Device with a connection of an outer part with an inner part

Abstract

Device comprising an outer part (50) and an inner part (52), wherein the outer part (50) is connected to the inner part (52) and the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned relative to one another in such a way that the inner part (52) is located at least partially within the outer part (50), wherein at least one mass fraction (m50p) is located on the outer part (50), which is a solidified solid melt zone (80), wherein a tensile stress (σ50) acts in the outer part (50), characterized in that the outer part (50) is plastically deformed as a result.

Description

State of the art

[0001] From published patent application DE 10 2011 076 759 A1, a method is known by which an inner part is fastened to an outer part by means of a press connection. First, the inner part is inserted into the outer part, and then at least one weld seam is formed on the outer surface of the outer part as a blind weld seam. The weld depth should extend only over part of the wall thickness of the outer part. For the blind weld seam described therein, a closed, annular weld seam or a spiral weld seam is proposed, for example.

[0002] From patent specification DE 103 03 853 B4, a method is known for creating a high-pressure metal line from assembled parts. A shrink fit is created. A first, inner pipe part is inserted into a bore of a second, outer pipe part. The outer pipe part is then heated and subsequently joined to the inner pipe part by cooling in a shrink fit. The heating of the outer pipe part is achieved by welding the outer pipe part. For this purpose, for example, two diametrically opposed blind welds are created axially parallel. Cooling then takes place, which causes the outer part to shrink onto the inner part. The shrinkage is achieved by reducing the volume of the areas of the outer part that were previously melted by welding.

[0003] Compared to the state of the art, it is intended to offer a solution that makes it technically easier to control the load on the inner part caused by the outer part. Embodiments of the invention

[0004] According to a first aspect of the invention, a device is provided with a connection of an outer part to an inner part, wherein the inner part and the outer part are positioned relative to one another such that the inner part is at least partially located within an outer part. A mass portion which is at least a solidified, solid melt zone is located on the outer part. A tensile stress acts in the outer part. It is provided that the outer part is plastically deformed by this tensile stress. This device has the advantage that a load on the inner part which acts via the outer part is technically easier to control and the load from the outer part on the inner part is easily within a narrowly tolerable range.

[0005] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the outer part is to be made of a material which has an upper yield point and a plastic deformation of the outer part beyond the upper yield point is to be generated. This has the advantage that when the outer part is loaded to such an extent that it is plastically deformed by the process used, not only can the load on the inner part be adjusted more precisely, but the process can also be adjusted relatively roughly. A rough adjustment relates, for example, to a selection of the joining partners, i.e. the outer part and the inner part, and their relative sizes (selected fit). For example, an inner dimension of the outer part (inner diameter) can be determined with relatively large tolerances and manufactured accordingly. This means that a permissible minimum manufactured dimension and a permissible maximum manufactured dimension can differ relatively significantly from one another.These deviations can be tolerated very well by machining the outer part in the plastic range, since in this range the forces or surface pressures exerted on the inner part per machining step (per melting and solidification process) no longer increase as sharply as is the case below a yield point - in particular a pronounced yield point ReL - or an equivalent yield point - in particular the yield point Rp0.2. A comparison with a stress-strain diagram for a metal, for example, shows that below a yield point an increase in strain can be achieved with a relatively high expenditure of force. Or to put it another way: if shrinkage is generated by melting or creating a melt zone, a relatively strong increase in stress or force is generated in the elastic range below a yield point. This means thatthat below a yield point with a certain number of melt zones created a greater increase in stress or force is generated than is the case above a yield point. Accordingly, it is advantageous if the outer part is loaded in the Lüder range. Particularly in the event that a wide elongation range is to be used, it is also permissible for the outer part to be loaded in the plastic range between the Lüder range and the tensile strength. If excessive loading of the outer part is to be avoided, particularly in connection with the tensile strength, it is advantageous if any tensile stress is limited to a value between a lower yield point and the tensile strength, in particular to an average value.

[0006] If the outer part is made of a material that has a yield strength ratio - a ratio of the upper yield point and the tensile strength - that lies in a range of 0.2 to 0.7, the Lüder area can be used with particularly low risk, without risking overloading the outer part.

[0007] If the outer part is to be made of a material which, under load, exhibits a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic mixed plastoelastic strain and a deformation of the outer part is to be generated which reaches at least a yield point - for which a permanent strain of 0.2% is determined - then more cost-effective materials can be used.

[0008] If the process is designed so that the load on the outer part is greater than the yield strength, then the load can typically be used in a range where the increase in load to strain is rather small, at least compared to the initial increase. This has the advantage that the design of the connection between the outer part and inner part is rather robust. The outer part is intended to be loaded between the yield strength and the tensile strength. The advantage is that a significantly larger geometric tolerance band with regard to the components to be joined can be permitted while still ensuring a secure connection of the components. Due to this fact, the requirements regarding geometric tolerances of the individual joining partners are reduced. This reduces the effort required for their respective production, in particular the costs and time required.

[0009] The outer part is intended to be work-hardened through its deformation, specifically increasing the tensile strength of the work-hardened material by 2% to 70% compared to the state of the material before plastic deformation. This has the advantage of allowing the materials involved to be utilized to their fullest in terms of their mechanical strength.

[0010] Due to the possibility of forming at least one melting zone as a point or point line, or as a line or planar zone, it is possible, for example, to make finer designs of the connection between the outer part and the inner part, or for example to use different energization devices already used in an existing production process, e.g. laser beam generators.

[0011] If a melting mass portion is designed as at least one melting zone extending between the first end and the second end of an outer part, the entire available width of an outer part can be used and therefore a particularly good force transmission between an outer part and an inner part can be used.

[0012] If there is an unprocessed or unmelted edge between a melting zone and an end, this prevents an energy beam from hitting an area beyond one end that is not intended to be energized during production. This also prevents unintentional scattering of the radiation.

[0013] If the molten mass portion has several melt zones which are designed in such a way that they extend continuously and in different directions between the first end and the second end of the outer part, production can proceed continuously without interruptions in the beam guidance leading to delays in production.

[0014] If it is provided that the at least one melting zone is designed in such a way that it extends at least partially in a straight line, it is generally possible to easily determine an effect on the connection between an outer part and an inner part.

[0015] If one plans for the multiple melting zones to run parallel to each other, at least in sections, or if one melting zone is accompanied by another melting zone that runs parallel to the one melting zone, a high density of intersection-free melting zones can potentially be created.

[0016] If the multiple melting zones are spaced apart in such a way that there is a web between two melting zones that are closest to each other and that has been heated below the melting temperature of the material of the outer part, the energy input per outer part tends to be lower and thus the distortion of the outer part is rather lower.

[0017] If at least one melt zone is allowed to be partially remelted, a continuous generation of melt zones can be achieved, requiring less time per outer part and joint. This is especially true for a spiral-shaped melt zone.

[0018] The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the following figures and a table: Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of an arrangement of an inner part to be joined and an outer part to be joined, Fig. 2 the inner part placed in the outer part before a joining process according to the first embodiment in a longitudinal section, Fig. Figure 3 shows an axial side view of the inner part inserted into the outer part prior to a joining process according to the first embodiment. A power source and a power conductor are also shown. Fig. 4 shows a radial side view (top view) of the outer part according to the first embodiment after a few linear melt zones have been created. Fig. 5 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment ( Fig. 4), after a few – here four – linear melting zones were created. Fig. 6 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after six linear melt zones have been created. Fig. 7 shows a partial view of the outer part according to the first embodiment at which point the outer part is plastically deformed by a tensile stress generated by the method. Fig. Figure 7A shows a schematic cross-section through a melt zone with particular attention to the representation of tensile stress in the melt zone and compressive stress in radially inner regions, Fig. 7B is a schematic representation of a stress curve between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part before application to the inner part, wherein a transition from a tensile stress to a compressive stress is shown in principle, Fig. Figure 7C shows the cross section through the melt zone from Fig. 7A with particular reference to the schematic representation of tensile stress in the melt zone and in radially inner regions after application to the inner part, as well as compressive stress in the inner part and causing pressure on the inner part, Fig. 7D a schematic representation of a stress curve between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part after application to the inner part and causing pressure on the inner part, as well as a schematic representation of a compressive stress curve in the inner part, Fig. 8 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after eight linear melt zones have been created. Fig. 8A shows a schematic approximation of an inner contour of an outer part to an outer contour of an inner part after formation of an exemplary eighth melt zone on the outer circumference with formation of a general n-round - here eight-round, Fig. 8B shows a schematic state of the outer part immediately before the production of the eighth melt zone at the 0 degree position, Fig. 8C shows an instantaneous state during the formation of a linear melt zone. Fig. 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melt zones have been created. Fig. 10 shows a radial side view of the outer part according to a second embodiment, after point-shaped melting zones - here rows of point-shaped melting zones - have been created. Fig. 11 shows a radial side view of a third embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped melting zones are placed which are placed so close to one another that an area of ​​a point-shaped melting zone was melted a further time by another point-shaped melting zone or another point-shaped energization, thereby creating linear melting zones which are aligned axially. Fig. 12 shows a radial side view of a fourth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped melting zones are placed which are placed so close to one another that an area of ​​a point-shaped melting zone is surrounded by another point-shaped melting zone or another point-like energization was melted once more and This resulted in line-shaped melting zones that were aligned in such a way that they had a component of the direction in the axial direction and at the same time also in the circumferential direction. Fig. Figure 13 shows a fifth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, wherein three rows of point-shaped melting zones are inserted. These rows are linear or point-shaped melting zones arranged in the circumferential direction. Fig. 14 shows a detail of a linear melting zone, which was created by way of example by two point-shaped melting zones, with the individual point-shaped melting zones merging into one another. Fig. 15 shows a sixth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part with an arrangement of individually generated point-shaped melting zones forming several rows of point-shaped melting zones forming transition zones. Fig. 16 basically shows several individually generated point-like melting zones, which are arranged or set in two axial directions and form a field of melting zones. Fig. 17 shows a seventh embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, which is separated from the Fig. 4. Linear melting zones are formed on the outer part, with different spacings between the melting zones. Fig. 18 shows an eighth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, which is separated from the Fig. 17. Linear melting zones are formed on the outer part, with common linear transition zones being formed. Fig. 19 shows several - here two - individually produced linear melt zones, which are arranged or set next to each other in an axial direction and form a field of melt zones, whereby a common linear transition zone was formed between or as part of two linear melt zones. Fig. 20 shows an arrangement as in Fig. 2, wherein the outer part and the inner part are eccentrically offset from each other. Fig. Figure 21 shows another embodiment showing a plurality of elongated melt zones created inclined to a central axis. Fig. 22 shows another embodiment with a spiral melting zone. Fig. 23 shows a longitudinal section through the outer part according to Fig. 22 and the marking indicated there for a cutting line position. Fig. 24 shows a side view of an embodiment of a device of an outer part with two connections between them and an inner part each. Fig. 25 shows a cross section according to the section line in Fig. 24, Fig. 26 an axial view of the object of Fig. 24 from the left, enlarged, Fig. 27 an exemplary embodiment of a sequence of generating melting zones for the Fig. 24 left connection. Fig. 28 shows a first basic production process, Fig. 29 the combination of outer part and inner part clamped in a machine, Fig. 30 the bearing of the second inner part as part of a shaft of a machine, Fig. 31 Relationships with the creation of a target distance between an inner part and a reference point, Fig. 32 a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength, Fig. 33 a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength, Fig. 34 process steps for an exemplary process, Fig. 35 process steps for an exemplary embodiment of a process, Fig. 36 a general embodiment of a further combination of an outer part and an inner part, Fig. 37 a general embodiment of a further combination of an outer part and an inner part, Fig. 38 a computer program, a machine-readable storage medium, a control unit and a characteristic map.

