Multistage cotton carding mechanism and carding machine

Abstract

The utility model discloses a multi-stage cotton carding mechanism and a carding machine, and belongs to the technical field of carding machines, the multi-stage cotton carding mechanism comprises a first opening roller, a second opening roller and a third opening roller, the first opening roller, the second opening roller and the third opening roller are respectively and rotatably arranged at a material inlet of the carding machine; the first opening roller, the second opening roller and the third opening roller are sequentially arranged in the advancing direction of the fiber raw materials; the first opening roller is suitable for driving fiber raw materials to move, and the rotating direction of the second opening roller and / or the third opening roller is opposite to the rotating direction of the first opening roller. According to the multi-stage cotton carding mechanism designed by the utility model, fiber raw materials are subjected to the action of forces from two opposite directions when passing through, so that the relative movement among fibers is increased, the opening effect is improved, and the fibers can be better separated and carded.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The utility model belongs to carding machine technical field, concretely relates to multistage carding mechanism and carding machine. BACKGROUND

[0002] In the related art, in the textile industry, the pretreatment of fiber raw materials is one of the most important steps, and a carding machine usually includes an opening cylinder, which is used to preliminarily process the fiber raw materials to make them more loose and uniform. In the prior art, the opening effect of the carding machine on the fiber raw materials is generally poor, especially when dealing with thick or severely tangled fibers, the opening effect of the fiber raw materials is not ideal. SUMMARY

[0003] The utility model discloses at least solve one of the prior art technical problems. Therefore, one purpose of the utility model is to provide a multistage carding mechanism.

[0004] The utility model discloses still provide a carding machine with the multistage carding mechanism of above.

[0005] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the utility model provides the following technical scheme:

[0006] The utility model provides multistage carding mechanism, include: first opening cylinder, second opening cylinder and third opening cylinder, first opening cylinder, second opening cylinder and third opening cylinder are rotatable respectively set up in the material import of carding machine, and in the advancing direction of fiber raw materials, first opening cylinder, second opening cylinder and third opening cylinder are sequentially arranged, wherein first opening cylinder is suitable for driving fiber raw materials movement, the rotating direction of second opening cylinder and / or third opening cylinder is opposite with the rotating direction of first opening cylinder.

[0007] According to the multistage carding mechanism of the utility model, since the fiber raw materials are affected by the force from two opposite directions when passing through, the relative movement between the fibers is increased, thereby improving the opening effect, so that the fibers can be better separated and carded, and the more effective opening process can help remove impurities in the fibers, reduce fiber damage, while ensuring the length and strength of the fibers are not affected, ultimately improving the overall quality of the product.

[0008] Further, the rotating direction of the second opening cylinder is opposite to the rotating direction of the first opening cylinder, and the rotating direction of the third opening cylinder is the same as the rotating direction of the first opening cylinder.

[0009] Further, it further includes: a driving assembly, the driving assembly is with first opening cylinder, second opening cylinder and / or third opening cylinder, the driving assembly is suitable for driving first opening cylinder, second opening cylinder and / or third opening cylinder rotation.

[0010] Further, the driving assembly comprises a first rotating shaft rotatably arranged below the first opening cylinder, a first synchronous belt adapted to link the first rotating shaft and the first opening cylinder, a third rotating shaft rotatably arranged below the third opening cylinder, a third synchronous belt adapted to link the third rotating shaft and the third opening cylinder, and a fourth synchronous belt adapted to link the first rotating shaft and the third rotating shaft.

[0011] Further, the driving assembly further comprises a second rotating shaft rotatably arranged below the second opening cylinder, the second rotating shaft being linked with the first rotating shaft through the fourth synchronous belt, a first gear coaxially arranged with the second rotating shaft, a fourth rotating shaft rotatably arranged above the second rotating shaft, the fourth rotating shaft being adapted to drive the second opening cylinder to rotate, and a second gear coaxially arranged with the fourth rotating shaft, the first gear being engaged with the second gear.

