Separation of CO2 in wood-fired heating systems by adding calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH)2 to the combustion chamber of pellet boilers, wood chip boilers, log boilers and combination boilers.

Abstract

1. CO2 capture in wood-fired heating systems by adding calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH)2 to the combustion chamber of pellet boilers, wood chip boilers, log boilers, and combination boilers. 2.1. Wood-fired heating systems are climate-friendly because burning wood only emits the portion of CO2 that was absorbed from the air during wood growth. The CO2 factor of 36 kgCO2 / MWh [1] is therefore only slightly positive for pellets. According to the German Federal Environment Agency, the CO2 emissions from wood combustion, without deducting growth effects, are 368 kgCO2 / MWhPE. 2.2. By filtering out CO2 during wood burning using this patent, the CO2 factor can be reversed from a positive to a negative value, which is equivalent to removing CO2 from the atmosphere. The equation is: 36 kgCO2 / MWh - 368 kgCO2 / MWh = - 332 kgCO2 / MWh. This requires the production of Ca(OH)2 powder to be almost climate-neutral. The lime industry has formulated targets and measures for this purpose [2].This patent uses calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH)2 with particle sizes in the fine particle range ≤ 1000 nm, which is injected into the combustion chamber of wood-fired heating systems using a dry sorption process. There, it binds the CO2 in the exhaust gas at temperatures above 650 °C and precipitates it as normal lime powder, calcium carbonate CaCO3, in the ash container. 2.3. Separation of CO2 in wood-fired heating systems.

Description

B. Technical FieldEnvironmental Engineering TechniqueC. Detailed Summary1. Wood firing installations such as pellet boilers, chip boilers, lump wood boilers (or sche wood) and combined boilers are climate-preserving, since only the CO 2- fraction which was removed from the air during the growth of the wood is emitted during the burning of wood. The German BAFA (Federal In Business and Experience Control) gave 2022 a slightly positive CO 2- factor for pellets of 36 kg CO2 / MWh [1], accounting for production and transport. Schewood and wood chips have somewhat lower values. All three are significantly below the values of lignite 383 kg CO2 / MWh, fuel oil 266-288 kg CO2 / MWh or liquefied gas 239 kg CO2 / MWh.The Environmental Committee indicated 2022 in his report "Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the German Reporting of Atmospheric Emissions" that the CO 2- output of the wood furnace without the inclusion of the CO 2- uptake in wood growth is 368 kg CO2 / MWh PE( PE: Primary Energy).By filtering out the CO 2 wholly or partly by means of the patent described here during the burning of wood, the CO 2- factor can be reversed from the actual positive value to a then negative value, which is equivalent to a removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere. The equation is 36 kg CO2 / MWh-368 kg CO2 / MWh=-332 kg CO2 / MWh.A decisive prerequisite for this, however, is the approximately climate-neutral production of the calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 required for the process with greatly reduced CO 2- release, on which the lime industry works intensively and has produced a roadmap [2] for this purpose.2. This patent uses calcium hydroxide powder with particle sizes in the fine particle range from 100 nm to 1000 nm, which is blown into the combustion chamber of the wood firing installations in the dry sorption process. It binds the CO 2 in the exhaust gas at the temperatures prevailing there of more than 650° C. and deposits CO 2 as normal lime powder calcium carbonate CaCO 3 in the ash container.D. Prior Art1. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 is produced annually worldwide in the order of many million tons and has several other names such as hydrated lime, calcium dihydroxide, hydrated lime, hydrated lime, calcium hydroxides, portlandite, hydrated lime, quicklime and slaced lime.The production process of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 is very energy-intensive and without the approximate climate neutrality or CO 2- reduction important for the patent during production, the mass value of the CO 2- equivalent (CO 2e or CO 2Äq) per mass of the substance is 0.89 kg CO2e / kg [1]. At present, this value is thus higher than the emission value during the combustion of pellets, which is 0.265 kg CO2e / kg.2. This pellet value was calculated from the plot value for pellets of [3] according to the formula with the plot value for pellets 424 kg CO2e / 8 MWh = 53 kg CO2e / MWh = 0.0147 kg / MJ and E / m for pellets = 18 MJ / kg → m CO2e / m = 0.265 kg CO2e / kg3. Calcium hydroxide is used, inter alia, in food processing, paper industry, construction industry, water treatment, medical industry and exhaust gas purification, for example for filtering out the gaseous pollutants hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and the sulfur oxides (SO x) in refuse incineration plants in the PCC process (post-combustion capture), wherein, inter alia, the calcium hydroxide is likewise blown into the flue gas stream as pulverulent reagent in the so-called dry sorption process and is then separated off on a fabric filter. [4] [4]The corresponding reaction equations are: Ca(OH) 2+ 2 HCl→CaCl 2+ 2 H 2 O Ca(OH) 2+ 2 HF→CaF 2+ 2 H 2 O Ca(OH) 2+ SO 2→CaSO 3+ H 2 O4. The effective dry sorption in the process of entrained stream carbonization (discharged bed carbonation) with calcium hydroxide for the purpose of CO 2- separation in flue gases from coal power plants was demonstrated, inter alia, 2013 in studies of the Ohio State University, USA [5] and 2022 of the CSIC INCAR Instituto de ciencia y tecnologia del carbono in Ovedo, Spain [6].The reaction equation for this is: Ca(OH) 2+ CO 2 → CaCO 3+ H 2 OThe most important parameters of the process for efficient separation of the CO 2 from the exhaust gas by high reactivity are fine particle size, large particle surface area of the calcium hydroxide powder, high meeting rate of the reaction molecules and the minimum process temperature of about 650° C. These are discussed in the studies [5] to [9].5. The application of the dry sorption method described in the patent application directly in the combustion chamber in wood firing systems has not been present up to now.In a united states patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,188 A, entitled "Process of afterburning and purifying process exhaust gases", bases for this application are discussed, but as reaction powder, in comparison with highly reactive calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2, the less reactive powders "lime" (calcium oxide or even burnt lime CaO), "lime" (calcium carbonate or also lime CaCO 3) "and / or dolomite" (calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO 3)2) are used. Particle sizes of 30 μm to 200 μm are used which do not allow high deposition rates in the 70 to 90% range at the short