Arrangement of at least one air guide element on a motor vehicle
Patent Information
- Application Number
- DE102023001199
- Authority / Receiving Office
- DE · DE
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-03-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-20
- Estimated Expiration
- 2043-03-27
Smart Images

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Abstract
Description
[0001] The invention relates to an arrangement of at least one air guide element on a motor vehicle, according to the preamble of claim 1.
[0002] German patent application DE 10 2010 018 779 A1 discloses an arrangement of at least one fairing part on a motor vehicle, in particular a passenger car, in which the fairing part is held in the area of at least one steering element of a wheel suspension of the motor vehicle that is pivotably mounted on the motor vehicle. The steering element is at least partially covered downwards in the vertical direction of the vehicle by means of the fairing part, wherein the fairing part is movably mounted on the motor vehicle depending on a pivoting movement of the steering element.
[0003] These types of fairing components, often referred to as aero-optimized handlebar fairings, sometimes feature additional parts in front of the fairing, such as a so-called thrust strut cover. A disadvantage of this classic solution is that the airflow in the rear underbody area between the handlebar fairing and the diffuser is only optimized for one specific rear axle height. For other heights, the airflow is less than optimal, particularly regarding the flow towards the diffuser, which increases drag (Cd value). Furthermore, it is not possible to adapt to the shape of the subsequent diffuser. This would be necessary, for example, if a rear underbody panel is located on one side of the vehicle and a rear silencer is located on the opposite side, or if identical handlebar fairings are used for vehicle variants with both combustion engines and electric motors.
[0004] From the generic DE 10 2016 005 202 B3, a two-track vehicle with a rear axle is distinguished, with wheel suspensions opposite each other in the transverse direction of the vehicle, each of which has a wheel carrier articulated to the vehicle body via control arms. The wheel suspension is at least partially covered downwards towards the roadway in the vertical direction of the vehicle by an underbody panel, which has a panel element fixed to a stabilizer assembly in a rotationally fixed manner.
[0005] The object of the invention is to provide an arrangement of an air guide element on a motor vehicle, by means of which an airflow on an underbody area of the motor vehicle can be guided particularly efficiently.
[0006] This problem is solved by means of an arrangement having the features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described by the dependent claims, the following description, and the figures.
[0007] One aspect of the invention relates to an arrangement of at least one air guide element on an underbody area of a motor vehicle, in which a fairing part is held on a wheel suspension of a vehicle axle in the area of at least one steering element pivotably mounted on the motor vehicle. It is provided that the air guide element is at least partially covered downwards in the vertical direction of the vehicle by the fairing part. The motor vehicle can be, in particular, an internal combustion engine vehicle, i.e., a motor vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, or an electrically powered motor vehicle, as well as a hybrid vehicle, i.e., a vehicle having both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor as its drive system.
[0008] The at least one air guide element for directing airflow in the underbody area is fixed to the vehicle and arranged longitudinally behind the at least one body panel. In addition to the body panel for the wheel suspension, which is used to provide a particularly advantageous airflow in the underbody area, especially in an axle area of the vehicle's underbody, the air guide element is also provided. This air guide element at least partially regulates and improves, and in particular optimizes, the airflow behind the body panel, and thus at the air guide element and the subsequent diffuser area. Accordingly, the air guide element is used to further direct the airflow along the body panel in such a way as to minimize the vehicle's aerodynamic drag.In other words, the air guide element is intended to control and regulate the airflow around the vehicle, particularly in the underbody area, in such a way as to minimize the vehicle's aerodynamic drag. The airflow traveling longitudinally from front to rear is thus controlled and guided not only by the fairing in the area of the wheel suspension, but also at least partially in a rear section by the air guide element. Specifically, it is designed to at least partially prevent any air turbulence or diffuse airflow that might occur behind the fairing, which is why the air guide element is positioned behind it.By positioning the air guide elements longitudinally behind the trim panel, the airflow can flow directly from the trim panel along the air guide element, thus minimizing air turbulence and the resulting drag. This regulation by the air guide elements in this arrangement directs the airflow according to the manufacturer's specifications and at least partially reduces drag, particularly through optimal airflow in the diffuser area.
