Low-consumption dip dyeing equipment for brocade-spandex knitted fabric

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of cloth processing, in particular to brocade and spandex knitted cloth low-consumption dip dyeing equipment which comprises a dip dyeing bin, a cloth inlet and a cloth outlet are formed in the tops of the two sides of the dip dyeing bin, and a plurality of guide rollers are arrayed in the dip dyeing bin in the circumferential direction and used for guiding cloth to move from the cloth inlet to the cloth outlet in the dip dyeing bin. A tensioning and extruding device and a stirring mechanism are further mounted in the dip dyeing bin; the tensioning and extruding device is located between the guide rollers and used for tensioning and extruding the cloth between the guide rollers; the stirring mechanism is located in the dip dyeing bin and comprises a stirring shaft and stirring blades installed on the stirring shaft, the stirring shaft is driven by a motor, the stirring blades correspond to tensioning rollers in the tensioning and extruding device, and the stirring blades are connected with the tensioning rollers in a magnetic attraction connection mode. The dip dyeing efficiency and the dip dyeing uniformity of the dye can be improved, and the purpose of low-consumption dip dyeing is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of fabric processing technology, and in particular to a low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics. Background Technology

[0002] Nylon-spandex knitted fabrics require dyeing during production. Traditional dyeing involves coiling the fabric and immersing it in a dye vat, then waiting for the dye to penetrate the fabric naturally. With the development of processing technology, immersion dyeing processes often use immersion tanks to immerse the fabric, equipped with stirring and heating devices to maintain a uniform concentration and temperature of the dye solution, ensuring that the fabric can fully contact the dye solution and achieve uniform dyeing.

[0003] However, the dyeing process in existing dyeing tanks requires a long working time and a long production line, especially for thick fabrics. This results in high production costs and issues such as incomplete dyeing and white core defects. Therefore, we propose a low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics. Utility Model Content

[0004] In order to overcome the problems existing in the prior art, this application provides a low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics.

[0005] The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics provided in this application adopts the following technical solution:

[0006] A low-consumption dyeing device for nylon-spandex knitted fabric includes a dyeing chamber with fabric inlets and outlets on both sides of the top. Multiple guide rollers are arranged circumferentially inside the dyeing chamber to guide the fabric from the inlets to the outlets. The dyeing chamber also includes a tensioning and squeezing device and a stirring mechanism. The tensioning and squeezing device, located between the guide rollers, tensions and squeezes the fabric between them. The stirring mechanism, located inside the dyeing chamber, includes a stirring shaft and stirring blades mounted on it. The stirring shaft is driven by a motor, and the stirring blades correspond to the tensioning rollers in the tensioning and squeezing device, with the blades connected to the tensioning rollers via a magnetic connection.

[0007] By adopting the above technical solution, after the motor in the stirring device starts, the stirring shaft drives the stirring blades to rotate. Due to the magnetic connection between the stirring blades and the tensioning roller, the tensioning roller also rotates synchronously with the movement of the stirring blades. During the process of the fabric entering the dyeing chamber from the fabric inlet and running along the guide roller, the tensioning roller in the tensioning and squeezing device, under the magnetic attraction of the stirring blades, tensions the fabric, ensuring that the fabric maintains appropriate tension throughout the dyeing process, avoiding wrinkles or loosening that would affect the dyeing effect. Simultaneously, the magnetic connection between the tensioning roller and the stirring blades also squeezes the fabric. This squeezing action promotes better penetration of the dye liquor into the fibers of the nylon-spandex knitted fabric, improving dyeing efficiency and achieving low-consumption dyeing. Meanwhile, the stirring mechanism continuously stirs the dye liquor, ensuring that the dye liquor remains in a uniformly mixed state, preventing sedimentation or uneven concentration, and further guaranteeing the uniformity of the fabric dyeing.

[0008] Preferably, the tensioning and extrusion device includes a tensioning roller and an elastic support assembly. The two ends of the tensioning roller are mounted on the inner wall of the dyeing chamber through the elastic support assembly, and the tensioning roller can be rotatably connected to the inner wall through the elastic support assembly.