[0019] Based on the Fig. 1 to Fig. 9, a basic embodiment is first explained. Within the scope of this embodiment, an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 are provided. The outer part 50 is a body that is generally referred to as a ring or cylindrical ring. This outer part 50 has an outer diameter D50 and an inner diameter d50. In addition, this outer part 50 has a length that is referred to here as the axial extent a50. The outer diameter D50 and the inner diameter d50 result in a material thickness for the outer part 50, which is referred to here as t50. The inner part 52 is a cylinder with a diameter D52 and an axial extent a52 that corresponds to a height of the cylinder. The outer part 50 has an inner contour 54, which here has a cylindrical shape. In addition, this outer part 50 has an outer contour 56, which here is also cylindrical.The inner part 52 has an outer contour 58, which is also cylindrical here (cylinder shell). Due to the aforementioned basic shape, the outer part 50 has an end face 60 that is circular or annular in shape. This end face 60 is not only cylindrical on one right side (. Fig. 1) of the outer part 50, but also at the left end of the outer part 50, which is not visible here. The inner part 50 also has an end face 64, which is purely circular here. In this exemplary embodiment, the axial extent a50 of the outer part 50 is exactly as long as the axial extent a52 of the inner part 52. Under this condition, a common overlap Ug of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is exactly as large or long as the axial extent a50 and the axial extent a52; this applies at least when the two parts, outer part 50 and inner part 52, are located at the same axial position. It should also be mentioned that the outer part 50 on the in Fig. 1 has a first end E150 and a second end E250, which is on the left side shown in Fig. 1 shown right side of the outer part 50. The inner part 52 has, in an analogous manner, a first end E152, which is on the Fig. 1 left side of the inner part 52 and a second end E252, which is on the in Fig. 1 right side of the inner part 52. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 is smaller than the diameter d50 of the outer part 50. The sizes inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 should be selected such that when the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, a free space B is created between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50. This is to express that after the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, the inner part 52 can be moved relative to the outer part 50. A free space B should be defined here as a maximum length of a straight line that an inner part 52 can be moved radially in the outer part 50. For the embodiment according to Fig. 1 thus results in a freedom of movement B as a difference between the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52.

[0020] The outer part 50 and the inner part 52 should be physically arranged, step S100, such that the inner part 52 is located inside the outer part 50 or the outer part 50 is located around the inner part 52. For this purpose, the inner part 52 can be placed in the outer part 50 and there in its interior space 62, in which this inner part 52 is positioned according to an arrow on the right side of the Fig. 1 can be or will be displaced essentially in a straight line into the outer part 50. In a similar manner, the outer part 50 can be displaced relative to the inner part 52 in that this outer part 50 is displaced in accordance with the indication by the on the left side of the Fig. 1, for example, is moved in a straight line and is thereby arranged around the inner part 52. Of course, a combination of these two movements can also be used.

[0021] In Fig. 2 shows a situation as it occurs after inserting the inner part 52 into the outer part 50 according to the information on Fig. 1. As in Fig. 2 is recognizable, is in Fig. 2, a gap 66 (annular gap) is formed between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, which is ideally represented or assumed to be uniformly large. On average, the size of the gap 66—i.e., a width b of the gap 66—corresponds to half of the free movement space B. A cross-sectional area A50 is a radial cross-sectional area through the outer part 50, which results from the product of the axial extent (width) a50 and the material thickness t50 (rectangle).

[0022] According to the illustration Fig. 2, both bodies, inner part 52 and outer part 50, have a common central axis 68 in this particular arrangement. Based on this idealized arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, a machining of the outer part 50 is intended to create at least a force-fitting connection between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52.

[0023] In Fig. 3 is an axial side view of the arrangement of inner part 52 and outer part 50 as shown in Fig. 2. In this basic embodiment, reference is made to an illustration of auxiliary devices which could serve to arrange the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 in a manner which holds them together. Fig. 1 to 9 are not initially discussed. In connection with the method described here, an energy source 70 provides energy E in such a way that it is transferred to the outer part 50 and here to the outer contour 56 by means of an energy conductor 72. The energy E is transferred by means of an energy beam 85 to a part of the surface of the outer part 50, i.e. to a part of the outer contour 56. If the energy is guided or transferred to the outer part 50, for example in the form of electromagnetic waves, in particular in the form of a laser beam, an actual direct energy transfer point 74 (or energy transition point) is relatively small. By transferring the energy E to the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is in principle energized (energy is added, energy is enriched).By energizing the outer part 50 in this way, it can be achieved, for example, that at a point-like energy transfer point 74, a mass fraction m50p lying underneath, in particular radially, is energized to such an extent, in particular heated, that this mass fraction m50p is melted. In particular, it is provided that this mass fraction m50p, starting from a radial position of the energy transfer point 74 on the outer circumference or in the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 measured radially inward, is melted preferably up to 90% of the thickness t50 of the outer part 50 (wall thickness), or in other words: between the molten or melted mass fraction m50p, an area should remain or an area remains that is not melted or not melted. The depth to which the outer part 50 can be melted is referred to here as depth tm. The depth that should have remained solid, ieThe depth of the material that should not be melted due to the energy input is referred to here as the depth ts. The introduction of energy at only one point, as just discussed here, taking into account that a specific zone of the outer part 50 with a depth ts should remain solid, can result in the mass fraction m50p that should be melted and is melted having a paraboloid shape, for example, as shown in . Fig. 3 is approximately represented by a cross-section of such a shape. The heating of this mass fraction m50p is terminated after a defined time tE (energization time) in the case of only point-like heating. The time tE can be specified for two different energization procedures as follows: If the external part 50 is energized by a stationary, point-like energy transfer point 74, the time tE corresponds to a switch-on time or energy transfer time. If the external part 50 is energized by a movable, point-like energy transfer point 74, the time tE results from a speed of movement of the energy transfer point 74 and a length of the energy transfer point 74 in the direction of movement.

[0024] The end of the energy supply leads to the mass fraction m50p solidifying due to the onset of cooling (energy release to the environment). If only a single, contiguous mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is melted, there is identity between the mass fraction m50p and a melting zone 80. Since this mass fraction m50p and the volume elements of the outer part 50 arranged directly around the mass fraction m50p shrink during and after solidification, an internal stress state arises in this formerly molten (liquid melting zone 80) and now re-solidified mass fraction m50p (solid melting zone 80), which can be characterized or described by a tensile stress. The stress state is a multi-axial tensile stress state.This formation of the stress state (tensile stress state) in this mass fraction m50p (solid melt zone 80) leads continuously and in interaction with the remaining mass of the outer part 50 to a change in the stress state in the outer part 50. The remaining mass of the outer part 50 is described here in particular as a rule by the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was never liquid after formation of a shape of the outer part 50, and the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was liquid (molten) after formation of the shape of the outer part 50 and has solidified again.

[0025] If, for example, one considers only one point 76 and here the complete - in particular rectangular - cross-section A50 of the outer part 50, which lies opposite the first molten mass fraction m50p (liquid melt zone 80), it will be seen that this cross-section A50 is characterized by a stress situation which, after the start of solidification of the mass fraction m50p (melt zone 80), is characterized by a (light, low) tensile stress in the cross-section A50 compared to the situation before the introduction of the energy. If, for example, one assumes punctiform energy transfer points 74, these could be arranged, for example, at an axial position of the outer part 50 and, for example, offset from one another by 10°, so that, for example, an annular arrangement of - for examplesuccessively - melted and re-solidified melt zones 80 - which together make up a melted and re-solidified mass fraction m50p - are created; in the example, this would be thirty-six such locations, i.e. solidified melt zones 80. If, for example, several such rings were produced with such an arrangement of re-solidified melt zones 80, each rotated by, for example, 5° and offset in the axial direction by a suitable distance, then such an arrangement of energized, then melted and subsequently solidified melt zones 80 could cause a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50, which led to a plastic deformation of the outer part 50. This plastic deformation of the outer part 50 leads to a reduction in the outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50 and also to a reduction in the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50.The tensile stress is denoted here by σ50 (the arrangement of resolidified melt zones 80 is in this sense, for example, as in . Fig. 10). To distinguish it from compressive stress, tensile stress is denoted by a prefix + (+σ50) and compressive stress by a prefix - (-σ50) in other places in the description.

[0026] The material for the outer part is particularly intended to be a material that can be described by a material parameter that indicates a mechanical stress that characterizes a transition from elastic to plastic behavior of the material. This material parameter can be, for example, a yield strength - in particular a pronounced upper yield strength ReH - or an equivalent yield strength - in particular proof strength Rp0.2 - of the material. One such material is the material X5CrNi18-10 (designation according to DIN) or alternatively designated as 1.4301 (designation according to EN), or also as 304 (designation according to AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)). The material X5CrNi18-10 has a yield strength Rp0.2 of greater than or equal to 190 N / mm2. The tensile strength Rm is between 500 N / mm2 and 700 N / mm2 (Newtons per square millimeter).In addition, a material is preferably selected for the outer part 50 which has a yield strength ratio ReH / Rm which is in a range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0027] During the corresponding machining of the outer part according to this first exemplary embodiment, the method sequence, i.e. the generation of a plastic deformation of the outer part 50, is to be carried out as follows: Individual point-like melting zones 80 are to be generated on the outer part 50 by the energy input. This melting and the subsequent solidification is to and will increase a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50, so that during or at the end of a first phase, after a number of such individual point-like melting zones 80 (not specified here), the outer part 50 initially approaches the inner part 52 and then finally contacts it. During this first phase, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases, so that the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 finally contacts the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 completely or all around. With each melting of a melting zone 80 orWith each solidification of a molten melt zone 80, the tensile stresses σ50 in the outer part 50 increase; simultaneously, with the increase in the tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases. During this first phase, not only tensile stress but also compressive stress arises in the outer part 50. Details will be discussed later, for example, in connection with . Fig. 7A received.

[0028] After, for example, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has been completely applied to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52, a second phase of the process follows. With the further creation of such solidified melt zones 80, a compressive stress is then caused in the second phase of the process by further increasing the tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. In this second phase, an elastic material load on the outer part 50 preferably predominates. In this second phase, a broad distinction is made between two different material types: Firstly, metals or metal alloys that exhibit a transition from purely elastic to plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield point - in particular a pronounced upper yield point ReH. Secondly, metals or metal alloys in which the elastic material load initially - in particular significantly - predominates over a plastic material load, i.e.which have an equivalent yield strength – in particular, the yield strength Rp0.2 – or are described by it, among other things. This increase in the tensile stress σ50 should be increased in this second phase of the process until a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH – or an equivalent yield strength – in particular, the yield strength Rp0.2 – of the material is reached.

[0029] Then, in a third phase of the process, the outer part 50 is to be deformed or loaded in such a way that the deformation or loading of the outer part 50 occurs predominantly within a plastic range, i.e., by further generating initially liquid melt zones 80 and then solidified melt zones 80, the internal tensile stress σ50 is influenced in such a way that the outer part 50 deforms predominantly within the plastic range, particularly significantly. In this third phase, a rough distinction is again made between the two different material types:

[0030] Firstly, in the metals or metal alloys that exhibit the transition from purely elastic to plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield point - in particular a pronounced upper yield point ReH. In this third phase of the process, the loading of the outer part 50 takes place between the pronounced yield point Re (ReH = Re) represented by the upper yield point ReH and the stress (σL), which - preferably - describes an end of the so-called Lüders deformation or Lüders elongation. This loading in this third phase has the advantage that until the Lüders elongation is reached, the tensile stress σ50 in the outer part remains approximately the same, and thus the pressure on the inner part also remains approximately the same. This is particularly advantageous for more sensitive inner parts (e.g. brittle parts, outer rings of bearings).A load beyond the Lüders strain is also possible, but this is associated with uncertainties in the technical implementation. It is particularly worth noting that both the tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 and, accordingly, the pressure on the inner part 52 increase again.

[0031] A method is thus disclosed in which, by - in particular stepwise - reducing the shell circumference / outer circumference or the outer contour 56 and increasing tensile stresses and increasing compressive stresses in the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is applied to the inner part 52 in a first phase, initially at least at individual points on the inner circumference (step S150). Then, in a second phase, by further - in particular stepwise - increasing the tensile stresses - and, for example, compensating for compressive stresses - the outer part 50 on the inner part 52 generates or increases a compressive stress (pressing) until a yield point Re, ReH is reached (step S200). Thereafter, in a third phase, the outer part 50 is further deformed primarily tangentially in an at least plastic region (step S250). The melt zones 80 generated can be point-shaped, point-line-shaped, linear, or planar.

[0032] On the other hand, metals or metal alloys can be used in which the elastic material load predominates - in particular significantly - over the plastic material load in certain load ranges, i.e. whose behavior under tensile load is partially described by an equivalent yield point - in particular the proof stress Rp0.2. In this third phase of the process, the loading of the outer part 50 takes place above the proof stress Rp0.2. An upper end of the third phase of the process, based on its loading, is preferably provided in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, whereby the stress σ50 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm.

[0033] In Fig. 4 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 with an inner part 52, which together form or are a corresponding device 113. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined in such a way that four individual linear melting zones 80 are created or established. Of these four linear melting zones 80, three of the melting zones 80 are visible. In this exemplary embodiment, they are oriented in the direction of a rotation or symmetry axis or central axis 68. This certainly applies to their longer extension. These melting zones 80 could also extend from one axial end E150 of the outer part 50 to the other end E250 of the outer part 50. In this exemplary embodiment, a so-called edge 105, 107 is deliberately left free at the respective axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, ie there are no melting zones 80 or 81 at the edges 105, 107 of the outer part 50.Ends of melting zones 80. Or to put it another way: On both sides of the melting zones 80 there is an unprocessed (non-energized, non-lasered) edge 105, 107. The advantage of this is that it avoids or even prevents an energy transfer point 74 from being even remotely outside the surface of the outer part 50. If the energy transfer point 74 were, for example, beyond an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, there would be a risk that another object beyond an end E150, E250 would be exposed to a corresponding energy E, if not even damaged, for example because it was melted. Accordingly, between a melting zone 80 and an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 there is an edge 105, 107 that is free of a melting zone 80.

