Method and device for supplying electrical energy

Abstract

Device (1) for supplying electrical energy with at least one solar module (10) which is designed to deliver electrical power at a first voltage and with a plurality of consumers (2) which are designed to receive electrical power at the first voltage, wherein the consumers (2) are connected to the solar module (10) by at least one line (3), characterized in that the consumers (2) have a device (23) for detecting the first voltage and the consumers (2) are equipped to in a first operating state (51) of the device (1), to load the solar module (10) iteratively by switching on the loads (2) with a time delay and to store the first voltage of each stable operating point, to switch off when the first voltage falls below a predeterminable limit value, after switching off in a second operating state (52) of the device (1), to iteratively load the solar module (10) again by switching on the consumers (2) again with a time delay until the first voltage approximately corresponds to the voltage of the last stable operating point.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a device for supplying electrical energy, comprising at least one solar module configured to output electrical power at a first voltage, and comprising a plurality of loads configured to consume electrical power at the first voltage, wherein the loads are connected to the solar module by at least one line. The invention further relates to a method for supplying electrical energy, in which at least one solar module outputs electrical power at a first voltage, and a plurality of loads consume electrical power at the first voltage, wherein the loads are connected to the solar module by at least one line. Devices and methods of this type can be used to supply loads such as electronic devices or lighting devices with decentrally generated electrical energy.

[0002] It is common practice to use one or more solar modules to supply electrical energy. Solar modules can be connected in series or parallel to deliver electrical power at the desired voltage and / or current. An inverter converts the direct current supplied by the solar modules into the standard AC voltage of 110 or 230 V. Excess power not consumed or stored in the building can be fed into a public grid. Electrical energy is also drawn from this grid when the output of the solar modules is insufficient.

[0003] These known devices have the disadvantage that the solar modules usually only supply a single building with electrical energy. If neighboring buildings are to be supplied via the public power grid, each building must have metering devices that record the electrical energy supplied to and taken from the grid. Controlling the public power grid is also complex because it can only operate stably if the electrical energy fed into and taken from the grid is the same at all times. There is therefore a need to supply large clusters of houses or smaller villages far from a public power grid with electrical energy cost-effectively and with minimal technical effort.

[0004] From DE 197 55 499 A1 it is known to reduce electrical mismatch in the case of fluctuating light incidence when pumps are directly driven with electricity from a natural, non-uniform energy source, such as a solar module.

[0005] US 2023 / 0 216 297 A1 discloses a system with a central controller for determining at least one parameter for a load connection of a load. The system further comprises a central transceiver for transmitting a signal relating to at least one parameter of the load connection. The load connection comprises input terminals for connecting to power lines of a power distribution network, output terminals for connecting to the load, a switch for connecting / disconnecting the input terminals to the output terminals, a connection transceiver for receiving the signal, a voltage sensor for measuring a voltage across the input terminals, and a connection controller. The connection controller can determine a voltage disconnection threshold for the load connection based on the at least one parameter.

[0006] A load management system for a photovoltaic solar system is known from US 2022 / 0 190 598 A1. The load management system consists of a PV array of solar modules, a plurality of loads configured to be powered by the PV array and to be switched on or off by a plurality of corresponding relays. Furthermore, the load management system has a power sensor configured to measure the amount of power delivered by the PV array to the plurality of loads, and a controller coupled to the power sensor and the plurality of relays.

[0007] A central control system is known from DE 695 12 138 T2. This system receives demand data from an input circuit. Time-dependent tariff charges and the ambient temperature are also input. Essential loads are treated as non-disconnectable. Any remaining load can be switched locally based on a signal received from associated modules in the load shedding panel (31).

[0008] Based on the prior art, the invention is therefore based on the object of supplying clusters of houses far away from a public supply network with electrical energy in a simple manner in order to cover at least a basic need for lighting and / or the operation of electronic devices, at least temporarily.

[0009] The object is achieved according to the invention by a device according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 8. Advantageous developments of the invention can be found in the subclaims.