reaction times typical for wood firing plants of only 1.3 s to 1.9 s, in contrast to fine particles of less than 1 μm. Further differences are, inter alia, the lower process temperature (700° C. to 650° C.) and the manner of powder feeding, which is not regulated via the volumetric flow rate, inter alia, in the U.S. Pat. No.6. The technical implementation of the invention described here is useful as soon as the lime industry has achieved its goals of making the energy-intensive production processes for calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 almost climate-neutral or significantly reducing the CO 2- release.Internationally-resolved CO 2- impacts in the industrial and private sectors to minimize the impending crossover of the 1.5°C goal from the Paris 2015 agreement, on the one hand, accelerate efforts to convert energy-intensive industrial manufacturing and production processes. On the other hand, a lower consumption of energy carriers is promoted. The reduction of CO 2 in wood firing installations can contribute to this. In addition, the environmental federal committee 2021 has drastically exacerbated the reduction goals for Germany in the Federal Climate Protection Law (KSG) to 2030: instead of the originally formulated 120 million t CO2Äq in 2030, only 67 million t CO2Äq should be produced in the building sector until then. This takes part only by about one third in the total German end energy consumption. In the industrial sector, the new target is 118 million t CO2Äq in 2030 instead of 178.1 million t CO2Äq. Both will likely lead to a predending of the date 2050 so far in the 2020 formulated goals in the "roadmap" of the lime industry [2].7. Disadvantages of the user are, among other things, additional space requirements and costs for the calcium hydroxide powder. The price of the powder in the fine particle sizes (100 nm≤200 nm≤1000 nm) important for the invention is likely to drop with increasing demand into a similar order of magnitude of the current mass product with standard particle sizes (>5 μm to 10 μm). The price for this is currently about 160,-US$ per MT (metric ton).In addition, the hazards described in the safety data sheet, such as skin, airway irritation and severe eye damage, require special care in handling and storage.For this purpose, the industry offers well-established solutions, such as dense replaceable bag storage solutions and equally dense vacuum or compressed air pumps for meterable powder feeds (e.g. from Fa. De Dietrich Process Systems, a Big Bag Emptying Station and a Powder Pump).c. The ash box of the wood firing installations has to be emptied more frequently.8. In addition to the climate-friendly removal of CO 2 from the air (negative CO 2- factor), the advantage of the invention is that the lime powder (calcium carbonate CaCO 3) which is formed as reaction product in the combustion chamber can be easily emptied in the ash box together with the wood kiln ash, after testing local requirements.E. Description of the Physical, Chemical Conditions and Relationships Underlying the Patent in a Combustion Chamber of Wood Firing Systems for the Separation of CO2 Using Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2At the end of each of Chapters E.I. to E.VI., the solution and reaction is described in the patent.E. I. Reaction Temperature1. The researchers of INCAR in Oviedo, Spain, 2022 have demonstrated [6] that, in the case of drained bed carbonation (entrained flow carbonization) by means of calcium hydroxide (4 μm particle size) at normal storage temperature (T s= 20 ° C.), temperatures of the power plant exhaust gas containing CO 2- of greater than 650 ° C. are necessary in order to achieve separation rates of approximately 85%-95% at a molecular ratio Ca:CO 2= 1,36 and a contact time of 6 s. FIG. 1 shows the abstract functional principle of an aircraft flow carbonator.FIG. 2 shows the precipitation rates of CO 2 from the exhaust gas achieved in the experiment as a function of the temperatures of exhaust gas and calcium hydroxide powder.The series of tests by the researchers demonstrate for the parameters mentioned (volume fraction CO 2= 14 %, reaction time=6 s, F Ca / F CO2= 1,36, temperature of Ca(OH) 2= 20 ° C.) that a CO 2- precipitation of 80% is exceeded from 650° C. and rises above 95%. In the test setup, they did not go beyond 850° C. at the exhaust gas temperature. The straight course of the curve (black; fat) at this boundary nevertheless allows the assumption that up to approximately 1100° C. likewise no appreciable drop in the separation rate is to be feared. Up to this range, the temperatures increase during wood combustion after the supply of secondary air in the wood gas phase.2. In a wood firing combustor, the CO 2- emission occurs mainly in the various fire phases at temperatures of 650° C. (=923 K) to 1100° C. (=1373 K). Thus, in a combustion chamber of wood firing installations, ideal temperature conditions prevail for CO 2- dry sorption with Ca(OH) 2, analogously to the mentioned research results.E. II. Contact Time available for the Meeting of Offgas and Ca(OH)2Powder1. According to the data sheets of many manufacturers, in heating installations with fuel pellets, volumetric flow rates v VAG of the exhaust gas at rated load prevail between v VAG= 18 m 3 / h (=0.0052 m 3 / s) in a 7 kW small installation up to 630 m 3 / h (=0.174 m 3 / s) in a 240 kW large installation. These volumetric flow rates take place in the chimney connection pipe after heat exchange with the boiler. From these, flow speeds in the corresponding exhaust pipes with pipe diameters of 100 to 250 mm of v AG= 0,5 m / s to 3.5 m / s are calculated. the most frequent exhaust gas speed v AG= 1 m / s calculated from the values of the data sheets for volumetric flow speeds and pipe cross section is assumed below for the fundamental explanation.The exhaust gas temperatures in the chimney connection pipe between 100° C. and 150° C. are also approximated with the average value of 125° C. (=3898K) for the explanation of the principle.The very widely used 20 kW plants have exhaust gas mass flows of about 0.0125 kg / s, which corresponds to 0.42 mol / s at 125 °C and about 30 g / mol molar flue gas mass, or volumetric flow rates of about 0.014 m 3 / s (=50 m 3 / h) at the chimney connection tube diameters of 130 mm customary for these plants.Because of the large number of manufacturers and designs of wood incineration plants, this 20 kW plant is to be used below to explain the patent. It is intended to serve only as a sample and in no way restrict the applicability of the patent to larger or smaller plants, since the metering of the calcium hydroxide is controlled as a function of the volumetric flow rate and is thus adapted to the size of the plant. A calibration of the dosing control is possible before startup on the basis of the rated load values for the exhaust gas mass flow, the exhaust gas temperature and the pipe diameter of the chimney connection indicated in the data sheets of each wood firing system.2. Temperatures of 650° C. (=923 K) up to approximately 1100° C. (=1373 