Battery and battery pack

Abstract

The utility model provides a battery and a battery pack, the battery comprises a shell, and a plurality of diaphragms, electrolyte, an electrode assembly and a soaking infiltration assembly accommodated in the shell, the electrode assembly comprises a plurality of pole pieces infiltrated in the electrolyte, the plurality of pole pieces comprise a plurality of first pole pieces and a plurality of second pole pieces, the plurality of first electrode plates and the plurality of second electrode plates are alternately arranged, the adjacent first electrode plates and second electrode plates are separated by a diaphragm to form an electrode unit, and the soaking infiltration assembly is connected to the electrode unit and is used for absorbing electrolyte to infiltrate the electrode unit. According to the battery provided by the embodiment of the utility model, on one hand, heat can be quickly conducted, and the temperature difference of all parts in the battery can be reduced. And on the other hand, the electrolyte can be quickly absorbed and used for infiltrating the electrode power supply, so that the efficiency of infiltrating the pole piece by the electrolyte is improved, and the overall performance of the battery is enhanced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of batteries, specifically to a battery and a battery pack. Background Technology

[0002] Common batteries typically consist of a casing and electrodes located within the casing. During the process of injecting electrolyte into the casing, on the one hand, the electrolyte requires a relatively long time to fully wet the electrodes, thus limiting battery performance. On the other hand, under normal operating conditions, batteries primarily transfer heat through current collectors and internal gas, resulting in poor heat dissipation and significant temperature differences between different parts of the battery, thus posing a safety hazard. Utility Model Content

[0003] The present invention provides a battery and battery pack that can solve the problems of low efficiency of electrolyte wetting of electrode sheets and poor heat uniformity in the above-mentioned batteries.

[0004] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a battery comprising: a casing; an electrolyte contained within the casing; a plurality of separators contained within the casing; an electrode assembly contained within the casing, comprising a plurality of electrode plates immersed in the electrolyte, the plurality of electrode plates including a plurality of first electrode plates and a plurality of second electrode plates, the plurality of first electrode plates and the plurality of second electrode plates being alternately arranged, and adjacent first electrode plates and second electrode plates being separated by a separator to form an electrode unit; and a heat-soaking and wetting assembly contained within the casing, the heat-soaking and wetting assembly being connected to the electrode unit and used to absorb electrolyte to wet the electrode unit.

[0005] In one embodiment, the heat-spreading and wetting assembly includes a heat-spreading element and a wetting element connected to the heat-spreading element. The heat-spreading element is thermally connected to the electrode assembly, and the wetting element is used to absorb electrolyte.

[0006] In one embodiment, the heat-spreading member has a receiving cavity and a through hole communicating with the receiving cavity, and the immersion member is installed in the receiving cavity.

[0007] In one embodiment, the first electrode sheet is provided with a first tab, the second electrode sheet is provided with a second tab, and the heat spreader 141 is provided with a third tab, which is electrically connected to the multiple first tabs of the multiple first electrode sheets.

[0008] In one embodiment, a diaphragm is provided on each side of the heat-soaking assembly to form a heat-soaking group with the heat-soaking assembly, and at least some of the diaphragms of the electrode units are replaced by the heat-soaking group.

[0009] In one embodiment, the immersion member is elastic, and when the immersion member is in an elastically compressed state, the immersion member is used to release the absorbed electrolyte.

[0010] In one embodiment, when 1mm≤W≤3mm, 0.2≤W1 / W2≤0.4; where W is the thickness of the heat-spreading assembly, W2 is the thickness of the soaking element, and W1 is the thickness of the sidewall of the heat-spreading assembly located in the thickness direction of the soaking element.

[0011] In one embodiment, when 3mm < W ≤ 5mm, 0.15 ≤ W1 / W2 ≤ 0.3; where W is the thickness of the heat-spreading assembly, W2 is the thickness of the soaking element, and W1 is the thickness of the sidewall of the heat-spreading assembly located in the thickness direction of the soaking element.