[0010] A device for supplying electrical energy can have at least one solar module. In other embodiments of the invention, the device for supplying electrical energy can have a plurality of solar modules. A plurality of solar modules can be connected in series and / or in parallel in a manner known per se in order to provide electrical power with a higher electrical voltage than the voltage of a single module. When connected in parallel, the current supplied by the plurality of solar modules can be higher than the current of a single solar module. In some embodiments of the invention, several strings of serially connected solar modules can be connected in parallel in order to increase the current and voltage above the value of a single solar module. At the output of the solar module orWhen exposed to sunlight, the plurality of solar modules provides electrical power at a first electrical voltage. Even if, for reasons of readability, the following description or claims refer to "one" solar module, this also always includes embodiments with a plurality of solar modules.

[0011] The device further comprises a plurality of loads configured to receive electrical power at the first electrical voltage. For this purpose, the loads can be connected to the solar module via at least one line. The line can be laid as an uninsulated wire in the manner of an overhead line. In other embodiments of the invention, the line can be provided with polymeric or elastomeric insulation. The line can be laid as a ground line in the ground between different buildings or loads and / or between the solar module and the loads to protect them from environmental influences.

[0012] According to one aspect of the invention, the loads each have a device for detecting the first electrical voltage. The loads can thus measure the electrical voltage supplied by the solar module or the plurality of solar modules and optionally store such a measured value. The first voltage can be detected continuously at predeterminable time intervals or upon a trigger signal, for example, a power-on process.

[0013] Furthermore, the loads can be configured to iteratively load the solar module or the plurality of solar modules in a first operating state of the device by switching on the loads with a time delay. The switch-on time of each individual load from the plurality of loads can be controlled by a random generator that selects the switch-on delay between a minimum and a maximum value. Alternatively or additionally, each load or a subset of loads has an individually defined switch-on delay, so that the loads are switched on at specified time intervals, thus steadily increasing the electrical power demand of the device.

[0014] As long as the electrical power demanded by the loads is lower than the power provided by the solar module under the prevailing irradiation conditions, the device can operate stably. However, the initial electrical voltage decreases slightly when additional loads are switched on. The loads are configured to measure the initial voltage and store the voltage at least at the last stable operating point.

[0015] If too many consumers are switched on, the electrical load can exceed the electrical power supplied by the solar module. In this case, the first electrical voltage collapses, i.e., it falls below a predefined limit. The consumers detect this drop in voltage and simultaneously use it as a trigger signal to switch them off. Once all previously connected consumers have been switched off, the first operating state ends. If all loads are simultaneously disconnected from the solar module, the first voltage returns to its initial value, or open-circuit voltage.

[0016] Following the first operating state, the device is operated in a second operating state. In the second operating state, the loads are again switched on with a time delay. The time-delayed re-switching of the loads can also be randomly controlled or by specifying an individual switch-on delay and thus in a fixed sequence. When switched on again in the second operating state, the loads also detect the first voltage. As soon as the first voltage roughly corresponds to the voltage of the last stable operating point, which was determined in the first operating state, the switching on of further loads is prevented. In the second operating state, the subset of loads that were switched on until then can thus be supplied with a stable supply of electrical energy.

[0017] If the irradiation conditions change so that the solar module or the majority of solar modules can provide more power, the first voltage increases. In this case, additional loads can be switched on until the first voltage roughly corresponds to the voltage of the last stable operating point. If the power output from the solar module decreases, for example due to a change in the position of the sun or the arrival of clouds, the first voltage drops at a constant load. If the first voltage falls below the voltage of the last stable operating point, the loads can switch off and thus end the second operating state. The loads then restart in the first operating state in order to determine the voltage of the last stable operating point again in the manner described for the new irradiation conditions that now prevail.

[0018] If the irradiation conditions or the power output of the solar modules do not change in the second operating mode, individual consumers can switch off at a specific time to allow other consumers to switch on. Alternatively, all consumers can switch off after a specified period of time in the second operating mode and restart in the first operating mode so that the first voltage of the last stable operating point is determined again, after which other consumers switch on in the second operating mode. In this way, each consumer receives the same static average switch-on time and therefore the same amount of electrical energy. Due to the equal distribution of the energy consumed by the individual consumers, complex consumption recording and billing can be eliminated. The costs of the device and its operation can simply be divided by the number of consumers on a per capita basis and allocated to these.