K) prevail in the combustion chamber in the various fire phases.3. For the sample 20 kW apparatus, a cylindrical standard combustion chamber of about 60 1 volume is assumed, which has an average length of I BK= 50 cm and an average diameter of d BK= 40 cm.Volume of combustion chamber V BK= r sK2 π*l BK= 62832 cm 3( radius r BK= 20 cm, length l BK= 50 cm)Exhaust gas velocity combustion chamber v BK= v VBK / r BK2 π(Combustion Chamber Volumetric Flow Rate v VBK)Cycle time of combustion chamber T=50 cm / v BK4. Starting from the average chimney exhaust gas velocity v AG= 1 m / s at 398 K exhaust gas temperature, back calculated to the larger but shorter volume of the combustion chamber (BK) of approximately 60 1, there results therein an average theoretical exhaust gas velocity v BK at 398 K of (only theoretically, since very much higher temperatures are present in the combustion chamber) and a therefore likewise theoretical passage time T 398K of the exhaust gas in the combustion chamber of5. In the exhaust gas, during rated load operation, the volume fraction of CO 2 varying between 10% and 14% can be assumed for calculations to a good approximation at approximately 12 V % and the mass fraction at approximately 18.5 m %.6. The density of the CO 2- gas is reduced as a result of the heated exhaust gas as a function of temperature: (the average value of the combustion chamber temperature=(137330923)K / 2=11448K and the average density reduction compared with 398K chimney temperature=(3.45+2.32) / 2=factor 2.88)For the different temperatures in the combustion chamber, practically different values result for the passage times and higher flow speeds v BK in the combustion chamber, since a temperature-dependent overpressure due to unhindered or regulated supply air is avoided: and a passage time T of the exhaust gas from and a passage time T of the exhaust gas from and a passage time T of the exhaust gas fromThe average cycle time of the CO 2 in the combustion chamber is set between 1.30 s (1100° C.) and 1.94 s (650° C.) over the period of 1.6 s, and thus an average exhaust gas velocity v BK= (0,5 m / 1.6 s)=0.31 m / s is produced with a combustion chamber length of 0.5 m.The value is derived backwards starting from an average flue gas velocity of 1 m / sec. Both values are used here only for calculations and can be scaled down and up for the invention; longer contact times are advantageous for the deposition rate.7. The contact time of exhaust gas and Ca(OH) 2- powder is very short at 1.6 s compared to the above-mentioned ones. Experiments in which it was 6 seconds. This problem is solved by the patent by using smaller average particle sizes of the powder (see E. III.) with a reaction surface area thus higher with the same total powder volume, as well as multiple contact by swirling the exhaust gas and / or the calcium hydroxide powder, which is blown into the combustion chamber at multiple speeds of the exhaust gas speed (see E. V.5 and E. V.6).E.III. Particle Size or Particle Surface of the Calcium Hydroxide Powder1. In the above experiments, a calcium hydroxide powder having an average particle size of 4 μm was used.2. Since the reactivity or deposition rate is directly proportional to the surface of the calcium hydroxide powder [7], the deposition rate can be influenced by it. The researchers of Taiwan have found the following relationship in 1999: with r S reaction rate k S function of temperature, concentrations of reacting species, and relative humidity φ reaction of surface area which is not converged by productThe particle surface Φ is defined by two parameters:2.a. BET surface area in [m2 / g]It is usually between 15 and 22 m 2 / g. The works on which this is based [5], [6] and [7] are carried out with hydrated lime powder of this conventional BET surface area. The higher this value, the more reactive the powder and more efficiently the CO 2- deposition. Special treatments of the powder make possible higher BET surface areas up to about 45 m 2 / g [8]. The use of powder with BET ≥22 m 2 / g is thus also desirable for this patent, if it is economically viable.2.b. Particle size Particle SizeThe particle size is inversely proportional to the reactivity or to the separation rate.Derivation:Spherical surface: O=4πr 2Spherical volume: V=4 / 3*π*r3Example: Standard particles r s = 1 μmNanoparticles r n = 5 nm→ratio Q r = 200Comparison of the number of balls QZkugling as a function of the ball radius for the same total volumeRatio of the spherical volumes Q V= 4 / 3 * π * (1*10 -6 m) 3 / 4 / 3 * π * (5*10 -9 m) 3= 8*106= ( r s / ṙ n)3, put in relation to the radius change Q V / Q r= 8*106 / 200 = 40000 = 2002= ( r s / rn)2:The ratio Q ZKugeln of the total number of balls is proportional to the square of the ratio of the ball diameters or radii for the same total volume:Surface ratio QOKugle as a function of the sphere radius for the same total volumeRatio of the spherical surfaces Q O= 4 π*(1*10 -6 m) 2 / 4 π*(5*10 -9 m) 2= 40000 = 2002= ( r s / r n)2 put in relation to the radius change Q O / Q r= 40000 / 200 = 200 = ( r s / rn)The ratio Q OKugeln of the total spherical surfaces is proportional to the ratio of the spherical diameters or radii for the same total volume:Thus, in this example, 200 3 times the number of balls is required for an identical volume, whereas only 200 2 times the number of balls is required for an identical surface. The surface area increased by a factor of 200=200 3 / 2002= Q V / Q O= r s / r n= Q OKugeln. for the same volume.The reaction rate or the separation rate can thus be critically influenced via the particle size.3. In a further work of the Ohio State University [9], this was qualitatively demonstrated 2018, as illustrated in FIG. 3.In the above-mentioned tests in Spain [6] with contact times of 6 s, calcium hydroxide particles with average diameters of 4 μm were used. Since contact times of the order of only about 1.6 s are available in wood firing systems, a powder having a particle diameter (6 s / 1.6 s≈4) that is smaller by at least a factor of 4 must therefore be used:This range is already in the fine particle range, which by definition comprises particles between 100 nm and 1000 nm. Particles smaller than 100 nm are referred to as nano-scale.For subsequent calculations, an average particle grain size of 200 nm is assumed, as a value in the lower fine particle range (100 nm≤200 nm≤1000 nm) and for higher design safety for the sufficient reactivity of the deposition process in the patent. This takes into account, on the one hand, possible measurement uncertainties of the reactivities in the above-mentioned studies and, on the other hand, the varying turbulent flow speeds in the combustion chambers. From the planning documents of the manufacturers of wood firing systems, it is possible to identify a frequent exhaust gas velocity of 1 m / s, with outliers of up to 3.5 m / s. The particle sizes of the powder batches also have tolerances. As mentioned above, the CO 2- content in the exhaust gas flow is load-dependent and varies between 10% and 14%. Not least, the dimension of the