located on the second insulating layer, and both ends of the second conductive layer are electrically connected to the tail terminal cell of the third battery string and the tail terminal cell of the fourth battery string respectively; In the case that there is at least one battery string between the third battery string and the fourth battery string, the solar cell further comprises: at least one fifth conductive layer, located on and electrically connected to the tail terminal cell of the battery string between the third battery string and the fourth battery string, and part of each fifth conductive layer is located on the second insulating layer and electrically connected to the second conductive layer.

8. The solar cell of claim 5, wherein, The solar cell further comprises: a third insulating layer, in the first direction, at least provided on the sub-cell between the tail terminal cell of the first battery string and the head terminal cell of the fourth battery string, the third conductive layer is located on the third insulating layer, and both ends of the third conductive layer are electrically connected to the tail terminal cell of the first battery string and the head terminal cell of the fourth battery string respectively; at least one sixth conductive layer, the sixth conductive layer is at least located on and electrically connected to the head terminal cell of the third battery string, and part of each sixth conductive layer is located on the third insulating layer and electrically connected to the third conductive layer.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 3 to 8, characterized in that, The plurality of bypass switch units include a first bypass diode and a second bypass diode; the solar cell further comprises: a first lead-out wire and a second lead-out wire, the first pole of the first battery group and the second pole of the first bypass diode are connected through the first lead-out wire, and the second pole of the first battery group and the first pole of the first bypass diode are connected through the second lead-out wire; a third lead-out wire and a fourth lead-out wire, the first pole of the second battery group and the second pole of the first bypass diode are connected through the third lead-out wire, and the second pole of the second battery group and the first pole of the second bypass diode are connected through the fourth lead-out wire; wherein the first pole is one of the positive pole and the negative pole, and the second pole is the other of the positive pole and the negative pole.

10. The solar cell of claim 9, wherein, The solar cell further comprises: a second substrate located on the plurality of battery groups, the plurality of battery groups are packaged between the first substrate and the second substrate, the second substrate is provided with a first junction box and a second junction box, and the first bypass diode and the second bypass diode are arranged in the first junction box and the second junction box respectively; At least one through hole is formed on the second substrate, and the first lead-out line, the second lead-out line, the third lead-out line and the fourth lead-out line pass through the through hole and are electrically connected with the first bypass diode and the second bypass diode respectively.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The sub-cell comprises an absorbing layer, which comprises one or more of a perovskite absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon absorbing layer, a copper-indium-gallium-selenium absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide absorbing layer, and an organic dye absorbing layer.

12. The solar cell of claim 9, wherein, The sub-cell comprises an absorbing layer, which comprises one or more of a perovskite absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon absorbing layer, a copper-indium-gallium-selenium absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide absorbing layer, and an organic dye absorbing layer.

13. The solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The sub-cell comprises an absorbing layer, which comprises one or more of a perovskite absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon absorbing layer, a copper-indium-gallium-selenium absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide absorbing layer, and an organic dye absorbing layer.

14. A photovoltaic module, characterized by, The photovoltaic module comprises the solar cell according to any one of claims 1-13.

15. An electrical device, comprising: The power-using device comprises the photovoltaic module according to claim 14.

16. A power generation device characterized by comprising: The power-generating device comprises the photovoltaic module according to claim 14.

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