[0019] By sequentially connecting the loads, the solar module or a plurality of solar modules can be operated close to the operating point of maximum power output without the need for a conventional MPP tracker. Likewise, it is not necessary to equip the individual loads with a data connection to transmit information about the operating status of the solar module and / or to implement central control of the loads. The individual loads can be implemented with little technical effort and operate completely autonomously. Nevertheless, an almost equal distribution of the electrical energy consumed and efficient operation of the photovoltaic energy supply close to the maximum power point are possible, even though central control or power regulation is lacking.

[0020] In some embodiments, at least one load can contain at least one DC / DC converter, which is configured to receive electrical power at the first voltage and output electrical power at a second, lower voltage. The load thus provides a protective extra-low voltage, which enables safe handling within a building, for example for lighting purposes. Furthermore, the extra-low voltage can be used directly to operate or charge electronic devices, for example small computers or mobile phones. Finally, the second voltage can be used to charge a rechargeable battery present at the load's location, in order to ensure a power supply even at times when the load does not have access to the first voltage or when the solar module(s) are not supplying electrical power due to cloud cover or bad weather.

[0021] In some embodiments of the invention, the second voltage may be between about 5 V and about 36 V or between about 5 V and about 18 V. The second voltage may thus be used directly to operate electronic devices via USB or to operate LED lighting.

[0022] In some embodiments of the invention, the first voltage can be between approximately 250 V and approximately 600 V. In other embodiments of the invention, the first voltage can be between approximately 300 V and approximately 400 V. Since the solar modules provide the first voltage in a potential-free manner, these voltages can be handled relatively safely. Furthermore, at these voltages, comparatively high power levels can be transmitted with low currents. This avoids large cable cross-sections and high line losses, thus reducing complexity and costs.

[0023] In some embodiments of the invention, the solar module or the plurality of solar modules can provide an output of approximately 1 kWp to approximately 8 kWp. In other embodiments of the invention, the solar module or the plurality of solar modules can provide an output of approximately 2 kWp to approximately 6 kWp. In yet other embodiments of the invention, the solar module or the plurality of solar modules can provide an output of approximately 2.5 kWp to approximately 5 kWp. With low power requirements, which are essentially limited to the operation of lighting and electronics, a large number of consumers can be supplied with this power. These consumers can, for example, be located within a radius of 1 to 2 km without high line losses making the supply uneconomical.

[0024] In some embodiments of the invention, the cable may have only two wires. Since the loads operate autonomously and require neither a data connection nor a grounding line, two wires are sufficient to supply the DC voltage provided by the solar module.

[0025] In some embodiments of the invention, the conduit may have a cross-section between about 1 mm 2 and about 8 mm 2 In other embodiments of the invention, the line may have a cross-section of approximately 1.5 mm 2 up to about 4 mm 2 Due to the high voltage of serially connected solar modules, only low currents flow, so that line losses are low even with small and inexpensive cross-sections.

[0026] In some embodiments of the invention, a central MPP tracker can be dispensed with. The solar modules are always operated by the autonomously operating consumers with a load close to the optimal power point (MPP). By eliminating central control, the complexity of constructing the device and the maintenance effort are reduced.

[0027] In some embodiments of the invention, a safety device can be arranged in the line between the at least one solar module and the loads. This can disconnect the solar module from the line in the event of a lightning strike, overvoltage, or short circuit, thus preventing damage to property or personal injury.

[0028] In some embodiments of the invention, the device for detecting the first voltage within the load can be configured to capture between approximately 2 and approximately 10 measured values per second. In other embodiments of the invention, the device for detecting the first voltage can be configured to capture between approximately 3 and approximately 6 measured values per second. These low repetition rates are technically feasible with little effort and are sufficient for regulating the electrical load on the solar module.

[0029] In some embodiments of the invention, the device for detecting the first voltage may include an analog-to-digital converter. This allows the only measured value required for controlling or regulating the device to be digitally stored and further processed in a microprocessor or microcontroller.

[0030] In some embodiments of the invention, the predetermined time period in the second operating state can be between approximately two minutes and approximately 20 minutes. In other embodiments of the invention, the predetermined time period in the second operating state can be between approximately five minutes and approximately 15 minutes. In yet other embodiments of the invention, the predetermined time period in the second operating state can be between approximately two minutes and approximately six minutes. This ensures that the consumers disconnect from the supply at regular intervals and give priority to other consumers, so that the electrical energy supply to the consumers is more or less evenly distributed throughout the day, without the consumption of the individual consumers having to be recorded or the consumers having to be controlled centrally.