combustion chamber and thus the residence time of the exhaust gas there also vary as a result of the manufacturer and as a result of the performance.The product of these hardly avoidable variations of the operating parameters described makes it advisable in the patent to go to the safe side with the systematically important Ca(OH) 2- grain size, into the lowest possible range with grain sizes between 100 nm and 500 nm.In principle, for the function of the invention, it is better in all cases to work with Ca(OH) 2- particles in the lower fine particle range or even nano range below 100 nm grain size, but their production is a question of economic efficiency. At the same time, additional effort is incurred in the nano-scale for the filtration of the exhaust gas because of the weight-related volatility of these nanoparticles. Both are economic obstacles to the reaction.In addition, volatile Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles with diameters below 100 nm bring about health risks for living beings and between 20 nm and 50 nm an enhanced adverse effect on climate, since, provided they pass into the atmosphere because of their low weight, they absorb the solar radiation in all visible wavelengths.4. The BET surface area of the calcium hydroxide powder used in this patent can be in the standard range of 15-22 m 2 / g, although higher values are advantageous, but also more expensive to produce. In order to achieve the described high deposition rates, it is sufficient to use average particle diameters of the calcium hydroxide powder in the fine particle range between 100 nm and 1000 nm, preferably ≤200 nm. This provides the necessary reactivity despite the short contact time of the Ca(OH) 2 molecules with the CO 2 molecules.E.IV. Mass or volume of the calcium hydroxide powder required1. In the work of the Ohio State University, USA [5] and the INCAR Institute in Oviedo, Spain [6], it was demonstrated that, with parallel, one-off molecular contact, 90% precipitation of CO 2 by means of carbonizing by calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 MOL ratios Ca:C of 1.3 [5] to 1.36 [6] are sufficient.Density Ca(OH) 2 = 2,24 g / cm 3=2.24 t / m 3Molar mass Ca(OH) 2 = 74,10 g / molCa:C 90% = 1,3690% is derived from Ca:C 100% = 1,51100%Ca:C = m Ca(OH)2[ g] / M CaO[ g / mol] / m CO2[ g] / M CO2[ g / mol](M: molecular weight)2. Example Calculation for One-Time Molecular Contact with Ca:C 90%= 1,36:In this one-time molecular contact, as given in the works, 1000 g of Ca(OH) 2 for 393.2 g of CO 2 is thus required for 90% precipitation of CO 2 from the offgas.Thus, Ca(OH) 2 to CO 2 is in a mass ratio of 1000 g / 393.2 g=2.54 and a volume ratio of 1000 g / 2.24 g / cm 3 / 393,2 g / 1.98 g / cm 3=2,25.3. Energy content of various energy carriers made of wood

[10] :Pellets4900 kWh / t with about 1.54 m 3 / tWood chips2000-2900 kWh / t at 280 kg / m 3→560-812 kWh / srm (srm: bulk density meter)→Mean 2450 kWh / t→686 kWh / srmPiece wood4000-4500 kWh / t→1200-2100 kWh / rm (rm: Roommeter)→Mean 4250 kWh / t→1650 kWh / rmIn the report of the Environmental Committee of 2022 "Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the German Reporting of Atmospheric Emissions", the CO 2- output of the wood furnace is numbered without the inclusion of the CO 2- absorption during wood growth with 368 g / kWh PE( PE: Primary Energy). This results in an energy content of 10000 kWh of the respective wood fuel below 4. following values for the CO 2- output and the corresponding wood volume and below 5. to 8. the volume of the required sorbent powder calcium hydroxide. The multiple contact of the reacting molecules Ca(CO) 2 with CO 2 in the combustion chamber described in the patent is assumed:4. CO 2- Annual Generation Compared with Wood Fuels at 10000 kWh Thermal Energy ContentPellets→2.04 t (*1.54 m 3 / t=3.14 m 3)→ 10000 kTorr→3680 kg CO 2Wood chips→ca.14.57 srm→4.08 t→2.45 kWh / kg→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO 2Piece wood→ca.6.07 rm→2.35 t→4.25 kWh / kg→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO 2( ca. space requirement rm / srm=0.42)5. Multiplication of molecular encounter rateCa:C 90%= 1,3690% means that in the experiment 1.36 fold more Ca molecules are necessary than C molecules in order to bind 90% CO 2. Ca(OH) 2 molecules thus remained unused. In order to multiply the meeting rate of the molecules and thereby achieve as complete a CO 2- separation as possible from the exhaust gas, in this invention the calcium hydroxide is injected into the combustion chamber, for example in a swirling manner. By means of a laterally radial injection, the particle stream in the exhaust gas is entrained spirally and fluidized. Depending on the combustion chamber geometry, injection can also take place via nozzle arrays. In order to achieve the highest possible contact rates by means of a suitable number and arrangement of nozzles, experience from chemical process technology can be used. Types of wood burners which themselves generate swirling in the combustion chamber support the process in a radial, slightly opposite injection direction to this swirling (see E. V. 5 and E. V. 6 in this regard).A very high injection velocity per nozzle is important, which should be a multiple of the exhaust gas velocity. As a result, the Ca(OH) 2 particles cover a multiple distance in the combustion chamber in the same time. This leads to many multiple encounters with the CO 2- molecules and the almost complete CO 2- separation from the exhaust gas.6. The following calcium hydroxide content is calculated for a 90% CO 2- precipitation:In the case of multiple molecular contact, 1000 g of Ca(OH) 2 are thus required for 660.2 g of CO 2 for 90% precipitation of CO 2 from the offgas. 6.a. Thus, Ca(OH) 2 to CO 2 is in a mass ratio of 1000 g / 660.2 g=1.51 and in a ratio of 6.b. Volume ratio 1000 g / 2.24 g / cm 3 / 660,2 g / 1.98 g / cm 3= 1,34. 6. c. The spatial conditions required for Ca(OH) 2 for 90% deposition of CO 2:Pellets>2.04 t (*1.54 m 3 / t=3.16 m 3)→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,51 = 5557 kg Ca(OH)22,48 m 3Ca(OH) 2→ V Ca(OH)2 / V P= 0,78Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to pellet storage is 0.78.Wood chips→14,57 srm→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,51 = 5557 kg Ca(OH)2→2.48 m 3Ca(OH) 2→ V Ca(OH)2 / V HSsrm= 0,17Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to wood chip storage is 0.17.Piece wood→6,07 rm→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,51 = 5557 kg Ca(OH)2→2.48 m 3Ca(OH) 2→ V ca(OH)2 / V SHrm= 0,41Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to the stack of cutwood is 0.41.7. The following calcium hydroxide content is calculated for an 80% CO 2- precipitation:. In the case of multiple molecular contact, 1000 g of Ca(OH) 2 are thus required for 742.9 g of CO 2 for 80% precipitation of CO 2 from the offgas. 7.a. Thus, Ca(OH) 2 to CO 2 is in a mass ratio of 1000 g / 742.9 g=1.35 and in a ratio of 7.b. Volume ratio 1000 g / 2.24 g / cm 3 / 742,9 g / 1.98 g / cm 3= 1,19. 