Rotating gear component with porous material structure

Abstract

A rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) with a porous material structure is specified, which has different material densities. Furthermore, a transmission (3) with such a transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30), an electric gear motor (1) with such a transmission (3), and a vehicle (33) with such an electric gear motor (1) are specified. Finally, methods for producing a rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) with a porous material structure are also specified.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELDThe invention relates to a rotating gear component with a pore-shaped material structure, a gear with such a gear component, an electric geared motor with an electric motor and a gear of the type mentioned coupled thereto, a vehicle with such an electric geared motor, which is provided for driving the vehicle, and to methods for producing such a rotating gear component.PRIOR ARTSuch a gear component, such a gear, such an electric geared motor, such a vehicle, and such methods for producing a rotating gear component are fundamentally known from the prior art. For example, gearwheels can be produced by sintering and then have a pore-shaped material structure. A disadvantage of the known measures is that the advantages which can be achieved by a pore-shaped material structure are only partially exhausted. Known gear components, gears, electric geared motors and vehicles therefore remain behind the technical possibilities which are provided by a pore-shaped material structure.DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTIONIt is therefore an object of the invention to specify an improved transmission component, an improved transmission, an improved electric geared motor, an improved vehicle and an improved production method for a rotating transmission component. In particular, the advantages which result from a pore-shaped material structure of the transmission component are to be exploited to a greater extent.The object of the invention is achieved with a rotating transmission component of the type mentioned at the beginning, which has different material densities. For example, the transmission component can be designed as a shaft, gearwheel or pinion shaft, and for example the transmission component can be produced by sintering and / or foaming.With the different material densities, for example, the weight and the rotational moment of inertia of the transmission component can be reduced, whereby, for example, the dynamics and the driving performance of a vehicle with such a transmission component are improved. For example, this is achieved in that less stressed regions and in particular regions located radially further outward have a lower material density than highly stressed and / or regions located radially further inward.Furthermore, vibrations and sound emissions of a transmission with such a transmission component can be reduced and thus the running smoothness of the transmission can be improved. For example, this can be achieved by producing regions which are strongly involved in the build-up or transmission of vibrations with such a material density that reduces the build-up and / or transmission of vibrations.The transmission component can have, for example, two regions each with a homogeneous material density, wherein the material densities of both regions are different. A region is understood herein to mean a volume region or spatial region. The region may have a certain minimum size, for example one cubic millimeter or one cubic centimeter. Further, the region may have a certain shape, for example a spherical shape or a cubic shape. By homogeneous material density of a region is meant that there is the same material density at each point of the region. In addition to the two regions mentioned, the transmission component according to the invention can have one or further regions which each have a homogeneous material density which differs from the material density of one or all other regions. In this case, it is possible for a different material density to be present in each of the regions.The object of the invention is also achieved with a transmission which comprises a rotating transmission component of the stated type.In addition, the object of the invention is achieved with an electric geared motor which comprises an electric motor and a transmission of the aforementioned type coupled thereto.Furthermore, the object of the invention is achieved with a vehicle having such an electric geared motor which is provided for driving the vehicle.In addition, the object of the invention is achieved by a method for producing such a rotating transmission component with a pore-shaped material structure, which comprises the following steps:printing the gear component by means of a metal printing method, wherein a base material having different material densities or a base material which is offset with a varying proportion of a propellant is printed, andheating and sintering the base material.If a base material is printed with different material densities, the different material densities are produced directly during the printing. On the other hand, when printing a base material with a varying proportion of a blowing agent, the different material densities are formed during heating and sintering of the base material. The blowing agent releases gas on heating and thus ensures pore formation. For example, titanium dihydride can be used as the blowing agent. The transmission component is heated and sintered in one step in both cases.Finally, the object of the invention is achieved with an alternative method for producing such a rotating gear component with a pore-shaped material structure, which comprises the following steps: a) printing a part of the gear component with the aid of a metal printing method, wherein a base material with different material densities or a base material which is offset with a varying proportion of a blowing agent is