[0009] Preferably, the elastic support assembly includes a fixed seat, an elastic sleeve, and a telescopic rod. The fixed seat is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the dyeing chamber. One end of the telescopic rod is rotatably connected to the end of the tension roller, and the other end is slidably installed in the fixed seat. The elastic sleeve is fitted onto the telescopic rod, and the elastic support of the tension roller is achieved by the extension and retraction of the elastic sleeve.

[0010] Preferably, a limiting groove is provided on the surface of the fixed seat, wherein strip-shaped through holes are provided on both sides of the limiting groove to adapt to the protrusion at the end of the telescopic rod, and the end of the telescopic rod connected to the tension roller is also connected to both ends of the fixed seat through an elastic element.

[0011] By adopting the above technical solution, when the fabric runs between the guide rollers and comes into contact with the tension roller, the tension change of the fabric will cause the tension roller to be displaced by the force. At this time, the telescopic rod slides in the fixed seat, and the elastic sleeve undergoes elastic deformation due to compression or stretching, thereby buffering the external force on the tension roller and ensuring that the tension roller always acts on the fabric with appropriate pressure. The protrusion at the end of the telescopic rod slides in the strip-shaped perforations on both sides of the limiting groove, effectively limiting the range of motion of the telescopic rod, preventing its excessive displacement, and ensuring the stability of the equipment operation. At the same time, the elastic element at the connection end of the telescopic rod and the tension roller can work together with the elastic sleeve when the tension roller is under force to further adjust the tension. When the fabric tension is too high, the elastic element is stretched to share the force on the elastic sleeve and avoid excessive deformation of the elastic sleeve; when the tension is low, the elastic element contracts to assist the elastic sleeve in restoring the tension roller to the appropriate position, maintaining a stable tension effect on the fabric, which greatly improves the smoothness and uniformity of nylon-spandex knitted fabric in the dyeing process and ensures the high efficiency of low-consumption dyeing.

[0012] Preferably, the stirring blade includes rods arranged in a circumferential array around the stirring shaft, wherein a cylindrical roller is rotatably mounted on the free end of the rod, and the roller has protrusions arranged in a circumferential array.

[0013] Preferably, the magnetic connection structure between the stirring blade and the tensioning roller includes permanent magnet adsorption layers respectively disposed on the surfaces of the roller body and the tensioning roller, and the permanent magnet adsorption layers on the roller body and the tensioning roller have opposite polarities.

[0014] By adopting the above technical solution, when the motor drives the stirring shaft to rotate, the rod in the stirring blade rotates accordingly, and the roller installed at the free end of the rod also performs a circular motion. Because the permanent magnet adsorption layers on the surfaces of the roller and the tension roller have opposite polarities, a strong magnetic attraction is generated between the roller and the tension roller, allowing the tension roller to move synchronously with the stirring blade. Furthermore, each tension roller is restricted by the fixed seat in the elastic support assembly, and the tension roller can only clamp the fabric between two adjacent guide rollers. When the distance between the tension roller and the fixed seat end exceeds the magnetic attraction range, the tension roller resets under the action of the elastic sleeve and elastic element. During this process, the circumferential array of protrusions on the roller further agitates the dye liquor during rotation, increasing the turbulence of the dye liquor and allowing for more thorough contact between the dye liquor and the nylon-spandex knitted fabric. Meanwhile, the rotation of the tension roller, while squeezing the fabric, utilizes the magnetic attraction synchronicity with the roller to make the squeezing action more stable and regular. This stable compression and sufficient dye liquor agitation not only allow the dye to adhere more evenly to the fabric fibers, ensuring the uniformity of dyeing, but also effectively achieve the goal of low-consumption dyeing by reducing dye liquor waste and improving dyeing efficiency.

[0015] Preferably, a heating device is installed at the bottom of the dyeing chamber. The heating device adopts electromagnetic induction heating. A liquid level sensor and a temperature sensor are installed on the side wall of the dyeing chamber, and the liquid level sensor and the temperature sensor are connected to the PLC controller.

