Slurry pump capable of reducing cavitation

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of slurry pumps, and one embodiment of the utility model provides a slurry pump capable of reducing cavitation, the slurry pump comprises a pump shell, the upper end of the pump shell is provided with a discharge port, a slurry mixing assembly is arranged in the pump shell, and a cleaning anti-corrosion assembly is arranged on the pump shell; the slag slurry mixing assembly comprises an output motor, a discharge pipe is arranged on the upper end face of the pump shell, and the discharge pipe communicates with the pump shell. By means of the technical scheme, the problem that in the prior art, a traditional slurry pump is generally subjected to cavitation in the operation process is solved, when the liquid pressure of a local area in the pump is lower than the saturated vapor pressure at the working temperature, liquid is vaporized to form bubbles, and after the bubbles flow to a high-pressure area along with the liquid, the bubbles enter the high-pressure area. The technical problem that the service life of the slurry pump is greatly shortened due to the facts that when the slurry pump is used, the slurry pump quickly cracks and generates strong impact force to repeatedly act on the surface of a flow passage component of the pump, hard spots and honeycomb corrosion pits appear on the metal surface, and even component perforation is caused when the corrosion is serious is solved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the technical field of slurry pumps, in particular, to a slurry pump capable of reducing cavitation. BACKGROUND

[0002] In many aspects of industrial production, such as mining, metallurgical processing, chemical manufacturing, and power production, the slurry pump, as a key equipment for conveying liquid mixtures containing solid particles, is of great importance. For example, in the mining industry, the ore slurry containing a large number of ore particles needs to be transported to the subsequent processing process. In chemical production, the transmission of slurry with corrosion and solid impurities is often involved.

[0003] However, the traditional slurry pump is generally plagued by cavitation problems during operation. When the liquid pressure in a local area of the pump is lower than the saturated vapor pressure at the working temperature, the liquid will vaporize to form bubbles. These bubbles will rapidly collapse and produce a powerful impact force when they flow to the high-pressure area, repeatedly acting on the surface of the flow components of the pump, causing the metal surface to appear pitting and honeycomb-shaped pits, and even causing the components to perforate in severe cases, greatly shortening the service life of the slurry pump. According to statistics, in some harsh working conditions of mines and chemical enterprises, the average replacement cycle of the flow components of the slurry pump due to cavitation is only 1-3 months. Frequent equipment maintenance and replacement not only increases production costs but also seriously affects the continuity of production, resulting in a significant decline in production efficiency.

[0004] At the same time, the solid particles contained in the slurry can cause wear and tear to the internal components of the pump during the conveying process, increasing the risk of equipment damage. In addition, the conveyed medium may be corrosive, further eroding the pump casing, impeller, and other components, making the maintenance cost of the slurry pump high. When a blockage occurs in the pump, it can cause unstable flow, reduced head, and even serious consequences such as motor overload and burning. Therefore, developing a slurry pump that can effectively reduce cavitation and has good anti-clogging, cleaning, and corrosion prevention functions has become a key problem in the industrial field that needs to be solved. CONTENT OF THE INVENTION

[0005] To overcome the above-mentioned defects, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a slurry pump capable of reducing cavitation, which solves the technical problem that the conventional slurry pump in the prior art is generally plagued by cavitation problems during operation. When the liquid pressure in a local area of the pump is lower than the saturated vapor pressure at the working temperature, the liquid will vaporize to form bubbles. These bubbles will rapidly collapse and produce a powerful impact force when they flow to the high-pressure area, repeatedly acting on the surface of the flow components of the pump, causing the metal surface to appear pitting and honeycomb-shaped pits, and even causing the components to perforate in severe cases, greatly shortening the service life of the slurry pump.