[0012] In one embodiment, N2*0.01≤N1≤N2*0.05, and N1 and N2 are both positive integers; where N1 is the number of homogenized wetted components and N2 is the number of first electrode sheets.

[0013] Secondly, embodiments of the present invention provide a battery pack, which includes the battery as described in the first aspect.

[0014] This invention provides a battery comprising a casing and multiple separators housed within the casing, an electrolyte, an electrode assembly, and a heat-soaking and wetting assembly. The electrode assembly includes multiple electrodes immersed in the electrolyte, each electrode comprising multiple first electrode plates and multiple second electrode plates, which are alternately arranged. Adjacent first and second electrode plates are separated by a separator to form an electrode unit. The heat-soaking and wetting assembly is connected to the electrode unit and is used to absorb electrolyte to wet the electrode unit. The battery provided by this invention can rapidly conduct heat, reducing temperature differences between various parts of the battery. Furthermore, it can quickly absorb electrolyte and utilize the electrolyte to wet the electrode power supply, thereby improving the efficiency of electrolyte wetting of the electrode plates and enhancing the overall performance of the battery. Attached Figure Description

[0015] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this utility model, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the battery structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0017] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 Exploded view of the battery in the image;

[0018] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the structure of the medium-temperature hot-dip immersion assembly;

[0019] Figure 4 yes Figure 3 Side view of the medium-temperature hot-dip immersion assembly;

[0020] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 Cross-sectional view of the medium-temperature hot-dip immersion assembly;

[0021] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0022] 100. Battery; 110. Housing; 120. Electrode plate; 121. First electrode plate; 122. Second electrode plate; 130. Separator; 140. Heat-soaking assembly; 141. Heat-soaking element; 142. Wetting element; 150. Receiving cavity; 160. Through hole; 170. First tab; 180. Second tab; 190. Third tab; 200. Battery pack. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present utility model. In addition, it should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for illustration and explanation of the present utility model and are not intended to limit the present utility model. In the present utility model, unless otherwise stated, directional terms such as "upper" and "lower" generally refer to the upper and lower positions of the device in actual use or operation, specifically the drawing directions in the accompanying drawings; while "inner" and "outer" refer to the outline of the device.

[0024] To address the problems of low efficiency and poor heat dissipation in batteries due to electrolyte immersion in electrode sheets in related technologies, this utility model provides a battery 100, please refer to... Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the battery 100 provided in this embodiment of the utility model. Figure 2 yes Figure 1An exploded view of battery 100. Battery 100 includes a housing 110, multiple separators 130, an electrolyte (not shown), and an electrode assembly. The electrolyte, multiple separators 130, and electrode assembly are all housed within the housing 110. The electrode assembly includes multiple electrode plates 120 immersed in the electrolyte. The multiple electrode plates 120 include multiple first electrode plates 121 and multiple second electrode plates 122, and the multiple first electrode plates 121 and multiple second electrode plates 122 are alternately arranged. Adjacent first electrode plates 121 and second electrode plates 122 are separated by a separator 130 to form an electrode unit.

[0025] In addition, the battery 100 also includes a heat-spreading assembly 140 housed within the casing 110. The heat-spreading assembly 140 is thermally connected to the electrode units, meaning that the heat released by the electrode units during charging and discharging is absorbed by the electrolyte, and the heat-spreading assembly 140 further absorbs heat from the electrolyte to achieve heat exchange between the heat-spreading assembly 140 and the electrode units. The heat-spreading assembly 140 can also absorb electrolyte, causing it to expand in volume, and under pressure, it can compress in volume to release electrolyte and wet the electrode sheets 120.

[0026] In this embodiment, the diaphragm 130 separates the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 122 to prevent them from directly contacting each other and causing a short circuit. The electrolyte wets multiple electrode plates 120 to ensure good contact between each electrode plate 120 and the electrolyte, thereby achieving efficient ion transport. Each electrode plate 120 undergoes an electrochemical reaction through contact with the electrolyte to release or store energy. In this embodiment, the first electrode plate 121 and the second electrode plate 122 are two electrode plates with different polarities; the first electrode plate 121 can be a positive electrode and the second electrode plate 122 a negative electrode, or vice versa.