[0016] By employing the above technical solution, when the level sensor detects that the dye liquor level in the immersion chamber is lower than the set threshold, it immediately transmits a signal to the PLC controller. Upon receiving the signal, the PLC controller prompts the operator to replenish the dye liquor, ensuring that the immersion process is not affected by the level. Meanwhile, the temperature sensor monitors the dye liquor temperature in real time. Once it detects that the dye liquor temperature deviates from the set optimal immersion temperature range, it feeds back a signal to the PLC controller. The PLC controller then issues a command to the electromagnetic induction heating device to precisely adjust the heating power. When the temperature is too low, the heating power is increased to quickly raise the dye liquor temperature; when the temperature is too high, the heating power is reduced to keep the dye liquor temperature stable. This method, which combines real-time monitoring by level and temperature sensors with precise control by the PLC controller, ensures the stability of the dye liquor level and temperature during the immersion process.

[0017] Preferably, the top of the dyeing chamber is equipped with an openable and closable sealing cover, and the sealing cover has a transparent observation window.

[0018] By adopting the above technical solution, the openable design of the sealing cover facilitates the daily maintenance and cleaning of the equipment, while the transparent observation window on the sealing cover allows operators to observe the dyeing process in real time.

[0019] In summary, this application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects:

[0020] 1. This application uses a tensioning roller and an agitator blade to magnetically connect and compress the fabric. While the tensioning mechanism is tensioning the fabric and the agitator blade is agitating the dye, this compression action can promote better penetration of the dye solution into the fibers of the nylon-spandex knitted fabric, improve the dyeing efficiency, and achieve the purpose of low-consumption dyeing.

[0021] 2. The tensioning and extrusion device in this application can not only control the displacement of the tensioning roller according to the change in fabric tension between the guide rollers, but also restrict the position of the tensioning roller when the roller body in the stirring blade is magnetically connected to the tensioning roller, controlling it to cooperate with the roller body on the fabric between two adjacent guide rollers to tension and extrude the fabric, so that the dye can be more evenly attached to the fabric fibers, ensuring the uniformity of dyeing. It also effectively achieves the goal of low-consumption dyeing by reducing dye waste and improving dyeing efficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a low-consumption dyeing and impregnation equipment for nylon and spandex knitted fabrics.

[0023] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 Enlarged view of the intermediate tension extrusion device.

[0024] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached drawings: 1. Immersion chamber; 11. Heating device; 12. Liquid level sensor; 13. Temperature sensor; 14. PLC controller; 15. Sealing cover; 16. Transparent observation window; 2. Guide roller; 3. Tensioning and extrusion device; 31. Tensioning roller; 32. Elastic support assembly; 321. Fixed seat; 3211. Limiting groove; 3212. Strip-shaped perforation; 322. Elastic sleeve; 323. Telescopic rod; 3231. Elastic element; 4. Stirring mechanism; 41. Motor; 42. Stirring shaft; 43. Stirring blade; 431. Rod body; 432. Roller body. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The following is in conjunction with the appendix Figure 1-2 This application will be described in further detail.

[0026] This application discloses a low-consumption dyeing device for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics.