[0006] According to one aspect, at least one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a slurry pump capable of reducing cavitation generation, comprising:

[0007] a pump shell, an upper end of the pump shell being provided with a discharge port;

[0008] a slurry mixing assembly, the slurry mixing assembly being arranged inside the pump shell;

[0009] a cleaning and cavitation prevention assembly, the cleaning and cavitation prevention assembly being arranged on the pump shell;

[0010] The slurry mixing assembly comprises an output motor, the output motor being arranged on the outer side wall of the pump shell, an output end of the output motor being inserted into the interior of the pump shell, the output end of the output motor being provided with a driving shaft, a driving piece being sleeved on the driving shaft, a side wall of the driving piece being provided with a breaking groove, an inner side wall of the pump shell being provided with a breaking strip, the breaking strip being embedded in the interior of the breaking groove, and an upper end surface of the pump shell being provided with a discharge pipe, the discharge pipe being in communication with the pump shell.

[0011] As a further technical solution, a side wall of the pump shell is provided with an inlet, the inlet being provided with an inlet pipe, an interior of the inlet pipe being provided with a rotating shaft, the rotating shaft being provided with a breaking column, and the rotating shaft being fixedly connected with the driving shaft.

[0012] As a further technical solution, the cleaning and cavitation prevention assembly comprises a cleaning pipe, one end of the cleaning pipe being inserted into the interior of the pump shell, a distal end of the cleaning pipe being provided with a high-pressure nozzle, a side wall of the cleaning pipe being provided with a positioning piece, the positioning piece being located on the inner side wall of the pump shell, and the positioning piece being positioned and inserted between the pump shell.

[0013] As a further technical solution, the distal end of the cleaning pipe is provided with a connecting sealing gasket, the connecting sealing gasket being two annular gaskets, and the connecting sealing gasket being sleeved on the upper end of the cleaning pipe.

[0014] As a further technical solution, a distal end of the inlet pipe is provided with an insertion groove, and the insertion groove is provided with a sealing insertion sleeve.

[0015] As a further technical solution, the upper end of the discharge pipe is a elbow pipe structure, and the upper end of the discharge pipe is 90° curved.

[0016] As a further technical solution, a lower end surface of the pump shell is provided with a support frame, a bottom surface of the support frame is provided with a base plate, a lower end of the inlet pipe is provided with a positioning frame, and a lower end surface of the output motor is provided with a motor frame.

[0017] As a further technical solution, the support frame, the positioning frame, and the motor frame are all arranged on the upper end surface of the base plate.

[0018] The embodiments of the present disclosure have the following beneficial effects:

[0019] 1、In the present disclosure, the rotating shaft inside the feed pipe is fixedly connected with the driving shaft, driving the breaking column and the driving piece to rotate synchronously, forming a double-breaking mechanism of "feed pre-breaking + secondary breaking in the pump". On the one hand, the breaking column can pre-break the larger solid particles in the feed, avoiding the direct impact of large particles on the impeller or the blockage of the flow channel. On the other hand, the breaking groove and the breaking strip of the driving piece further refine the particles, reduce the wear rate of the particles on the pump shell and the impeller, and reduce the increase of local fluid resistance caused by particle accumulation.

[0020] 2、In the present disclosure, the high-pressure nozzle at the end of the cleaning pipe can periodically (or in real time) spray cleaning liquid (such as water or corrosion inhibitor) into the pump shell, cooperating with the fixing effect of the positioning piece to ensure that the nozzle position is accurately aligned with the area prone to scaling or corrosion (such as the back blade of the impeller and the corner of the pump shell flow channel). The high-pressure fluid sprayed can remove the slurry residues, crystalline substances or corrosion products attached to the inner wall of the pump body, avoiding the acceleration of local corrosion caused by impurity accumulation; at the same time, the corrosion inhibitor can form a protective film on the metal surface to inhibit the chemical corrosion of the medium (such as acid-containing and alkali-containing slurry) on the pump body. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present disclosure, the drawings needed in the description of the embodiments of the present disclosure will be briefly introduced. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings according to the content of the example embodiments of the present disclosure and these drawings without creating any creative labor.