7. c. The spatial conditions required for Ca(OH) 2 for 80% deposition of CO 2:Pellets>2.04 t (*1.54 m 3 / t=3.16 m 3)→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,35 = 4968 kg Ca(OH)2→2.22 m 3Ca(OH) 2→ V Ca(OH)2 / V P= 0,70Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to pellet storage is 0.70.Wood chips→14,57 srm→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,35 = 4968 kg Ca(OH)2→2.22 m 3Ca(OH) 2→ V Ca(OH)2 / V HSsrm= 0,15Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to wood chip storage is 0.15.Piece wood→6,07 rm→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,35 = 4968 kg Ca(OH)2→2.22 m 3Ca(OH) 2→ V ca(OH)2 / V SHrm= 0,37Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to the stack of cutwood is 0.37.8. The following calcium hydroxide content is calculated for a 70% CO 2- precipitation:In the case of multiple molecular contact, 1000 g of Ca(OH) 2 are thus required for 848.9 g of CO 2 for a 70% precipitation of CO 2 from the offgas. 8.a. Thus, Ca(OH) 2 to CO 2 is in a mass ratio of 1000 g / 848.9 g=1.18 and in an 8.b. Volume ratio 1000 g / 2.24 g / cm 3 / 848,9 g / 1.98 g / cm 3= 1,04. 8.c. The spatial conditions required for Ca(OH) 2 for 70% deposition of CO 2:Pellets>2.04 t (*1.54m3 / t=3.16m3)→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,18 = 4342 kg Ca(OH)2→1.94 m 3 Ca(OH) 2→ V Ca(OH)2 / V P= 0,61Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to pellet storage is 0.61.Wood chips→14,57 srm→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,18 = 4342 kg Ca(OH)2→1.94 m 3 Ca(OH) 2→ V Ca(OH)2 / V HSsrm= 0,13Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to wood chip storage is 0.13.Piece wood→6,07 rm→10000 kWh→3680 kg CO2 * 1,35 = 4342 kg Ca(OH)2→1.94 m 3 Ca(OH) 2→ V ca(OH)2 / V SHrm= 0,32Storage volume Ca(OH) 2 to the stack of cutwood is 0.32.9. Acceptance for home use or for municipal energy supplies is still made more difficult at present by the additional storage requirements and handling costs for the calcium hydroxide powder, which increases the operating costs or reduces the economics. Mid-term this may change due to the reasons and conditions set forth in the summary above.E.V. Dosing of Calcium Hydroxide1. The measured variable for the correct metering is the volumetric velocity of the exhaust gas v VAG, in which an approximately 12% (10%-14%) proportion of CO 2 is located. The exact CO 2- content varies depending on the type and nature of the wood; in addition, it is also load-dependent. The variation can be neglected, since there is sufficient design safety via the smallest possible powder grain size and the highest possible encounter rate.There are three possibilities for the execution of the measuring element of the dosing control for the Ca(OH) 2- powder: a. A CO 2- detector directly measures the CO 2- proportion in the exhaust pipe. b. In the exhaust gas flow downstream of the heat exchanger, a suitable sensor determines the gas volume velocity v VAG. c. By measuring the exhaust gas flow velocity v AG with a velocity sensor and multiplying by the cross-sectional area A AR of the chimney connection pipe, the gas volume velocity v VAG is determined: v VAG= v AG* A AR.2. Since the CO 2- proportion is in the range of on average 12% of the total exhaust gas volume, the volumetric velocity v is VCO2 of the CO 2:3. The volumetric velocity v VCa(OH)2 of the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 to be blown into the combustion chamber of the wood heater is then for3.a.90 % CO 2- deposition→v VCa(OH)2 = 1,34 * v VCO2 = 0,161 * v VAGand3.b.80 % CO 2- deposition→v VCa(OH)2 = 1,19 * V VCO2 = 0,143 * v VAGand3.c.70 % CO 2- deposition→v VCa(OH)2 = 1,04 * v VCO2 = 0,125 * v VAG.The turbulent flow velocity in the combustion chamber which is higher by a factor of 2.88 compared to the exhaust gas situation in the chimney, due to a thermally induced lower gas density and consequently a shortened exhaust gas passage time of about 1.6 s, is no longer included in the calculation here. It is already taken into account sufficiently by using a fine powder of calcium hydroxide (see above E. II.6.-7. And E.III.3).The volumetric velocity v VCa(OH)2 of the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 to be injected into the combustion chamber of the wood heater is thus fixed as a function of the exhaust gas volumetric velocity v VAG to be measured multiplied by a factor which determines the desired degree of separation. It is important to be able to regulate the powder pump in order to ensure a proportional follow-up of the volume flow as a function of the exhaust gas speed. A velocity + / - 10% higher / lower results in + / - 10% more / less powder flow.4. If the exhaust gas volume velocity is measured via the exhaust gas velocity, a precalibration of the dosing control should be carried out at the powder pump. This is possible with the aid of the data sheet which makes details for each wood firing installation regarding rated load values for exhaust gas mass flow [g / s], exhaust gas temperature [° C.] and pipe diameter [mm] of the chimney connection.This can be advisable if the actual exhaust gas velocity deviates too much from the average 1 m / s, because the manufacturer of the wood firing installation leaves the pipe cross section of the chimney connection unchanged despite different installation outputs.The exhaust gas mass flow can be converted into the exhaust gas volumetric velocity v VAG[ m 3 / s] by means of the ideal gas law PV=nRT.Example 70% Deposition: v VCa(OH)2= 1,04 * v VCO2= 0,125 * v VAG with 20 kW example: A AR[ m 2] = (0,130 m / 2) 2* π=0.0133 m 2For the calculation of v AG[ m / s], the velocity v mol[ mol / s] is first calculatedThe mass flow AG is in the data sheet of the wood firing installation and the molar mass of an exhaust gas flow in wood firing installations is, to a good approximation, 30 g / mol.According to the ideal gas law PV=nRT at T=15° C. and P=1 bar, 0.014 m 3 exhaust gas volume V AG. results for the 0.417 mol exhaust gas.Thus, in this 20 kW example, the exhaust velocity isAt rated power, this exhaust gas velocity v AG[ m / s]=1.05 m / s is thus to be expected as a measured value in the exhaust pipe and can be used for calibrating the controllable metering unit of the powder pump.This should then be calibrated at a degree of precipitation of 70% with v VCa(OH)2= 1,04 * v VCO2= 0,125 * v VAG to a volumetric velocity v VCa(OH)2 of the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 to be injected.5. Flow velocity vCa(OH)2at the respective injection nozzles of calcium hydroxideFor the frequently required molecular conditions of the Ca(OH) 2 powder with the CO 2 in the combustion chamber waste gas (see E. II.7), injection rates of, for example, 10 m / s and higher are used in similar flue gas purification processes. At an average flue gas velocity in the combustion chamber of v BK= 0,32 m / s (see E. II.6) this corresponds to a factor of about 30 times higher injection velocity of the sorbent in comparison to the exhaust gas velocity in the combustion chamber. To ensure this, nozzle cross sections, arrangement and number must be appropriately