[0027] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2 A low-consumption dyeing device for nylon-spandex knitted fabric includes a dyeing chamber 1. The top of both sides of the dyeing chamber 1 has a fabric inlet and a fabric outlet. Multiple guide rollers 2 are arrayed circumferentially inside the dyeing chamber 1 to guide the fabric from the inlet to the outlet. The dyeing chamber 1 also includes a tensioning and squeezing device 3 and a stirring mechanism 4. The tensioning and squeezing device 3 is located between the guide rollers 2 and is used to tension and squeeze the fabric between the guide rollers 2. The stirring mechanism 4 is located inside the dyeing chamber 1 and includes a stirring shaft 42 and stirring blades 43 mounted on the stirring shaft 42. The stirring shaft 42 is driven by a motor 41. The stirring blades 43 correspond to the tensioning rollers 31 in the tensioning and squeezing device 3, and the stirring blades 43 and the tensioning rollers 31 are connected by a magnetic attraction. After the motor 41 in the stirring device starts, the stirring shaft 42 drives the stirring blade 43 to rotate. Due to the magnetic connection between the stirring blade 43 and the tension roller 31, the tension roller 31 also rotates synchronously with the movement of the stirring blade 43. As the fabric enters the dyeing chamber 1 from the fabric inlet and runs along the guide roller 2, the tension roller 31 in the tensioning and squeezing device 3 is magnetically attracted to the stirring blade 43, which tensions the fabric, ensuring that the fabric maintains appropriate tension during the dyeing process and avoiding wrinkles or loosening that would affect the dyeing effect. At the same time, the magnetic connection between the tension roller 31 and the stirring blade 43 also squeezes the fabric. This squeezing action promotes better penetration of the dye into the fibers of the nylon-spandex knitted fabric, improving the dyeing efficiency and achieving the goal of low-consumption dyeing. Meanwhile, the stirring mechanism 4 continuously stirs the dye, keeping the dye in a uniformly mixed state and preventing sedimentation or uneven concentration, further ensuring the uniformity of the fabric dyeing.

[0028] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2The tensioning and pressing device 3 includes a tensioning roller 31 and an elastic support assembly 32. Both ends of the tensioning roller 31 are mounted on the inner wall of the dyeing chamber 1 via the elastic support assembly 32. The tensioning roller 31 is rotatably connected to the inner wall via the elastic support assembly 32. The elastic support assembly 32 includes a fixed base 321, an elastic sleeve 322, and a telescopic rod 323. The fixed base 321 is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the dyeing chamber 1. One end of the telescopic rod 323 is rotatably connected to the end of the tensioning roller 31, and the other end is slidably mounted inside the fixed base 321. The elastic sleeve 322 is fitted onto the telescopic rod 323, and the elastic support of the tensioning roller 31 is achieved through the extension and retraction of the elastic sleeve 322. A limiting groove 3211 is formed on the surface of the fixed base 321. The two sides of the limiting groove 3211 have strip-shaped through holes 3212 that adapt to the protrusions at the ends of the telescopic rod 323. The end of the telescopic rod 323 connected to the tension roller 31 is also connected to both ends of the fixed base 321 via elastic elements 3231. When the fabric runs between the guide rollers 2 and comes into contact with the tension roller 31, the change in fabric tension causes the tension roller 31 to be displaced. At this time, the telescopic rod 323 slides within the fixed base 321, and the elastic sleeve 322 undergoes elastic deformation due to compression or stretching, thereby buffering the external force on the tension roller 31 and ensuring that the tension roller 31 always applies appropriate pressure to the fabric. The protrusions at the ends of the telescopic rod 323 slide within the strip-shaped through holes 3212 on both sides of the limiting groove 3211, effectively limiting the range of motion of the telescopic rod 323, preventing excessive displacement, and ensuring the stability of the equipment operation. Meanwhile, the elastic element 3231 at the connection end of the telescopic rod 323 and the tension roller 31 can work together with the elastic sleeve 322 to further adjust the tension when the tension roller 31 is under force. When the fabric tension is too high, the elastic element 3231 is stretched to share the force of the elastic sleeve 322 and prevent the elastic sleeve 322 from being over-deformed; when the tension is low, the elastic element 3231 contracts to assist the elastic sleeve 322 in restoring the tension roller 31 to a suitable position, maintaining a stable tension effect on the fabric, which greatly improves the smoothness and uniformity of nylon-spandex knitted fabric during the dyeing process and ensures the high efficiency of low-consumption dyeing.