[0027] The battery 100 provided in this embodiment has the advantage of good thermal conductivity of the heat-spreading component 140, which can quickly conduct heat from the high-temperature area inside the battery to the low-temperature area inside the battery. This reduces the temperature difference between different parts inside the battery, reduces the risk of various problems caused by local overheating of the battery 100, and thus ensures the safety and reliability of the battery 100.

[0028] On the other hand, the heat-equalizing wetting component 140 can also quickly absorb the electrolyte and, under certain conditions, release the absorbed electrolyte so that the released electrolyte contacts the electrode sheet 120 until it is completely wetted. In related technologies, the electrolyte gradually penetrates from one end of the electrode sheet 120 until it is completely wetted, which usually takes a long time. Therefore, the heat-equalizing wetting component 140 in this embodiment can improve the efficiency of electrolyte wetting of the electrode sheet 120. Higher wetting efficiency can ensure good contact between the electrolyte and the electrode sheet 120, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the battery 100.

[0029] Please refer to Figures 3 to 5 , Figure 3 yes Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of the medium-temperature hot-dip immersion assembly 140. Figure 4 yes Figure 3 Side view of the medium-temperature hot-dip immersion assembly 140. Figure 5 yes Figure 4 A cross-sectional view of the heat-soaking assembly 140 is shown. In some embodiments, the heat-soaking assembly 140 includes a heat-soaking element 141 and a wetting element 142 connected to the heat-soaking element 141. The heat-soaking element 141 is thermally connected to the electrode assembly, while the wetting element 142 can quickly absorb electrolyte and release the absorbed electrolyte to quickly wet the electrode sheet 120. Specifically, since the electrode assembly is wetted by the electrolyte, the heat released by the electrode sheet 120 of the electrode assembly during the charging and discharging process of the battery 100 is first absorbed by the electrolyte. The heat-soaking assembly 140 then absorbs the heat from the electrolyte to achieve heat exchange between the heat-soaking assembly 140 and the electrode assembly. Because the heat-soaking element 141 has good thermal conductivity, it can quickly conduct heat and evenly distribute the absorbed heat within its structure, thereby reducing the temperature difference between various parts inside the battery.

[0030] The heat spreader 141 typically uses a material with good thermal conductivity, such as copper, to quickly absorb and release heat. Through thermal conduction, it rapidly transfers heat from high-temperature areas to low-temperature areas within the battery, reducing temperature differences between different parts and ensuring the safety and reliability of the battery 100. The wetting element 142 has good permeability, enabling it to quickly absorb and release electrolyte. When electrolyte passes through the wetting element 142, its structure allows for rapid absorption and storage. The wetting element 142 can also rapidly release the absorbed electrolyte, improving the efficiency of electrolyte wetting of the electrodes.

[0031] In some embodiments, please refer to Figure 3 and Figure 5The heat spreader 141 has a receiving cavity 150, and the wetting member 142 is installed inside the receiving cavity 150. The heat spreader 141 also has multiple through holes 160 communicating with the receiving cavity 150, allowing the wetting member 142 to quickly absorb electrolyte from different locations outside the receiving cavity 150 through these through holes 160. The wetting member 142 can also quickly release the absorbed electrolyte to the outside of the receiving cavity 150 through these through holes 160 to wet the electrode sheet 120. Because these through holes 160 are evenly distributed and have a large distribution range, the released electrolyte can simultaneously wet the electrode sheet 120 from multiple locations, reducing the risk of uneven wetting between different parts of the electrode sheet 120 and ensuring the efficiency of electrolyte wetting of the electrode sheet 120.