[0031] The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to figures and exemplary embodiments without limiting the general inventive concept. Fig. 1 a device for electrical energy supply according to a first embodiment. Fig. 2 shows a device for electrical energy supply according to a second embodiment. Fig. 3 shows a consumer which can be used with the device shown. Fig. Figure 4 shows the voltage and power curve in the electrical power supply device when implementing the proposed method. Fig. Figure 5 shows a flow chart of the process taking place in the consumer.

[0032] Based on the Fig. 1, a device for supplying electrical energy according to a first embodiment is explained in more detail. The device 1 contains at least one solar module 10, which is configured to output electrical power at a first voltage. In some embodiments of the invention, a plurality of solar modules can be used, which are connected in parallel and / or series to one another in order to increase the power, the voltage, and / or the current. Even if only one solar module is referenced in the following description, this always includes the use of a plurality of interconnected solar modules.

[0033] The solar module 10 is configured to generate a direct current voltage between approximately 250 V and approximately 600 V or between approximately 300 V and approximately 400 V. The solar module can deliver a power output of approximately 1 kWp to approximately 8 kWp or of approximately 2 kWp to approximately 6 kWp.

[0034] The DC voltage is transported to a plurality of consumers 2 via a line 3. The line 3 can be Fig. 1. A parallel data line and / or a protective conductor can be optionally provided, but is generally not necessary. The cable or the individual wires of cable 3 can have a cross-section between approximately 1 mm 2 and about 8 mm 2 or between 1 mm 2 and about 4 mm 2 The line 3 can have a length of approximately 20 m to approximately 2000 m or of approximately 200 m to approximately 1500 m. Due to the comparatively high voltage, the line 3 can transport the electrical energy of the solar module 10 over comparatively long distances with low losses.

[0035] Consumers 2 are connected to line 3 so that they can consume electrical power at the first voltage provided by solar module 10. In the illustrated embodiment, only three consumers 2 are shown. In other embodiments of the invention, the number may be greater or lesser, for example, between approximately 2 and approximately 200 or between approximately 50 and approximately 150. Each consumer may represent a building or a household, or even a resident of the supply area.

[0036] In Fig. 1 shows, by way of example, that the loads 2 have a DC / DC converter. This converts the first voltage provided by the solar module 10 into a protective extra-low voltage. This can be between approximately 5 V and approximately 36 V. Fig. 1 shows an example voltage of 12 V. This can be used for charging batteries, for general lighting, or for operating electronic devices such as mobile phones, small computers, or tablets. Due to the only temporary power requirement for these applications, the security of supply in the Fig. 1 is secondary. If there is no sunlight on the solar module 10, the power supply may temporarily fail completely. This is balanced against the advantage of the simplicity of the device and tolerated.

[0037] As from Fig. As can be seen in Figure 1, the proposed device 1 also does not have any metering or billing units. The costs incurred for installation and operation are simply allocated to the number of consumers. The control of the consumers ensures that they receive approximately the same amount of electrical energy in the same time slots, so that a fair distribution is achieved through the flat-rate billing or equal distribution of costs.

[0038] In some embodiments, the total number of loads 2 can, at least temporarily, generate an electrical load that exceeds the electrical power provided by the solar module 10. This can be due to the fact that there are more loads 2 in total than the peak power of the solar module 10 can generate. However, such an overload can also occur temporarily if cloud cover or the position of the sun causes the solar module to output less power than the maximum rated power.

[0039] The consumers 2 must therefore be coordinated in such a way that they do not generate an overload on the solar module 10, the solar module 10 is always or as often as possible loaded with maximum power at the operating point, the individual consumers 2 are supplied with power for approximately the same time and a complex data exchange between the consumers or a central control of the consumers 2 is avoided.

[0040] Fig. 3 shows a possible embodiment of a consumer 2. The consumer 2 has an input 21, with which it is connected to the line 3. Via the input 21, the consumer 2 can receive electrical power with the first electrical voltage supplied by the solar module 10.

