Housing for a vehicle wheel, measuring system with housing, collector device and gas supply nozzle

Abstract

Housing (10) for a vehicle wheel (2) for collecting emissions emanating from the vehicle wheel (2), which largely encloses the vehicle wheel (2) and a collection chamber (15), comprising an outer cover wall (12) extending radially with respect to a wheel central axis (M) and a circumferential wall (14) adjoining the cover wall (12), extending in the direction of rotation around the wheel central axis (M), and having a width (B) in the axial direction. wherein an opening (18) on the underside is arranged in the circumferential wall (14) through which the vehicle wheel (2) can be in contact with a surface (3), and wherein a collector opening (19) is provided in the circumferential wall (14) through which air loaded with emissions can be discharged from the collection chamber (15), characterized by that the collector opening (19) extends in the axial direction over more than 70% of the width (B), preferably between 80% and 95% of the width (B) of the circumferential wall (14), and is preferably at least substantially rectangular and / or preferably has a greater extent in the circumferential direction than in the axial direction.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a housing for a vehicle wheel for collecting emissions emanating from the vehicle wheel, which housing largely encloses the vehicle wheel and a collection chamber, comprising an outer cover wall extending radially with respect to a wheel center axis and a peripheral wall adjoining the cover wall, running in the circumferential direction around the wheel center axis and having a width in the axial direction, wherein an opening on the ground side is arranged in the peripheral wall, through which the vehicle wheel can come into contact with a ground, and wherein a collector opening is present in the peripheral wall, through which air laden with the emissions can be or is discharged from the collection chamber. Furthermore, the invention relates to a measuring system comprising a housing, a collector device, and a gas supply nozzle.

[0002] An enclosure of this type for measuring tire wear is described in the publication "Philipps, Franz; Schripp, Tobias; Reiland, Sven; Bondorf, Linda; Löber, Manuel; Holtmann, Christoph (2023): ZEDU1 - Zero Emission Drive Unit Generation 1: Final Report. Project Report DLR. 209 pp."

[0003] Furthermore, enclosures are known from the following non-patent literature: Bondorf, Linda; Köhler, Lennart; Grein, Tobias; Epple, Fabius; Philipps, Franz; Aigner, Manfred; Schripp, Tobias (2023): Airborne brake wear emissions from a battery-electric vehicle. Atmosphere, 14, page 488. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390 / atmos14030488 https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / atmos14030488; ISSN 2073-4433 - Bondorf, Linda; Grein, Tobias; Köhler, Lennart; Philipps, Franz; Schripp, Tobias (2022): On-board measurement of ultrafine non-exhaust particulate emissions from a battery electric vehicle. European Federation of Clean Air and Environmental Protection Associations Symposium (EFCA), July 5-6, 2022, Brussels, Belgium, - Philipps, Franz; Bondorf, Linda; Reiland, Sven (2023): ZEDU-1: Mobility without particulate matter emissions from brake and tire wear - Brake wear emissions of a battery-electric vehicle; (Measurement) concepts and results. In: AVL TechDay Brake Wear. AVL TechDay Brake Wear, March 7, 2023, Worms, and - Philipps, Franz; Bondorf, Linda; Epple, Fabius (2022): ZEDU-1 Zero Emission Drive Unit Phase 1: Mobility for tomorrow. Mobility without particulate matter emissions from brake and tire wear - (Measurement) concepts and initial results. TechDay Brake Wear, July 5, 2022, Sindelfingen.

[0004] DE 10 2017 006 349 A1 discloses a measuring device comprising a wheel housing, a filter unit, and a measuring section. The housing seals the wheel brake and has an inlet for supplying supply air and an outlet for discharging emission-laden exhaust air from the housing. The filter unit is associated with the inlet for filtering the supply air. The measuring section comprises an exhaust air duct, a measuring probe, and a volume flow measuring device. The emission-laden exhaust air is introduced into the exhaust air duct, and a partial volume flow of the emission-laden exhaust air is sampled using the measuring probe. The partial volume flow is then fed to the volume flow measuring device.

[0005] Further wheel housings for vehicles, for particle collection for the purpose of emission reduction, are specified in DE 10 2021 006 535 A1, DE 10 2021 107 506 B9 and DE 10 2019 133 794 B4.

[0006] DE 10 2016 215 900 A1, DE 10 2019 204 743 A1 and DE 10 2022 104 215 A1 disclose further methods and / or systems for determining and / or reducing tire emissions.

[0007] The invention is based on the object of providing a housing and a measuring system with a housing, a collector device and a gas supply nozzle, which enable an optimized measurement of tire wear.

[0008] The problem is solved for the housing with the features of claim 1, for the measuring system with the features of claim 15, for the collector device with the features of claim 20 and for the gas supply nozzle with the features of claim 21.

[0009] In the housing, the collector opening extends in the axial direction (relative to the wheel center axis) over more than 70% of the width, preferably between 80% and 95% of the width of the circumferential wall. Preferably, the collector opening is at least substantially rectangular and / or preferably has a greater extension in the circumferential direction (around the wheel center axis) than in the axial direction.

[0010] The emissions emanating from the vehicle wheel, in particular tires, are preferably particulate emissions, in particular tire wear.

[0011] "Substantially quadrangular" means that the quadrangular shape largely enables the peripheral wall to be covered by the collector opening over the height of the collector opening (i.e. its extension in the circumferential direction), whereby the sides can be slightly curved for aerodynamic reasons and / or the corners can be rounded.