[0034] In Fig. 5 is according to the indicated position in Fig. 4 shows a cross-section through a combination of the inner part 52 and the outer part 50. The four elongated melt zones 80 and their respective angular spacing of 90° relative to the central axis 68 are visible there. Since the outer part 50 has not yet been applied to the inner part 52 according to this illustration, this embodiment is still in the first phase of the process.

[0035] In Fig. 6 is a further illustration of the embodiment according to the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. In contrast to the illustration according to Fig. 5, this combination of inner part 52 and outer part 50 is still in the first phase of the process, but an approximation of the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 can already be seen. The free movement space B is reduced compared to the original state. Furthermore, according to this illustration, a fifth and a sixth elongated melt zone 80 have already been set on the outer side and outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, respectively.

[0036] In the idealized representation according to Fig. 7 it is already apparent that, according to this illustration, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has been placed straight against the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 (compare also with Fig. 8) and, accordingly, the first phase of the process is completed. With each additional melt zone 80, a tensile stress σ50 is increased in the outer part 50, and the process continues accordingly in its second phase. A compressive stress is then induced in the inner part 52.

[0037] Based on Fig. 7 is in anticipation of the number and positions of the melting zones 80 after the Fig. 8, where, for example, the outer part 50 is plastically deformed by the tensile stress σ50. As can be seen there, several solidified melt zones 80 are shown. According to the Fig. For example, the dimensioning shown in Figure 7 basically dimensioned the material thickness t50 of the outer part. Likewise, the radial area or the material depth ts is dimensioned as an example, which preferably remained in the solid phase not only in this individual melt zone 80 during the creation of the weld seam, but preferably in all melt zones 80.

[0038] In Fig. 7A and Fig. 7B are in principle (not exclusively) for the Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the intermediate production stages show which stresses act in the outer part 50 and in the inner part 52 in the area of ​​a melt zone 80. Basically, the shrinkage of a solidified melt zone 80 in the annular outer part 50 causes a stress state which generates a tensile stress σ50 in the melt zone 80 itself. This tensile stress acts not only as in Fig. 7A, not only in the tangential direction of the outer part 50, but also, for example, in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a surface line of the cylindrical outer contour 56). Accordingly, or triggered by the shrinkage (actio), a compressive stress is also generated in the outer part 50 (reactio). This compressive stress acts, on the one hand, in the tangential direction in the cross-section A50s and, on the other hand, also in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a surface line of the cylindrical outer contour 56). A transition or zero crossing from tensile stress to compressive stress is in Fig. 7A and Fig. 7B idealized for the location of a boundary between the melted or solidified melt zone 80 and the solidified part of the cross section. In Fig. 7B, the circled “+” sign symbolizes tensile stress, the circled “-” sign symbolizes compressive stress.

[0039] In principle, this idealized state changes according to Fig. 7A, nothing changes between the production of a melt zone 80 and the last melt zone 80 until the outer part 50 is just forcelessly applied to the inner part 52. The amount of tensile stresses in the cross-sections of the melt zones 80 changes – they increase – and the amount of compressive stresses in the cross-sections radially within the melt zones 80 also changes – they also increase.

[0040] With the beginning of the second phase, ie with the creation of the first melt zone 80 after application to the inner part 52, the change in the stresses / compressive stresses in the cross-sectional areas A50s changes in principle.

[0041] The complete application of the outer part 50 to the inner part 52 can be preceded by an intermediate phase: With the creation of the individual melting zones 80, the outer part 50 is deformed melting zone 80 by melting zone 80, which is achieved by the Fig. 7A and Fig. 7B visualized tensions. For example, with only very small dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50, a first section (e.g. with a point shape or area or line shape or line area) of the inner contour 54 can come into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 with only one manufactured melt zone 80. With larger dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50 and an ideally centered relative position of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, an outer part 50 can, for example, after the eighth melt zone 80 created on the circumference - for example, regularly - compare with Fig. 8 - have approached the shape of a general n-round - here octagon 81 - compare with the basic representation of an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 in Fig. 8A. After which melting zone 80 a section (e.g. with a point shape or area or line shape or line area) of the inner contour 54 comes into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 generally depends, for example, on the aforementioned dimensional differences of the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50. After Fig. 8A, for example, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50, after the production of the eighth melt zone 80, with eight sections (e.g. with a point shape or area or line shape or line area) of the inner contour 54 is applied to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52.

[0042] Depending on the design of the number or mass fraction of the melt zones 80 on the outer part 50, this cross-sectional area A50s, in which a compressive stress acts, can vary in size. If the solidified mass fraction m50p, for example, as in Fig. 4, formed by a plurality of solidified melt zones 80 which are linear within the outer part 50, for example, the area or the cross-sectional area A50s of the melt zone 80 formed radially within this linear melt zone 80 or as a line mass can be formed in the radial direction between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and the radially innermost extension of the melt zone 80 and in the axial direction in the entire width of the outer part 50.

[0043] Under the exemplary assumption, Fig. 8B showed a state of the outer part 50 immediately before the production of the eighth melt zone 80 at the position 0 degrees, so after the production of the eighth solidified melt zone 80, this would move radially inward from its original position immediately before the start of the production of the melt zone 80 with the solidification and shrinkage, compare with the position 0 degrees in Fig. 8A. This would change the stress at the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. Before the eighth melt zone 80 was produced, a stress state would exist in cross-section A50 that continuously transitioned from the outer contour 56, where there was a maximum tensile stress, to a maximum compressive stress at the inner contour 54. After the eighth melt zone 80 was produced in cross-section A50, the tensile stress at the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 would be increased, and the compressive stress at the inner contour 54 would be increased.

[0044] With reference to Fig. 8 further explains how, assuming an outer part 50 applied to the inner part 52, the outer part 50 can be formed by producing melting zones 80 - here in the example linear melting zones 80, as shown in Fig. 4 - with each additional melting zone 80 in the cross-section of the outer part 50, the stress state changes, ie in this case a primarily tangentially oriented tensile stress +σ50 in the cross-section A50 is increased step by step, melting zone 80 for melting zone 80. In this case, a tensile load increases with each additional melting zone 80, so that a tensile stress in the outer part 50 between the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 and the point T ( Fig. 7B) is increased and a compressive stress in the outer part 50 between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and the point T ( Fig. 7B). A zero crossing (point T) shifts further radially inward with each additional melt zone 80 produced, until the compressive stress -σ50 in the outer part 50 becomes zero.

[0045] With melt zones 80 manufactured from this zero crossing, not only the tensile stress +σ50 in the cross section A50l increases, but also in the cross section A50s, so that a tensile stress +σ50 acts over the entire cross section A50, compare with the Fig. 7C and Fig. 7D. The Fig. The exemplary straight line shown in Figure 7D for a course of the tensile stress +σ50 over the cross section A50 can represent a (temporal) intermediate state between the moment in which the compressive stress -σ50 in the outer part 50 becomes zero and the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. The Fig. The exemplary straight line shown in Figure 7D for a progression of the tensile stress +σ50 across the cross-section A50 can also represent the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. This straight line "migrates" - more or less parallel - from the zero crossing (point T) with each additional melt zone 80 produced further to the left and indicates the increased tensile stress +σ50.

[0046] As shown by the Fig. 7C and Fig. As can also be seen in Figure 7D, the contact of the outer part 50 with the inner part 52 creates the desired pressure. Accordingly, with each additional melt zone 80 produced, the pressure on the inner part 52 increases—starting from zero—from the contact point, which is represented by the compressive stress -σ50 in the inner part 52.

[0047] As already mentioned Fig. 2, a cross-section through the outer part 50 in the radial direction is designated A50. The cross-sectional part of this cross-section A50, which describes a cross-section of a melt zone 80, is designated A50l here, since this cross-section is intended to describe a cross-sectional part of the outer part 50 that was liquid at some point (I = liquid). For the purposes of describing the processes that are described based on the Fig. 8 and Fig. 8C, it should be assumed here, by way of example and not by way of limitation, that no edge 105, 107 is created or remains when producing the melt zone 80, but that the melt zone 80 extends from the end E150 to the end E250. The cross-sectional part A50s, which is a part of the radial cross section A50, is the cross-sectional portion that remains or has remained in the solid state (solid = s) when producing a melt zone 80. Accordingly, it is idealized here that a cross-sectional area A50 of an outer part 50 can be considered as a sum of the partial cross-sectional areas A50l and A50s. According to Fig. 8 shows a total of eight melting zones 80, which are designated in a conventional clockwise direction not only with the reference number 80, but also each with a supplementary number -1 to -8. These numbers are not intended to explicitly describe a sequence of production of an individual melting zone 80, but merely a location on the outer part 50. Thus, the melting zone 80-1 ("12 o'clock position") is arranged opposite the melting zone 80-5 ("6 o'clock position") on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. The melting zone 80-3 ("3 o'clock position") is arranged between these two melting zones 80-1, 80-5 on the outer contour 56. The melting zone 80-7 ("9 o'clock position") is arranged opposite the melting zone 80-3.For example, melting zone 80-2 is located centrally between melting zone 80-1 and melting zone 80-3, melting zone 80-4 is located centrally between melting zone 80-3 and melting zone 80-5, melting zone 80-6 is located centrally between melting zone 80-5 and melting zone 80-7, and melting zone 80-8 is located centrally between melting zone 80-7 and melting zone 80-1. Melting zones 80-1 to 80-8 are idealized here as being evenly arranged around the circumference of outer part 50. At each of these melting zones 80 there is a cross-section A50, which is divided into cross-sectional parts A50l and A50s. The exemplary sequence described below applies to the description of the processes during the production of melting zones 80.

[0048] The process begins with the arrangement of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, as shown in Fig. 3. The first melt zone 80-1 is placed at the "12 o'clock" position. At this point, the cross-section A50 is "divided" into a cross-sectional portion A50l characterized by liquefaction / melting and a cross-sectional portion A50s characterized by remaining solid. The liquid melt zone 80 has the cross-section A50l, and the remaining solid portion of the cross-section is designated A50s. During the solidification process of the melt zone 80 ("solidified melt zone") following the melting process, the volume of a replacement volume of the melt zone 80 directly oriented around the melt zone 80 decreases by approximately 1% to approximately 5%, depending on the starting material or the material of the outer part 50. Due to this solidification and the establishment of the associated "solid shrinkage," residual stress ("internal stress") arises primarily in the solidified melt zone 80-1.This is primarily because the molten melt zone 80 does not solidify freely during solidification. The melt of the melt zone 80 will first solidify at the end facing the inside of the ring, the inner contour 54, i.e. in the section of the liquid melt zone 80 that is closest to the solidified part of the cross-section A50s of the outer part 50. This is where the heat bound in the melt of the melt zone 80 can best flow away. The metal or steel of the outer part 50 conducts heat better than the air, which is closest to the energy transfer point 74. Finally, the outside of the melt of the melt zone 80 will solidify, i.e. the aforementioned energy transfer point 74 or a linear trace of the energy transfer point 74. As long as the melt zone 80 is liquid, this melt of the liquid melt zone 80 transfers neither tensile stress nor compressive stress. This melt is essentially stress-free.The residual stress generated in the solidified melt zone 80 by the shrinkage of the melt zone 80 is influenced by the adjacent solid or remaining solid regions of the outer part 50, so that the solid regions of the outer part 50 that were not liquefied during the production of the first melt zone 80-1 are subjected to shrinkage through their connection to the solidifying or solidified melt zone 80-1 and thus to the internal stress developing in this melt zone 80-1. The tensile stress σ50 acting outside the solidified melt zone 80 is transmitted in the circumferential direction of the outer part 50.If one considers the outer part 50 at the position opposite the first melting zone 80-1, i.e. at the position of the melting zone 80-5 to be produced later, it can be assumed that - viewed ideally - the tensile stress state developed by the production of the first melting zone 80-1 at the 6 o'clock position (later position of the melting zone 80-5) will have developed uniformly over the entire cross-section A50.

[0049] If another melting track is now set and thus another melting zone 80 is created, for example at the position of the Fig. 8, an initially stress-free state (melt) is again generated over a cross section A50l.