printed, b) heating and sintering the printed base material and c) repeating steps a) and b) until the entire gear component is finished.The method is similar to the aforementioned method, but the gear component is thereby produced in several sequences of pressure and sintering. As a result, comparatively thick transmission components can also be produced.In both of the above-mentioned methods, the base material can in particular also be printed into a mold, so that it does not flow apart too much during heating and sintering.A (metal) printing process and / or a (metal) jet printing process can advantageously be used as the metal printing process. In the screen printing process, regions of the gear member having different material densities are printed in multiple passes and with different screens or matrices. Screen printing methods are particularly suitable for the rapid and rational production of large numbers of transmission components. In the jet printing method, it is possible in particular to change the material composition of the base material directly during the printing process, in particular to change it continuously. Jet printing processes are suitable above all for the production of small series. It is also conceivable for both methods to be combined and for first regions of the transmission component to be printed with the aid of the screen printing method and other, second regions of the transmission component to be printed with the aid of the jet printing method.Advantageously, the rotating transmission component or its material structure is open-pored at least in areas. For example, the transmission component can have an open-pore structure produced by sintering or an open-pore foam structure. In this way, lubrication of the transmission may be improved and the volume of oil necessary to operate such a transmission may be reduced. For example, this can be achieved in that regions of gear components which slide on one another are open-pored and can accordingly absorb lubricants. For example, the transmission component can be soaked with oil after production, in order to achieve long-lasting lubrication and, if appropriate, service-life lubrication of the transmission component.In this context, it is also conceivable, in particular, for the rotating transmission component to be designed as a shaft or pinion shaft, which has a central lubrication bore for guiding a lubricating oil, which bore is hydraulically connected to open-pore regions of the shaft or pinion shaft or to an open-pore region of a gearwheel mounted on the shaft or pinion shaft. In this way, lubricating oil can be pumped to regions of transmission components that slide on each other.It is furthermore advantageous if the rotating gear component is designed as a gearwheel or pinion shaft and the first teeth consist of solid material and the second teeth of the gearwheel or pinion shaft have pores. It is possible, inter alia, for only every third, fourth or fifth tooth to have pores along the circumference, wherein the other teeth consist of solid material.If a gear has at least two meshed gearwheels, of which at least one is designed as described above, the first teeth are advantageously load-bearing and the second teeth are non-load-bearing. This makes it possible to bring lubricating oil directly onto tooth flanks sliding on one another, wherein the porous teeth are designed to be non-load-bearing because of their lower mechanical strength, for example by their tooth flanks being set back somewhat with respect to the tooth flanks made of solid material (tooth microgeometry). It is furthermore particularly advantageous if the ratio of the number of teeth of the two gearwheels and the distance between two second teeth is selected such that the lubricating oil is distributed uniformly over all teeth. In this context, it is also conceivable, in particular, for distances between two second teeth to be configured differently.In general, the rotating transmission component can be made of solid material (nonporous region) in regions and have a sintered structure or foam structure in regions in order to achieve the advantages mentioned above. For the same purpose, the rotating transmission component can also have regions with a sintered structure or foam structure with different material densitiesIn general, the rotating transmission component can also be constructed in one piece or comprise a plurality of assembled parts with different material densities in order to achieve the advantages mentioned above. Multi-part transmission components can provide cost advantages in their production, for example by producing regions of solid material by means of traditional methods, in particular by means of non-cutting and cutting methods, and porous regions being produced by sintering or foaming. Of course, a multi-part transmission component can also be constructed from several, respectively porous components.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESExemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example in the appended schematic figures. The following are shown: FIG. 1 is a half-section of an exemplary electric geared motor; FIG. 2 is a partial view of an exemplary pinion shaft in partial section; FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2, but with an open-pore structure and a central lubrication bore; FIG. 4 shows a section through an exemplary gearwheel with pores of different sizes; FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 4, but with a stepped wheel rim (web); FIG. 6 shows a section through a multipart, exemplary gearwheel; FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a toothed wheel with open-pore region, which is hydraulically connected to a central lubrication bore; FIG. 8 shows a transmission in which a gear wheel has both porous teeth and teeth made of solid material, and FIG. 9 shows an exemplary vehicle with an electric geared motor of the proposed type.