selected.Despite the high design safety in this patent due to the very fine grain size of the Ca(OH) 2 powder, much higher factors than 30 may also be necessary to achieve the objective of 70-80 or 90% deposition.With path=speed*time, in the 1.6 second gas residence time in the combustion chamber, with radial or spiral injection direction or nozzle array arrangement, the molecular path of the Ca(OH) increases 2 in proportion to the speed. Thus, the theoretical contact rate of the Ca(OH) 2 powder with the CO 2 also correspondingly increases by a factor of 30 in this example.The flow velocity v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s can be calculated at a known volume velocity v VCa(OH)2 via the number of nozzles Z D and the cross-sectional areas A D of the injection nozzles:High injection speeds additionally have a cleaning advantage, since few particles can settle in the combustion chamber.6. Nozzle ArrangementDepending on the combustion chamber design, the spraying in of the calcium hydroxide powder must begin before the high temperature range of the combustion process (from about 650° C.). The powder can be injected via one or preferably a plurality of nozzles. These should also be arranged slightly tangentially radially transversely to the exhaust gas stream, at a small angle to the exhaust gas stream and / or for a spiral sorbent stream. Nozzle arrays are also common.In order to achieve the most complete possible overlap or the most possible turbulent mixing, arrangements that have proven successful for this purpose are available in chemical process technology. If the burner type itself already operates with a swirling flame, this is advantageous.Due to the many different combustor designs, a generally valid placement specification is not possible.7. In the development and construction of the invention, structural care must be taken to make the volume velocity of the Ca(OH) 2- powder adjustable. The measured variable of the control loop is the exhaust gas velocity in the chimney or alternatively the volume velocity or the CO 2- component of the exhaust gas. In addition, for the introduction of sorbent into the combustion chamber, an advantageous number and arrangement of nozzles must be implemented, which begins at the latest at the level of the secondary air supply. High flow speeds and atomization of the powder ensure that the approximately 1.6 s residence time of the exhaust gas in the combustion chamber in the temperature range between 650° C. and 1100° C. is used efficiently. Thus, there are sufficiently many encounters of the Ca(OH) 2- molecules with the CO 2- molecules for high CO 2- deposition.E. VI. CO2sensor in the exhaust gas stream1. A CO 2- sensor in the exhaust gas flow of the chimney connection pipe serves for monitoring and / or regulating the CO 2- separation. 1.a. The sensor values can be displayed directly or indicate the status of the system function via green, yellow, red signals. Ideally, the operator receives online indications of a handy app. 1.b. The sensor values can also be used as a measurement variable for regulating the volume velocity of the injected calcium hydroxide powder, within certain adjustable tolerance limits. In this case, the above-described flow rate sensor or the flow rate sensor may be omitted.F. Exemplary EmbodimentsF. I. Pellet Vessel1. Assume a pellet vessel with 20 kW power with tube heat exchanger and an energy consumption of 10000 kWh. The pellet requirement per year is assumed to be 2.04 t, or *1.54 m 3 / t=3.14 m 3 pellet storage volume. The chimney connection pipe has a diameter of 130 mm, the combustion chamber a length of 500 mm and a diameter of 400 mm.The annual CO 2- output is 3680 kg.2. The design of the CO 2- deposit is intended to achieve a 70% deposit, and thus 0.7*3680 kg=2576 kg of CO 2 / a are intended to be bound.3. The calcium hydroxide used should have a grain size of 200 nm and a conventional BET surface area of 15-22 m 2 / g.4. The amount of calcium hydroxide per year is 3680 kg CO2* 1,18 = 4342 kg Ca(OH)2, which corresponds to a volume of 1.94 m 3 of Ca(OH) 2 V Ca(OH)2 / V P= 0,61 ( The ratio of the storage volume of the powder Ca(OH) 2 to the pellet storage is 0.61.)In addition to the storage for the 3.14 m 3 requirement for years of wood pellets, an exchangeable bag storage system of 1.94 m 3 filling volume or two each with 0.92 m 2 must additionally be created and installed.5. A vacuum- or compressed-air-driven powder pump for blowing the calcium hydroxide into the combustion chamber must be able to be switched, for example, via a relay for the valve for the vacuum or compressed-air drive; in addition, the relay is intended to open and close a shutter in the feed pipe. The relay with an adjustable switching hysteresis is electrically connected to the ignition process of the burner.The volumetric flow rate of the powder pump is adjusted, in this case at 70% target deposition according to the formula v VCa(OH)2= 1,04 * v VCO2= 0,125 * v VAG.The exhaust pipe here has an internal diameter of 0.13 m with A AR= 0,0133 m 2 and an average exhaust gas velocity in the chimney connection pipe at rated load of v AG= 1,05 m / s.The calcium hydroxide volume flow rate is thus calibrated to v VCa(OH)2= 0,00175 m 3 / s for a 70% CO 2- separation on the powder pump at an exhaust gas velocity of 1.05 m / s. The regulation of the powder pump permits a proportional adjustment of the volume flow as a function of the exhaust gas speed.6. After the average exhaust gas velocity in the combustion chamber of v BK= 0,32 m / s, the inlet velocity of the Ca(OH) 2- powder should be about v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s.This flow velocity at the injection nozzles v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s, which is assumed here to be sufficient, can be ensured at the volume velocity v VCa(OH)2 preset below 5 via the nozzle number Z D and the cross-sectional areas A D of the injection nozzles:With the number of nozzles of, for example, Z D= 5 each nozzle has an inner cross section 175 mm 2 / 5 = 35 mm 2 or an inner radius of 3.34 mm.7. For the regulation of the calcium hydroxide volume flow, a suitable speed sensor is mounted and connected into the chimney connection pipe.8. For monitoring the CO 2- separation function, a CO 2- sensor is mounted in the chimney connection pipe and connected to a display device.9. The manufacturer of the wood firing plant should enlarge its ash box and the operator must be aware that emptying the ash box may be required more frequently than in pellet furnaces without CO 2- precipitation. The customary disposal of the ash can be maintained by the operator, despite the calcium carbonate CaCO 3 lime powder contained therein, after testing local requirements.F. II. Chip Boiler1. Assume that a wood chips boiler is 200 kW of a near heat supply for about 25 single family houses with an energy consumption of 300000 kWh. The wood chips demand per year is assumed to be 437 srm (about 122.4 t) (srm: bulk volume meter). The chimney connection pipe has a diameter of 250 mm. The annual CO 