[0050] If an area of ​​the outer part 50 is energized via a point-shaped energy transfer point 74, a melt zone core 83, which can be roughly described as conical or rather parabolic in shape from radially outside to radially inside, will form - in any case starting from the energy transfer point 74 and tapering radially inwards. Fig. 8C shows that, in the direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), there is a melting zone region 87 in front of the melting zone core 83, which is yet to be melted. Furthermore, in the direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), there is a melting zone region 89 behind the melting zone core 83, which has been melted and may, for example, largely have already solidified. Upon generation of a moving, punctiform energy transfer point 74 and generation of a moving melting zone core 83, a stress in the cross-section A50s and the melting zone regions 87, 89 will behave as described below.

[0051] Before the energy transfer point 74 is created on the left side of the outer part 50, a stress state should exist in the outer part 50, which is characterized by tensile stress near the outer contour 56 and by compressive stress at the inner contour 54. The melting zone region 87 is identical to the cross-section A50l before melting. When the melting zone region 87 begins to melt, the already melted part of the melting zone region 87—the melting zone core 83—is no longer able to transmit tensile stress (or compressive stress) as long as it has not solidified. Once the melting zone core 83 has initially penetrated or formed into the melting zone region 87 with its entire width, the melting zone region 87 changes; it is shortened. The tensile stress changes as a result.With the movement of the melt zone core 83, the melt zone region 89 solidified behind the melt zone core 83 will shrink, thereby increasing the tensile stress there. Ultimately, this process leads to increased tensile stresses and—if still present—to reduced compressive stresses in cross-sections A50 at other locations within the cross-section.

[0052] Fig. Figure 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part 52 placed in the outer part 50 according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melt zones 80 have been created. It is in connection with the description of the Fig. 1 to 9 clearly show that the outer part 50 is and is plastically deformed between a solidifying melt zone 80 of the outer part 50 and an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 by the process.

[0053] A second embodiment II is explained in more detail with the help of the following figures: In Fig. 10 shows a further exemplary embodiment. Starting with the arrangement of the outer part 50 and inner part 52, which together form or are a corresponding device 113, a difference from the previous exemplary embodiment is described below. The difference is that instead of a linear melting zone 80 being formed, but rather - if viewed only from the outside - a point-shaped melting zone 80 is formed. This "point-shaped" melting zone 80 extends radially inward from the energy transfer point 74. Taking into account the actual spatial extent of this "point-shaped" melting zone 80, it can be described, for example and roughly, as extending conically or rather parabolically from radially outward to radially inward - in any case, tapering from the energy transfer point 74.This "point-shaped" melting zone 80 formed in this way is also referred to here as melting zone 80. As in . Fig. 10, several individual point-shaped melting zones 80 have been created. For example, in a row 82 of melting zones 80 in the circumferential direction, five such point-shaped melting zones 80 are directly visible. The other three melting zones 80 are located entirely on the rear side of the outer part 50, which is not visible here (compare analogously with the illustration according to Fig. 8). As can be clearly seen here, in this embodiment, a total of five rows 82 of melt zones 80 are formed in the circumferential direction - transverse to the central axis 68. It can also be stated that in this embodiment, Fig. 10 several rows 84 of (point-shaped) melt zones 80 in the axial direction - parallel to the central axis 68 - of the outer part 50 can be seen. These rows 84 are arranged here in the rotational axial direction of the annular outer part 50. Taking this description into account, in Fig. 10 a total of sixteen rows 84 of melt zones 80 are assumed, which are arranged in the axial direction, nine of which are directly visible. In addition, it can be described that the rows 84 of melt zones can be designed in different axial lengths in the axial direction. Thus, a total of eight rows 84 are designed as short rows 84 by only two point-shaped melt zones 80 arranged in the axial direction, whereas eight further rows 84 of melt zones 80 are designed as long rows 84, i.e., these rows 84 have more melt zones 80 in the axial direction than the short rows 84, which have fewer melt zones in the axial direction. Or to put it another way: The outer part 50 according to Fig. 10 has rows 84 of melt zones 80 which are shorter than other rows 84 of melt zones 80. Another description of the embodiment according to Fig. 10 can be given, for example, by the fact that the point-shaped melting zones 80 shown there are arranged in several rows 86 of melting zones 80, wherein a single row 86 has a component in the axial direction and also a component in the circumferential direction. Taking this type of description into account, in Fig. 10 eight such rows 86 executed and illustrated.

[0054] In Fig. 11, a further embodiment is shown. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined in such a way that individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are placed so close to one another that at least one of the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 has a region that is melted a second time due to the creation of a further point-shaped melting zone 80. As can be seen from this formulation, such a row 88 can have at least two point-shaped melting zones 80, wherein the creation of a second point-shaped melting zone 80 melts a region of the previously set point-shaped melting zone 80 a second time (compare with the process described below). Fig. 14). Such a row 88 may not only consist of at least two point-shaped melting zones 80 or have only two point-shaped melting zones 80, but a plurality of point-shaped melting zones 80, for example five or, as in Fig. 11, sixteen point-shaped melting zones 80 are arranged or set in a row 88 and have a continuous region that has been melted at least twice. In this example, a number of n point-shaped melting zones 80 are provided or set in each row 88, and a number of n melting zones 80 have a region that has been melted a second time. Or, formulated differently and more generally: a number of n point-shaped melting zones 80 are provided or set in each row 88, and a number of n melting zones 80 have a region that has been energized (energy added, enriched with energy) a second time. n-1 regions of n melting zones 80 are disclosed that have been melted at least twice. In the example, 15 regions of 16 melting zones 80 are disclosed that have been melted at least twice. In Fig. 14 these areas are referred to as transition zones 94.

[0055] Between the two in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 shown extremes from individual set point-like melting zones 80 ( Fig. 10) and a series 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80, as in Fig. 11, there may also be an intermediate form, according to which the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are placed so close to each other that the melted areas of the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are immediately adjacent. As shown in Fig. 11, an outer part 50 can also be machined in such a way that it has both individual point-shaped melting zones 80, which are possibly arranged in a row 84 as here (but do not have to be), and is combined with a row 88 or several rows 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80.

[0056] In Fig. 12 shows a further embodiment of an outer part 50 with an outer contour 56. In this embodiment, too, individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are set, which in turn are set so close to one another that an area of ​​a point-shaped melting zone 80 is or was melted or energized a further time by another point-shaped melting zone 80. In a modification of the embodiment according to Fig. 11, the rows 90 of point-shaped melt zones 80 shown here exhibit, in their respective overall appearance, both an axial and a circumferential direction component. For example, these rows 90 can have a kind of helical shape on the outer circumference or on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50.

[0057] In Fig. 13 shows a further exemplary embodiment. This exemplary embodiment has three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, wherein the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 have regions that merge into one another, i.e., several melting zones 80 have regions that are or were melted or energized a further time. In this example, three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 are arranged. The number of rows 92 can of course not be just three, but could also be, for example, four, five or more. In an extreme case, the arrangement of the rows 92 could also be so dense that the individual rows 92 are immediately adjacent. This means that at least two rows 92 can be immediately adjacent.In a further extreme form of the arrangement of rows 92, at least two rows 92 can be arranged such that at least one region of a point-shaped melting zone 80 of one row 92 has a common region with a point-shaped melting zone 80 of another row 92, which region has been melted or energized a second time by a point-shaped melting zone 80 of the other row 92.

[0058] In Fig. Figure 14 shows an enlarged view of how a series of - in particular point-shaped - melting zones 80 can basically look, as is the case for the exemplary embodiments of rows 88, 90, 92, in which a first point-shaped melting zone 80.1 and then a second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 are set, wherein the second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 is set after the first point-shaped melting zone 80.1 and the individual point-shaped melting zones 80.1, 80.2 merge into one another. As in the view according to Fig. 14, there is a melting zone, referred to here as transition zone 94, in which material of the first point-shaped melting zone 80.1 was first melted and then material of the first point-shaped melting zone 80.1 is energized or melted again by the second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 created, then becomes the melting zone referred to here as transition zone 94 and then is the transition zone 94.

[0059] In Fig. 15 shows a further exemplary embodiment of an arrangement of individually produced point-shaped melting zones 80, which are arranged in the axial direction (rotation axis or axis of symmetry, central axis 68) with respect to the outer part 50 and therefore form a plurality of rows 88 of such point-shaped melting zones 80. At least two rows 88 are arranged so close to one another or are produced so close to one another that at least two such axially arranged rows 88 also each have at least one point-shaped melting zone 80 in the circumferential direction, which form a transition zone 96 created by the successive formation of point-shaped melting zones 80. The transition zones 96 are each part of a melting zone 80, which is at least partially melted a further time.Within the scope of the disclosed method, it is provided that a tensile stress σ50 induced in the outer part 50 is caused by at least one melting zone 80, wherein the at least one melting zone 80 is or is point-shaped, point-line-shaped, linear, or flat. Preferably, a plurality of melting zones 80 are produced, which are or can be point-shaped, point-line-shaped, linear, or flat. A region composed of several solidified melting zones 80 can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-shaped or linear melting zones 80. A flat solidified or solidifying region can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-shaped or linear melting zones 80.

[0060] Fig. Figure 16 shows a basic representation of a total of four different point-shaped melting zones 80. These four point-shaped melting zones 80 shown here are additionally numbered with appended numbers according to an exemplary order of their formation during the process. This means that the first point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.1) is created according to the proposed process. By subsequently creating a second point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.2), a first row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 is created according to the example shown here, which are arranged in the axial direction - here rotationally axial or symmetrically axial to the outer part 50 - and in this case individual point-shaped melting zones 80 merge into one another. This creates the previously mentioned transition zone 94 of one row 88, which in Fig. 16 upper row. Due to the subsequent creation of another point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.3), the proximity of the second row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 to be formed creates a further transition zone 96 (96.1), which here is created between the first row 88 and the point-shaped melting zone 80, which is not part of the first row 88. Rather, it is particularly provided that this third melting zone 80 (here 80.3) is part of a row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 to be formed, in that the fourth melting zone 80 (here 80.4) is created after the formation of the third melting zone 80 (here 80.3). This not only creates a further transition zone 94 within the second row 88 between the third melting zone 80 (80.3) and the fourth melting zone 80 (80.4), but also a further transition zone 96 (96.2), which lies between the point-shaped melting zone 80 (80.4) set last in this example and the second melting zone 80 (80.2) of the first row 88. The transition zones 96 are each part of a melting zone 80, which is at least partially melted a second time.

[0061] In Fig. Figure 17 shows another embodiment of a machined outer part 50 in accordance with the methods presented here. The arrangement shown here is based on the Fig. 4. Immediately visible are five different melting zones 80 of a mass fraction m50p, which are designed here as linear melting zones 80. Each of the melting zones 80 extends with its longer dimension, length L80, in this example, in the direction of the central axis 68 of the outer part 50. With its width B80, which is shorter than the length L80, the linear melting zone 80 extends in the circumferential direction of the outer part 50. The arrangement shown here of several linear melting zones 80, whose distance D80 from one another is smaller than a distance to other linear melting zones 80 or other melting zones 80 - if other melting zones 80 are present at all - is referred to here as an array 80F of melting zones 80. A distance D80 between such linear melting zones 80 can be smaller than a width B80 of an individual linear melting zone 80.A distance D80 between two linear melting zones 80 can alternatively also be the same size as a width 80 of an individual linear melting zone 80 or - further alternatively - be greater than a width B80 of an individual linear melting zone 80. Although individual linear melting zones 80, in particular immediately adjacent linear melting zones 80, can be produced directly one after the other, it can particularly preferably be provided that these linear melting zones 80, in particular of a field 80F, are not produced directly one after the other, ie that after a linear melting zone 80 of an intended field 80F has been produced, another melting zone 80 is produced which is to be arranged outside the intended field 80F. A corresponding process for such a production will be discussed later in connection with the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. Fig. 24 to 27. In this exemplary embodiment, it is shown how the plurality of melting zones 80 are spaced apart in such a way that a web 98 remains between two melting zones 80 lying closest to one another, which web 98 remains below a melting temperature T L the material of the outer part 50 is heated.

[0062] In Fig. 18 shows a further embodiment of linear melting zones 80. In this modification - based on the embodiment according to Fig. 17 - the individual linear melting zones 80 are arranged such that they no longer have any distance between them. Rather, two linear melting zones 80 arranged directly next to one another merge into one another or are manufactured such that these two immediately adjacent linear melting zones 98 have a common linear transition zone 100. In the embodiment according to Fig. 18 also shows a field 80F of a total of six linear melting zones 80. Analogous to the representation according to Fig. 14, by the here presented production of linear melt zones 80, which are formed so close to each other, at least one transition zone 100 is formed between two linear melt zones 80. Within this field 80F, a specific or determinable number n80 (6) of linear melt zones 80 are produced and a number (5) of transition zones 100 are formed. The number of transition zones is then, for example, one less than the number of melt zones 80 (n80 - 1). Among other things, in the embodiments according to the Fig. 4 to 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 20 disclose a plurality of melting zones 80 which are produced at least partially parallel to one another or that in addition to one melting zone 80 a further melting zone 80 is produced and runs parallel to the one melting zone 80.