[0012] Further, the driving assembly further comprises a fifth rotating shaft rotatably arranged above the fourth rotating shaft, the fifth rotating shaft being coaxially arranged with the second opening cylinder, the fifth rotating shaft being adapted to drive the second opening cylinder to rotate, and a second synchronous belt adapted to link the fourth rotating shaft and the fifth rotating shaft.

[0013] Further, the driving assembly further comprises a joint sleeve arranged between the fifth rotating shaft and the second opening cylinder, one end of the joint sleeve being movably connected with the second opening cylinder, and the other end of the joint sleeve being selectively engaged with the fifth rotating shaft.

[0014] Further, the driving assembly further comprises a driving motor provided with a rotatable driving end, the driving end being connected with the first rotating shaft, the second rotating shaft or the third rotating shaft.

[0015] The carding machine according to the present application is briefly described as follows.

[0016] The carding machine according to the present application comprises the multi-stage carding mechanism according to any one of the above embodiments. Since the carding machine according to the present application is provided with the multi-stage carding mechanism according to the above embodiments, the opening effect of the carding machine on the fiber raw material is better.

[0017] The other advantages, objects, and features of the present application will become apparent from the following specification, and it is intended to be covered by the following claims, not to be limited to the preferred embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0018] For the purposes of the present application, the following drawings are provided:

[0019] Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the cotton carding machine of the present application;

[0020] Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the multi-stage cotton carding mechanism of the present application;

[0021] Fig. 3 is a side view of the multi-stage cotton carding mechanism of the present application.

[0022] The reference signs in the drawings are as follows:

[0023] 1000, cotton carding machine; 1, multi-stage cotton carding mechanism;

[0024] 10, first opening cylinder; 20, second opening cylinder; 30, third opening cylinder;

[0025] 411, first rotating shaft; 412, second rotating shaft; 413, third rotating shaft; 414, fourth rotating shaft; 415, fifth rotating shaft;

[0026] 421, first synchronous belt; 422, second synchronous belt; 423, third synchronous belt; 424, fourth synchronous belt;

[0027] 431, first gear; 432, second gear; 433, engaging sleeve. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In order to make the objects, technical solutions, and advantages of the present application clearer, the following further describes the present application in conjunction with the embodiments and drawings, and the schematic embodiments and their descriptions are only used to explain the present application, and not to limit the present application.

[0029] In the following description, a large number of specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present application. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present application can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures, circuits, materials, or methods have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present application.

[0030] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", "one design", or "a design" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or design is included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment", "in an embodiment", "in one design", or "in a design" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or design. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable

[0031] In the description of the present application, it is to be understood that the orientations or positional relationships indicated by the terms "front", "back", "left", "right", "up", "down", "vertical", "horizontal", "high", "low", "inner", "outer" and the like are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the scope of protection of the present application.

[0032] Embodiment one:

[0033] As shown in Figs. 1-3 The present application provides a multi-stage carding mechanism 1, comprising: a first opening drum 10, a second opening drum 20 and a third opening drum 30, the first opening drum 10, the second opening drum 20 and the third opening drum 30 are rotatably arranged at the material inlet of the carding machine 1000, and in the running direction of the fiber raw material, the first opening drum 10, the second opening drum 20 and the third opening drum 30 are arranged in sequence; wherein the first opening drum 10 is adapted to drive the fiber raw material to move, and the rotating direction of the second opening drum 20 and / or the third opening drum 30 is opposite to that of the first opening drum 10.

[0034] In some embodiments, the running direction of the fiber raw material is the direction in which the fiber raw material enters the carding machine 1000 from the material inlet, in the running direction of the fiber raw material, the first opening drum 10, the second opening drum 20 and the third opening drum 30 are arranged in sequence, and the first opening drum 10 is adapted to drive the fiber raw material to run when rotating, so that the fiber raw material can smoothly enter the carding machine 1000.

[0035] It is worth mentioning that the rotation direction of the second opening roller 20 and / or the third opening roller 30 is opposite to that of the first opening roller 10, which can be that the rotation direction of the second opening roller 20 is opposite to that of the first opening roller 10, or that the rotation direction of the third opening roller 30 is opposite to that of the first opening roller 10, or that the rotation direction of the second opening roller 20 and the rotation direction of the third opening roller 30 are both opposite to that of the first opening roller 10, which is not limited here.