[0022] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram in an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0023] Figure 2 It is a rotating shaft side view of the present disclosure;

[0024] Figure 3 It is a pump shell sectional view of the present disclosure;

[0025] Figure 4 It is a cleaning pipe shaft side view of the present disclosure;

[0026] In the figure: 1, pump shell; 2, discharge port; 3, slag slurry mixing assembly; 3-1, output motor; 3-2, drive shaft; 3-3, drive piece; 3-4, breaking groove; 3-5, breaking strip; 3-6, discharge pipe; 3-7, feed inlet; 3-8, feed pipe; 3-9, rotating shaft; 3-10, breaking column; 4, cleaning and corrosion prevention assembly; 4-1, cleaning pipe; 4-2, high-pressure nozzle; 4-3, positioning piece; 4-4, connecting sealing gasket; 5, plug-in slot; 6, sealing plug-in sleeve; 7, support frame; 8, base plate; 9, positioning frame; 10, motor frame. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The present disclosure will be further described in conjunction with the drawings and examples. It can be understood that the specific examples described herein are merely used to explain the present disclosure, but not to limit the present disclosure.

[0028] In order to make the drawing simple, only the parts related to the disclosure are shown in each figure, which does not represent the actual structure of the product. In addition, in order to make the drawing simple and easy to understand, in some figures, only one of the parts with the same structure or function is shown, or only one of them is marked. In this text, "one" not only means "only one", but also means "more than one", and "several" includes "two" and "more than two".

[0029] In this text, it is necessary to point out that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "mounting", "connection" and "connection" should be understood broadly, for example, it can be fixed connection, or detachable connection, or integrally connected; it can be mechanical connection, or electrical connection; it can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through intermediate medium, or it can be the communication inside two elements. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms in the present disclosure can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0030] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the "upper" or "lower" of the first feature to the second feature can include that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are not in direct contact but are in contact through another feature between them. Moreover, the "upper", "above" and "above" of the first feature to the second feature includes that the first feature is directly above and obliquely above the second feature, or only means that the horizontal height of the first feature is higher than that of the second feature. The "below", "below" and "below" of the first feature to the second feature includes that the first feature is directly below and obliquely below the second feature, or only means that the horizontal height of the first feature is less than that of the second feature.

[0031] In the description of the embodiments, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", and the like orientation or positional relationship are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of description and simplification of operation, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the present disclosure.

[0032] In addition, in the description of the present application, the terms "first", "second", and the like are only used to distinguish the description, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0033] As shown in Figures 1-4 , it shows a slurry pump capable of reducing cavitation generation of the present disclosure, comprising:

[0034] A pump shell 1, the upper end of the pump shell 1 is provided with a discharge port 2;

[0035] A slurry mixing assembly 3, the slurry mixing assembly 3 is arranged inside the pump shell 1;

[0036] A cleaning and anti-cavitation assembly 4, the cleaning and anti-cavitation assembly 4 is arranged on the pump shell 1;

[0037] The slurry mixing assembly 3 includes an output motor 3-1, the output motor 3-1 is arranged on the outer side wall of the pump shell 1, the output end of the output motor 3-1 is inserted into the inside of the pump shell 1, the output end of the output motor 3-1 is provided with a driving shaft 3-2, the driving shaft 3-2 is sleeved with a driving piece 3-3, the side wall of the driving piece 3-3 is provided with a breaking groove 3-4, the inner side wall of the pump shell 1 is provided with a breaking strip 3-5, the breaking strip 3-5 is embedded in the inside of the breaking groove 3-4, the upper end surface of the pump shell 1 is provided with a discharge pipe 3-6, the discharge pipe 3-6 is connected in communication with the pump shell 1.

[0038] The cleaning and anti-cavitation assembly 4 includes a cleaning pipe 4-1, one end of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is inserted into the inside of the pump shell 1, the distal end of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is provided with a high-pressure nozzle 4-2, the side wall of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is provided with a positioning piece 4-3, the positioning piece 4-3 is located on the inner side wall of the pump shell 1, and the positioning piece 4-3 is positioned and inserted between the pump shell 1.