[0063] In Fig. 19 shows an arrangement of two linear melting zones 80 forming a field 80F. Both melting zones 80 are arranged so close to each other that the initially melted material of the outer part 50 is partially melted a second time to form a melting zone 80. As already described above for another embodiment, the further melting of a part of this linear melting zone 80 takes place by creating a second linear melting zone 80 (in Fig. 19, the melting zone 80 arranged or created on the left) takes place. This process creates a linear transition zone 100 between two linear melting zones 80.

[0064] According to a further embodiment of linear melting zones 80, which is not shown here, the two linear melting zones 80 can also be arranged so close to one another that there is no distance between these two melting zones 80 and accordingly no linear transition zone 80 is created or present.

[0065] At this point it should be mentioned in summary that a melting zone 80 can, for example, be designed in a point-shaped manner, compare for example with the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 which, according to Fig. 10. Furthermore, a melting zone 80 can also be dotted line-shaped, as is the case according to the embodiment according to Fig. 11. A further embodiment of dot-shaped melting zones 80 forms, for example, a row 92 of dot-shaped melting zones 80 according to the embodiment according to Fig. 13. The embodiment according to Fig. 14 can, for example, represent the smallest configuration of a point-shaped melt zone 80 in this sense. Such a (short) row can, for example, be a row 82 of point-shaped melt zones 80 with an axis orientation in the circumferential direction or with an axis orientation in the axial direction (rotation axis, symmetry axis) or a row 86 of melt zones 80 with a component in an axial direction and a circumferential direction. The solidified melt zones 80 can also be formed flat as a field 80F. An example of this is shown in Fig. 15. The rows 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 arranged or shown there are arranged so close to one another that individual point-shaped melting zones merge into one another in two axial directions. For example, reference is made here to the embodiment according to Fig. 16, according to which - as shown there - the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 formed there are arranged adjacently in two mutually perpendicular axial directions or coordinate directions and thus form a planar formation of solidified melting zones 80. In the embodiment according to Fig. 17, a total of five solidified linear melt zones 80 can be seen. In Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 shows a field 80F of linear melt zones 80.

[0066] Starting from the first embodiment, which is based on the Fig. 1 and which is related to Fig. 2 shows that the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are selected such that the inner part 52 is arranged with a movement space B in the outer part 50, the embodiment according to Fig. 20. This embodiment also has a free space B in the outer part 50. In a modification of the arrangement according to Fig. 2 is in accordance with the order Fig. 20, it is alternatively provided that the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are also selected such that the inner part 52 is arranged with a freedom of movement B in the outer part 50. However, it is provided that a center of the inner part 52 and a center of the outer part 50 are not arranged concentrically to one another, but offset from one another (non-concentric, non-concentric, eccentric). A center of the inner part 52 can be its central axis 69, which, in the case that the inner part 52 is cylindrical, is its central axis 69 (e.g., geometrically determined axis of rotation, axis of symmetry). A center of the outer part 50 can be its central axis 68, which, for example, as shown here in this exemplary embodiment, can also be its axis of rotation or axis of symmetry. In the example according to Fig. 20 shows an extreme example, according to which the two central axes 68, 69 are offset from each other to such an extent that their distance corresponds to the gap size according to column 66 in Fig. 2. In a further embodiment not shown here, a position of the central axes 68, 69 can be such that their distance is smaller than the ideal width b of the gap 66 according to Fig. 2. In the embodiment according to Fig. 20, all previously described embodiments of melting zones 80 can be produced, since the exemplary in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 shown concentricity of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is not absolutely necessary.

[0067] According to the embodiments according to Fig. 4, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 15, Fig. 17 and Fig. 18, it is provided that point-shaped or point-line-shaped or linear or flat melting zones 80 are formed on an outer part 50. The outer part 50 extends between a first end E150 and a second end E250 in the direction of a central axis 68. It is provided that these melting zones 80 are generated on an outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. At least one melting zone 80 extends between the first end E150 and the second end E250. At least one melting zone 80 or several melting zones 80 can run at least partially in a straight line, wave-like or spiral shape.

[0068] In particular, it can be provided that an axially outermost layer / position of a melting zone 80 is arranged at a distance from one end E150 or one end E250 or from both ends E150, E250. Thus, a melting zone 80 is provided at least at one position, with an unprocessed edge 105, 107 remaining between this melting zone 80 and one end E150, E250, which has not been melted.

[0069] At this point, it should be noted that when the outer part 50 is energized, i.e., heated and liquefied, the initially solid region is present in a first structure. Through the liquefaction or melting, this first structure is converted into a melt, i.e., a melt zone 80. Through the solidification of the liquid melt zone 80, i.e., the conversion of the liquid melt zone 80 into a solid, solidified melt zone 80, a new structure is established in the melt zone 80, the second structure.

[0070] As is clear from the above description, a method for joining an outer part 50 to an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are first positioned relative to one another such that the inner part 52 is located at least partially within the outer part 50. Thereafter, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, and the mass fraction m50p is melted in the process, so that at least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed. Subsequently, the at least one liquid melt zone 80 solidifies to form at least one solid melt zone 80. This solidification causes a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. The tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 should be so high that the outer part 50 is thereby plastically deformed.This also discloses a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, wherein the outer part 50 is connected to the inner part 52 and the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to one another such that the inner part 52 is located at least partially within the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p, which is at least one solidified, solid melt zone 80, is located on the outer part 50, wherein a tensile stress σ50 acts in the outer part 50. Due to the tensile stress σ50, the outer part 50 is plastically deformed, ie a volume portion of the outer part 50 is plastically deformed.

[0071] According to the above description, it is provided for an embodiment that the outer part 50 is made of a material which has a pronounced upper yield strength ReH, compare also with the Fig. 32 and Fig. 33 and the associated description. When the outer part 50 is loaded by the solidifying melt zones 80, a plastic deformation of the outer part 50 beyond the pronounced yield strength ReH is to be generated. In this case, the outer part 50 is also plastically stretched in addition to any purely elastic elongation. When the tensile stress is generated and thus applied, a discontinuous transition from an elastic range to the plastic range occurs - depending on the material. Preferably, the outer part 50 should be and is loaded in the Lüder range. According to a further variant, it can be provided that the outer part 50 is and is loaded in the plastic range between the Lüder range and the tensile strength Rm. Preferably, the outer part 50 should be and is made of a material which has a yield strength ratio - i.e. a ratio of the upper yield strength ReH and the tensile strength Rm - which lies in a range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0072] In Fig. 21 shows a further embodiment which shows an elongated melting zone 80 or several elongated melting zones 80, as already shown in the embodiment according to Fig. 4 is the case. The difference to the embodiment according to Fig. 4 is that the melting zones 80 are attached or created at an angle α to the central axis 68 on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. As already in the embodiment according to Fig. 17, linear melting zones 80 are also formed here, which in this case are produced as a single field 80F, which extends completely over the outer circumference or the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. Between the individual linear melting zones 80, in this example, there is a distance D80 with a web 98 each. A single linear melting zone 80 here also has, for example, the width B80. By way of example, here too - as in the embodiment according to Fig. 20 - it is provided that edges 105, 107 are left, i.e., unprocessed edges 105, 107 remain. In this example, 120 linear melt zones 80 have been created to securely hold the inner part 52 in the outer part 50 by frictional engagement.

[0073] In Fig. Figure 22 shows a view of an outer part 50 of a device 113, which has a melting zone 80 on its outer contour 56. As in the previously mentioned embodiments, an inner part 52 is located within the outer part 50. A special feature of this embodiment is that the melting zone 80 has a particularly great length. During the production of this melting zone 80, the particularly point-shaped energy transfer point 74 performs an absolute or relative movement, which is composed of two different types of movement (relative movement between the energy transfer point 74 and the outer part 50). One type of movement is a circumferential movement, which can be, for example, a circular movement 74K. The other type of movement is a linear movement 74L.Such a movement of the energy transfer point 74, which is created by a circular movement and a linear movement, results in a type of "flat spiral movement." This "flat spiral movement" can be a combination of a rotation of the outer part 50 about its central axis 68, which, viewed on the outer circumference from an outer point, appears as a quasi-linear movement, and a rotary movement caused by a deflection of the stationary energy beam 85 by means of a beam deflection unit not shown here (e.g., a wobbling mirror). This "flat spiral movement" has the advantage that the energy source does not have to be constantly switched on and off, or, in the event that the energy source is not switched on or off, no type of aperture or similar is required in the beam path between the energy transfer point 74 and the energy source.into the energy beam 85 in order to interrupt the energy input to the outer part 50. In other words, the generation of the melting zone 80 can be generated continuously on the outer circumference of the outer part 50, without any interruption being provided. In an extreme variant of such a melting zone 80, during the production of the melting zone 80, regions of the melting zone 80 intersect at least once during a complete relative rotation of the outer part 50 relative to the energy transfer point 74. Starting from a point at which material of the outer part 50 is melted, an energy beam 85 is directed in such a way that an energy transfer point 74 of the energy beam 85 is moved in such a way that its movement is at an angle γ greater than zero. Fig. 22 - crosses the melting zone 80.

[0074] The melted mass fraction m50p can have a plurality of melt zones 80, which are designed such that they extend contiguously and in different directions between the first end E150 and the second end E250 of the outer part 50 ( Fig. 22). The different directions are symbolically represented by the sides of the angle γ. One or more melt zones 80 can, for example, extend in a wave-like manner over the circumference of the outer part 50, Fig. 22.

[0075] As in Fig. 22, the device 113 shown there also optionally has unmachined edges 105, 107. As can be seen from the description of the melting zone 80 ( Fig. 22), a melting zone 80 is designed such that a particularly spiral or wave-shaped melting zone 80 crosses itself at least once, in particular multiple times, and thus extends over the outer circumference of the outer part 50. On a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, an intersection point 114 can thus be present, i.e., formed, at least once, particularly multiple times. This means that a melting zone 80 is melted a second time after its initial production. In particular, it can be provided that such a melting zone 80 - even if it is interrupted multiple times - is melted multiple times. Alternatively, a method and a device 113 can also be provided in which a plurality of solidified melting zones 80 are arranged such that at least one intersection point 114 is formed or is formed, which is formed by the plurality of solidified melting zones 80, i.e.that at least one solidified melt zone is present which has an intersection point 114 with another solidified melt zone 80.

[0076] In Fig. 23 is a longitudinal section through the outer part 50 according to Fig. 22 and the marking for a cutting line position indicated there. In this Fig. 23, the outer part 50, the inner part 52, a longitudinal section through the melt zone 80 of an external connection region 51, as well as the edges 105, 107, which are not designated in more detail here but are present here (but are generally optional), are clearly visible. It can also be seen that the at least one melt zone 80 of the external connection region 51 has, at its axial ends (right, left) with respect to the central axis 68, a bead 110, which is created in particular by the production of the melt zone 80, in particular by repeated melting and solidification of a melt zone 80 or of many melt zones 80.

[0077] The outer part 50 has various outer diameters: While the outer part 50, when an optional edge 105, 107 (one edge or both edges) is present adjacent to the at least one melt zone 80, has a maximum outer diameter D105, D107, for example, a bead 110 has an outer diameter D110. The outer part 50 has an outer diameter D80 in the region of the melt zone 80, particularly in its—here axial—center. In this case, the size ratios of the outer diameters can - in particular - behave as follows: The outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melting zone 80 or the external connection area 51 of the machined outer part 50 is, after production of at least one melting zone 80, smaller than an outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. In addition, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be smaller than an outer diameter D105, D107 of an outer part 50 in the area orat the extreme end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, which is what is intended here.

[0078] It should be noted here that a Fig. 23 alternative embodiment can be designed such that only on one side - in particular an axial side with an open end E150 as in Fig. 23 - an arrangement comprising an edge 105 (or edge 107), a bead 110 and a region of the melting zone 80 can be provided or created for a melting zone 80 or a plurality of melting zones 80. On one or the other axial side of the melting zone 80 or of the external connection region 51, the outer part can be designed differently from the other side, for example by a transition to a radius radially outwards or radially inwards, which is followed, for example, by a flange (outwards or inwards) or, instead of a radius, a section of the outer part which structurally corresponds to an edge (ring cylinder), but is larger, i.e. is longer in the axial direction, and consequently has the shape of a tube.But even then, it is provided, by way of example, that the size ratios of the outer diameters behave - in particular - as follows: The outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melting zone 80 of the machined outer part 50 is, after production of at least one melting zone 80, smaller than an outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. In addition, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be smaller than an outer diameter D105 (or outer diameter D107) of an outer part 50 in the area or at the extreme end E150 (or end E250) of the outer part 50.