[0036] It can be understood that the first opening roller 10 is the main driving component, and the rotation of the first opening roller 10 will drive the fiber raw material into the carding machine 1000, and the second opening roller 20 and / or the third opening roller 30 rotate in the opposite direction, which will produce a "pulling" effect when the fiber passes through, which helps to disperse the fiber bundle and make the fiber more evenly distributed and reduce the entanglement between the fibers.

[0037] According to the multi-stage carding mechanism 1 of the utility model, since the fiber raw material is subjected to the force from two opposite directions when passing through, the relative movement between the fibers is increased, thereby improving the opening effect, so that the fibers can be better separated and carded, and a more effective opening process can help to remove impurities in the fibers, reduce fiber damage, while ensuring that the length and strength of the fibers are not affected, and ultimately improve the overall quality of the product.

[0038] It is worth mentioning that according to different processing needs, the working state of the second or third opening roller 30 can be selectively controlled (for example, through the engagement sleeve 433 mechanism), which provides greater flexibility for operation and can adjust the performance of the carding machine 1000 according to actual needs.

[0039] Of course, although there are counter-rotating rollers, through reasonable mechanical design (such as the application of the engagement sleeve 433), effective opening treatment can be achieved while ensuring smooth conveying of the fiber raw material, avoiding the problem of fiber jamming or poor conveying caused by excessive counter-force.

[0040] Embodiment two:

[0041] In this embodiment, the rotation direction of the second opening roller 20 is opposite to that of the first opening roller 10, and the rotation direction of the third opening roller 30 is the same as that of the first opening roller 10.

[0042] In some embodiments, the first opening cylinder 10 is the main driving component, which is responsible for driving the forward movement of the fiber raw material, the second opening cylinder 20 rotates in the opposite direction of the first opening cylinder 10, when the fiber raw material is brought in by the first opening cylinder 10, the second opening cylinder 20 will rotate in the opposite direction, thereby exerting a "pulling" force on the fiber, which helps to more effectively open and disperse the fiber, the third opening cylinder 30 rotates in the same direction as the first opening cylinder 10, after the fiber is processed by the second opening cylinder 20, the third opening cylinder 30 continues to rotate in the same direction as the first opening cylinder 10, helping to maintain the forward movement of the fiber and further combing the fiber.

[0043] Therefore, due to the reverse rotation of the second opening cylinder 20, the second opening cylinder 20 will exert additional friction on the fiber, making it easier to untangle the entanglement between the fibers, the third opening cylinder 30 rotates in the same direction as the first opening cylinder 10, ensuring that the fiber raw material can continue to move forward and will not be stalled or reversed due to the reverse action of the second opening cylinder 20.

[0044] Embodiment three:

[0045] This embodiment is based on embodiment two, and the multi-stage carding mechanism 1 further comprises a driving assembly, the driving assembly is connected with the first opening cylinder 10, the second opening cylinder 20 and / or the third opening cylinder 30, and the driving assembly is suitable for driving the first opening cylinder 10, the second opening cylinder 20 and / or the third opening cylinder 30 to rotate.

[0046] In some embodiments, the driving assembly can be connected with the first opening cylinder 10, the second opening cylinder 20 and / or the third opening cylinder 30, that is, the driving assembly can drive the first opening cylinder 10, the second opening cylinder 20 or the third opening cylinder 30 alone or simultaneously.

[0047] According to some embodiments of the present application, the driving assembly comprises a first rotating shaft 411, a first synchronous belt 421, a third rotating shaft 413, a third synchronous belt 423 and a fourth synchronous belt 424, the first rotating shaft 411 is rotatably arranged below the first opening cylinder 10, the first synchronous belt 421 is suitable for linking the first rotating shaft 411 and the first opening cylinder 10, the third rotating shaft 413 is rotatably arranged below the third opening cylinder 30, the third synchronous belt 423 is suitable for linking the third rotating shaft 413 and the third opening cylinder 30, and the fourth synchronous belt 424 is suitable for linking the first rotating shaft 411 and the third rotating shaft 413.