[0012] “Largely enclosed” means, in particular, interrupted in the direction of rotation by the underground-side opening which, when installed, points towards the ground.

[0013] In addition to the outer cover wall (arranged axially on a side of the housing facing away from the vehicle), the housing preferably has an inner cover wall (arranged axially on a side of the housing facing the vehicle). The inner cover wall delimits the housing, in particular to a separate housing for a vehicle brake (brake housing), so that the emissions of the vehicle wheel can be recorded separately from the emissions of the brake. The housing is fastened, in particular, to the brake housing by means of the inner cover wall and to the vehicle by means of the brake housing. The outer and / or the inner cover wall is / are aligned, in particular, orthogonal to the wheel center axis and has a partially circular shape.

[0014] The circumferential wall is preferably aligned exclusively parallel to the wheel center axis.

[0015] In this way, the enclosure is essentially cylindrical (e.g. apart from the opening on the underground side).

[0016] The larger extension in the circumferential direction than in the width allows, for example, a large inlet opening in a collector device and / or more precise positioning of the inlet opening relative to the circumferential direction with respect to an expected (main) particle flight direction. For example, the collector opening extends in the circumferential direction over an angular range between 15° and 35°.

[0017] Due to the comparatively large design of the collector opening, (almost) across the entire (axial) width of the peripheral wall or housing, a large portion of the particles carried by a gas, particularly air, flow in the collection chamber can be transported out of the collection chamber by the collector device and measured, even those that, for example, do not completely follow the air flow due to their size and / or inertia. This significantly optimizes the measurement accuracy of tire wear measurements.

[0018] A favorable position with regard to an expected particle flight direction is that the collector opening is preferably arranged in a quadrant of the housing that is on the rear wheel side (in the assembled state) and on the underside (adjacent to the underside opening) with respect to the direction of rotation around the wheel center axis. For example, the collector opening extends in the direction of rotation almost adjacent to the underside opening (for example, with the interposition of a section of the peripheral wall that is advantageous for mechanical stability and / or for the assembly of the collector device) to, for example, almost (for example, spaced by a maximum of 10° or 20°) an upper quadrant of the housing on the rear wheel side.This positioning also allows heavier particles, which are carried along by the wheel movement, for example, but do not completely follow the air flow, to escape from the collection chamber through the collector opening.

[0019] In a particularly preferred embodiment, a collector device with a flow channel for transferring a gas flow to a collecting line is detachably fastened (non-destructively) to the collector opening, with an inlet opening on the peripheral wall side, which is preferably designed to be at least substantially congruent with the collector opening or smaller and / or is fastened thereto (covered by the collector opening, as fluid-tight as possible), and with a collecting line-side outlet opening, which is preferably at least substantially congruent with a flow cross-section of the collecting line (as fluid-tight as possible) and can be fastened or is fastened thereto. For fastening, fastening options, for example bores, can be provided around the collector opening. The collector device preferably has a circumferential, flange-like contact surface for contact with the peripheral wall.To increase fluid tightness, a circumferential sealing means can be provided. The outlet opening has, in particular, a circular flow cross-section. Additionally or alternatively, the flow channel (with respect to its central axis) is preferably formed at least substantially tangentially with respect to the vehicle wheel and arranged on the circumferential wall in order to substantially avoid flow deflection when the air flows out of the collection space. In this way, the collector device serves, in particular, to transfer the large, in particular substantially square flow cross-section of the inlet opening to the, in particular circular, flow cross-section of the outlet opening.The collector device is designed to facilitate the flow of the collecting line from the collecting chamber to the collecting line, and can be easily exchanged depending on the measurement task and / or enclosure to easily adapt the measuring system to other conditions, such as air flow and / or geometric discharge. The collector device is manufactured, in particular, using an additive manufacturing process (3D printing).

[0020] To create isokinetic measurement conditions using a limited volume flow while still advantageously maintaining a comparatively large collector opening, the collector device is preferably designed as a collecting nozzle with a constricted flow cross-section. The outlet opening can, for example, have up to 50% or up to 80% of the flow cross-section of the inlet opening.

[0021] For an advantageously compact design, the flow channel of the collector device preferably has a length (in the flow direction, with respect to a central axis of the flow channel) of between 1.5 times and 4 times the diameter of a flow cross-section of the outlet opening. The collector device is preferably designed to be aerodynamically favorable, in particular with continuous, rounded surface profiles and / or, if possible, without projections that induce flow separation. Optimization with regard to a favorable flow pattern is carried out in particular by means of computer-aided flow simulation. In this way, the creation of a fully, or at least largely, developed pipe flow within the collecting line over the shortest possible distance is advantageously supported while simultaneously ensuring a compact design of the collector device.

[0022] The largest possible particle spectrum can advantageously be collected if a reservoir, i.e. a depression pointing in the direction of gravity, is arranged on a (subsurface-side) underside of the collector device. The reservoir has a removable lid, e.g. attached by means of a clip connection or magnetically, in particular on its underside pointing towards the subsurface. The reservoir can be used to collect and examine heavier particles in particular, which cannot be carried to the sampling device by the air flow due to their weight. The shape of the reservoir is in particular adapted to the surface profile of an underside of the flow channel of the collector device. In particular, the reservoir does not protrude into the area of ​​the subsurface-side opening with regard to the direction of circulation.