[0041] Furthermore, the load 2 contains a device 23 for detecting the first voltage. The electrical power supplied via the input 21 is then fed to a DC / DC converter 25. The DC / DC converter supplies electrical power at a second, lower voltage to the output 22. The lower voltage at the output 22 can, for example, be between approximately 5 V and approximately 12 V and can be provided, for example, in the form of a USB connection. The output of the DC / DC converter can be separated from the output 22 via an electrical switch 26. The switch 26 can, for example, be a relay, an IGBT, a MOSFET, a bipolar transistor, or another known switch.

[0042] The load 2 further contains a microprocessor or microcontroller 24, which controls the load 2. The microcontroller 24 is also supplied with electrical energy via the DC / DC converter 25. The microcontroller 24 controls the switch 26 to enable or disable the output 22 of the load 2. Furthermore, the value of the first voltage on line 3, detected by the device 23, is supplied to the microcontroller 24.

[0043] When device 1 is started up, solar module 10 supplies an electrical voltage, which is fed to loads 2 via line 3. Loads 2 detect the value of the input voltage at their input 21. In addition, a small portion of the supplied electrical power is diverted to operate microcontroller 24. Switches 26 are initially open, so that the load on line 3 is minimal. A first operating state 51 then begins, in which loads 2 iteratively load solar module 10 by switching it on with a time delay. As a result, the power consumed increases and the input voltage at input 21 of the loads decreases. Stable operation is possible if the total requested power is less than the electrical power supplied by the solar module. The loads or the microcontroller 24 arranged therein store the first voltage of this stable operating point.

[0044] Then, more and more consumers switch on iteratively, causing the voltage to drop further and further. Switching on can occur either by programming an individual time delay for each consumer 2, so that a fixed order of consumers 2 is achieved when switched on. In other embodiments of the invention, each consumer 2 can contain a random generator that sets a switch-on delay between a minimum and a maximum value, so that ultimately a random decision is made as to which consumer is switched on at what time. If the load generated by consumers 2 exceeds the electrical power provided by solar module 10, a sharp drop in the first voltage on line 3 occurs. This voltage drop is detected by consumers 2 and triggers the complete shutdown of all consumers by opening the respective switches 26.This also represents the end of the first operating state 51.

[0045] In the subsequent second operating state 52, the loads 2 are again switched on iteratively and with a time delay. However, in contrast to the first operating state 51, the reconnection of further loads is terminated when the first voltage approximately corresponds to the voltage of the last stable operating point of the first operating state, which is stored in the microcontrollers 24 of the loads 2. At this voltage, the solar module operates close to its maximum power. In the second operating state, the loads 2 that have been switched on up to that point can then operate stably.

[0046] If the solar module receives stronger sunlight during the second operating state 52, the first voltage in line 3 increases again, allowing additional loads to be connected. If a drop in power occurs during the second operating state 52, for example due to shading, the voltage drops below the voltage of the last stable operating point. In this case, the second operating state 52 is terminated, and the first operating state 51 is run through again to determine the voltage of the stable operating point with maximum power yield under the changed conditions.

[0047] This situation is in Fig. 4a, Fig. 4b and Fig. 4c shows the Fig. 4a the first voltage on line 3 on the ordinate and the time on the abscissa. Fig. Figure 4b shows the power on the ordinate and the time on the abscissa. Fig. Figure 4c shows the power of solar module 10 on the ordinate and the first voltage on the abscissa.

[0048] How Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b, the first operating state 51 begins at about 2.5 seconds. Initially, no consumer 2 is connected, ie the power PMD according to Fig. 4b is minimal and the first voltage according to Fig. 4a is maximum.

[0049] Starting at 17.5 seconds, several loads 2 are iteratively switched on. This leads to an increase in electrical power up to 150 watts, corresponding to five loads 2.

[0050] After 32 seconds, the sixth load is connected. This causes the consumed power to exceed the power supplied by photovoltaic module 10, resulting in a sharp voltage drop below 200 volts. This event serves as a trigger signal to disconnect all loads 2. This completes the first operating state 51.

[0051] In the following period, starting at 39 seconds, the loads are gradually reconnected in the second operating state 52 until five loads can be operated stably. This causes the first voltage to drop from approximately 310 volts (open-circuit voltage) to approximately 290 volts (last stable operating point in the first operating state 51). Falling below this voltage triggered the collapse of the electrical power supply in the first operating state 51. This voltage is therefore stored in the loads as the voltage of the last stable operating point. The connection of further loads is thus prevented as long as the voltage does not rise above this value of 290 volts.