[0032] Specifically, when the electrolyte flows into the receiving cavity 150 through the through holes 160 of the heat spreader 141, the surface of the wetting element 142 quickly contacts and absorbs the electrolyte. Because the through holes 160 are distributed at multiple locations on the heat spreader 141, the wetting element 142 can absorb electrolyte simultaneously from multiple directions. During the absorption of electrolyte, the volume of the wetting element 142 gradually expands. When the wetting element 142 is subjected to external pressure, its volume is compressed, allowing it to rapidly release the absorbed electrolyte through the through holes 160 to the outside of the receiving cavity 150 for wetting the electrode sheet 120. Due to the uniform distribution of the through holes 160, the released electrolyte can act on the electrode sheet 120 simultaneously from multiple locations, significantly reducing the risk of uneven wetting between different parts of the electrode sheet 120. In addition, this structural design also ensures the wetting efficiency of the electrolyte, so that the electrode sheet 120 can fully contact the required electrolyte, thereby accelerating the wetting of the electrode sheet 120.

[0033] In some embodiments, please refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3 The first electrode plate 121 is provided with a first electrode tab 170, the second electrode plate 122 is provided with a second electrode tab 180, and the heat spreader is provided with a third electrode tab 190. The third electrode tab 190 is electrically connected to the multiple first electrode tabs 170 of the multiple first electrode plates 121.

[0034] Specifically, in the battery structure, each first electrode plate 121 is provided with a first tab 170, and the first tabs 170 corresponding to each first electrode plate 121 are electrically connected to form a conductor. Each second electrode plate 122 is provided with a second tab 180, and the second tabs 180 corresponding to each second electrode plate 122 are electrically connected to form a conductor. Each heat spreader 141 is provided with a third tab 190, which can be electrically connected to the first tabs 170 corresponding to the electrode plates 120 located on both sides and adjacent to each other, and indirectly electrically connected to all the first tabs 170, thereby ensuring that the current can be stably transmitted between multiple first tabs 170.

[0035] In some embodiments, reference may be made to Figure 2 A diaphragm 130 is provided on each side of the heat-soaking assembly 140. The two diaphragms 130 and the heat-soaking assembly 140 form a heat-soaking group, and at least some of the diaphragms 130 of the electrode units are replaced by the heat-soaking group.

[0036] In this embodiment, the heat spreader is located between adjacent first electrode plates 121 and second electrode plates 122. The heat spreader can rapidly conduct heat from high-temperature regions inside the battery to low-temperature regions. Specifically, when the battery 100 generates heat during charging and discharging, some electrode plates 120 may rapidly heat up due to their faster reaction rate, thus forming localized high-temperature regions. The function of the heat spreader is to establish an effective heat transfer channel between these high-temperature regions and the surrounding low-temperature regions, thereby reducing the temperature difference between different parts inside the battery. In this way, the heat spreader 141 can not only balance the temperature distribution inside the battery but also improve the wetting efficiency of the electrolyte on the electrode plates 120, as described above. In summary, this structural design can improve the performance of the battery 100.

[0037] To reduce temperature differences between different parts of the battery and accelerate electrolyte wetting of the electrode sheets 120 without affecting the performance of the battery 100, this embodiment sets the ratio of the number N1 of the heat-equalizing wetting components 140 to the number N2 of the first electrode sheets 121 to be between 0.01 and 0.05, and satisfies that both N1 and N2 are positive integers. When N2 is constant, N1 is between N2*0.01 and N2*0.05, rounded up. Under these conditions, it is possible to reduce temperature differences between different parts of the battery and accelerate electrolyte wetting of the electrode sheets 120 without affecting the performance of the battery 100.

[0038] In order to enable the immersion member 142 to absorb electrolyte and release the absorbed electrolyte, in some embodiments, the immersion member 142 is designed to be elastic, expanding in volume during the process of absorbing electrolyte, and releasing the absorbed electrolyte when the immersion member 142 is in an elastically compressed state.

[0039] Specifically, when the immersion member 142 absorbs the electrolyte, its volume increases as the electrolyte fills its internal structure. When the battery 100 is charging, the electrode sheet 120 also expands. During this process, the expanding electrode sheet 120 exerts a compressive force on the heat spreader 141, causing it to deform and shrink. Since the immersion member 142 is installed within the receiving cavity 150 of the heat spreader 141, the heat spreader 141 will inevitably exert a compressive force on the immersion member 142 during its shrinkage. The elastic immersion member 142, under this compressive force, will undergo corresponding volume contraction and release some of the stored electrolyte. The released electrolyte flows out through the multiple through holes 160 of the heat spreader 141 and quickly contacts and wets the electrode sheet 120. Therefore, this structural design can improve the performance of the battery 100 during the charging process. In addition, the immersion member 142 can also absorb the expansion force of the electrode sheet 120 to a certain extent to reduce the expansion degree of the battery 100, thereby enhancing the safety of the battery 100.