2- output is 110400 kg.2. The design of the CO 2- deposit is intended to achieve an 80% deposit, and thus 0.8*110400 kg=88320 kg of CO 2 / a are intended to be bound.3. The calcium hydroxide used should have a grain size of 200 nm and a conventional BET surface area of 15-22 m 2 / g.4. The amount of calcium hydroxide per year is 88360 kg CO2* 1,35 = 119286 kg Ca(OH)2, which corresponds to a volume of 66.6 m 3 of Ca(OH) 2 ->V Ca(OH)2 / V HSsrm= 0,15 ( The ratio of the storage volume of the powder Ca(OH) 2 to the chip storage is 0.15.)In addition to the storage for 437 m Year requirements, an interchangeable bag storage system of 66.6 m 3 fill volume or, more conveniently, six systems each having 10 m 3 must be purchased and installed for the just annual requirement.5. A vacuum- or compressed-air-driven powder pump for blowing the calcium hydroxide into the combustion chamber must be able to be switched, for example, via a relay for the valve for the vacuum or compressed-air drive; in addition, the relay is intended to open and close a shutter in the feed pipe. The relay with an adjustable switching hysteresis is electrically connected to the ignition process of the burner.The volumetric flow rate of the powder pump is adjusted, in this case with 80% target deposition according to the formula v VCa(OH)2= 1,19 * v VCO2= 0,143 * V VAG,The exhaust pipe here has an inner diameter of 0.25 m with A AR= 0,0491 m 2. The average exhaust gas velocity in the chimney connection pipe is calculated analogously to Chapter E. V.4 from the data sheet of the manufacturer for the calibration of the metering unit of the calcium hydroxide volume flow: 200 kW example: A AR[ m 2] = (0,250 m / 2) 2* π=0.0491 m 2For the calculation of v AG[ m / s], the velocity v mol[ mol / s] is first calculated:The mass flow AG is in the data sheet of the wood firing installation and the molar mass of an exhaust gas flow in wood firing installations is, to a good approximation, 30 g / mol.200 kW Example: v mol[ mol / s]=130 g / s / 30 g / mol=4.33 mol / sAccording to the ideal gas law PV=nRT at T=15° C. and P=1 bar, 0.143 m 3 of exhaust gas volume v AG. are obtained for the 4.33 mol of exhaust gas.Thus, in this example, with rated power, an exhaust gas velocity v AG[ m / s]=2.91 m / s measured in the exhaust pipe is to be expected and can be used for calibrating the controllable metering unit of the powder pump.This should then be calibrated at a degree of separation of 80% with v VCa(OH)2= 1,19 * v VCO2= 0,143 * v VAG to a volumetric velocity v VCa(OH)2 of the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 to be injected.The calcium hydroxide volume flow rate is thus calibrated to v VCa(OH)2= 0,020 m 3 / s for an 80% CO 2- separation on the powder pump at an exhaust gas velocity of 2.91 m / s. The regulation of the powder pump permits a proportional adjustment of the volume flow as a function of the exhaust gas speed.6. After the average exhaust gas velocity in the combustion chamber of v BK= 0,32 m / s, the inlet velocity of the Ca(OH) 2- powder should be about v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s.This flow velocity at the injection nozzles v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s, which is assumed here to be sufficient, can be ensured at the volume velocity v VCa(OH)2 preset below 5 via the nozzle number Z D and the cross-sectional areas A D of the injection nozzles:With the number of nozzles of, for example, Z D= 20 each nozzle has an inner cross section of 2000 mm 2 / 20 = 100 mm 2 or an inner radius of 5.64 mm.7. For the regulation of the calcium hydroxide volume flow, a suitable speed sensor is mounted and connected into the chimney connection pipe.8. For monitoring the CO 2- separation function, a CO 2- sensor is mounted in the chimney connection pipe and connected to a display device.9. The manufacturer of the wood firing plant should enlarge its ash box and the operator must be aware that emptying the ash box may be more frequently necessary than in wood chip ovens without CO 2- separation. The customary disposal of the ash can be maintained by the operator, despite the calcium carbonate CaCO 3 lime powder contained therein, after testing local requirements.F. III. Piece Wood Boiler1. Assume a piecewood boiler 22 kW of a 3-party house with an energy consumption of 20000 kWh. The piece wood requirement per year is assumed to be 12.1 rm (about 4.7 t) (rm: room meter). The chimney connection pipe has a diameter of 130 mm.The annual CO 2- output is 7360 kg.2. The design of the CO 2- deposit is intended to achieve a 90% deposit, and thus 0.9*7360 kg=6624 kg of CO 2 / a are intended to be bound.3. The calcium hydroxide used should have a grain size of 200 nm and a conventional BET surface area of 15-22 m 2 / g.4. The amount of calcium hydroxide per year is 6624 kg CO2* 1,51 = 10002 kg Ca(OH)2, which corresponds to a volume of 4.46 m 3 Ca(OH) 2 ->V Ca(OH)2 / V SHsrm= 0,37 ( The ratio of the storage volume of the powder Ca(OH) 2 to the piece wood space requirement is 0.37.)In addition to the reservoir for the 12.1 rm wood chips annual demand, an exchangeable bag reservoir system of 4.46 m 3 fill volume or, more practically, two systems each with about 2.3 m 3 must be purchased and installed for the annual demand.5. A vacuum- or compressed-air-driven powder pump for blowing the calcium hydroxide into the combustion chamber must be able to be switched, for example, via a relay for the valve for the vacuum or compressed-air drive; in addition, the relay is intended to open and close a shutter in the feed pipe. The relay with an adjustable switching hysteresis is electrically connected to the ignition process of the burner.The volumetric flow rate of the powder pump is adjusted, in this case with 90% target deposition according to the formula v VCa(OH)2= 1,34 * v VCO2= 0,161 * v VAGThe exhaust pipe here has an inner diameter of 0.13 m with A AR= 0,0133 m 2. The average exhaust gas velocity in the chimney connection pipe is calculated analogously to Chapter E. V.4 from the data sheet of the manufacturer for the calibration of the metering unit of the calcium hydroxide volume flow:Example: v VCa(OH)2= 1,34 * v VCO2= 0,161 * v VAG where v VAG[ m 3 / s] = v AG[ m / s]* A AR[ m 2]22kW Example: A AR[ m 2] = (0,130 m / 2) 2* π=0.0133 m 2For the calculation of v AG[ m / s], the velocity v mol[ mol / s] is first calculated:The mass flow AG is in the data sheet of the wood firing installation and the molar mass of an exhaust gas flow in wood firing installations is, to a good approximation, 30 g / mol.22 kW Example: v mol[ mol / s]=11.0 g / s / 30 g / mol=0.33 mol / sAccording to the ideal gas law PV=nRT at T=15° C. and P=1 bar, 0.0109 m 3 exhaust gas volume v AG. results for the 0.33 mol exhaust gas.Thus, in this example, with rated power, an exhaust gas velocity v AG[ m / s]=0.82 m / s measured in the exhaust pipe is to be expected and can be used for calibrating the controllable metering unit of the powder pump.This should then be calibrated at a degree of separation of 90% with v VCa(OH)2= 1,34 * v VCO2= 0,161 * v VAG to