[0023] For a possible pre-classification of the particles collected by the reservoir, a particle separation device, for example in the form of a grid and / or sieve or similar, can be arranged between the flow channel of the collector device and the reservoir. The hole or mesh size of the particle separation device is particularly adapted to its separation task.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment of the housing, an adapter opening is further arranged on the peripheral wall, which adapter opening is preferably arranged in an upper quadrant (facing away from the opening on the ground side) with respect to the wheel center axis, particularly preferably a quadrant on the front of the wheel with respect to a vehicle front side (in the assembled state). The adapter opening can in particular be arranged in a middle third of the upper, wheel-front quadrant in the circumferential direction. In this way, the adapter opening is located approximately opposite (with respect to the wheel center axis) in the collector opening, whereby when a measuring air flow is added, the vehicle wheel to be measured can be flowed over essentially its entire circumference and thus advantageously a large number of particles can be collected.

[0025] In particular, it is expediently provided that a functional unit is detachably attachable or attached to the adapter opening, wherein the functional unit comprises or is formed by (at least one of the following elements): a gas supply nozzle, a camera (and / or a recording device for a camera), a particle addition device, and / or a measuring device. The particle addition device (or different particle addition devices) can be designed, in particular, to add different types of particles, third-body elements, powder elements, and / or talc for the purposes of efficiency measurement, flow visualization, simulation of road dust, and / or maintaining certain tire properties to avoid a change in abrasion behavior. The measuring device can, for example, include a probe or the like.The gas supply nozzle preferably also has a comparatively wide supply opening, for example, extending over more than 60% or 70% of the width of the peripheral wall, for the most axially distributed supply of measurement gas, in particular measurement air, into the housing. The gas supply arrangement is preferably designed to add measurement air in an at least substantially tangential direction with respect to the vehicle wheel and is arranged on the peripheral wall. A connection-side end of the gas supply nozzle is preferably circular.

[0026] For measuring probes for measurements near or on the vehicle wheel, additional openings may also be provided on the housing, particularly on the peripheral wall.

[0027] In a design variant that is advantageous in terms of variable adaptability, the outer cover wall is detachably connected (non-destructively) to the peripheral wall. For this purpose, the peripheral wall and / or the outer cover wall, in particular, have suitable fastening means.

[0028] In order to view the vehicle wheel and / or the collecting space, it can advantageously be provided that the outer cover wall is at least partially transparent, for example for inspection and / or flow measurement purposes.

[0029] To optimize measurement conditions, the housing and, if applicable, the collector device and / or at least partially the functional unit can preferably be made of electrically conductive material, in particular metal and / or electrically conductive plastic. This particularly applies to surfaces over which the flow occurs. In this way, static charging, which can lead to measurement distortion due to particles adhering to the surfaces of the housing, can be counteracted.

[0030] Favorable flow conditions for particle collection within the collection chamber can be generated if the vehicle wheel occupies between 70% and 90%, preferably between 75% and 85%, e.g., 80%, of the volume enclosed by the housing. The remaining volume within the housing preferably forms the (clear) collection chamber. This dimensioning rule advantageously allows for the generation of turbulent flow using a suitable volume flow of sample gas or mixed air.

[0031] To delimit the underground opening, end elements are preferably detachably attached to the opening-side ends of the (outer and / or inner) cover wall and / or the peripheral wall, which are made of a different material than the cover wall(s) and / or the peripheral wall, in particular are elastically deformable. For attaching the end elements to the underground opening, the cover wall(s) and / or the peripheral wall preferably have suitable attachment points. The end elements can be used to reduce the distance between the enclosure and the ground. In the event of unevenness in the ground, the end elements can preferably yield due to their elasticity, thereby avoiding damage to the entire enclosure. The end elements represent a type of "sacrificial element" that, thanks to their detachable attachment, can be easily replaced after wear.The end elements ensure an improved, extensive separation of the air flow within the enclosure from the ambient air.

[0032] The measuring system according to the invention comprises a housing according to one of claims 3 to 14, comprising a collector device, as well as at least one analysis arrangement and a collecting line for conducting air discharged from the housing to the analysis arrangement, wherein the collecting line is connected to an outlet opening of the collector device, wherein in the collecting line, downstream of the collector device, a sampling device of the analysis device is or can be positioned displaceably and / or detachably, in particular along the flow direction.

[0033] The sampling device preferably has at least one sampling probe, wherein the sampling probe and the flow cross-section of the collecting line are coordinated with one another in such a way that when the sample is taken (with a supplyable or supplied volume flow) from the discharged air, a change in the flow velocity is less than 20%, i.e. isokinetic measuring conditions are present. The flow velocity is determined in particular by the requirements of one or more measuring units arranged downstream of the sampling device. In particular, the volume flow of the measuring gas or the measuring air is also coordinated to maintain the required flow velocity. The length of the collecting line is preferably such that at the position of one (or more) sampling opening(s) of the sampling device, an at least substantially fully developed pipe flow is present.For example, the distance between the outlet opening of the collector device (equal to the inlet opening in the collecting line) and the position of the sampling opening can be between 1.5 times and 4 times the diameter of the collecting line, for example, 2 times the diameter of the collecting line. At least one sampling probe of the sampling device is preferably positioned such that the sampling opening is oriented orthogonally to a (main) flow direction of the air flow through the collecting line.

[0034] Furthermore, in the measuring system, a flow deflector (for example, by 90° relative to the main flow direction of the air flow) and / or, in particular downstream of the flow deflector, a gas conveying device is / are preferably arranged in the collecting line downstream of the position of a sampling opening of the sampling device. The flow deflector is preferably arranged downstream of the at least one sampling opening in such a way that inflow effects upstream of the flow deflector are not present at the sampling opening, for example, between 0.5 times and twice the diameter of the collecting line.