[0009] To solve the problem of the invention and thus provide an arrangement by which an airflow can be guided particularly efficiently in an underbody area of the motor vehicle, the invention provides that at least two vehicle-mounted air guide elements are arranged with respective gaps between the respective trim panel and a rear floor cover of the motor vehicle. It is provided that, in addition to one air guide element behind a trim panel, a second air guide element is arranged on the opposite side of the motor vehicle in the longitudinal direction. A rear floor cover, extending over the entire width of the vehicle, is arranged behind the respective air guide elements. In other words, an air guide element is arranged behind each trim panel, positioned to the left and right in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle and behind the respective trim panel in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.Behind the respective air guide elements, the rear floor cover is arranged, thus providing the intended airflow path for the airflow in the underbody area of the vehicle on both sides. In particular, the respective air guide elements are designed to generate an airflow optimized for the rear floor cover and are arranged at least partially symmetrically to a central longitudinal axis of the vehicle, with the rear floor cover forming the rear end of the arrangement. Specifically, the rear floor cover can extend along the width of the vehicle, allowing the respective air guide elements to be symmetrically designed and arranged on each side in front of the continuous rear floor cover.
[0010] It is provided that the air guide element is not arranged directly or immediately against the cladding part, but rather that at least a predetermined gap, representing the gap, is formed between the air guide element and the cladding part. In particular, it is provided that an edge of the air guide element is arranged along an edge of the cladding part, and that this arrangement provides a gap. Specifically, the edge of the air guide element and the edge of the cladding part are thus arranged essentially parallel to each other, although deviations are possible and can be provided for. The design of the gap makes it easier for an installer or user to mount and dismount both the air guide element and the cladding part.In particular, it makes it easier to remove the trim panel through the gap, as there is a certain tolerance range for gripping the trim panel.
[0011] The at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element is arranged with a further gap between the at least one fairing panel and a rear silencer of the motor vehicle. Since the rear silencer is located behind the fairing panel in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, the air guide element is arranged between the rear silencer and the fairing panel. This means that, in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, the fairing panel is arranged first, then the air guide element, and finally the rear silencer.It is provided that a further gap is arranged or provided between the air guide element and the rear silencer, whereby a second edge of the air guide element is arranged essentially parallel to an edge on the rear silencer. This additional gap provides a clearance that allows for adjustments and enables the air guide element to be designed in such a way as to ensure optimal airflow to the rear silencer. In particular, the gap between the fairing element and the air guide element, as well as the further gap between the air guide element and the rear silencer, are designed to be as narrow as possible in order to prevent, and especially minimize, air turbulence and harmful diffuse airflow in these areas.
[0012] The second vehicle-mounted air guide element is arranged with gaps forming between the second body panel and a rear floor cover of the vehicle. Specifically, in addition to one air guide element positioned longitudinally behind a body panel, a second air guide element is located on the opposite side of the vehicle. In other words, an air guide element is positioned behind each body panel, one on the left and one on the right longitudinal side, and one behind the respective body panel. The rear silencer and the rear floor cover are located behind these air guide elements, thus providing the intended airflow channel in the underbody area of the vehicle on both sides.In particular, the respective air guide elements are designed in such a way that they generate an improved airflow for the parts arranged behind them in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle and are arranged at least partially symmetrically to a central longitudinal axis of the motor vehicle, with the rear silencer and the rear floor cover forming the respective rear ends of the arrangement.
[0013] In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle behind the at least one fairing part such that a first surface of the at least one fairing part, directed downwards in the vehicle's vertical direction, and a second surface of the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element, also directed downwards in the vehicle's vertical direction, are arranged at essentially the same height relative to the vehicle. In other words, the respective surfaces of the fairing part and the air guide element form a plane separated by the gap, with the heights of the two components being essentially the same relative to the vehicle and thus forming the plane. This arrangement can also be used in a configuration with a high chassis position.Due to the uniform height relative to the vehicle, and thus the provision of a level surface, it is possible to guide the airflow, which runs along the underbody area in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle from front to rear, past the trim panel and the air guide element in such a way that very few, and in particular no, air vortices are generated at the gap and at the arrangement of the air guide element behind the trim panel, thereby keeping the air resistance in this area as low as possible.