a volumetric velocity v VCa(OH)2 of the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 to be injected.The calcium hydroxide volume flow rate is thus calibrated for a 90% CO 2- separation on the powder pump at an exhaust gas velocity of 0.82 m / s to v VCa(OH)2= 0,00176 m 3 / s. The regulation of the powder pump permits a proportional adjustment of the volume flow as a function of the exhaust gas speed.6. After the average exhaust gas velocity in the combustion chamber of v BK= 0,32 m / s, the inlet velocity of the Ca(OH) 2- powder should be about v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s.This flow velocity at the injection nozzles v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s, which is assumed here to be sufficient, can be ensured at the volume velocity v VCa(OH)2 preset below 5 via the nozzle number Z D and the cross-sectional areas A D of the injection nozzles:In the case of the number of nozzles of, for example, Z D= 5 each nozzle has an inner cross section of 176 mm 2 / 5 = 35,2 mm 2 or an inner radius of 3.35 mm.7. For the regulation of the calcium hydroxide volume flow, a suitable speed sensor is mounted and connected into the chimney connection pipe.8. For monitoring the CO 2- separation function, a CO 2- sensor is mounted in the chimney connection pipe and connected to a display device.9. The manufacturer of the wood firing plant should enlarge its ash box and the operator must be aware that emptying the ash box may be required more frequently than in piece wood furnaces without CO 2- separation. The customary disposal of the ash can be maintained by the operator, despite the calcium carbonate CaCO 3 lime powder contained therein, after testing local requirements.G. Literature Record and Sources with Documents Regarded as Essential[1] Federal In Business and Execution Control, Eschborn, Germany, 1.5.2023, Information Sheet CO 2- Factors, Federal Promotion for Energy and Resource Efficiency in Business-Bombardment, pages 5 to 17 [2] Federal Association of the Deutsche Kächindustrie E. V. (BVK), Cologne, Germany, October 2020, Roadmap Lime Industire 2050: Via climate-neutral production to the climate-positive industry. <https: / / www.kalde.de / fileadmin / Home / Climate Protection / CO 2- Roadmap / KALDE_CO 2_ Roadmap_Oktober_2020.pdf> - 25.7.2023 [3] Statista, Hamburg, Germany, 2023, CO 2- Output according to Heating System in Germany, <https: / / de.statista.com / statistics / data / study / 165421 / umesk / CO 2- ejection-to-heating system-indeutschland / > - 25.7.2023 [4] Rubi Karpf, ete.a Engineergesellschaft mbH, Lich, Haus der Technik, Essen, Germany, 25.6.-26.6.2015, 10th Technical Conference on Exhaust Gas Cleaning of Firing Plants and Thermal Processes, Overview on Exhaust Gas Cleaning. <https: / / www.ete-a.de / img / Vortraege / 49_C39Cb_zur_ Exhaust Gas Cleaning.pdf> - 25.7.2023 [5] Nihar Phalaka, Williams Wang, Liang-Shih Fan, The Ohio State University, Williams G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbus, OH. (2013), Ca(OH) 2- Based Calcium Looping Process Development at The Ohio State University. Pages 1453-1455. [6] Yolanda Alvarez Criado, Borja Arias, CSIC INCAR Instituto de ciencia y tecnologia del carbono (August 2022), Oviedo, Spain, Analysis of Operation Conditions of Ca(OH) 2 Trained Carbonater Reactors for CO 2 Capture in Backup Power Plants, pp. 28093-28100. <https: / / pubs.acs.org / doi / 10.1021 / acsomega.2c02134> - 25.7.2023 [7] Shin-Min Shih, Ch'un-Sung Ho, Yuen-Sheng Song, and Jyh-Ping Lin, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, Replica of China (1999), Kinetics of the Reaction of Ca(OH) 2 with CO 2 at Low Temperature, pp. 1318-1319. <https: / / vdocuments.mx / kinetics-of-the-reaction-of-caoh-2-with-co-2-at-low.html> -25.7.2023 [8] Lutz-Peter Nethe, Uwe Stingl, Texocon GbR, Potsdam / Germany, ZKW Otterbein, Great Lüder-Mus / Germany, No 7-2008 (volume 61), Special Lime with high reactivity for the absorption of acid gas constituents, pages 5 to 6. <https: / / lpnconsulting.de / wp-content / uploads / 2017 / 08 / special-lime with high reactivity to the absorption-acid gas constituents.pdf>-25.7.202 [9] Huiying Zhang, Ruiqiang Liu, Tangyuan Ning, Rattan Lal, Ohio State University, USA, 2018, Higher CO 2 absorption using a new class of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) nanoparticles, pages 1097-1099.

[10] Erich Kiefer, Germany, Fachlexikon der Mechatronics, 2022, energy values. <http: / / www.fachlexika.de / technik / mechatronics / energy value.html>. 25.7.2023

Claims

A method for separating carbon dioxide CO 2 in the exhaust gas from wood firing installations, such as pellet boilers, chip boilers, lump wood boilers or combined boilers, characterized in that a) calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 is fed into the combustion chamber, b) the calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 having average particle sizes in the fine particle range of ≤ 1000 nm, preferably of ≤ 200 nm, is used, c) the calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 is injected in metered form into the combustion chamber of the wood firing installation in such a way that a high effective meeting rate with the CO 2- molecules in the exhaust gas occurs, wherein the measured variable for the correct metering is the volumetric velocity of the exhaust gas v VAG in which a 10-14%, in particular 12%, proportion of CO 2 is located, wherein the metering control for the calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 is effected by a CO 2- detector directly measuring the proportion in the exhaust pipe, in that a suitable sensor determines the gas volume velocity v VAG in the exhaust gas flow downstream of the heat exchanger or that the gas volume velocity v vAG is determined by measuring the exhaust gas flow velocity v AG with a velocity sensor and multiplying by the cross-sectional area A AR of the chimney connecting pipe: v vAG= v AG* A AR, wherein the volumetric velocity v VCa(OH)2 of the calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 to be blown into the combustion chamber is for 90% CO 2- precipitation v VCa(OH)2= 0,161 * v VAG, for 80% CO 2- precipitation v VCa(OH)2= 0,143 * v VAG and for 70% CO 2- precipitation v VCa(OH)2= 0,125 * vVAG, and d) the chemical reaction between the CO 2- molecules in the exhaust gas and the supplied calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 to calcium carbonate CaCO 3 takes place in the temperature range of ≥650° C., which is important for the reaction, wherein the calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 is injected via one or preferably a plurality of nozzles, wherein the nozzles are also arranged slightly tangentially radially transversely to the exhaust gas stream, at a small angle to the exhaust gas stream and / or for a spiral sorbent stream, wherein an injection velocity of the calcium hydroxide powder Ca(OH) 2 v Ca(OH)2 ≥10 m / s is required, wherein the arrangement of the nozzles begins at the latest at the level of the secondary air supply.

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