[0048] In some embodiments, the first rotating shaft 411 is arranged below the first opening cylinder 10 and is connected with the first opening cylinder 10 through the first synchronous belt 421, so that power can be transmitted to the first opening cylinder 10. The first synchronous belt 421 is adapted to connect the first rotating shaft 411 with the first opening cylinder 10, so that the first rotating shaft 411 and the first opening cylinder 10 rotate synchronously, thereby making the first opening cylinder 10 rotate in a predetermined direction.

[0049] The third rotating shaft 413 is arranged below the third opening cylinder 30 and is connected with the third opening cylinder 30 through the third synchronous belt 423, so that power can be transmitted to the third opening cylinder 30. The third synchronous belt 423 is adapted to connect the third rotating shaft 413 with the third opening cylinder 30, so that the third rotating shaft 413 and the third opening cylinder 30 rotate synchronously, thereby making the third opening cylinder 30 rotate in a predetermined direction.

[0050] The fourth synchronous belt 424 is adapted to connect the first rotating shaft 411 with the third rotating shaft 413, so that when the first rotating shaft 411 rotates, the third rotating shaft 413 also rotates synchronously, thereby ensuring that the first opening cylinder 10 and the third opening cylinder 30 rotate in the same direction.

[0051] It can be understood that power is transmitted from the driving motor to the first rotating shaft 411 first, then transmitted to the first opening cylinder 10 through the first synchronous belt 421, so that the first opening cylinder 10 rotates in a predetermined direction, and at the same time, power is transmitted from the first rotating shaft 411 to the third rotating shaft 413 through the fourth synchronous belt 424, and then transmitted to the third opening cylinder 30 through the third synchronous belt 423, so that the third opening cylinder 30 rotates in the same direction as the first opening cylinder 10.

[0052] According to some embodiments of the present application, the driving assembly further comprises a second rotating shaft 412, a first gear 431, a fourth rotating shaft 414 and a second gear 432. The second rotating shaft 412 is rotatably arranged below the second opening cylinder 20. The second rotating shaft 412 is connected with the first rotating shaft 411 through the fourth synchronous belt 424. The first gear 431 is coaxially arranged with the second rotating shaft 412. The fourth rotating shaft 414 is rotatably arranged above the second rotating shaft 412. The fourth rotating shaft 414 is adapted to drive the second opening cylinder 20 to rotate. The second gear 432 is coaxially arranged with the fourth rotating shaft 414. The first gear 431 is engaged with the second gear 432.

[0053] In some embodiments, the second rotating shaft 412 is arranged below the second opening cylinder 20, and is connected with the first rotating shaft 411 through the fourth synchronous belt 424, so that power can be transmitted from the first rotating shaft 411 to the second rotating shaft 412. The first gear 431 is coaxially arranged on the second rotating shaft 412. The fourth rotating shaft 414 is arranged above the second rotating shaft 412, and is adapted to drive the second opening cylinder 20 to rotate, i.e., the fourth rotating shaft 414 is responsible for transmitting power from the second rotating shaft 412 to the second opening cylinder 20. The second gear 432 is coaxially arranged on the fourth rotating shaft 414 and is engaged with the first gear 431, so that power transmission and direction conversion are realized through the engagement between the gears, and the second opening cylinder 20 rotates in a predetermined direction (opposite to the first opening cylinder 10).

[0054] It can be understood that power is transmitted from the first rotating shaft 411 to the second rotating shaft 412 through the fourth synchronous belt 424, and then the first gear 431 on the second rotating shaft 412 is engaged with the second gear 432 on the fourth rotating shaft 414 to transmit power to the fourth rotating shaft 414. Finally, the fourth rotating shaft 414 drives the second opening cylinder 20 to rotate in a predetermined direction (opposite to the first opening cylinder 10).

[0055] It is worth noting that due to the engagement between the first gear 431 and the second gear 432, when the first rotating shaft 411 rotates clockwise, the second rotating shaft 412 also rotates clockwise, but due to the engagement relationship between the gears, the fourth rotating shaft 414 rotates counterclockwise, thereby driving the second opening cylinder 20 to rotate counterclockwise (assuming that the first opening cylinder 10 rotates clockwise).