[0039] In some examples, the pump shell 1 is placed in a suitable working position, the support frame 7 at the lower end of the pump shell 1 is fixedly connected with the bottom plate 8, and the stability of the pump shell 1 is ensured. Usually, the bolt connection mode can be adopted, corresponding screw holes are pre-formed on the support frame 7 and the bottom plate 8, and the stable installation of the two is realized by tightening the bolts. The output motor 3-1 is installed on the outer side wall of the pump shell 1, the motor frame 10 at the lower end of the output motor 3-1 is fixed on the upper end surface of the bottom plate 8, and the bolt connection mode is also adopted to ensure the stability of the motor. The output end of the output motor 3-1 is inserted into the inside of the pump shell 1, the driving shaft 3-2 is fixedly connected with the output end of the output motor 3-1, and the key connection or coupling connection mode can be adopted to ensure stable power transmission. The driving piece 3-3 is sleeved on the driving shaft 3-2, the side wall of the driving piece 3-3 is provided with a breaking groove 3-4, and the inside of the pump shell 1 is provided with a breaking strip 3-5. When installing, the position of the breaking strip 3-5 needs to be accurately adjusted to ensure that it is well matched with the breaking groove 3-4, so that when the driving piece 3-3 rotates, the breaking strip 3-5 can break the solid particles entering the breaking groove 3-4.

[0040] One end of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is inserted into the inside of the pump shell 1, the cleaning pipe 4-1 is provided with a high-pressure nozzle 4-2 at the end, the positioning piece 4-3 on the side wall of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is located on the inside of the pump shell 1, and the positioning piece 4-3 is positioned and inserted between the pump shell 1. The positioning holes can be arranged on the positioning piece 4-3 and the pump shell 1, and the positioning can be realized by using a pin to ensure that the installation position of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is accurate, and the high-pressure nozzle 4-2 can effectively clean the inside of the pump shell 1. When the cleaning and corrosion prevention assembly 4 is operated, the external cleaning water source is connected with the cleaning pipe 4-1. After the water source is opened, the high-pressure nozzle 4-2 sprays cleaning water in the form of high pressure, washes the flow components in the inside of the pump shell 1, removes the attached impurities, reduces the occurrence of corrosion, and further reduces the possibility of cavitation.

[0041] The positioning frame 9 at the lower end of the feeding pipe 3-8 is installed on the upper end surface of the bottom plate 8 and is connected by bolts. The positioning frame 9 can further support and position the feeding pipe 3-8 to ensure the stability of the feeding pipe 3-8 during the working process.

[0042] As shown in Figures 1-4 The side wall of the pump shell 1 is provided with a feeding port 3-7, the feeding port 3-7 is provided with a feeding pipe 3-8, the inside of the feeding pipe 3-8 is provided with a rotating shaft 3-9, the rotating shaft 3-9 is provided with a breaking column 3-10, and the rotating shaft 3-9 is fixedly connected with the driving shaft 3-2.

[0043] In some examples, the rotating shaft 3-9 inside the feed pipe 3-8 is fixedly connected with the driving shaft 3-2, which can be connected by a shaft coupling to realize synchronous rotation of the two, and a smashing column 3-10 is arranged on the rotating shaft 3-9. When the driving shaft 3-2 drives the rotating shaft 3-9 to rotate, the smashing column 3-10 rotates with it, preliminarily smashing the solid particles entering the feed pipe 3-8, preventing large solid particles from damaging the internal components of the slurry pump, and also helping to reduce the occurrence of cavitation.

[0044] For example, as shown in Figure 4 The end of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is provided with a connecting sealing pad 4-4, which is a double annular pad, and the connecting sealing pad 4-4 is sleeved on the upper end of the cleaning pipe 4-1.

[0045] In some examples, the end of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is sleeved with two annular connecting sealing pads 4-4, which can be made of rubber material. When installed, the connecting sealing pad 4-4 is ensured to tightly fit the end of the cleaning pipe 4-1, so as to play a good sealing role and prevent the cleaning water from leaking.

[0046] For example, as shown in Figure 1 The end of the feed pipe 3-8 is provided with a plug-in slot 5, and the plug-in slot 5 is provided with a sealing plug-in sleeve 6.