[0079] A numerical example for a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is as follows: D107 = 15.00 mm, D80 = 14.74 mm, D110 = 14.88 mm.

[0080] Such a bead 110 can arise because, due to the movement of the energy transfer point 74, regions of the melting zone 80 at the edge of a melting zone 80 toward an edge 105, 107 are melted, for example, five to ten times in succession. With regard to a bead 110 on the left side of the outer part 50 and a bead 110 on the right side of the outer part 50, it can also be seen that the beads 110 differ from one another. This is due to the different speeds (relative speeds: rotation of the outer part 50 about the axis 68 and rotation of the energy transfer point 74 about another axis, which is oriented, for example, at right angles (radially) to the axis 68) of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 and the left side of the outer part 50. According to the illustration, for example, according to Fig. 23, a speed of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 is greater than on the left side of the outer part 50. This is a consequence of the vector addition of the velocities.

[0081] Accordingly, in the embodiment according to the Fig. 22 and Fig. 23, which structurally corresponds to the embodiments according to the Fig. 1 to 21, a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is disclosed. The inner part 52 sits in the outer part 50 and is joined to the outer part 50. The outer part 52 has an outer connection region 51 and at least one melting zone 80 on its outer contour 56. This melting zone 80 is a solidified, formerly liquid melting zone 80. The outer part 50 has, for example, a first axial end E150 and a second, different axial end E250. These ends are preferably arranged axially facing away from one another. The at least one melting zone 80 has a first axial end E80L and a second axial end E80R. In particular, viewed in the direction of the axis 64, the first axial end E80L is located on one axial side of the melting zone 80 and the second axial end E80R is located on the other axial side of the melting zone 80.It is provided that an edge 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is located between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of the at least one melt zone 80 of the one external connection region 51. The edge 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melt zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the edge is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melt zone 80. As can be seen from FIG. Fig. As is clear from Figure 23, the device 113 has a melting zone 80 having at least one bead 110—here, two beads 110—and the bead 110 has an outer diameter D110. The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. According to a further aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the edge is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. It is particularly provided that the edge 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted, or that this edge 105, 107 has residual stresses that have caused a change in shape. The edge 105, 107 is preferably at an open end E150, E250 of the outer part 50. There, the edge 105, 107 has a material thickness t105, t107 and the outer connection area 51, 51L, 51R at the melting zone 80 has a material thickness t80.The material thickness t107, t105 of the edge 105, 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection region 51, 51L, 51R at the melting zone 80. Furthermore, there can be a joint 260 - in particular a ring-wedge-shaped joint - between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid substance, such as a sealant, or a liquid substance, such as an oil, or a gaseous substance, such as air.

[0082] In the Fig. 24 to at least Fig. 27 shows an embodiment of a device 113 of an outer part 50 with two connections 120 between them and an inner part 52. The Fig. 23, the outer part 50, designed and illustrated as a sleeve or sleeve part, is an outer part 50 with two outer connection areas 51 (right outer connection area 51R, left outer connection area 51L), which in this example are integrally connected or integrally formed via the outer part 50. The one connection 120 on the right side of the Fig. The device 113 shown in Figure 24 shows an inner part 52, which is designed here, for example, as a permanent magnet, as a relatively brittle component. This permanent magnet is held by the annular outer connection area 51R on the right side of the outer part 50 in the figure - in particular, force-fitting or, in particular, only force-fitting. The outer connection area 51R of the outer part 50 is here integrally connected via a flange 123 to another outer connection area 51L on the other, left side. The previous explanations of the previously described embodiments are all based on the Fig. 24 connection 120 shown on the right side.

[0083] It is also provided here that an edge 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is located between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of the at least one melting zone 80 of the one external connection region 51R. The edge 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melting zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the edge 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. As can be seen from Fig. 24, the device 113 has at least one melting zone 80, which has at least one bead 110—here two beads 110—and the bead 110 each has an outer diameter D110. The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. According to a further aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the edge 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. In particular, it is provided that the edge 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted or that this edge 107 has residual stresses that have caused or cause a change in shape. The edge 107 is preferably located at an open end E250 of the outer part 50. There, the edge 107 has a material thickness t107, and the outer connection region 51R at the melting zone 80 has a material thickness t80. The material thickness t107 of the edge 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection region 51R at the melting zone 80.Furthermore, a joint 260—particularly an annular wedge-shaped joint—can be provided between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid substance, such as a sealant, or a liquid substance, such as oil, or a gaseous substance, such as air. When comparing the outer diameters D105, 107 of the edges 105, 107 with each other, it is noticeable that the outer diameter D107 of the open end of the outer part 50 is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150 of the outer part 50—particularly the end having the flange 123.

[0084] The outer part 50 goes according to the illustration Fig. 24 on the left side of the right outer connection area 51 R via a flange 123 to the other, in the Fig. 24 on the left. Due to this mass accumulation in relation to the central axis 68 (e.g. axis of rotation) through the flange 123 at the Fig. 24 left end of the right external connection region 51 R, in connection with the introduction of energy for producing the at least one melting zone 80 or the plurality of melting zones 80, there is a particularly good heat dissipation at the end E80L of the melting zone 80 facing the flange 123, away from the external connection region 51 R. This results in a difference in comparison with the right end E250 of the external connection region 51 R. The diameter D105 formed at the left end E150R of the external connection area 51R (at the unmachined edge 105) or next to the melt zone 80 in the area of ​​the flange 123 is smaller than the diameter D107 at the right end E250R of the outer part 50. When comparing the outer diameters D105, D107 of the edges 105, 107 with each other, it is noticeable that the outer diameter D107 of the open end of the outer part 50 is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150 of the outer part 50, in particular the end having the flange 123.Furthermore, it can be determined that a diameter D80 in the region of the melting zone 80 (in particular and by way of example in its axially central position) is smaller than the diameter D105 or, to put it another way: the diameter D107 at the end E250R is larger than the diameter D105 in the region of the end E150R or at the end E150R or in the region of the flange 123 (axial position), which in turn is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. If the melting zone 80 is delimited by at least one bead 110 (to the right or left of the melting zone 80), a diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 and smaller than the diameter D107 at the free end E250R, but larger than the diameter D105 of the bead 110 at the end E150R. At this end E150R, the cooling (heat dissipation) is particularly good due to the flange-related mass accumulation away from the melting zone 80, so that thermal distortion is reduced.

[0085] In the one right outer connection region 51 R, the one right inner part 52 has an outer diameter D52 that is larger than an outer diameter D52 of the other left inner part 52 of the other left outer connection region 51 R. In addition, it may be - in this case, this is the case - that in the one right outer connection region 51 R, the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 is larger than a diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 of the other left outer connection region 51 R.

[0086] Furthermore, it can be stated that the proportions of the Fig. 24 or the outer connection region 51 R - as described below: The device 113 has an outer diameter D107 of the open end E250R of the outer part 50 which is greater than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melt zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melting zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50 is greater than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melting zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, in particular the end having the flange 123. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the at least one melting zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, in particular the end having the flange 123, is greater than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, in particular the end having the flange 123.The outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, in particular the end having the flange 123, is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the at least one melting zone 80.

[0087] The Fig. The connection 120 shown on the left in Figure 24 between the outer part 50 (in the manner of a pipe socket) and its left outer connection area 51 L represents a connection 120 with an inner part 52, in particular in the manner of a shaft socket. The fastening to one another is, as in the previously described embodiments, by creating a shrink fit by creating melt zones 80. This shaft socket can, for example, be connected in one piece to a shaft, which in turn is mounted in a housing by means of bearing means (for example roller bearings) and driven there. This inner part 52 can also be designed as a type of pin or shaft pin, which is to be inserted as a "cutting" into an end face of a shaft and a bore provided there, in particular a blind bore, in order to be held there, for example, by means of a press connection. To form the Fig. 24, the connection 120 shown on the left provides for the inner part 52 to be inserted into the outer part 50, which is shaped like a pipe socket, or for the outer part 50, which is shaped like a pipe socket, to be inserted onto the inner part 52. For example, a distance s between an end face 64 of the left inner part 52 and the end face 64 of the right inner part 52 can be provided and set. The outer part 50 holds, in addition to the one inner part 52, another inner part 52 by connecting both inner parts 52 to one another. Between the one inner part 52 and the other inner part 52 there is a distance s which is zero or greater than zero. The connection 120 between the left inner part 52 and the left outer part 50 is determined based on the Fig. 25, Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 is explained in more detail.

[0088] In Fig. 25 shows a cross-section as shown in Fig. 24 is specified. In Fig. 25, it can be seen that a total of three fields 80F of melting zones 80 are located on the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 or outer connection area 51L. For example, it is provided that these three fields 80F are at least approximately uniformly wide and accordingly have an angular width of α80F of 100 angular degrees with respect to the outer circumference of the outer contour 96. An angular distance αFR between the individual fields 80F should be equally uniform. The free space 126 is located there. This free space 126 has an angular range αFR of, for example, 20 angular degrees. The melting zones 80 of a field 80F are shown here as an example, as in Fig. 18. This means that each field 80F has linear melt zones 80 that extend in the direction of the central axis 68. In particular, it is provided that the melt zones 80 overlap and therefore linear transition zones 100 are formed. The manner in which the individual melt zones 80 are arranged within the plurality of fields 80F will be discussed later. Thus, a device 113 with an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to one another such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located within the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has an outer contour 96, wherein the outer part 50 has at least one solidified melt zone 80 that is part of the outer contour 96. The outer part 50 has a plurality of fields 80F of melt zones 80.

[0089] In Fig. 26 is a view (front view of the pipe socket) according to the section line according to Fig. 24. As shown in this Fig. 26 as a view from the left onto the end E150L of the outer part 50, the outer part 50 - the pipe socket-shaped section - is deformed during the production of the connection 120. This makes it clear that a distance and thus a gap 128 has formed between the inner part 52, which here has a cylindrical outer contour 58, and a formerly cylindrical inner contour of the outer part 50 of the pipe socket-shaped section (analogous to the joint 260, Fig. 24), which has a varying gap dimension in the circumferential direction of the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. Thus, this gap 128 has a minimum gap dimension sFR and a maximum gap dimension smF. Between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 there is a gap 128 which is uneven, in particular uneven in the circumferential direction of the inner part 52. In this case, with respect to the front view according to Fig. 26, it can generally be stated that a minimum gap dimension sFR is formed between two fields 80F. A maximum gap dimension smF, however, is formed in the center of a field 80F. Such a formation of the gap 128 is due to the fact that free spaces 126 are formed between the individual fields 80F, which are not energized during the process for producing the connection 120 and therefore act as heat sinks arranged, for example, symmetrically to the fields 80F. The Fig. 24, Fig. 25 and Fig. The embodiment of a connection 120 shown in Figure 26 by three fields 80F and three free spaces 126, each of which is uniformly formed, is only one embodiment of several possible embodiments. For example, it may alternatively be provided that there are not three fields 80F, but rather four fields 80F, five fields 80F, or more fields 80F. These fields 80F may be separated by equally sized gaps or free spaces 126. As particularly shown in Fig. As shown in Figure 26, the plurality of fields 80F are defined by a number nF of fields 80F. The outer part 50 has an end face 60 at one end E150L. The end face 60 has an outer contour 96 having a polygonal shape 97. By creating the plurality of fields 80F, the outer contour 96 acquires a polygonal shape 97, as the outer part 50 thermally distorts unevenly due to the uneven generation of melt zones 80 caused by uneven heat dissipation. This results in the formation of smallest radii r96min and largest radii r96max. A polygon 97 can be described as having several smallest radii r96min and largest radii r96max, where a number nrk of the smallest radii r96min and a number nrg of the largest radii r96max corresponds to the number nF of the fields 80F.The relative position of the smallest radii r96min, the largest radii r96max, and the fields 80F to each other can be described, for example, such that the smallest radii r96min and the largest radii r96max alternate at the end face 60 of the outer part 50. The end face 60 is located at an axial position x60. Fig. 24, which relates to the common central axis 68. The free spaces 126 and the fields 80F are located not only at an axial position due to their axial extension with respect to the central axis 68, but also in an axial region due to their axial extension. For the purposes of this disclosure, the free spaces 126 and the fields 80F can be stated to be located, for example, at a common axial position xgem ( Fig. 24, Fig. 25), which is axially spaced from the axial position x60 of the end face 60. With regard to a number nF of fields 80F, it is provided that the number nF of fields 80F can, for example, be even (2, 4, 6, 8, ...) or alternatively also odd (1, 3, 5, 7, ...). In particular, it is provided that an odd number nF of fields 80F of melt zones 80 is generated on the outer part 50 and that the outer part 50 has, wherein the number nF is in particular three. If the number nF = 3, the outer contour 96 warps, so that the end face 60 has an outer contour 96 which has a shape of a trilobe as a special form of a multilobe 97. As already mentioned, for example, in the Fig. 17, Fig. 18 and Fig. 19, a field 80F is an arrangement of - in particular linear - melting zones 80, the distance D80 between which is smaller than a distance D80F to other - in particular linear - melting zones 80, in particular melting zones 80 of another field 80F. A special embodiment is provided in that a field 80F is an arrangement of - in particular linear - melting zones 80, the distance D80 between which is smaller than a distance D80F to other - in particular linear - melting zones 80, in particular melting zones 80 of another field 80F, wherein a distance D80 between - in particular linear - melting zones 80 is zero or less than zero and is designed accordingly. The melting zones 80 are thus either directly adjacent to one another or designed with a transition zone 100, cf. Fig. 19. Between a field 80F and an end E150L of the outer part 50 there is an edge 105, compare with Fig. 24. This edge 105 is in particular an unprocessed, in particular unenergized, unheated edge 105. This edge 105 is left by not bringing the melting zones 80 to the end E150L. As in Fig. As indicated in Figure 24, the edge 105 is reinforced. For this purpose, the edge 105 has a larger outer diameter, a greatest radial extent, than an adjacent region of the outer part 50 in its original state, before the at least one melt zone 80 is created. In particular, the edge 105 has a greatest radial extent that is larger than an outer diameter of the outer part 50 in a solidified melt zone 80 of a field 80F, in that this edge is designed accordingly during production. The outer part 50 is and is—as in the other exemplary embodiments—positively fastened to the inner part 52 by the fields 80F of melt zones 80.