[0035] Measuring air can advantageously be supplied to the enclosure if the enclosure is designed with a gas supply nozzle. A supply line is connected to the gas supply nozzle, in which a second gas delivery device is arranged, in particular, for delivering gas, in particular (measurement) air, to the enclosure. Preferably, additionally or alternatively, a filter unit for generating filtered, pure measuring air is arranged in the supply line.

[0036] Preferably, at least one measuring device (or sensor unit) is provided on and / or within the housing, which is designed and arranged for temperature measurement, in particular on the vehicle wheel centered on a tread, and / or for pressure measurement and / or flow measurement. The pressure measurement can, for example, comprise a differential pressure measurement or an absolute pressure measurement. In this way, for example, a speed-dependent pressure ratio between the housing and the environment can be determined.

[0037] Furthermore, the invention comprises a collector device which is designed for use on a housing according to one of the above-mentioned embodiment variants, which is designed in particular according to one of the above-described features relating to the collector device.

[0038] Furthermore, the invention relates to a gas supply nozzle which is designed for use on a housing according to one of the above-mentioned embodiment variants, which is designed in particular according to one of the above-described features relating to the gas supply nozzle.

[0039] The invention will be explained in more detail below using exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings. They show: Fig. 1 a vehicle wheel with a housing according to the invention comprising a collector opening and an adapter opening in a perspective view of the vehicle wheel, Fig. 2 the enclosure according to Fig. 1 in plan view of an external cover wall, Fig. 3 A, B a collector device of the enclosure according to Fig. 1 in front view of an inlet opening ( Fig. 3A) and from behind to a connection-side end ( Fig. 3B), Fig. 4 A, B the collector device according to Fig. 3 in perspective view from the front ( Fig. 4 A) and from behind ( Fig. 4B), Fig. 5 the vehicle wheel with a further embodiment of the housing according to the invention comprising bottom-side end elements in a perspective view of the vehicle wheel and Fig. 6 a schematic representation of a part of a measuring system according to the invention with a collecting line and a sampling device.

[0040] Fig. 1 shows a vehicle wheel 2 of a vehicle (not shown here) in contact with a ground 3, which is enclosed by a housing 10 for collecting emissions, in particular particulate emissions, emitted by the vehicle wheel 2 during operation. The vehicle wheel 2 is aligned rotationally symmetrically about a wheel center axis M. An outer cover wall 12, which is arranged axially on a side of the housing 10 facing away from the vehicle, is in Fig. 1 is shown transparently so that the vehicle wheel 2 is visible within the housing 10.

[0041] In this case, the vehicle wheel 2 is, for example, a car or truck tire. The housing 10 can also be used on a wheel of a rail vehicle.

[0042] Fig. 2 shows the housing 10 without vehicle wheel 2 in a plan view of the outer cover wall 12.

[0043] The housing 10 is in particular part of a measuring system 42 (partially shown in Fig. 6) for determining tire wear on a roller test bench and / or in a real environment (e.g., on a roadway or a rail). The measuring system 42 is designed to receive the particles emitted by the vehicle wheel 2 and to measure these particles, in particular without interference from contaminated ambient air. Preferably, a brake of the vehicle and the vehicle wheel 2 are housed separately from one another. Thus, only the vehicle wheel 2, not a vehicle brake, is arranged within the housing 10, so that the measuring system 42 comprising the housing 10 is used to determine exclusively the wheel or tire particle emissions.

[0044] The housing 10 comprises the part-circular, outer cover wall 12, a part-circular, inner cover wall 11 (arranged on the side of the housing 10 axially facing the vehicle in the assembled state) which is aligned in particular parallel to the outer cover wall 12, and a peripheral wall 14 fastened between the outer cover wall 12 and the inner cover wall 11 on their radial outer sides. In the assembled state, the outer cover wall 12, the peripheral wall 14 and the inner cover wall 11 enclose a volume of the housing 10, within which the vehicle wheel 2 and a collecting space 15 formed between the vehicle wheel 2 and the walls (cover walls 11, 12, peripheral wall 14) are located. The collecting chamber 15 preferably has a constant radial height between the housing 10 and the vehicle wheel 2. Through an opening 18 on the ground side within the housing 10 orIn the collecting chamber 15, the vehicle wheel 2 is in contact with the ground 3.

[0045] The outer cover wall 12 and / or the inner cover wall 11 are aligned orthogonally to the wheel center axis M. The two cover walls 11, 12 can be formed, for example, as smooth sheet metal. The outer cover wall 12 can alternatively or additionally be transparent, for example, comprising transparent Plexiglas, e.g., for visual inspection of the vehicle wheel 2 and / or for flow visualization.

[0046] The inner cover wall 11 is preferably attached to a separate brake housing, which in turn is attached to the vehicle (not shown here). By attaching the inner cover wall 11 to the brake housing, the housing 10 is secured to the vehicle.

[0047] The circumferential wall 14 of the housing 10 is arranged between the radial outer sides of the inner cover wall 11 and the outer cover wall 12. This wall preferably encloses the vehicle wheel 2 in a circular manner, interrupted by the base-side opening 18, e.g., in an angular range of between 240° and 300° with respect to the direction of rotation around the wheel center axis M. The base-side opening 18 is each bordered by a preferably straight base-side end of the cover walls 11, 12 and the circumferential wall 14, e.g., aligned parallel to the (flat) base 3. The underground ends of the cover walls 11, 12 extend in a kind of chord on the partially circular shape of the cover walls 11, 12. By means of this design, on the one hand, the vehicle wheel 2 can be largely shielded from the environment and, on the other hand, sufficient ground clearance of the housing 10 can be maintained.The shielding from the ambient air can be improved by end elements 40 that can be attached to fastening openings 13 (cf. . Fig. 5).