[0047] In some examples, the feed inlet 3-7 of the side wall of the pump shell 1 is connected with the feed pipe 3-8, the plug-in slot 5 at the end of the feed pipe 3-8 is matched and installed with the sealing plug-in sleeve 6, the sealing plug-in sleeve 6 is tightly sleeved on the end of the feed pipe 3-8, and then the feed pipe 3-8 is inserted into the feed inlet 3-7 to realize sealed connection, preventing air from entering or slurry from leaking during feeding.

[0048] For example, as shown in Figure 1 The upper end of the discharge pipe 3-6 is a elbow pipe structure, and the upper end of the discharge pipe 3-6 is a 90° bend.

[0049] In some examples, the discharge outlet 2 at the upper end of the pump shell 1 is connected with the discharge pipe 3-6, and the upper end of the discharge pipe 3-6 is a 90° elbow pipe structure. When connected, a sealing pad such as a rubber sealing pad can be arranged at the connection between the discharge outlet 2 and the discharge pipe 3-6, and then a pipe clamp is used for fastening to prevent slurry from leaking.

[0050] For example, as shown in Figure 1 The lower end surface of the pump shell 1 is provided with a support frame 7, the bottom surface of the support frame 7 is provided with a bottom disc 8, the lower end of the feed pipe 3-8 is provided with a positioning frame 9, and the lower end surface of the output motor 3-1 is provided with a motor frame 10. The support frame 7, the positioning frame 9 and the motor frame 10 are all arranged on the upper end surface of the bottom disc 8.

[0051] In some examples, the support frame 7, the positioning frame 9 and the motor frame 10 are all arranged on the upper end face of the chassis 8, so that the various main components of the slurry pump are stably connected to form a stable overall structure, and the stable operation of the slurry pump during work is ensured, and the risk of cavitation caused by component shaking and other factors is reduced.

[0052] In use, the driving shaft 3-2 drives the rotating shaft 3-9 and the breaking column 3-10 in the feed pipe 3-8 to rotate through the shaft coupling, so that the slurry entering the feed pipe 3-8 is broken into smaller particles, the fluid viscosity and local resistance are reduced, and the fluid turbulence caused by solid accumulation is avoided (turbulence easily causes local pressure fluctuation and induces cavitation). When the driving piece 3-3 is rotated by the driving shaft 3-2, the breaking groove 3-4 on the side wall of the driving piece 3-3 and the breaking strip 3-5 on the inner wall of the pump shell 1 form a shearing and crushing structure. When the slurry enters the breaking groove 3-4, the breaking strip 3-5 is embedded in the groove, and the particles are broken into smaller particles through shearing and extrusion, so that the solid particles in the slurry are further refined, and the "gas core" in the fluid is reduced (the surface of the solid particles may adsorb gas, forming a cavitation core).

[0053] The discharge pipe 3-6 adopts a 90° elbow structure, which reduces the vortex generated when the fluid turns (vortex area is easy to form a low pressure area, which induces liquid vaporization), and at the same time, the elbow structure can reduce the instantaneous flow rate of the discharge end by prolonging the fluid path, balance the pressure difference between the pump inlet and outlet, and avoid cavitation caused by sudden pressure drop.

[0054] The high-pressure nozzle 4-2 at the end of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is connected to an external cleaning water source. When the pump has been running for a certain period of time or before shutdown, the cleaning water source is opened, and the high-pressure water flow is sprayed into the pump shell 1. The water flow removes the corrosive medium attached to the surface of the component through impact stripping, preventing pits from forming on the metal surface due to corrosion.

[0055] The positioning piece 4-3 is positioned and inserted into the pump shell 1 through a pin, ensuring that the position of the nozzle is fixed and can be accurately aligned with the corrosion-prone areas (such as the back pressure side of the impeller and the bend of the pump shell 1), achieving directional cleaning, maintaining the smoothness of the component surface, and reducing fluid friction resistance and local pressure loss.