[0029] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2The stirring blade 43 includes rods 431 arranged in a circular array around the stirring shaft 42. A cylindrical roller 432 is rotatably mounted on the free end of the rods 431, and the roller 432 has protrusions arranged in a circular array on its surface. The magnetic connection structure between the stirring blade 43 and the tension roller 31 includes permanent magnet adsorption layers respectively disposed on the surfaces of the roller 432 and the tension roller 31, and the permanent magnet adsorption layers on the roller 432 and the tension roller 31 have opposite polarities. When the motor 41 drives the stirring shaft 42 to rotate, the rods 431 in the stirring blade 43 rotate accordingly, and the roller 432 mounted on the free end of the rods 431 also performs a circular motion. Because the permanent magnet adsorption layers on the surfaces of roller 432 and tension roller 31 have opposite polarities, a strong magnetic attraction is generated between roller 432 and tension roller 31, allowing tension roller 31 to move synchronously with stirring blade 43. Each tension roller 31 is restricted by the fixed seat 321 in the elastic support assembly, and can only clamp the fabric between two adjacent guide rollers 2 and roller 432. When the distance between tension roller 31 and the end of fixed seat 321 exceeds the magnetic attraction range, tension roller 31 resets under the action of elastic sleeve 322 and elastic element 3231. During this process, the circumferential array of protrusions on roller 432 further agitates the dye liquor during rotation, increasing the turbulence and allowing for more thorough contact between the dye liquor and the nylon-spandex knitted fabric. Meanwhile, the rotation of tension roller 31, while squeezing the fabric, utilizes its magnetic synchronicity with roller 432 to make the squeezing action more stable and regular. This stable compression and sufficient dye liquor agitation not only allow the dye to adhere more evenly to the fabric fibers, ensuring the uniformity of dyeing, but also effectively achieve the goal of low-consumption dyeing by reducing dye liquor waste and improving dyeing efficiency.

[0030] Reference Figure 1 A heating device 11 is installed at the bottom of the dyeing chamber 1. The heating device 11 uses electromagnetic induction heating. A liquid level sensor 12 and a temperature sensor 13 are installed on the side wall of the dyeing chamber 1, and the liquid level sensor 12 and the temperature sensor 13 are connected to the PLC controller 14. When the liquid level sensor 12 detects that the liquid level of the dye in the dyeing chamber 1 is lower than the set threshold, it will immediately transmit a signal to the PLC controller 14. After receiving the signal, the PLC controller 14 will prompt the operator to add dye to ensure that the dyeing process is not affected by the liquid level. The temperature sensor 13 monitors the temperature of the dye in real time. Once it detects that the temperature of the dye in the dye deviates from the set optimal dyeing temperature range, it will feed back a signal to the PLC controller 14. The PLC controller 14 then issues a command to the electromagnetic induction heating device 11 to precisely adjust the heating power. When the temperature is too low, the heating power is increased to quickly raise the temperature of the dye in the dye; when the temperature is too high, the heating power is reduced to keep the temperature of the dye in the dye stable. This method, which uses real-time monitoring by level sensor 12 and temperature sensor 13 combined with precise control by PLC controller 14, ensures the stability of dye liquor level and temperature during the dyeing process.

[0031] Reference Figure 1 The top of the dyeing chamber 1 is equipped with an openable and closable sealing cover 15, and the sealing cover 15 has a transparent observation window 16. The openable and closable design of the sealing cover 15 facilitates the daily maintenance and cleaning of the equipment, while the transparent observation window 16 on the sealing cover 15 allows the operator to observe the dyeing process in real time.

[0032] Working principle: During operation, the motor 41 in the stirring device is started. The motor 41 drives the stirring shaft 42, which in turn drives the stirring blades 43 to rotate. The fabric is stably introduced into the dyeing chamber 1 from the fabric inlet and discharged from the dyeing chamber 1 through the action of the guide rollers 2. When the fabric is in the dyeing chamber 1, due to the magnetic connection between the stirring blades 43 and the tension rollers 31, when the roller body 432 rotates between the two adjacent guide rollers 2, and the roller body 432 reaches the magnetic attraction range with the tension rollers 31, it can drive the tension rollers 31 to move towards the roller body 432 for magnetic attraction. After magnetic attraction, the telescopic rod 323 at the bottom of the tension roller 31 moves in the strip groove in the fixed seat 321. The two squeeze the fabric. Under the restriction of the fixed seat 321, when the tension roller 31 moves to the end of the fixed seat 321 and the telescopic rod 323 moves in the strip groove in the fixed seat 321, the fabric is squeezed. When the tension force of the elastic element 3231 and elastic sleeve 322 on the tensioning roller 31 is greater than the magnetic attraction force of the roller body 432 on the tensioning roller 31, the roller body 432 separates from the tensioning roller 31. The tensioning roller 31 is reset under the action of the elastic sleeve 322 and elastic element 3231, waiting for the next roller body 432 on the stirring shaft 42 to be magnetically attracted to the tensioning roller 31 of this section. At the same time, the roller body 432 enters the fabric between the next section of guide roller 2 and repeats the above steps, thereby performing segmented tensioning and compression on the fabric that has been dyed in the dyeing chamber 1.