[0056] Embodiment Four:

[0057] In this embodiment, the driving assembly further comprises a fifth rotating shaft 415 and a second synchronous belt 422. The fifth rotating shaft 415 is rotatably arranged above the fourth rotating shaft 414, and is coaxially arranged with the second opening cylinder 20. The fifth rotating shaft 415 is adapted to drive the second opening cylinder 20 to rotate. The second synchronous belt 422 is adapted to connect the fourth rotating shaft 414 and the fifth rotating shaft 415.

[0058] In some embodiments, the fifth rotating shaft 415 is arranged above the fourth rotating shaft 414 and coaxial with the second opening roller 20, and the fifth rotating shaft 415 is adapted to directly drive the second opening roller 20 to rotate. By arranging the fifth rotating shaft 415 coaxially with the second opening roller 20, it can ensure that the power transmission between the fifth rotating shaft 415 and the second opening roller 20 is more direct and stable. The second synchronous belt 422 links the fourth rotating shaft 414 and the fifth rotating shaft 415, ensuring that power can be transmitted from the fourth rotating shaft 414 to the fifth rotating shaft 415, thereby driving the second opening roller 20 to rotate.

[0059] It can be understood that the power is transmitted from the first rotating shaft 411 to the second rotating shaft 412 through the fourth synchronous belt 424, and then transmitted from the first gear 431 on the second rotating shaft 412 to the second gear 432 on the fourth rotating shaft 414. Then, the fourth rotating shaft 414 transmits power to the fifth rotating shaft 415 through the second synchronous belt 422, and finally the fifth rotating shaft 415 directly drives the second opening roller 20 to rotate.

[0060] It is worth noting that the introduction of the fifth rotating shaft 415 and the second synchronous belt 422 not only provides an additional power transmission path, but also increases the flexibility and reliability of the system. If the fourth rotating shaft 414 or its related components have problems, the fifth rotating shaft 415 can drive the second opening roller 20 independently through other means (such as a backup motor or other transmission system), thereby improving the fault tolerance of the entire system.

[0061] According to some embodiments of the present application, the drive assembly further comprises a coupling sleeve 433, which is arranged between the fifth rotating shaft 415 and the second opening roller 20. One end of the coupling sleeve 433 is movably connected to the second opening roller 20, and the other end of the coupling sleeve 433 is selectively engaged with the fifth rotating shaft 415.

[0062] In some embodiments, the design of the coupling sleeve 433 allows the operator to choose whether to transmit the power of the fifth rotating shaft 415 to the second opening roller 20 according to actual needs. Specifically, when the coupling sleeve 433 is engaged with the fifth rotating shaft 415, power can be transmitted to the second opening roller 20 through the fifth rotating shaft 415 to make the second opening roller 20 rotate and work. When the coupling sleeve 433 is not engaged with the fifth rotating shaft 415, even if the fifth rotating shaft 415 rotates, the second opening roller 20 will not rotate with it, so that the work of the second opening roller 20 can be temporarily stopped.

[0063] Therefore, by the selective engagement mechanism of the engagement sleeve 433, the influence of the reverse rotation of the second opening cylinder 20 on the fiber material conveying can be avoided when the carding machine 1000 just starts to work, and the second opening cylinder 20 is started in time to enhance the opening effect after the position-limited material conveying is stable.

[0064] It can be understood that when the carding machine 1000 just starts to work, if the second opening cylinder 20 immediately rotates reversely, the normal conveying of the fiber material can be disturbed. The engagement sleeve 433 can be used to start the second opening cylinder 20 after the carding machine 1000 runs for a period of time, so as to ensure that the fiber material smoothly enters the carding machine 1000. In addition, the engagement sleeve 433 provides flexible operation options, and the working state of the second opening cylinder 20 can be adjusted at any time according to different processing requirements. For example, when different types of fibers are processed, it can be selected whether to use the second opening cylinder 20. Of course, when the second opening cylinder 20 is not needed to be used, the second opening cylinder 20 can be disconnected through the engagement sleeve 433, so as to reduce unnecessary mechanical wear and energy loss, and prolong the service life of the multi-stage carding mechanism 1.