[0090] In Fig. 27 shows an exemplary embodiment of a sequence for the generation of melting zones 80 for a field 80F. Fig. 27, the outer contour 56 is shown in a development over 360°. For example, a first melting zone 80 (in Fig. 27 (shown on the far left with the number 1 at the bottom of the development). Particularly with regard to energy distribution, in order to achieve the best possible even distribution of the heat energy and the coolest possible position for the next melting zone 80 to be formed, the position opposite the first melting zone 80 created (position 2) is selected and implemented as the position of the next melting zone 80. The third melting zone 80 produced (position 3) is produced approximately evenly between the two melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2. The fourth melting zone 80 (position 4) is in turn placed, for example, opposite the melting zone 80 that was produced at position 3.The further melting zones 80 at positions 5, 6, 7 and 8 are set, for example, in the following sequence, in that the melting zone 80 at position 5 is manufactured between the melting zones 80 at positions 3 and 1, the melting zone 80 at position 6 between the melting zones 80 at positions 2 and 3, the melting zone 80 at position 7 is set between the melting zone at position 1 and the melting zone at position 4 and the melting zone 80 at position 8 is set between the melting zone 80 at position 4 and the melting zone 80 at position 2. An alternative description is that, for example, the first three melting zones 80 are each set in the field 80F provided for them, ieFirst, a melting zone 80 (position 1) is set for a first field 80F, and then the next melting zone 80 (at position 2) is set for the next field 80F, and then the next melting zone 80 (at position 3) is set for the next field 80F. In yet another alternative formulation, it can be described, for example, that a first melting zone 80 is set at a position that is a starting position and the next melting zone 80 is set at a position that is opposite the first melting zone 80 (180° opposite). A third melting zone 80 is set, for example, midway between the first melting zone 80 and the second melting zone 80, so that it sits—preferably midway—between the melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2. Subsequently, the melting zone 80 set in the fourth position is set opposite the melting zone 80 set in the third position.This position of the melting zone 80 is accordingly again preferably evenly spaced between the melting zone 80 at the first position and the melting zone 80 at the second position. The next melting zone 80, which is thus produced at the fifth position, is particularly preferably placed between the melting zone 80 at position 1, which has already cooled down the most, and the next melting zone 80, which is closest to this melting zone 80 at position 1 and is the coolest, i.e., the melting zone 80 at position 3. In this sense, the creation of the next three melting zones 80 at positions 6, 7, and 8 continues in such a way that the melting zone 80 at position 6 is placed between the melting zones 80 between positions 2 and 3, and the melting zone 80 at the seventh position is placed between the melting zone 80 at position 1 and the melting zone 80 at position 4.The melting zone 80, which is manufactured at the eighth position, is then manufactured between the melting zone 80 at position 2 and the melting zone 80 at position 4.

[0091] In the embodiment based on the previously described embodiments according to the Fig. 24 to 27, a method for joining an outer part 50 to an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to one another such that the inner part 52 is initially located at least partially within the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, thereby creating a plurality of liquid melt zones 80. The melt zones 80 then solidify, causing a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. A plurality of fields 80F of melt zones 80 are generated on the outer part 50.

[0092] In the following, we will discuss in detail the manufacturing processes that are related to the previously described embodiments, especially in connection with the example according to the Fig. 24 to 27. In Fig. 28, the manufacturing process described below is shown in principle. To connect an outer part 50 with a first inner part 52 and with a second inner part 52, the first procedure is to align the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 (e.g., as shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 20) so that they can be inserted or joined into one another. For this purpose, the outer part 50 is connected to a receptacle 153, for example, before the inner part 52 is inserted, and is releasably fastened to the receptacle 153, for example by means of a clamping force FK, step S50, so that a drive torque or torque M can and will be transmitted to the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 later by a lathe 156 - a machine for jointly driving the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 by rotation.

[0093] Both parts, outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, are energized in a step S130 and connected to one another by at least one melting zone 80. The at least one melting zone 80 can be designed according to one of the previously described embodiments. It is preferably provided beforehand that the inner part 52 is placed against an inner side 159 of the flange 123 or an end face of the outer part 50 and is preferably applied there before the outer part 50 begins to rotate, until the inner part 52 is in contact with the inner side 159 of the flange 123. A holding force FH is applied to the inner part 52 before and during the creation of the at least one melting zone 80, step S120, so that the inner part 52 remains in place in the outer part 50. During the creation of the at least one melting zone 80, the drive torque M is transmitted to the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 and the holding force FH is applied, Fig. 29. While the outer part 50 is arranged in the first inner part 52 and rotates, during step S130 the first inner part 52 is preferably rotated at the same speed n52 as the rotating outer part 50. The generation of the at least one melting zone 80 takes place with the energy conductor 72 stationary (cf. Fig. 3) and - for example - also a stationary energy transfer point 74. Alternatively, the energy beam can also be deflected by means of a deflection device - see the description of Fig. 22 - are directed onto the outer part 50. This means that the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 rotates past the energy conductor 72, so that during step S130 the melting zone 80 is created on the rotating outer part 50. This forms an assembly 200 from the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, the two parts being firmly connected. The outer part 50 can thereby transmit a torque to the inner part 52, and the inner part 52 is seated so firmly in the outer part 50 that it is secured against falling out of the outer part 50. In a further step S270, the holding force FH is released or reduced to zero, and in step S300 the assembly 200 is removed from the holder 153.In a further step S320, the assembly 200 is plugged onto a second inner part 52, and in a further step S340, by further energizing the outer part 50 at a second external connection region 51, the second inner part 52 is connected by at least one melting zone 80. For this purpose, the assembly 200, compare with . Fig. 24, is placed on the second inner part 52. The second inner part 52 is designed in the manner of a shaft sleeve 203 or is a shaft sleeve 203 of a machine 204. This shaft sleeve 203 is, for example, integrally connected to a shaft 206 as part of the latter, which in turn is mounted in a housing 212 by means of bearing means 209 (for example, rolling bearings). Fig. 30. For the purposes of creating the at least one melt zone 80 during step S340 between the second outer connection region 51 and the second inner part 52 (equal to the shaft connector 203), the inner part 52 or the shaft connector 203 or the shaft 206 is not driven, but rather held or secured, and thus remains stationary. The outer part 50 is also stationary. In principle, the assembly 200 can simply be plugged on during this step, preferably held or secured by a step S330, and then connected by energization, step S340.For the design of the second connection point between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 (shaft), it is preferably provided that the second inner part 52 - in particular when the inner part 52 is designed as a shaft 206 - has a rotational moment of inertia I52 and the assembly 200 comprising the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 has a rotational moment of inertia I200, wherein the rotational moment of inertia I52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational moment of inertia I200 of the assembly 200. To design the second connection point, the previously mentioned embodiments for the at least one melting zone 80 can be applied and created. The second connection point can be formed by at least one point-shaped melting zone 80 or a plurality of point-shaped melting zones 80, by at least one linear melting zone 80 or a plurality of linear melting zones 80 (e.g. as shown in FIG. Fig. 4 to Fig. 9 or Fig. 17 to 22 or Fig. 25 and Fig. 26), by several point-shaped melting zones 80 (e.g. as Fig. 10 to Fig. 16), which are formed, for example, with the formation of transition zones 94 (point-shaped melting zones 80).

[0094] When assembling the assembly 200 onto the second inner part 52 - particularly when the inner part 52 is designed as a shaft 206 - it is provided that the already Fig. 24, the distance s mentioned between the end faces 64 of the two inner parts 52 is established. For this purpose, the right inner part 52, for example, has its end face 215 facing to the right. For example, a point 218 is a reference point used to establish the distance s. The point 218 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 215 and thus an element of the assembly 200. A point 221 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 224 and is thus connected to the left inner part 52. The establishment of the distance s is a consequence of setting a distance s0. The distance s0 as the actual distance is a distance s0 between point 218 as the reference point of the assembly 200 and point 221 as the reference point of the second inner part 52. A nominal dimension s_soll comprises several possible actual dimensions and thus also the distance s0. This point 221 is a machine-side reference point orthe reference point of the second or left inner part 52. The end face 224 is produced, for example, by facing a region of the housing 212 provided for this purpose. The point 221 as such, as an element of the end face 224, can be an element of a contact surface of the lathe 156, e.g., a mounting flange and / or a bearing plate of the lathe 156. The connection of the second inner part 52 to a point 221 is provided by the shaft 206 or the second inner part 52 being mounted stationary but rotatable in the housing 212, and the point 221 being an element of the end face 224 of the housing 212.

[0095] The procedure for setting the distance s0 is as follows: The assembly 200 is pushed or inserted onto the second or left inner part 52 in the direction of the central axis 68, step S320. The distance s0 is measured or determined while pushing the assembly 200, step S325. After a target dimension s_soll is reached, the pushing is stopped and the target dimension s_soll is maintained. The assembly 200 is held or fastened in step S330. Thus, a distance s0 between point 218 as the reference point of the assembly 200 and point 221 as the reference point of the second inner part 52 fulfills the target dimension s_soll.

[0096] After reaching the position of the assembly 200, which is given by the target dimension s_soll, the connection between the assembly 200 and the second or left inner part 52 is created by generating at least one melting zone 80 on the outer connection region 51L (energizing), step S340, according to the previously described embodiments.

[0097] In connection with all the previously described embodiments, in order to improve the method and the connection, it can be provided that the following-described or special processes or method steps are carried out during the method for creating the at least one melt zone 80 for connecting the outer part 50 to an inner part 52. Thus, the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 should first be positioned relative to one another such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located within the outer part 50 (step S100), compare with all the figures previously shown and described. Then, as already described, at least one or the intended mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 should be energized, and the intended mass fraction m50p is melted in order to create the connection between the outer part 50 and an inner part 52 in accordance with the previously described examples (step S130).This creates at least one liquid melt zone 80, and then the mass fraction m50p solidifies to form at least one solid melt zone 80. This causes a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has a surface in the shape of the outer contour 56. At an energy transfer point 74, the surface or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is energized, and the energy transfer point 74 is actively cooled by means of a step S350; compare, for example, with FIGS. Fig. 3 and Fig. 27, which show corresponding devices and methods.

[0098] In the Fig. 3 and Fig. 27, a supply 227 of a coolant, in particular air, is shown by way of example. By means of a fan 233, air, represented by an arrow symbolizing a volume flow 230, is driven onto the surface and particularly onto the energy transfer point 74. The energy transfer point 74 is cooled by forced convection during step S350. In the exemplary embodiment according to Fig. 3, it is provided that the energy transfer point 74 is moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. This means that the supply 227 of the coolant through the rotating outer part 50 regularly cools other sections or regions of the surface of the outer part 50, but during the energization in step S340, it is the energy transfer point 74 that is cooled. In the embodiment according to Fig. 27, it is provided that the energy transfer point 74 is not moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. It is provided that the outer part 50 is stationary, for example, because the rotational mass moment of inertia I52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational mass moment of inertia I200 of the assembly 200, cf. with the embodiment according to the Fig. 28 to 31, in which the melting zones 80 are generated while the second inner part 52 is stationary. The blower 233 is stationary relative to the outer part 50, while the energy transfer point 74 is moved relative to the outer part 50. The Fig. The exemplary embodiments illustrated in Figures 24 to 31 show that a volume flow 230 is first guided over an edge 105, 107 and / or an end E250R and then over the energy transfer point 74. After the connection of outer part 50 and inner part 52 has been completed, the product is removed from the production plant in step 400.