[0040] In one embodiment, the length and width of the heat spreader 141 are equal to the length and width of the electrode sheet 120, respectively, thereby maximizing the contact and conduction of heat and improving the efficiency of electrolyte wetting of the electrode sheet 120.

[0041] In order to simultaneously ensure the thermal conductivity of the heat spreader 141 and the electrolyte absorption of the wetting element 142, in some embodiments, when the thickness W of the heat spreader wetting assembly 140 is between 1 mm and 3 mm, the ratio of the thickness W1 of the sidewall of the heat spreader 141 in the thickness direction of the wetting element 142 to the thickness W2 of the wetting element 142 is set between 0.2 and 0.4. When the thickness W of the heat spreader wetting assembly 140 is between 3 mm and 5 mm, the ratio of the thickness W1 of the sidewall of the heat spreader 141 in the thickness direction of the wetting element 142 to the thickness W2 of the wetting element 142 is set between 0.15 and 0.3, thereby ensuring both the thermal conductivity of the heat spreader 141 and the electrolyte absorption of the wetting element 142.

[0042] Please refer to Figure 5It is easy to understand that the thickness W1 of the sidewall of the heat spreader 141 located in the thickness direction of the wetting member 142 directly affects its thermal conductivity. A thinner heat spreader 141 can conduct heat more effectively to ensure uniform heat distribution, thereby avoiding local overheating or uneven cooling. The thickness W2 of the wetting member 142, on the other hand, affects its ability to absorb electrolyte. A thicker wetting member 142 can provide more internal space, which helps to accommodate more electrolyte. When the overall thickness W of the heat spreader and wetting assembly 140 is constant, if W1 is too large, the thickness of the wetting member 142 may be too thin, resulting in insufficient storage space and limiting electrolyte absorption. Conversely, if the thickness W2 of the wetting member 142 is too large, W1 may be too small, making production inconvenient.

[0043] In order to simultaneously ensure the thermal conductivity of the heat spreader 141 and the effective absorption of electrolyte by the wetting element 142, in some embodiments, the design parameters of the heat spreader wetting assembly 140 are set.

[0044] First, when the overall thickness W of the heat-spreading assembly 140 is within the range of 1 mm to 3 mm, in order to optimize the balance between the thermal conductivity of the heat-spreading element 141 and the degree of electrolyte absorption by the wetting element 142, the ratio of the thickness W1 of the sidewall of the heat-spreading element 141 in the thickness direction of the wetting element 142 to the thickness W2 of the wetting element 142 is set between 0.2 and 0.4. This structural design ensures that the heat-spreading element 141 still has good thermal conductivity, because the thinner sidewall facilitates rapid heat conduction, while also significantly increasing the thickness of the wetting element 142 to ensure the electrolyte absorption capacity of the wetting element 142.

[0045] Secondly, when the overall thickness W of the heat-spreading assembly 140 is 3mm to 5mm, the ratio of the thickness W1 of the sidewall of the heat-spreading element 141 in the thickness direction of the wetting element 142 to the thickness W2 of the wetting element 142 is set between 0.15 and 0.3. This parameter variation is designed to adapt to the needs of a relatively thick heat-spreading assembly 140, further optimize the heat conduction path, and enhance the heat conduction capability of the heat-spreading element 141. Within this ratio range, although the thickness of the wetting element 142 increases, by reasonably designing the sidewall thickness of the heat-spreading element 141, the wetting element 142 can still fully absorb the electrolyte, thereby ensuring that the battery 100 maintains stable performance during charging and discharging.