[0048] The circumferential wall 14 is preferably axially aligned exclusively parallel to the wheel center axis M. In the axial direction, the circumferential wall 14 has a, in particular constant, width B that is greater than the axial width of the vehicle wheel 2.

[0049] The outer cover wall 12 is preferably detachably secured to the peripheral wall 14 in a non-destructive manner, allowing the outer cover wall 12 to be removed and reattached for setup and / or assembly purposes and / or for attaching different types of outer cover walls 12 (e.g., made of sheet metal or transparent). For this purpose, fastening means 16 are provided on the peripheral wall 14, preferably around the outside, in this case, for example, eight.

[0050] The housing 10 is optimized to collect emissions, in particular particulate emissions, emanating from the vehicle wheel 2, in particular tire abrasion, as completely as possible and to remove them from the collection chamber 15 for measurement purposes.

[0051] For this purpose, a collector opening 19 is provided in the peripheral wall 14, through which air laden with, in particular, particulate emissions can be discharged from the collection chamber 15 or is discharged during operation. For optimized particle removal, the collector opening 19 extends axially over more than 70% of the width B of the peripheral wall 14, preferably between 80% and 95% of the width B of the peripheral wall 14. The extension of the collector opening 19 in the circumferential direction is preferably greater than the width B, i.e. in the axial direction. In order to be able to cover the largest possible axial area of ​​the peripheral wall 14, the collector opening 19 is, in particular, at least substantially square (for example, apart from aerodynamically rounded corners and / or slightly curved long sides).

[0052] As in particular Fig. 2, the collector opening 19 is arranged in a wheel-rear, under-ground quadrant Q2 (relative to a vehicle front side) with respect to the wheel center axis M. For example, the collector opening 19 extends in the circumferential direction over an angular range of 10° to 35° with respect to the wheel center axis M. In this way, the collector opening 19 is located at a favorable position with respect to the direction of flight of the particle emissions.

[0053] The housing 10 with the volume and the collecting space 15 is dimensioned in particular such that the vehicle wheel 2 occupies between 70% and 90%, preferably between 75% and 85%, e.g., 80% of the collecting space 15 within the housing 10. In this way, a turbulent (air) flow can be generated within the collecting space 15 during operation, which is advantageous for particle transport.

[0054] In order to transfer at least part of the flow within the collecting space 15 to a collecting line 44 of the measuring system 42 (cf. Fig. 6), a collector device 20 with a flow channel 27 is detachably attached to the collector opening 19. Due to the detachable attachment, a collector device 20 optimized for a particular housing 10 and / or measurement task and / or measurement condition can be used.

[0055] Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B show the collector device 20 in a plan view from the front, onto an inlet opening 24 ( Fig. 3A) and from behind, to a connection-side end 26 with an outlet opening 25 ( Fig. 3B). Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B show the collector device 20 in a perspective view from the front ( Fig. 4A) and from behind ( Fig. 4B).

[0056] In the assembled state, the inlet opening 24 is arranged on the side of the peripheral wall 14 and, for example, is designed to be substantially congruent with the collector opening 19. The inlet opening 24 can also be designed to be smaller, in particular with a smaller extension in the circumferential direction than the collector opening 19, wherein the inlet opening 24 is positioned in the circumferential direction, in particular corresponding to an expected particle flight direction, above the collector opening 19 on the peripheral wall 14.

[0057] To ensure the most fluid-tight attachment of the collector device 20 to the peripheral wall 14, the collector device 20 has a contact surface 21 circumferentially surrounding the inlet opening 24, which is shaped complementarily to the peripheral wall 14 in the corresponding region. The contact surface 21 preferably bears as flatly as possible against the peripheral wall 14 around the collector opening 19, for example, with the interposition of a sealing means 23 arranged circumferentially around the collector opening 19 or the inlet opening 24.

[0058] The manifold-side outlet opening 25 is designed, in particular, to be at least substantially congruent with the flow cross-section of the adjoining manifold 44, which is attached to the collector device 20 in a (preferably) fluid-tight manner during measurement operation. The flow cross-section is, in particular, circular.

[0059] The collector device 20 serves to transfer the flow cross-section optimized for particle collection at the inlet opening 24 to the flow cross-section optimized for sampling at the outlet opening 25 in the most aerodynamic manner possible.

[0060] For this purpose, the collector device 20 is preferably designed as a collecting nozzle 22 with a flow cross-sectional constriction. The outlet opening 25 can, for example, be a maximum of 70%, for example a maximum of 50%, of the flow cross-sectional area of ​​the inlet opening 24. The cross-sectional constriction is particularly important in consideration of the measurement conditions to maintain an isokinetic flow velocity between the collecting line 44 and a sampling device 46 (see FIG. Fig. 6), whereby for a given supplied air flow (for example limited by components within a supply line to the housing 10), a flow velocity that is as constant as possible (for example with a deviation of a maximum of 20%) between the collecting line 44 and the sampling device 46 is sought.