[0052] Fig. Figure 4c illustrates the proposed method again using the power curve of solar module 10. Initially, no load is connected, so the voltage UPV at solar module 10 is at its maximum. In the illustrated embodiment, this is 310 volts. The output power PVL is close to zero.

[0053] During the iterative connection of loads 2, the branch of the characteristic curve located to the right of the maximum is traversed, as explained by the operating points indicated by the numbers 1 to 5. After the fifth load 2 is connected, the voltage is approximately 290 volts and the solar module 10 is operated close to the maximum power point.

[0054] The sixth load leads to an operating point far from the maximum power point on the branch of the characteristic curve to the left of the maximum, where the voltage drops to approximately 160 V. After this voltage drop is detected, all loads are disconnected from the grid. Passing through the two Fig. The arrows shown in Figure 4c thus mark the end of the first operating state 51 and the beginning of the second operating state 52.

[0055] The individual microcontrollers of loads 2 thus implement an algorithm that generates a targeted disturbance on line 3 and evaluates the overall system's response to this disturbance. This avoids the complexity associated with a central control system.

[0056] Based on the Fig. Figure 5 provides a more detailed explanation of the algorithm executed on the microcontroller 24 in the load 2. The main program is explained in the left part of the figure. The right part of the figure explains the readout of the device 23 for detecting the first voltage.

[0057] In a first step, the main program measures whether the first voltage is above a specified limit. As long as this is not the case, load 2 cannot be switched on, and the test is repeated cyclically.

[0058] If the first voltage in line 3 is above a preset threshold, this signals to consumer 2 that the solar module is supplying sufficient electrical energy. In this case, a random generator determines a switch-on time, which can range between a minimum and a maximum value.

[0059] Once the randomly determined turn-on time is reached, a check is made to determine whether other loads have already exceeded the permissible load, causing the system to become unstable. If this is the case, the load is turned off and the process starts again. If power is still available, the load is turned on.

[0060] Based on the Fig. A second embodiment of the electrical power supply device is explained in more detail in Figure 2. Identical components of the invention are provided with the same reference numerals, so the following description is limited to the essential differences.

[0061] The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment described above primarily in that a large consumer 6 is additionally provided, which charges an optional storage battery 62 in a conventional manner using an MPP tracker 63 and a DC / DC converter 61. One or more large consumers 65 can be connected to the storage battery 62 or directly to the DC / DC converter 61. The large consumers 65 can be devices that are centrally provided to several residential units or houses and that have a comparatively high power consumption, for example refrigerators or freezers or grain mills. Alternatively or additionally, the large consumers 65 can also be equipment from craft businesses, for example electric fans in a blacksmith's shop, sewing machines, or machines for metal or wood processing.These are supplied, in a manner known per se, primarily with electrical energy from the solar module 10. The energy remaining after supplying the large consumer 6 is distributed equally among the consumers 2, as described above, which are arranged decentrally in the individual residential units or huts.

[0062] Fig. Figure 2 further illustrates the line resistance 31 of line 3. Due to the voltage drop in the line resistance 31, the first voltage measured by load 2 to determine a stable operating point can assume different values in different loads 2. However, since the voltage of the last stable operating point is stored decentrally in the loads 2, this does not have a negative impact on the stability of the proposed method.

[0063] Of course, the invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiments. The above description is therefore not to be considered restrictive, but rather explanatory. The following claims are to be understood in such a way that a stated feature is present in at least one embodiment of the invention. This does not exclude the presence of further features. Where the claims and the above description define "first" and "second" embodiments, this designation serves to distinguish between two similar embodiments without establishing a priority.