[0099] In Fig. Figure 32 shows a basic stress-strain diagram for a metal or metal alloy that has, for example, a distinct upper yield strength ReH. According to a part of the description before the description of the Fig. 4, when melting a predetermined mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50, it is intended to generate a stress in the outer part 50 that lies in the plastic range. This means that a tensile stress σ50 is induced in the outer part 50, causing the outer part 50 to be plastically deformed, whereby the outer part 50 is connected—in particular, force-fitting—to the inner part 52. The stress state in the outer part 50 runs from the origin of the diagram and increases along the straight line. This first phase ends with the application of the outer part 50 to the inner part 52, after which the second phase begins. According to the behavior of metals that have a pronounced upper yield strength ReH, in the corresponding aforementioned examples, it is intended that the stress reaches the yield strength ReH. Then, the end of a second phase is reached. This end is finally reached with a melting zone 80, which is not evaluated here in terms of numbers.The third phase begins. With each additional melt zone 80 created, the metal is loaded in the Lüder range between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL, whereby the plastic component of the strain increases with each additional melt zone 80 created. After the lower yield strength ReL is reached and depending on the number of additional melt zones 80 created, the tensile stress σ50 increases in the range between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm, if this is permitted. The end of the third phase of the process can generally be set so that the tensile stress σ50 lies between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL. When dimensioning the end of the third phase of the process, it can be selected, for example, that the strain is between 0.25 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain εL, preferably between 0.5 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain εL.Alternatively, an end of the third phase of the process, which is intended in terms of its load, can also be achieved if the load on the outer part 50 is in the range between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm, wherein the tensile stress σ50 preferably does not exceed an average value σ50m between ReL and Rm.

[0100] As already described, it is also possible that a metal or metal alloy - as in Fig. 33 - behaves. Therein a basic stress-strain diagram is shown for corresponding materials in which in the area of ​​the initial increase in tensile stress σ50 the elastic material loading predominates over a plastic material loading - in particular significantly - i.e. which have an equivalent yield point - in particular yield strength Rp0.2. As with the other metal or the other metal alloy, the first phase ends with the application of the outer part 50 to the inner part 52. This is followed by the second phase until the yield strength Rp0.2 is reached; above the yield strength Rp0.2 the third phase of loading of the outer part 50 begins. An upper end of the third phase of the process, which is provided for in terms of its loading, is provided in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, wherein the tensile stress σ50 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm.Consequently, with regard to the material selection, it is alternatively provided that, within the scope of the method, the outer part 50 is manufactured from a material which, under load, exhibits a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic, mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic, mixed plastoelastic strain, and a deformation of the outer part 50 is generated which reaches at least a yield strength Rp0.2 - for which a permanent strain Rp of 0.2% is determined. If a higher load is desired, it can be provided that the load on the outer part 50 is greater than the yield strength Rp0.2. Preferably, the outer part 50 should be loaded between the yield strength Rp0.2 and the tensile strength Rm.

[0101] The behavior of the materials, whose properties correspond to the Fig. 32 and Fig. 33 can be used in such a way that after an exemplary certain number of and executed melt zones 80 of a certain shape and roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50, a load on an outer part 52 made of a material which is determined by the Fig. 32 or Fig. 33 can be described, e.g. safely in the Lüder range or safely above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a respectively defined range.

[0102] Within the scope of an alternative method, the exemplary determination of a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape and for roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50 is not provided in order to avoid a load on an outer part 52 made of a material which is Fig. 32 or Fig. 33, reliably in the Lüder range or above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a respectively defined range. Rather, the method described below provides for the precise dimensioning of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 involved and then individually determining and implementing a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape to be produced.

[0103] The method for connecting an outer part 50 to an inner part 52 comprises the steps of first determining at least one dimension of the inner part 52 and one dimension of the outer part 50, step S500. Thereafter, the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are to be positioned relative to each other, step S100, such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located within the outer part 50, compare with the Fig. 1 to 31. Subsequently, as in the previously described embodiments, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is to be energized, and in the process, the mass fraction m50p is to be melted (step S130). At least one liquid melt zone 80 is created. The at least one melt zone 80 then solidifies into a solid melt zone 80. This causes a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50. The tensile stress σ50 leads to the outer part 50 being applied to the inner part 52 (step S150). An outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 is to be determined as the dimension of the inner part 52, and an inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 is to be determined as the dimension of the outer part 50. This allows, as a first approximation and in a step S550, a determination of the quantity or number of melt zones 80, which, based on their shape and number, determine a plastic deformation of the outer part 50 and a desired pressing of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. This is particularly true when the wall thickness t50 of the outer part 50 is known.In a second approximation, an inner diameter d52 of the inner part 52 (if present, because shaped like a tube) and / or an outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50 are to be determined as a further dimension. For the purpose of determining a tensile stress σ50 in the outer part 50 with an exact magnitude and a pressure of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52, it is provided that a dimension for a total mass m50p of the outer part 50 to be melted is determined from the at least one dimension. From this, a number n80 of melting zones 80 to be created on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is determined. For each of the melting zones 80 to be created, a shape (length, depth) and possibly also a width are determined, if the width is not simply defined by the width of the energy beam. The width is then determined, for example, by a transition zone 94.A length is determined, for example, by the duration of a single energization, a depth is determined, for example, by the speed of an energy beam or an energy transfer point of the energy beam.

[0104] Depending on the design of the method, a number n80 of melting zones 80 to be created on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 can be determined in different ways. Thus, the number n80 of melting zones 80 to be created and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined or calculated as a function of one or more of the stated dimensions (step S570, calculation). Alternatively, the number n80 of melting zones 80 to be created and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined by reading out (step S580) a characteristic map 590. After determining S550, S570, S580 the amount of the mass fraction m50p to be melted orthe number n80 of melt zones 80 to be produced, the specific melt zones 80 are generated by energization in steps S130, S340, and thereby a pressure p50 is generated between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, which pressure brings about sufficient static friction between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52. By generating the specific number of melt zones 80 in the outer part 50, an elastic strain ε or, additionally, a plastic strain ε (through steps S150, S200, S250) or an elastoplastic strain ε is generated in the outer part 50.

[0105] The corresponding process steps are described in the Fig. 34 and the Fig. 35. The Fig. The process steps shown in Figure 34 are exemplary and only partially apply to all examples. Fig. 34 can be used, for example, for the embodiment from Fig. 24 apply. The procedural steps according to Fig. 35 can be applied, for example, after method step S120 instead of step S130.

[0106] Finally, various embodiments are briefly described and shown with regard to the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, in which the presented methods can be carried out.

[0107] Fig. Figure 36 shows a general design of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a simple cylindrical shape. The outer part 50 has an outwardly directed flange 123 at each of its two ends E150, E250. Depending on the magnitude of a rotational moment of inertia I200 of the assembly 200 to be manufactured, the two parts can rotate (low moment of inertia I200) or be stationary (high moment of inertia I200) during the production of the melt zones 80 and the connection of the outer part 50 and inner part 52. Since the two flanges 123 prevent an axial flow of coolant, the energy transfer point 74 would have to be subjected to a radial or tangential flow with respect to the axis 68, for example.

[0108] Fig. 37 again shows a general embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a ring-cylindrical shape and is designed, for example, as an outer ring 223 of a rolling bearing 226.

[0109] Furthermore, a computer program 600 is provided, Fig. 38, which is designed to perform all steps of one of the above-described methods or is programmed to perform a method when executed on a computer. Furthermore, a machine-readable storage medium 620 is proposed on which the computer program 600 is stored or on which the computer program 600 is stored for use in one of the above-described methods.

[0110] A control device should be designed to carry out all steps of one of the methods or to be programmed for use in one of the methods. QUOTES CONTAINED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents submitted by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the convenience of the reader. This list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2011 076 759 A1

[0001] DE 103 03 853 B4

[0002]

Claims

[1] Device comprising an outer part (50) and an inner part (52), wherein the outer part (50) is connected to the inner part (52) and the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned relative to one another in such a way that the inner part (52) is located at least partially within the outer part (50), wherein at least one mass fraction (m50p) is located on the outer part (50), which is a solidified solid melt zone (80), wherein a tensile stress (σ50) acts in the outer part (50), characterized by that the outer part (50) is plastically deformed. [2] Device according to claim 1, characterized by that the outer part (50) is made of a material which has a pronounced yield point (ReH) and a plastic deformation of the outer part (50) beyond the pronounced yield point (ReH). [3] Device according to claim 2, characterized by that the outer part (50) is loaded in the Lüder area. [4] Device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized by that the outer part (50) is loaded in the plastic range between the Lüder range and the tensile strength (Rm). [5] Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the outer part (50) is made of a material which has a yield strength ratio - a ratio of the upper yield strength (ReH) and the tensile strength (Rm) - which lies in a range of 0.2 to 0.

7. [6] Device according to claim 1, characterized by that the outer part (50) is made of a material which, under load, has a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic mixed plastoelastic strain and a deformation of the outer part (50) is produced which reaches at least a yield point (Rp0.2), for which a permanent strain (Rp) of 0.2% is determined. [7] Device according to claim 6, characterized by that the load on the outer part (50) is greater than the yield strength (Rp0.2). [8] Device according to claim 7, characterized by that the load on the outer part (50) has a value between the yield strength (Rp0.2) and the tensile strength (Rm). [9] Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the outer part (50) is work-hardened by its deformation, in particular a tensile strength (Rm) of the work-hardened material is increased by 2% to 70% compared to a state of the material before plastic deformation. [10] Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the outer part (50) is plastically deformed between a solidified melt zone (80) of the outer part (50) and an inner contour (54) of the outer part (50). [11] Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bythat the at least one melting zone (80) is point-shaped or point-line-shaped, or line-shaped or flat. [12] Device according to claim 11, characterized by that at least one region of the outer part (50) between a first end (E150) and a second end (E250) in the direction of an axis (68) and between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) the mass fraction (m50p) is designed as at least one melting zone (80) which extends between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) of the outer part (50). [13] Device according to claim 12, characterized by that the mass fraction (m50p) has a plurality of melting zones (80) extending between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) of the outer part (50). [14] Device according to claim 13, characterized bythat the mass fraction (m50p) has a plurality of melting zones (80) which are designed such that they extend contiguously and in different directions between the first end (E150) and the second end (E250) of the outer part (50). [15] Device according to claim 12 to 14, characterized by that the at least one melting zone (80) is designed such that it extends at least partially in a straight line. [16] Device according to claim 13 to 15, characterized by that the plurality of melting zones (80) are parallel to one another at least in sections or that next to one melting zone (80) there is a further melting zone (80) which is parallel to the one melting zone (80). [17] Device according to the preceding claim, characterized by that the plurality of melting zones (80) are spaced apart such that a non-melted web (98) remains between two melting zones (80) lying closest to one another. [18] Device according to one of claims 12 to 17, characterized by that there is at least one solidified melt zone (80) which has been melted several times. [19] Device according to claim 18, characterized by that at least one solidified melt zone is present which has an intersection point (114) with another solidified melt zone (80). [20] Device according to claim 18 or 19, characterized by that the at least one melting zone (80) is designed such that it extends in a spiral shape. [21] Device according to claim 20, characterized by that the outer part (52) has an axis of rotation and the melting zone (80) has an axial center with respect to the axis of rotation with an outer diameter (D80), and at the axial ends of the at least one melting zone (80) of an outer connection region (51) there is a bead (110) in each case. [22] Device according to claim 21, characterized bythat one bead (110) at one axial end differs from the other bead (110) at the other axial end. [23] Device according to claim 22, characterized by that one bead (110) at one axial end of the at least one melting zone (80) has an outer diameter (D110) and the other bead (110) at the other axial end of the at least one melting zone (80) has an outer diameter (D110), wherein the outer diameter (D110) of one bead (110) at one axial end is greater than the outer diameter (D110) of the other bead (110) at the other axial end. [24] Device according to one of claims 21, 22 or 23, characterized by that it has different outer diameters on the outer part (50), whereby - the at least one melting zone (80) has an outer diameter (D80) in its axial center, and wherein - the at least one melting zone (80) has at one axial end one of the beads (110) with an outer diameter (D110), wherein - the outer diameter (D80) of the melting zone (80) is smaller than an outer diameter (D110) of one bead (110). [25] Device according to one of claims 21 to 24, characterized by that there are different outer diameters on the outer part (50), wherein an outer diameter (D110) of a bead (110) is smaller than an outer diameter (D105, D107) at the extreme end (E150, E250) of the outer part (50).

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