[0046] This embodiment, by controlling the ratio between W1 and W2, can improve the thermal conductivity of the heat spreader 141 while ensuring the absorption capacity of the immersion element 142 for the electrolyte, thereby improving the reliability of the battery 100.

[0047] This invention provides a battery 100, which includes a casing 110 and multiple separators 130 housed within the casing 110, an electrolyte, an electrode assembly, and a heat-soaking and wetting assembly 140. The electrode assembly includes multiple electrodes wetted in the electrolyte. Each electrode includes multiple first electrode plates 121 and multiple second electrode plates 122, which are alternately arranged. Adjacent first electrode plates 121 and second electrode plates 122 are separated by a separator 130 to form an electrode unit. The heat-soaking and wetting assembly 140 is connected to the electrode unit and is used to absorb electrolyte to wet the electrode unit. The battery 100 provided by this invention can rapidly conduct heat, reducing temperature differences between different parts of the battery. Furthermore, it can quickly absorb electrolyte and utilize the electrolyte to wet the electrode power supply, thereby improving the efficiency of electrolyte wetting of the electrode plates and enhancing the overall performance of the battery.

[0048] This embodiment of the invention also provides a battery pack 200, which includes the battery 100 described above. Therefore, the battery pack 200 also possesses all the advantages of the battery 100 described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0049] The embodiments of this utility model have been described in detail above. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this utility model. The description of the above embodiments is only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of this utility model. At the same time, for those skilled in the art, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope based on the ideas of this utility model. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of this utility model.

Claims

1. A battery, characterized in that, include: case; The electrolyte is contained within the casing; Multiple diaphragms are housed within the housing; An electrode assembly, housed within the housing, includes a plurality of electrode plates immersed in the electrolyte. Each electrode plate comprises a plurality of first electrode plates and a plurality of second electrode plates, which are alternately arranged. Adjacent first electrode plates and second electrode plates are separated by a diaphragm to form an electrode unit. A heat-equalizing wetting assembly is housed within the housing. The heat-equalizing wetting assembly is connected to the electrode unit and is used to absorb the electrolyte to wet the electrode unit.

2. The battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The heat-spreading and wetting assembly includes a heat-spreading element and a wetting element connected to the heat-spreading element. The heat-spreading element is thermally connected to the electrode assembly, and the wetting element is used to absorb the electrolyte.

3. The battery according to claim 2, characterized in that, The heat-spreading member has a receiving cavity and a through hole communicating with the receiving cavity, and the immersion member is installed in the receiving cavity.

4. The battery according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first electrode sheet is provided with a first tab, the second electrode sheet is provided with a second tab, and the heat spreader is provided with a third tab, which is electrically connected to the plurality of first tabs of the plurality of first electrode sheets.

5. The battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The heat-soaking assembly has a diaphragm on each side to form a heat-soaking group with the heat-soaking assembly, and at least a portion of the diaphragms of the electrode units are replaced by the heat-soaking group.

6. The battery according to claim 3, characterized in that, The immersion member is elastic, and when the immersion member is in an elastically compressed state, the immersion member is used to release the absorbed electrolyte.

7. The battery according to any one of claims 2, 3, 4, and 6, characterized in that, When 1mm≤W≤3mm, 0.2≤W1 / W2≤0.4; where W is the thickness of the heat-spreading assembly, W2 is the thickness of the soaking element, and W1 is the thickness of the sidewall of the heat-spreading element located in the thickness direction of the soaking element.

8. The battery according to any one of claims 2, 3, 4, and 6, characterized in that, When 3mm < W ≤ 5mm, 0.15 ≤ W1 / W2 ≤ 0.3; where W is the thickness of the heat-spreading assembly, W2 is the thickness of the wetted part, and W1 is the thickness of the sidewall of the heat-spreading assembly located in the thickness direction of the wetted part.

9. The battery according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, N2*0.01≤N1≤N2*0.05, and N1 and N2 are both positive integers; where N1 is the number of the heat-soaking components and N2 is the number of the first electrode sheets.

10. A battery pack, characterized in that, Includes the battery as described in any one of claims 1-9.

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