[0065] According to some embodiments of the present application, the driving assembly further comprises a driving motor, and the driving motor is provided with a rotatable driving end, and the driving end is connected with the first rotating shaft 411, the second rotating shaft 412 or the third rotating shaft 413.

[0066] In some embodiments, the driving motor can drive the driving end to rotate when the driving motor works, and the driving end rotates to drive the first rotating shaft 411, the second rotating shaft 412 or the third rotating shaft 413 to rotate. Here, the driving end can be connected with the first rotating shaft 411; the driving end can also be connected with the second rotating shaft 412; and the driving end can also be connected with the third rotating shaft 413, which is not limited here.

[0067] Embodiment five:

[0068] The present application provides a kind of carding machine 1000, carding machine 1000 including the multi-stage carding mechanism 1 of any one of the above embodiments. Since the carding machine 1000 according to the present application is provided with the multi-stage carding mechanism 1 of the above embodiments, the opening effect of the fiber material of this carding machine 1000 is better.

[0069] Finally, it is explained that the above preferred embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application but not limit, although the present application has been described in detail through the above preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that various changes can be made in form and details without departing from the scope defined by the claims of the present application.

Claims

1. A multi-stage carding mechanism, characterized in that, include: A first opening roller, a second opening roller, and a third opening roller are rotatably mounted at the material inlet of the carding machine, and are arranged sequentially in the direction of fiber material travel; wherein... The first opening roller is adapted to drive the fiber raw material to move, and the rotation direction of the second opening roller and / or the third opening roller is opposite to the rotation direction of the first opening roller.

2. The multi-stage carding mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The second opening roller rotates in the opposite direction to the first opening roller, while the third opening roller rotates in the same direction as the first opening roller.

3. The multi-stage carding mechanism according to claim 2, characterized in that, Also includes: A drive assembly, wherein the drive assembly is connected to the first opening roller, the second opening roller and / or the third opening roller, and the drive assembly is adapted to drive the first opening roller and / or the third opening roller to rotate.

4. The multi-stage carding mechanism according to claim 3, characterized in that, The driving component includes: A first rotating shaft is rotatably disposed below the first opening roller; A first synchronous belt, the first synchronous belt being adapted to link the first rotating shaft with the first opening roller; A third rotating shaft is rotatably disposed below the third opening roller; A third synchronous belt, wherein the third synchronous belt is adapted to link the third rotating shaft with the third opening roller; A fourth synchronous belt, which is adapted to link the first rotating shaft with the third rotating shaft.

5. The multi-stage carding mechanism according to claim 4, characterized in that, The driving component also includes: The second rotating shaft is rotatably disposed below the second opening roller, and the second rotating shaft is linked to the first rotating shaft via a fourth synchronous belt; A first gear, which is coaxially arranged with the second rotating shaft; A fourth rotating shaft is rotatably disposed above the second rotating shaft, and the fourth rotating shaft is adapted to drive the second opening roller to rotate; The second gear is coaxially arranged with the fourth rotating shaft, and the first gear meshes with the second gear.

6. The multi-stage carding mechanism according to claim 5, characterized in that, The driving component also includes: A fifth rotating shaft is rotatably disposed above the fourth rotating shaft. The fifth rotating shaft is coaxially disposed with the second opening roller and is adapted to drive the second opening roller to rotate. A second synchronous belt is adapted to link the fourth rotating shaft with the fifth rotating shaft.

7. The multi-stage carding mechanism according to claim 6, characterized in that, The driving component also includes: A coupling sleeve is disposed between the fifth rotating shaft and the second opening roller. One end of the coupling sleeve is movably connected to the second opening roller, and the other end of the coupling sleeve is selectively engaged with the fifth rotating shaft.

8. The multi-stage carding mechanism according to claim 5, characterized in that, The driving component also includes: A drive motor is provided with a rotatable drive end, which is connected to a first rotating shaft, a second rotating shaft, or a third rotating shaft.

9. A carding machine, characterized in that, Includes the multi-stage carding mechanism as described in any one of claims 1-8.

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