[0014] In particular, the position of the air guide element relative to the vehicle is chosen such that, at the gap and at the arrangement of the air guide element in front of the parts located behind it in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, few, and in particular no, air vortices are generated, thereby keeping the air resistance as low as possible in this area as well. Furthermore, the shape and position of the air guide element are specifically chosen to create an optimized airflow for the respective parts located behind it in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. The resulting optimal airflow in the diffuser area of the vehicle ensures that the vehicle's air resistance is kept to a minimum.
[0015] A further embodiment of the invention has proven equally advantageous, in which the first surface of the at least one fairing part and the second surface of the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element are arranged offset relative to the vehicle and each has a different height relative to the vehicle. In this embodiment, it is particularly provided that the surface of the fairing part has a lower height than the surface of the air guide element, whereby the height of the vehicle-mounted air guide element relative to the vehicle is decisive for the airflow direction towards the diffuser area of the vehicle. This arrangement can be used with a low suspension position.In this arrangement, the position and shape of the vehicle-mounted air guide element are identical to those of the arrangement with a high suspension position. This results in an optimized airflow for the components located behind it in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, regardless of the suspension position. Therefore, for this low suspension position, an optimal airflow is maintained in the diffuser area of the vehicle, thus minimizing the vehicle's drag.
[0016] An embodiment of the invention has also proven advantageous in which the geometry of the respective vehicle-mounted air guide element corresponds to an arrangement of the respective air guide element in a first space between the first trim panel and the rear silencer or in a second space between the second trim panel and the rear floor cover. In other words, the air guide element is designed such that its geometry fits into this space between the trim panel and the rear silencer or the rear floor cover, particularly with the formation of the gap.For example, an air guide element can be designed in its geometry as a triangle extending along a plane of the underbody area, which has a predetermined height in the vehicle's upward direction in order to position its surface at the height of the lower surface of the fairing part, or can be designed higher in order to direct the airflow flowing along the fairing part further downwards in the vehicle's upward direction.
[0017] In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the geometry of the respective vehicle-mounted air guide element is designed to correspond to its arrangement in the respective spaces, forming gaps between the trim panel and the rear silencer or the rear floor cover. In particular, the air guide element is designed to cover the space completely in order to prevent air turbulence within the space and to ideally direct the airflow to the parts arranged behind it in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, while still taking the gaps into account.
[0018] A further advantageous embodiment of the invention has been found in which the vehicle-mounted air guide element has a side that is directed substantially forward in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle and rounded downwards in the vertical direction of the vehicle. This means that the side or edge that points substantially forwards in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle is rounded in such a way that airflows encountering it are guided particularly well and efficiently. Such a rounding can be especially advantageous when the respective surfaces of the fairing part and the air guide element are offset, since the airflow is directed downwards in the vertical direction of the vehicle by the rounding. In particular, the rounding is formed with a radius that is relatively large compared to the size of the air guide element in order to provide particularly efficient redirection of the airflow.
[0019] Finally, in a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the vehicle-mounted air guide element is made of a plastic, advantageously featuring a lightweight and cost-effective design. The simple shaping of plastic air guide elements makes it particularly possible to create various geometries, which are characteristic of different vehicle series, between the body panel and the rear silencer or rear floor cover, and to mount the air guide element in the underbody area of the vehicle. The plastic air guide element is particularly advantageous due to its lightness, cost-effectiveness, formability, and, for example, weather resistance. It is also possible to use other materials such as aluminum for the construction of the vehicle-mounted air guide element.