[0061] The collector device 20 is preferably shaped and arranged in a streamlined manner, wherein it has a continuous wall guidance, particularly in the direction of flow, as far as possible without turbulence-promoting discontinuities (e.g., cross-sectional jumps). The flow channel 27 (with respect to its central axis) runs outwards, e.g., with a largely tangential directional component with respect to the vehicle wheel 2, wherein at least on the inlet side on the lower side of the collector device 20 and on the outlet side (towards the outlet opening 25), the wall extends radially outwards and in the circumferential direction (or with respect to the substrate 3, cf. Fig. 1) is directed upwards. This avoids an abrupt flow deflection when the air flow is discharged from the collecting chamber 15. The inclination of a central axis of the flow channel 27 is (in the assembled state), for example, between 15° and 25° to the (flat) substrate 3. These design features advantageously reduce inlet effects of the air flow during its discharge over the shortest possible distance and achieve a substantially formed tube flow within the cylindrical connection-side end 26 and / or the collecting line 44, thereby enabling precise particle measurement. Turbulence generated within the collecting chamber 15 is significantly reduced. Thus, the collector device 20 can advantageously be designed to be comparatively short, with the flow channel 27, for example, having a length (in the flow direction) between 1.5 times and 4 times the diameter of the flow cross-section of the outlet opening 25 in the direction of rotation.

[0062] As in particular Fig. 3B and Fig. 4B, a reservoir 28 can be arranged on the underside of the collector device 20 for collecting larger particles that are not transported with the flow to the collection line 44. The reservoir 28 preferably has a detachable lid 29 on its underside, from which particles collected in the reservoir 28 can be easily removed.

[0063] Between the flow channel 27 and the reservoir 28, a particle separation device, for example a grid-like and / or sieve-like device adapted to a separation task, can be arranged (not shown here).

[0064] How Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 further show, an adapter opening 30 is preferably further arranged on the peripheral wall 14, which adapter opening 30 is arranged, for example, in an upper (relative to the front of the vehicle) wheel-front quadrant Q4 with respect to the wheel center axis M (cf. Fig. 2), e.g., in its middle third with respect to the circumferential direction. The adapter opening 30 preferably also extends axially over more than 70%, for example, between 75% and 90% of the width B of the peripheral wall 14, and has, for example, a smaller extension in the circumferential direction than the width B.

[0065] A functional unit 32 is detachably attached or attachable to the adapter opening 30. In Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the functional unit 32 is formed by a gas supply nozzle 34, which has, for example, a substantially square supply opening 38 on the peripheral wall 14 and, on the opposite side, a particularly circular, connection-side end 36. The gas supply nozzle 34 is, for example, largely oriented with a tangential directional component with respect to the vehicle wheel 2, for example, orthogonally to the ground 3 (in the assembled state, see Fig. 1). The functional unit 32 may alternatively or additionally comprise or be formed from a camera or a recording device for a camera for optical measurement purposes, a particle addition device, and / or a measuring device.

[0066] In addition to the adapter opening 30, further openings not shown here may be present on the housing 10 for measuring purposes, for example for pressure measurement centrally with respect to the tread of the vehicle wheel 2.

[0067] The housing 10 and, if applicable, the collector device 20 and / or the functional unit 32 are preferably formed at least partially from an electrically conductive material, such as metal and / or electrically conductive plastic. This particularly applies to areas that come into contact with the air flow, which are preferably formed entirely from such a material. This design advantageously prevents static charging of overflow areas or parts of the housing 10, which could influence particle transport and falsify the measurement.

[0068] Fig. Figure 5 shows a further preferred embodiment of the enclosure 10, wherein the end elements 40 are releasably attached to the respective opening-side ends of the outer cover wall 12 and the peripheral wall 14, and optionally and releasably to the inner cover wall 11 (not shown here), to delimit the underground opening 18. In Fig. 5, the end elements 40 are shown schematically and transparently by way of example. The end elements 40 are preferably made of a different material than the cover walls 11, 12 and / or the peripheral wall 14, in particular they are elastically deformable. The end elements 40 reduce the distance between the housing 10 and the substrate 3, and can yield due to their elasticity in the event of unevenness in the substrate 3, thus preventing damage to the entire housing 10. The end elements 40 represent a type of "sacrificial element" that can be easily replaced after wear due to their detachable fastening. The end elements 40 provide an improved, extensive separation of the air flow within the housing 10 from the ambient air.

[0069] In the remaining training, the Fig. 5 shown enclosure 10, for example, the one in Fig. 1 shown enclosure 10.

[0070] Fig. Figure 6 schematically shows a part of the measuring system 42 downstream of the housing 10 with the particularly cylindrical collecting line 44 and the sampling device 46. The sampling device 46 is associated with an analysis arrangement (not shown in detail here) for analyzing the particle emissions, which may have different measuring units. The sampling device 46 has one or more, in Fig. 6, for example, four sampling probes 48, for example one sampling probe 48 per measuring unit.

[0071] The sampling probes 48 extend coaxially to the collecting line 44 into the collecting line 44, with respective sampling openings 50 preferably oriented orthogonally to the main flow direction to avoid flow deflection during sampling. The sampling openings 50 of the sampling probes 48 are positioned in the collecting line 44 at a distance in the flow direction from the collector device 20 such that an at least substantially fully developed pipe flow is present at the sampling position. The air (volume) flow and the flow diameter of the collecting line 44 are matched to the sampling probe 48 such that isokinetic sampling occurs, with a change in the flow velocity of the particle-laden air flow when the sample is taken from the collecting line 44 into the sampling probe 48 being less than 20%.