[0056] The sealing plug sleeve 6 at the end of the feed pipe 3-8 is tightly fitted with the feed port 3-7 of the pump shell 1, and a conical surface sealing design is adopted to prevent external air from being sucked into the pump cavity through the gap during the feeding process. If air enters, it will form gas bubble nuclei when the impeller rotates at high speed, intensifying cavitation. The double-ring rubber sealing gasket at the end of the cleaning pipe 4-1 is pressed on the wall of the pump shell 1 through interference fit, blocking the leakage path of cleaning water and external air, and preventing external air from flowing back into the pump with cleaning water, thereby maintaining the fluid tightness of the pump cavity.

[0057] It should be noted that the above examples are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present disclosure rather than limit the present disclosure. Although the present disclosure is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions of the present disclosure can be modified or equivalently replaced without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present disclosure, and all should be covered in the scope of the claims of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A slurry pump which can reduce the generation of cavitation, characterized by, Include: Pump shell (1), the upper end of the pump shell (1) is provided with a discharge port (2); Slurry mixing assembly (3), the slurry mixing assembly (3) is arranged inside the pump shell (1); Cleaning and corrosion prevention assembly (4), the cleaning and corrosion prevention assembly (4) is arranged on the pump shell (1); The slurry mixing assembly (3) includes an output motor (3-1), the output motor (3-1) is arranged on the outer wall of the pump shell (1), the output end of the output motor (3-1) is inserted into the inside of the pump shell (1), the output end of the output motor (3-1) is provided with a driving shaft (3-2), the driving shaft (3-2) is sleeved with a driving piece (3-3), the side wall of the driving piece (3-3) is provided with a breaking groove (3-4), the inner side wall of the pump shell (1) is provided with a breaking strip (3-5), the breaking strip (3-5) is embedded in the inside of the breaking groove (3-4), the upper end surface of the pump shell (1) is provided with a discharge pipe (3-6), the discharge pipe (3-6) is communicated with the pump shell (1).

2. The slurry pump of claim 1, wherein, The side wall of the pump shell (1) is provided with an inlet (3-7), the inlet (3-7) is provided with an inlet pipe (3-8), the inside of the inlet pipe (3-8) is provided with a rotating shaft (3-9), the rotating shaft (3-9) is provided with a breaking column (3-10), the rotating shaft (3-9) is fixedly connected with the driving shaft (3-2).

3. The slurry pump of claim 1, wherein, The cleaning and corrosion prevention assembly (4) includes a cleaning pipe (4-1), one end of the cleaning pipe (4-1) is inserted into the inside of the pump shell (1), the distal end of the cleaning pipe (4-1) is provided with a high-pressure nozzle (4-2), the side wall of the cleaning pipe (4-1) is provided with a positioning piece (4-3), the positioning piece (4-3) is located on the inner side wall of the pump shell (1), and the positioning piece (4-3) is positioned and inserted between the pump shell (1).

4. The slurry pump of reduced cavitation according to claim 3, wherein, The distal end of the cleaning pipe (4-1) is provided with a connecting sealing gasket (4-4), the connecting sealing gasket (4-4) is two annular gaskets, and the connecting sealing gasket (4-4) is sleeved on the upper end of the cleaning pipe (4-1).

5. The slurry pump of reduced cavitation according to claim 2, wherein, The distal end of the inlet pipe (3-8) is provided with a plug-in groove (5), and the plug-in groove (5) is provided with a sealing plug-in sleeve (6).

6. The slurry pump of reduced cavitation according to claim 1, wherein, The upper end of the discharge pipe (3-6) is a elbow pipe structure, and the upper end of the discharge pipe (3-6) is bent by 90°.

7. The slurry pump of reduced cavitation according to claim 2, wherein, The lower end surface of the pump shell (1) is provided with a support frame (7), the bottom surface of the support frame (7) is provided with a chassis (8), the lower end of the inlet pipe (3-8) is provided with a positioning frame (9), and the lower end surface of the output motor (3-1) is provided with a motor frame (10).

8. A slurry pump with reduced cavitation according to claim 7, wherein, The support frame (7), the positioning frame (9) and the motor frame (10) are all arranged on the upper end surface of the chassis (8).

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