[0020] In summary, the invention relates to a two-part air guidance system consisting of an axle-mounted, and therefore movable, handlebar cover, and a vehicle-mounted air guide element between the handlebar cover and, for example, a rear silencer or a rear floor cover. No closed surface is provided that could lead to aerodynamic disadvantages. With the axle-mounted handlebar cover, the airflow in the rear underbody area can only be optimized for one specific ride height at the rear axle without the vehicle-mounted air guide element. For other ride heights, a suboptimal flow pattern occurs, particularly with regard to the airflow towards the diffuser area, which leads to an increase in air resistance.The vehicle-mounted air guide element ensures optimal airflow in the diffuser area of the vehicle, even at varying ride heights, thus minimizing the vehicle's drag at different heights. Furthermore, the two-part air guide system allows for adaptation to the subsequent diffuser shape. This is necessary, for example, if a rear underbody panel is located on one side of the vehicle and a rear silencer on the opposite side, or if identical handlebar fairings are used for vehicle variants with combustion engines and electric motors. By adapting the shape and position of the vehicle-mounted air guide element to the components located behind it in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, optimal airflow in the diffuser area is always maintained.A front side or front edge of the vehicle-mounted air guide element is provided with a large radius in order to direct the incoming flow without losses onto the ideal outflow direction and to allow vertical scaling between the handlebar fairing and the air guide element without increasing air resistance.
[0021] In addition, the design provides flexibility independent of the vehicle's configuration or the application of the arrangement according to the invention to different vehicle configurations, making the arrangement according to the invention essentially applicable to any vehicle. Primarily, the air guide element allows the airflow behind the fairing components to be efficiently adapted to the subsequent components or the entire diffuser area.
[0022] In a vehicle designed for internal combustion engines, the following components can be a rear silencer on one side and a plastic rear floor panel on the other. By adapting the air guide elements to each side, ideal airflow to the diffuser area—the entire area behind the axles, and thus, in an internal combustion engine vehicle, the rear floor panel and rear silencer—can be achieved on both sides. Alternatively, in the case of an electrically powered vehicle, the plastic rear floor panel typically extends across the entire width of the vehicle. Symmetrical components can be used here, for example. Depending on the vehicle's configuration, corresponding adjustments to all components are required.
[0023] When considering a vehicle that functions both as a combustion engine vehicle with a single platform and as an electric vehicle with a mixed platform, the airflow can be adapted for both vehicle variants using the air guide element, especially when using the same axle / body panels. For example, it would be conceivable to use the same part for the side of the combustion engine vehicle with the plastic rear floor cover as for both sides of the electric vehicle; a modified air guide element would then be used for the side of the combustion engine vehicle with the rear silencer.
[0024] To optimize airflow conditions for different ride heights, which are achieved by vehicles with air suspension offering different driving programs that allow for a choice of ride heights, the air guide element for the airflow onto the diffuser area can be adjusted for all ride heights. Similarly, the air guide element can improve the airflow onto the diffuser area for both vehicle variants with steel and air suspension, as these different suspension variants typically also have different ride heights.
[0025] In general, the advantage of the air guide element lies in improved airflow to the diffuser area for different ride heights and vehicle variants when using the same axle and / or fairing components. The fairing components ensure improved airflow around the handlebars and / or axle. The air guide elements guarantee optimized airflow to the diffuser area under varying conditions.
[0026] Further advantages, features, and details of the invention will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment and from the drawing. The features and combinations of features mentioned above in the description, as well as those mentioned below in the figure description and / or shown in the single figure alone, can be used not only in the combinations specified, but also in other combinations or individually, without departing from the scope of the invention. The figures show: Fig. 1 a perspective view of an underbody area of a motor vehicle to illustrate an arrangement according to the invention of at least one air guide element on a motor vehicle; Fig. 2 a top view of the underbody area to further illustrate the arrangement according to the invention; Fig. 3 a schematic perspective view of the respective components of the arrangement; Fig. 4 a schematic cross-section of the arrangement according to the invention with a high chassis position with a first airflow; Fig. 5 a further schematic cross-section of the arrangement according to the invention with a low landing gear position with a further airflow; Fig. 6 a perspective view illustrating the arrangement according to the invention with a low chassis position; and Fig. 7 Another perspective view illustrating the arrangement according to the invention with a high chassis position.
[0027] In the figures, identical and functionally equivalent elements are provided with the same reference symbols.