Claims

[1] Device (1) for supplying electrical energy with at least one solar module (10) which is designed to deliver electrical power at a first voltage and with a plurality of consumers (2) which are designed to receive electrical power at the first voltage, wherein the consumers (2) are connected to the solar module (10) by at least one line (3), characterized by , that the consumers (2) have a device (23) for detecting the first voltage and the consumers (2) are equipped to in a first operating state (51) of the device (1), to load the solar module (10) iteratively by switching on the loads (2) with a time delay and to store the first voltage of each stable operating point, to switch off when the first voltage falls below a predeterminable limit value, after switching off in a second operating state (52) of the device (1), to iteratively load the solar module (10) again by switching on the consumers (2) again with a time delay until the first voltage approximately corresponds to the voltage of the last stable operating point. [2] Device according to claim 1, characterized by that each consumer (2) contains at least one DC / DC converter (25) which is designed to receive electrical power at the first voltage and to output electrical power at a second, lower voltage. [3] Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized bythat the consumers are designed to switch off in the second operating state (52) after a predeterminable period of time and to restart in the first operating state (51) and / or that the consumers are designed to switch off in the second operating state (52) and to restart in the first operating state (51) when the first voltage falls below the voltage of the last stable operating point. [4] Device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by that the line (3) has a cross-section between approximately 1 mm 2 and about 8 mm 2 or about 1.5 mm 2 and about 4 mm 2 and / or that the cable (3) has two wires. [5] Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized bythat the at least one solar module (10) has a power of approximately 1 kWp to approximately 8 kWp or of approximately 2 kWp to approximately 6 kWp or of approximately 2.5 kWp to approximately 5 kWp or that the at least one solar module (10) is configured to provide a first voltage between approximately 250 V and approximately 600 V or between approximately 300 V and approximately 400 V. [6] Device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by that a safety device (35) is arranged in the line (3) between the at least one solar module (10) and the consumers (2) and / or that no MPP tracker is arranged in the line (3) between the at least one solar module (10) and the consumers (2) that at least one MPP tracker is arranged in the line (3) between the at least one solar module (10) and the consumers (2). [7] Device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized bythat the device (23) for detecting the first voltage is designed to detect between about 2 and about 10 or between about 3 and about 6 measured values per second or that the device (23) for detecting the first voltage contains an analog / digital converter. [8] Methods for supplying electrical energy in which at least one solar module (10) delivers electrical power at a first voltage and a plurality of consumers (2) consume electrical power at the first voltage, wherein the consumers (2) are connected to the solar module by at least one line (3), characterized by , that the consumers (2) have a device (23) for detecting the first voltage and the consumers (2) in a first operating state (51) iteratively load the solar module (2) by switching on the consumers (2) with a time delay and storing the first voltage of each stable operating point, and the consumers (2) switch off when the first voltage falls below a predetermined limit value, wherein after switching off in a second operating state (52) the consumers again iteratively load the solar module (2) by switching on the consumers (2) with a time delay until the first voltage approximately corresponds to the voltage of the last stable operating point. [9] Method according to claim 8, characterized by that each consumer (2) contains at least one DC / DC converter (25) which receives electrical power at the first voltage and outputs electrical power at a second, lower voltage. [10] Method according to claim 8, characterized bythat each consumer (2) contains at least one DC / AC converter (25) which receives electrical power at the first voltage and delivers electrical power to another power grid [11] Method according to one of claims 8 to 10, characterized by that the consumers switch off in the second operating state (52) after a predetermined period of time and restart in the first operating state (51) and / or that the consumers switch off in the second operating state (52) and restart in the first operating state (51) when the first voltage falls below the voltage of the last stable operating point. [12] Method according to one of claims 8 to 11, characterized bythat the at least one solar module (10) delivers a power of approximately 1 kWp to approximately 8 kWp or of approximately 2 kWp to approximately 6 kWp or of approximately 2.5 kWp to approximately 5 kWp or that the at least one solar module (10) generates a first voltage between approximately 250 V and approximately 600 V or between approximately 300 V and approximately 400 V. [13] Method according to one of claims 8 to 12, characterized by that the consumers (2) record between approximately 2 and approximately 10 or between approximately 3 and approximately 6 measured values of the first voltage per second or that the measured values of the first voltage are fed to an analog / digital converter. [14] Method according to one of claims 11 to 13, characterized by that the predetermined time period in the second operating state (52) is between approximately 2 minutes and approximately 20 minutes or between approximately 5 minutes and approximately 15 minutes or between approximately 2 minutes and approximately 6 minutes. [15] Method according to one of claims 8 to 14, characterized bythat the consumers (2) each contain a random generator which sets a switch-on delay between a minimum and a maximum value.

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