[0033] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A low-consumption dyeing and impregnation device for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics, characterized in that: include The dyeing chamber (1) has a fabric inlet and a fabric outlet on both sides of the top. Multiple guide rollers (2) are arranged in a circumferential direction inside the dyeing chamber (1). The guide rollers (2) are used to guide the fabric to run from the fabric inlet to the fabric outlet inside the dyeing chamber (1). The dyeing chamber (1) is also equipped with a tensioning and squeezing device (3) and a stirring mechanism (4). Tensioning and squeezing device (3), which is located between guide rollers (2) and is used to tension and squeeze the fabric between the guide rollers (2); The stirring mechanism (4) is located inside the dyeing chamber (1) and includes a stirring shaft (42) and stirring blades (43) mounted on the stirring shaft (42). The stirring shaft (42) is driven by a motor (41), and the stirring blades (43) correspond to the tensioning rollers (31) in the tensioning extrusion device (3). The stirring blades (43) and the tensioning rollers (31) are connected by magnetic attraction.

2. The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics according to claim 1, characterized in that: The tensioning and extrusion device (3) includes a tensioning roller (31) and an elastic support assembly (32). The two ends of the tensioning roller (31) are mounted on the inner wall of the dyeing chamber (1) through the elastic support assembly (32). The tensioning roller (31) can be rotatably connected to the inner wall through the elastic support assembly (32).

3. The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics according to claim 2, characterized in that: The elastic support assembly (32) includes a fixed base (321), an elastic sleeve (322), and a telescopic rod (323). The fixed base (321) is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the dyeing chamber (1). One end of the telescopic rod (323) is rotatably connected to the end of the tension roller (31), and the other end is slidably installed in the fixed base (321). The elastic sleeve (322) is fitted on the telescopic rod (323), and the elastic support of the tension roller (31) is achieved by the extension and retraction of the elastic sleeve (322).

4. The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics according to claim 3, characterized in that: The fixed base (321) has a limiting groove (3211) on its surface. The limiting groove (3211) has strip-shaped through holes (3212) on both sides that are adapted to the protrusion at the end of the telescopic rod (323). The end of the telescopic rod (323) connected to the tension roller (31) is also connected to the two ends of the fixed base (321) through an elastic element (3231).

5. The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics according to claim 1, characterized in that: The stirring blade (43) includes rods (431) arranged in a circumferential array around the stirring shaft (42), wherein a cylindrical roller (432) is rotatably mounted on the free end of the rod (431), and the roller (432) has protrusions arranged in a circumferential array.

6. The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics according to claim 5, characterized in that: The magnetic connection structure between the stirring blade (43) and the tensioning roller (31) includes permanent magnet adsorption layers respectively disposed on the surfaces of the roller body (432) and the tensioning roller (31), and the permanent magnet adsorption layers on the roller body (432) and the tensioning roller (31) have opposite polarities.

7. The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics according to claim 1, characterized in that: A heating device (11) is provided at the bottom of the dyeing chamber (1). The heating device (11) uses electromagnetic induction heating. A liquid level sensor (12) and a temperature sensor (13) are provided on the side wall of the dyeing chamber (1). The liquid level sensor (12) and the temperature sensor (13) are connected to the PLC controller (14) via signals.

8. The low-consumption dyeing equipment for nylon-spandex knitted fabrics according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top of the dyeing chamber (1) is provided with an openable and closable sealing cover (15), and the sealing cover (15) is provided with a transparent observation window (16).

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