[0028] Fig. 1 and Fig. Figure 2 shows a perspective view and a top view of the underbody of a motor vehicle to illustrate an arrangement of at least one air guide element 16a on the underbody area 26 of the motor vehicle. In particular, a first fairing part 10a, a second fairing part 10b, a control arm 12, a wheel suspension 16, a first air guide element 16a, and a second air guide element 16b are shown. The aim is to illustrate an arrangement of the air guide elements 16a and 16b on the motor vehicle in which the fairing parts 10a and 10b are held in the area of the at least one control arm of the wheel suspension, which is pivotably mounted on the motor vehicle. The control arm 12 is at least partially covered downwards in the vertical direction z of the vehicle by the fairing parts 10a and 10b.The air guide elements 16a, 16b are fixed to the vehicle and arranged in the longitudinal direction x of the vehicle behind the body panels 10a, 10b for guiding the airflow L in the underbody area 26, in particular in a diffuser area 25, thereby at least partially guiding the airflow L, which moves from front to rear in the longitudinal direction x of the vehicle, and thereby at least partially reducing the air resistance of the vehicle. In particular, the diffuser area 25 extends along the width of the vehicle and includes a rear silencer 22 and / or a rear floor cover 24.
[0029] Fig. Figure 3 shows a perspective view of the underbody area 26, in which the arrangement of the second air guide element 16b in the longitudinal direction x of the vehicle behind the trim panel 10b and in front of the rear floor cover 24 is shown. In particular, the vehicle-mounted air guide element 16b is shown with a gap 18b in the longitudinal direction x of the vehicle behind the at least one trim panel 10b, and the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element 16b is also shown with a further gap 20b between the at least one trim panel 10b and the rear floor cover 24. In particular, the geometry of the vehicle-mounted air guide element 16b is shown to correspond to an arrangement of the air guide element 16b in the space 28b between the second trim panel 10b and the rear floor cover 24.
[0030] The in Fig. However, the arrangement shown in section 3 is only exemplary for one of the two sides of the motor vehicle; in particular, it is provided that the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element 16a is also arranged with a further gap 20a between the at least one fairing part 10a and the rear silencer 22 of the motor vehicle, wherein this in Fig. 3 are not shown. In particular, it is also possible that the rear floor cover 24 and / or the rear silencer 22 extend over the entire width of the vehicle. Accordingly, the vehicle-mounted air guide elements 16a, 16b are then arranged with two gaps 20a, 20b between the trim parts 10a, 10b and the part located behind them in the longitudinal direction x of the vehicle. These arrangements are shown in the Fig. 3 not shown.
[0031] Fig. Figure 4 shows a cross-section of the arrangement according to the invention with a high chassis position, in which the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element 16a is arranged in the longitudinal direction x of the vehicle behind the at least one fairing part 10a such that a first surface F1 of the at least one fairing part 10a directed downwards in the vehicle vertical direction z and a second surface F2 of the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element 16a directed downwards in the vehicle vertical direction z are arranged at a substantially same height H relative to the motor vehicle.
[0032] Fig. Figure 5, however, shows a further arrangement with a low chassis position, in which the first surface F1 of the at least one fairing part 10a and the second surface F2 of the at least one vehicle-mounted air guide element 16a are arranged offset relative to the vehicle and have a respective height H1, H2 relative to the vehicle. In particular, it can be seen here that the vehicle-mounted air guide element 16a, 16b has a side 30 that is directed substantially forward in the longitudinal direction x of the vehicle and rounded downwards in the vertical direction z of the vehicle, whereby the side 30 can also be designed as an edge directed towards the fairing part 10a, 10b.
[0033] Fig. Figure 6 shows a perspective view of the underbody area 26, illustrating the arrangement in a low suspension position. In this low suspension position, the respective surfaces F1 and F2 are offset relative to the vehicle by their respective heights H1 and H2, as shown in the Fig. 5 already mentioned.
[0034] Fig. Figure 7, however, shows a perspective view of the underbody area 26, in which the arrangement is depicted in a high landing gear position. In the high landing gear position, the same height of the first surface F1 of the fairing part and the second surface F2 of the air guide element is to be shown, as in the Fig. 4 already mentioned. In particular, the vehicle-mounted air guide elements 16a, 16b are made of a plastic.