[0072] In order to ensure at least a largely developed pipe flow for different measuring tasks and / or measuring units, the sampling device 46 is positioned axially (along the flow direction) displaceably and / or detachably on the collecting line 44.

[0073] In this way, when measuring conditions change, the axial position (in the flow direction) of the sampling probe(s) 48 within the collecting line 44 can be changed and / or the collector device 20 can be exchanged, and thus these components can be used within the measuring system 42 in an optimized manner for a specific measuring task.

[0074] Downstream of the position of the sampling openings 50, a flow diverter 52 is provided, through which the residual air can be discharged via the collecting line 44 downstream of the sampling openings 50. The distance between the sampling openings 50 and the flow diverter 52 (relative to an upstream edge) is, for example, between 0.5 times and 3 times the flow diameter of the collecting line 44 in order to prevent inlet effects at the flow diverter 52 from influencing the upstream sample collection. The flow diverter 52 is formed here as a transition between the sampling section of the collecting line 44 and a cylindrical pipe section arranged, for example, at 90° to it. Downstream of the flow diverter 52, a plate 54 is preferably positioned for fluid-tight closure of the collecting line 44 in the direction of the measuring units, thereby supporting the flow diverter 52.

[0075] Downstream of the flow deflector 52, in a further line of the measuring system 42 for conveying the residual air, a gas conveying device 56 for conveying the air flow out of the collector device 20 and downstream of the latter may be provided. Downstream of the gas conveying device 56, an outlet for discharging the residual air to the environment is preferably provided (not shown here).

[0076] The measuring system 42 preferably has further components not shown here, for example a (second) gas conveying device for conveying gas, in particular air, in a supply line from the housing 10 to the housing 10. Furthermore, the measuring system 42 preferably has one or more further measuring devices which are used, for example, for measuring the temperature and / or pressure on the vehicle wheel 2 (for example at a position centrally on its running surface) and / or for measuring the flow rate of measuring air supplied from and / or discharged from the housing. Furthermore, a filter unit for providing purified air for measuring purposes can preferably be arranged in the supply line (in each case not shown here).

[0077] In an exemplary measurement operation, the vehicle wheel 2 moves, in particular in a defined manner, on the surface 3, e.g., a roller test bench or a real roadway. Preferably, purified (measurement) air is supplied to the collection chamber 15 of the housing 10 via the functional unit 32, e.g., designed as a gas supply nozzle 34. The mass or volume flow is such that isokinetic conditions are maintained by means of the sampling device 46, with a turbulent flow developing within the collection chamber 15 due to its dimensioning relative to the vehicle wheel 2. A particle-laden air stream is discharged from the collection chamber 15 via the collector device 20, e.g., while the gas delivery device 56 is operating. The discharged mass or volume flow preferably corresponds substantially to that of the supplied measurement air, e.g., + / - 10%.This air flow is fed isokinetically to the sampling device 46 via the collecting line 44, with a fully developed pipe flow preferably being present at the position of the sampling opening(s) 50 of the sampling device 46. The collector device 20 and the collecting line 44 are coordinated for isokinetic sampling with fully developed pipe flow (particularly with regard to the flow cross-sections and the length of the flow paths), with the collector device 20 being designed accordingly, taking the measurement task into account. The mass or volume flow of the air is determined in particular by the required flow velocities within the measuring units.

[0078] Due to its variable design, the housing 10 allows for the performance of various measurement tasks, for example, by adding different types of particles, third-body elements, powder elements, and / or talc, for flow visualization, simulation of road dust, and / or maintaining certain tire properties to prevent changes in abrasion behavior. It is also possible to dispense with the addition of air into the housing 10, with ambient air flowing in, for example, through the opening 18 on the underside. For example, to inspect the vehicle wheel 2 and / or the flow behavior, the outer cover wall 12 can advantageously be mounted in a transparent configuration. QUOTES CONTAINED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents submitted by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the convenience of the reader. This list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] DE 10 2017 006 349 A1

[0004] DE 10 2021 006 535 A1

[0005] DE 10 2021 107 506 B9

[0005] DE 10 2019 133 794 B4

[0005] DE 10 2016 215 900 A1

[0006] DE 10 2019 204 743 A1

[0006] DE 10 2022 104 215 A1

[0006] Cited non-patent literature

[0000] Bondorf, Linda; Köhler, Lennart; Grein, Tobias; Epple, Fabius; Philipps, Franz; Aigner, Manfred; Schripp, Tobias (2023): Air-borne brake wear emissions from a battery-electric vehicle. Atmosphere, 14, Seite 488. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390 / atmos14030488 https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / atmos14030488; ISSN 2073-4433

[0003] Bondorf, Linda; Grein, Tobias; Köhler, Lennart; Philipps, Franz; Schripp, Tobias (2022): On-board measurement of ultrafine non-exhaust particulate emissions from a battery electric vehicle. European Federation of Clean Air and Environmental Protection Associations Symposium (EFCA), 05.-06.07.2022, Brussels, Belgium

[0003] Philipps, Franz; Bondorf, Linda; Reiland, Sven (2023): ZEDU-1: Mobility without particulate matter emissions from brake and tire wear - Brake wear emissions of a battery-electric vehicle; (Measurement) concepts and results. In: AVL TechDay Brake Wear. AVL TechDay Brake Wear, March 7, 2023, Worms