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONIt is stated by way of introduction that identical parts in the different embodiments are provided with the same reference numerals or component names, optionally with different indices. The disclosure of a component contained in the description can be transferred analogously to another component with the same reference sign or the same component designation. The position information selected in the description, such as for example "top", "bottom", "rear", "front", "lateral" and so forth, also relate to the directly described and illustrated figure and, in the event of a position change, are to be transferred analogously to the new position.FIG. 1 shows a sectional view of a schematically illustrated electric geared motor 1, which comprises an electric motor 2 and a transmission 3 coupled thereto. For this purpose, the electric geared motor 1 comprises a geared motor housing 4 with a motor housing 5, a gear base housing 6 and a bearing shield 7. In addition, the electric geared motor 1 comprises a plurality of rolling bearings 8 and, in the region of the electric motor 1, a rotor 9 which is fastened to a rotor shaft 10 and is rotatably mounted about a rotor axis A, and a stator 11 arranged in the motor housing 5. On the transmission shaft 14 is also mounted a further pinion 15 which is in mesh with a further gearwheel 16 which is mounted on a transmission shaft (output shaft) 17. It is pointed out that the design of the electric geared motor 1 is purely exemplary and this can also be designed differently.The rotor shaft 10, the pinion 12, the gear 13, the intermediate shaft 14, the pinion 15, the gear 16, and the output shaft 17 generally constitute rotating gear members. Rotating transmission components can be shafts 10, 14, 17 or gearwheels 12, 13, 15, 16, for example, wherein the pinions 12, 15 are considered here as small gearwheels. Accordingly, the following embodiments may refer to the transmission 3 of FIG. 1. A rotating transmission component can, however, also be a pinion shaft, i.e. a shaft with an integrally formed pinion or small gearwheel.FIG. 2 now shows a partial view of such an exemplary pinion shaft 18 ain partial section. The pinion shaft 18a has a pore-shaped material structure with different material densities, which can be produced, for example, by sintering and / or foaming. It is also conceivable for the transmission component to be made of solid material in some areas and to have a sintered structure or foam structure in some areas, as is the case for the pinion shaft 18 a. Specifically, the toothed ring 19 in this example consists of a solid material, whereas pores 20 are arranged in the shaft base material 21 at least in regions. The pores 20 are closed in FIG. 2, but it is also conceivable for a transmission component to be open-pored at least in regions.In this regard, FIG. 3 shows a partial view or section of an exemplary pinion shaft 18 b, which is similar to the pinion shaft 18 a. In contrast thereto, however, the pinion shaft 18 bincludes an open-pore region or open pores 22 in the shaft base material 21. In this way, lubricating oil can be pumped to regions of transmission components that slide on each other. The lubricating oil is pumped through the central lubrication bore 23 and forced through the open pores 22 toward the toothed ring 19. For example, the open-pore region can extend as far as the tooth base or as far as the tooth gaps between the teeth of the toothed ring 19.FIG. 4 now shows a section through an exemplary gear wheel 24 amounted on a shaft 25. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the gearwheel 24a has regions consisting of solid material, namely the region around the toothed ring 19 and the region around the shaft bore, and also a region having a pore-shaped structure, which can in turn be produced in particular by sintering or foaming. This region itself has different material densities, which is illustrated with the pores 20, 20' of different sizes.FIG. 5 shows an arrangement similar to FIG. 4, but the gearwheel 24 bhas here a hub region, a ring gear 19 and a ring gear region offset therefrom.FIG. 6 shows a similar arrangement to FIG. 5, but the gearwheel 24 cis constructed in multiple parts in this case and has a ring gear 19, a hub 26 and a ring gear 27. The parts 19, 26, 27 have different material densities. Specifically, pores 20 are arranged in the wheel rim 27.FIG. 7 also shows an arrangement illustrating a mixed form of the arrangements shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Specifically, the shaft 25' again has a central lubrication bore 23 which is hydraulically connected to an open-pore region of the gearwheel 24d via one or more radial lubrication bores 28. In this way, lubricating oil can again be pumped to regions of transmission components which slide on one another. The lubricating oil is pumped through the central lubrication bore 23 and pressed through the radial lubrication bore(s) 28 and the open pores 22 towards the toothed ring 19 or conveyed outward with centrifugal force.FIG. 8 also shows an arrangement of a pinion 29 which is in engagement with a gearwheel 30 in front view and in partial cross section, respectively. It can be seen from FIG. 8 that the gearwheel 30 has regions made of solid material and regions with (open) pores 22. Specifically, some first teeth 31 of the gear 30 are made of solid material, whereas some second teeth 32 of the gear 30 have pores 22. More specifically, the porous region extends to a shaft lubrication bore 28 on which the gear 30 is mounted, as shown in FIG. 7 for the gear 24d. Alternatively, it is also advantageous if the pore-shaped region of the gearwheel 30 extends as far as a pore-shaped region of a shaft on which the gearwheel 30 is mounted, similar to that illustrated for the pinion shaft 18 bof FIG. 3. As a result, lubricating oil can again be supplied to the tooth flanks of the pinion 29 and of the gearwheel 30 which slide against one another.It is particularly advantageous here if the first teeth 31 are load-bearing and the second teeth 32 are non-load-bearing. As a result, the