[0035] The geometry of the vehicle-mounted air guide elements 16a, 16b is designed to correspond to an arrangement of the air guide elements 16a, 16b in a respective space 28a, 28b between the fairing parts 10a, 10b and a rear silencer 22 or a rear floor cover 24. Likewise, the geometry of the respective vehicle-mounted air guide elements 16a, 16b is designed to correspond to the arrangement of the respective vehicle-mounted air guide elements 16a, 16b in the respective spaces 28a, 28b, forming respective gaps 18a, 20a, 18b, 20b between the fairing parts 10a, 10b and a rear silencer 22 or a rear floor cover 24.
[0036] In a configuration of the vehicle as an electrically powered vehicle, the rear floor cover 24, for example, is also made of plastic and extends across the entire width of the vehicle. Depending on the vehicle configuration, the air guide elements 16a, 16b can be adapted to improve the flow conditions. For example, symmetrical air guide elements 16a, 16b can be used. Depending on the vehicle configuration, corresponding adjustments to all components are provided. In particular, the respective air guide element 16a, 16b can be adapted to enable better airflow onto the diffuser area 25 at different vehicle heights.
[0037] In other words, an air guide element 16a, 16b is provided, which is arranged between the respective trim parts 10a, 10b and a rear silencer 22 or a rear floor cover 24. This results in an arrangement of an air guide system for passenger cars according to the invention.
Claims
[1] Arrangement of at least one air guiding element (16a) on an underbody region (26) of a motor vehicle, in which a covering part (10a) is held in the region of at least one control arm element (12) of a wheel suspension (14) of a vehicle axle of the motor vehicle, which control arm element is pivotably held on the motor vehicle and which is covered downwards in the vehicle vertical direction (z) at least in regions by means of the covering part (10a), wherein the at least one air guiding element (16a) for guiding an air flow (L) in the underbody region (26) is arranged fixed to the vehicle and in the vehicle longitudinal direction (x) behind the at least one covering part (10a) characterized by that two air guiding elements (16a, 16b) fixed to the vehicle are arranged to form respective gaps (18a, 20a, 18b, 20b) between two trim parts (10a, 10b) and a rear silencer (22) or a rear floor cover (24) of the motor vehicle, which extend over the entire width of the vehicle. [2] Arrangement according to claim 1, characterized by that the at least one vehicle-fixed air guide element (16a) is arranged in the vehicle longitudinal direction (x) behind the at least one trim part (10a) in such a way that a first surface (F1) of the at least one trim part (10a) directed downwards in the vehicle vertical direction (z) and a second surface (F2) of the at least one vehicle-fixed air guide element (16a) directed downwards in the vehicle vertical direction (z) are arranged at a substantially equal height (H) relative to the motor vehicle. [3] Arrangement according to claim 2, characterized by that the first surface (F1) of the at least one trim part (10a) and the second surface (F2) of the at least one vehicle-fixed air guiding element (16a) are arranged offset relative to the motor vehicle and have a respective height (H1, H2) relative to the motor vehicle. [4] Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bythat a geometry of the respective vehicle-fixed air guiding element (16a, 16b) is designed to correspond to an arrangement of the respective air guiding element (16a, 16b) in a first space (28a) between a first trim part (10a) and a rear silencer (22) or in a second space (28b) between a second trim part (10b) and a rear floor cover (24). [5] Arrangement according to claim 4, characterized by that the geometry of the respective vehicle-fixed air guide element (16a, 16b) is designed to correspond to the arrangement of the respective vehicle-fixed air guide element (16a, 16b) in the respective spaces (28a, 28b) with the formation of respective gaps (18a, 20a, 18b, 20b) to the trim parts (10a, 10b) and a rear silencer (22) or a rear floor cover (24). [6] Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bythat the air guiding element (16a, 16b) fixed to the vehicle has a side (30) which is directed substantially forward in the vehicle longitudinal direction (x) and rounded downwards in the vehicle vertical direction (z). [7] Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the vehicle-mounted air guiding element (16a, 16b) is made of a plastic.
Citation Information
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