[0003] Philipps, Franz; Bondorf, Linda; Epple, Fabius (2022): ZEDU-1 Zero Emission Drive Unit Phase 1: Mobility for tomorrow: Mobility without particulate matter emissions from brake and tire wear - (Measurement) concepts and initial results. TechDay Brake Wear, July 5, 2022, Sindelfingen

[0003]

Claims

[1] Housing (10) for a vehicle wheel (2) for collecting emissions emanating from the vehicle wheel (2), which housing largely encloses the vehicle wheel (2) and a collecting space (15), comprising an outer cover wall (12) extending radially with respect to a wheel center axis (M) and a peripheral wall (14) adjoining the cover wall (12), running in the circumferential direction around the wheel center axis (M) and having a width (B) in the axial direction, wherein a ground-side opening (18) is arranged in the peripheral wall (14), through which the vehicle wheel (2) can be in contact with a ground (3), and wherein a collector opening (19) is provided in the circulation wall (14) through which air laden with emissions can be or is discharged from the collecting space (15), characterized by , that the collector opening (19) extends in the axial direction over more than 70% of the width (B), preferably between 80% and 95% of the width (B) of the peripheral wall (14), and is preferably at least substantially quadrangular and / or preferably has a greater extension in the circumferential direction than in the axial direction. [2] Enclosure (10) according to claim 1, characterized by that the collector opening (19) is arranged in a wheel-back, ground-side quadrant (Q2) of the housing (10) with respect to a vehicle front side. [3] Enclosure (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized bythat a collector device (20) with a flow channel (27) for transferring a gas flow to a collecting line (44) is detachably fastened to the collector opening (19), with an inlet opening (24) which is preferably designed to be at least substantially congruent with the collector opening (19) or smaller and / or is fastened to the latter, and with a collecting line-side outlet opening (25) which is preferably at least substantially congruent with a flow cross-section of the collecting line (44) and can be fastened to the latter or is fastened thereto. [4] Enclosure (10) according to claim 3, characterized by that the collector device (20) is designed as a collecting nozzle (22) with a flow cross-sectional constriction. [5] Enclosure (10) according to claim 3 or 4, characterized bythat the flow channel (27) of the collector device (20) has a length between 1.5 times and 4 times a diameter of a flow cross-section of the outlet opening (25) in the direction of circulation. [6] Enclosure (10) according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized by that a reservoir (28) is arranged on a subsurface underside of the collector device (20). [7] Enclosure (10) according to claim 6, characterized by that a particle separation device is arranged between the flow channel (27) of the collector device (20) and the reservoir (28). [8] Enclosure (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that an adapter opening (30) is further arranged on the peripheral wall (14), which adapter opening is preferably arranged in an upper quadrant (Q4), particularly preferably a quadrant on the front wheel side with respect to a vehicle front side, with respect to the wheel center axis (M). [9] Enclosure (10) according to claim 8, characterized bythat a functional unit (32) is detachably attachable or attached to the adapter opening (30), wherein the functional unit (32) comprises or is formed by: a gas supply nozzle (34), a camera, a particle addition device and / or a measuring device. [10] Enclosure (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the outer cover wall (12) is detachably connected to the peripheral wall (14). [11] Enclosure (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the outer cover wall (12) is transparent at least in some areas. [12] Enclosure (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the housing (10) and optionally the collector device (20) and / or at least partially the functional unit (32) is / are made of electrically conductive material, in particular metal and / or electrically conductive plastic. [13] Enclosure (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the vehicle wheel (2) occupies between 70% and 90%, preferably between 75% and 85%, e.g. 80%, of the volume enclosed by the housing (10). [14] Enclosure (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by in that, in order to delimit the opening (18) on the subsurface side, end elements (40) are detachably fastened to the opening-side ends of the cover wall (12) and / or the peripheral wall (14), which end elements are made of a different material than the cover wall (12) and / or the peripheral wall (14), in particular are elastically deformable. [15] Measuring system (42) with a housing (10) according to one of claims 3 to 14 comprising a collector device (20), with at least one analysis arrangement and a collecting line (44) for conducting air discharged from the housing (10) to the analysis arrangement, wherein the collecting line (44) is connected to an outlet opening (25) of the collector device (20), wherein in the collecting line (44), downstream of the collector device (20), a sampling device (46) of the analysis device is or is positioned displaceably and / or detachably, in particular along the flow direction. [16] Measuring system (42) according to claim 15, characterized bythat the sampling device (46) has at least one sampling probe (48), wherein the sampling probe (48) and the flow cross-section of the collecting line (44) are coordinated with one another in such a way that when the sample is taken from the discharged air, a change in the flow velocity is less than 20%. [17] Measuring system (42) according to claim 15 or 16, characterized by that downstream of the position of a sampling opening (50) of the sampling device, a flow deflection (52) and / or, in particular downstream of the flow deflection (52), a gas conveying device (56) is / are arranged in the collecting line (44). [18] Measuring system (42) according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized bythat the housing (10) according to claim 9 is designed with a gas supply nozzle (34), wherein a supply line is connected to the gas supply nozzle (34), in which supply line in particular a second gas conveying device is arranged for conveying gas, in particular air, to the housing (10). [19] Measuring system (42) according to one of claims 15 to 18, characterized by that at least one measuring device is present on and / or within the housing (10), which is designed and arranged for temperature measurement, in particular on the vehicle wheel (2) centrally on a running surface and / or for pressure measurement and / or for flow measurement. [20] Collector device (20) adapted for use on an enclosure (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 14. [21] Gas supply nozzle (20) adapted for use on an enclosure (10) according to any one of claims 9 to 14.

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