porous second teeth 32 are not subjected to mechanical loading, or are not subjected to loading as much as the first teeth 31; for example, the tooth flanks of the second teeth 32 can be set back somewhat with respect to the tooth flanks of the first teeth 31 for this purpose.It is furthermore particularly advantageous if the ratio of the number of teeth of the two gearwheels 29, 30 and the distance between two second teeth 32 is selected such that the lubricating oil is distributed uniformly over all teeth 31, 32. In this context, it is also conceivable, in particular, for distances between two second teeth 32 to be formed differently.In general, the lubrication of a transmission 3 can be improved by an open-pore structure and the oil volume required for the operation of such a transmission 3 can be reduced. For example, the transmission component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 can be soaked with oil after production, in order to achieve a long-lasting lubrication and, if appropriate, a service life lubrication of the transmission component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30. A central lubrication bore 23 can then be omitted if necessary.However, the different material densities or the porous regions of the transmission components 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 not only permit advantageous lubrication, but can also be used to achieve other advantages.For example, by providing porous regions, the weight and the rotational moment of inertia of a transmission component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 can generally be reduced. For example, this is achieved in that less stressed regions and in particular regions located radially further outward have a lower material density than highly stressed and / or regions located radially further inward. See in particular FIGS. 4 to 6.Furthermore, vibrations and sound emissions of a transmission 3 with such a transmission component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 can be reduced and thus the running smoothness of such a transmission 3 can be improved. For example, this can be achieved by producing regions which are strongly involved in the build-up or transmission of vibrations with such a material density that reduces the build-up and / or transmission of vibrations. See in particular FIG. 2 and again FIGS. 4 to 6.Multi-part transmission components 24 c(see FIG. 6 ) can provide cost advantages in their production, for example by producing regions of solid material by means of traditional methods, in particular by means of non-machining and machining methods, and producing porous regions by sintering or foaming. Of course, a multi-part transmission component 24 cmay also be constructed from a plurality of porous componentsIn general, different material densities can be produced, for example, by sintering and / or foaming.An exemplary method for producing a rotating transmission component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 with a pore-shaped material structure can have the following steps for this purpose:printing the gear member 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 by means of a metal printing process, wherein a base material having different material densities or a base material offset with a varying proportion of a propellant is printed, andheating and sintering the base material.If a base material is printed with different material densities, the different material densities are produced directly during the printing. If, on the other hand, a base material is printed with a varying proportion of a blowing agent, the different material densities are produced during the later heating and sintering of the base material. The blowing agent releases gas on heating and thus ensures pore formation. For example, titanium dihydride can be used as the blowing agent. The gear component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 is heated and sintered in one step in both cases.An alternative method for manufacturing a rotating gear member 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 with a pore-shaped material structure may comprise the following steps: a) printing a part of the gear member 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 by means of a metal printing method, wherein a base material with different material densities or a base material which is offset with a varying proportion of a propellant is printed, b) heating and sintering the printed base material and c) repeating steps a) and b) until the entire gear member 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 is finished.The method is similar to the aforementioned method, but the gear component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 is thereby produced in several sequences of pressure and sintering. As a result, comparatively thick transmission components 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 can also be produced.In both of the above-mentioned methods, the base material can in particular also be printed into a mold, so that it does not flow apart too much during heating and sintering.A (metal) printing process and / or a (metal) jet printing process can advantageously be used as the metal printing process. In the screen printing process, regions of the gear member 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 are printed with different material densities in multiple passages and with different screens or matrices. Screen printing methods are suitable in particular for the rapid and rational production of large numbers of gear components 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30. Jet printing processes are suitable above all for the production of small series. It is also conceivable for both methods to be combined and for first regions of the gear component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 to be printed with the aid of the screen printing method and for other, second regions of the gear component 10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30 to be printed with the aid of the jet printing method.Finally, FIG. 9 shows the electric geared motor 1 installed in a vehicle 33. the vehicle 33 has two axles, one of which is driven. Specifically, the electric geared motor 1 is connected to the drive shafts 34 of the rear axle. Finally, the driven wheels 35 are mounted on the drive shafts 34. The vehicle 33 is driven at least partially or temporarily by the electric geared motor 1. that is, the electric geared motor 1 can serve for driving the vehicle 33 alone or can be provided in combination with an internal combustion engine (hybrid drive), for example.Finally, it is to be noted that the scope of protection is defined by the claims. However, the specification and drawings are to be used to interpret the claims. The features contained in the figures can be interchanged and combined with one another as desired. This applies in particular to the exemplary embodiments or possibilities illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 8. In particular, it is also noted that the devices shown can also comprise more or fewer components than those shown in reality. In some cases, the devices shown or their components can also be shown in an unscaled and / or enlarged and / or reduced form.List of reference characters1 Electric geared motor 2 Electric motor 3 Transmission 4 Geared motor housing 5 Motor housing 6 Transmission base housing 7 Bearing plate 8 Rolling bearing 9 Rotor 10 Rotor shaft 11 Stator 12 Pinion 13 Gearwheel 14 Transmission shaft / intermediate shaft 15 Pinion 16 Gearwheel 17 Transmission shaft / output shaft 18 a, 18 b Ritzel shaft 19 Toothed ring 20, 20' Pore (closed) 21 Shaft base material 22 Pore (open) 23 Central lubrication bore 24 a..24 c Gearwheel 25, 25' Shaft 26 Hub 27 Wheel ring (web) 28 Radial lubrication bore 29 Pinion 30 Gearwheel 31 First tooth 32 Second tooth 33 Vehicle 34 Half axis 35 Wheel A Rotor axis

Claims

Rotating transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) with a pore-shaped material structure, characterized in that the transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) has different material densities.Rotating transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) is open-pored in regions.Rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) is produced by sintering and / or foaming.Rotating transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) - consists in regions of solid material and has in regions a sintered structure or foam structure and / or - has regions with a sintered structure or foam structure with different material densities.Rotating transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) - is constructed in one piece or - comprises a plurality of assembled parts (19, 26, 27) with different material densities.Rotating transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) is designed as a shaft (10, 14, 17, 25, 25'), gearwheel (12, 13, 15, 16, 24a..24c, 29, 30) or pinion shaft (18a..18b).Rotating transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to Claims 2 and 6, characterized in that the transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) is designed as a shaft (10, 14, 17, 25, 25') or pinion shaft (18a..18b), which has a central lubrication bore (23) for guiding a lubricating oil, which is hydraulically connected to open-pore regions of the shaft (10, 14, 17, 25, 25") or pinion shaft (18a..18b) or to an open-pore region of a gearwheel (12, 13, 15, 16, 24a..24c, 29, 30) according to Claims 2 and 6 mounted on the shaft (10, 14, 17, 25, 25") or pinion shaft (18a..18b).Rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to one of Claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) is designed as a gearwheel (12, 13, 15, 16, 24a..24c, 29, 30) or pinion shaft (18a..18b) and some first teeth (31) of the gearwheel (12, 13, 15, 16, 24a..24c, 29, 30) or of the pinion shaft (18a..18b) consist of solid material and some second teeth (32) of the gearwheel (12, 13, 15, 16, 24a..24c, 29, 30) or of the pinion shaft (18a..18b) have pores (22).A transmission (3) comprising a rotating transmission component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to any one of claims 1 to 8.Transmission (3) according to Claim 9, characterized in that the transmission (3) has at least two meshed gearwheels (12, 13, 15, 16, 24a..24c, 29, 30), at least one of which is designed according to Claim 8, the first teeth (31) being load-bearing and the second teeth (32) being non-load-bearing.Electric geared motor (1) comprising an electric motor (2) and a transmission (3) according to claim 10 coupled thereto.Vehicle (33) with an electric geared motor (1) according to claim 11, provided for driving the vehicle (33).Method for producing a rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) with a pore-shaped material structure, for example a rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps - printing the gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) with the aid of a metal printing method, wherein a base material is printed with different material densities or a base material which is offset with a varying proportion of a driving means, and - heating and sintering the base material.A method of manufacturing a rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) having a pore-shaped material structure, for example a rotating gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of a) printing a part of the gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) by means of a metal printing process, wherein a base material having different material densities or a base material offset with a varying proportion of a driving means is printed, b) heating and sintering the printed base material, and c) repeating steps a) and b) until the entire gear component (10, 12..18b, 24a..24c, 25, 25', 29, 30) is completed.Method according to Claim 13 or 14, characterized in that a screen printing method and / or a jet printing method is used as the metal printing method.

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