A system for producing silver nanoparticles using red cabbage

Abstract

System for the production of silver nanoparticles using red cabbage (Brassica oleracea), consisting of: a glass device used to collect red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) samples from a vegetable market, wherein the system is used to perform a synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the collected red cabbage samples, comprising the following steps: Thoroughly wash the collected red cabbage with tap water and distilled water; Cut the washed red cabbage into pieces about 1-2 cm in size; Extracting the weighed 2 kg of chopped red cabbage in 100 ml of hot distilled water using a microwave oven with a microwave power of 900 W for 120 seconds; Filtering the aqueous solution extract through a vacuum filter and storing the extracted red cabbage at 20 °C for further analyses and experiments; a dark brown bottle, wherein AgNO3 is used as a silver ion complex to produce Ag-NPs, so that the AgNO3 is produced in the dark and stored in the dark brown bottle; the AgNO3 solution is mixed with the extracted red cabbage and the mixed solution is left in the dark for one day; three Erlenmeyer flasks, into which 90 ml AgNO3 and 10 ml distilled water are added, then 90 ml AgNO3 with 10 ml red cabbage extract are added and the 90 ml distilled water with 10 ml red cabbage extract are added to the three Erlenmeyer flasks; the three Erlenmeyer flasks are held in a water bath to provide heat and to support the formation of Ag-NPs the following day.

Description

SCOPE OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This disclosure relates to a system for the production of silver nanoparticles using red cabbage (Brassica oleracea). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Nanotechnology is one of the emerging fields of materials science, which has been applied in almost all areas of daily life in recent years. Nanoparticles are substances with a size between 0 and 100 nm, meaning they have a very small size and a large surface area to area ratio. For this reason, they are currently the most important material with exceptional physical and chemical properties. Nanoparticles can be produced using various methods and systems, which are mainly classified as chemical, physical, and biological. Of all the methods, the biological method is safe, economical, and harmless, as it uses natural products such as microorganisms and plants for the synthesis of nanoparticles. It is therefore also referred to as green synthesis.The use of plants for nanoparticle synthesis is the most common method for nanoparticle production. The plant is used either as a whole or in specific parts to synthesize nanoparticles from various metals and metal oxides. This method utilizes a plant extract for nanoparticle synthesis. The extract can be obtained from the entire plant or from leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits, depending on the number of biomolecules present in the plant.

[0003] Furthermore, various plants and plant parts can be used for the synthesis of nanoparticles because they contain different phytochemicals. Each plant has a different concentration of secondary plant compounds, and each plant part is enriched with different secondary plant compounds, so each plant and each plant part has its own significance and role in the synthesis of nanoparticles.

[0004] Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are among the most studied precious metal nanoparticles and have a wide range of applications in almost every area of ​​the modern world. Ag-NPs are the most common component of electric batteries and are frequently used in ceramic pigments and glass. Silver nanoparticles are primarily used in devices for treating harmful diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, cancer, malaria, and diabetes mellitus. Silver nanoparticles can be used to detect biological molecules and have excellent catalytic properties, allowing them to be used as catalysts in various reactions. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles are widely used in dermatology, as they can be incorporated into creams and ointments to prevent infection in open wounds and burns. Silver-impregnated polymers are used in the manufacture of implants and medical devices.

[0005] Therefore, the proposed system aims to produce silver nanoparticles from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea). The red cabbage samples were collected at a vegetable market (latitude 12.923504 and longitude 79.135996), and pestles and silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99.8%) were purchased from Spectrum. The solutions were then prepared in highly purified Milli Q water.

[0006] It is therefore desirable to remedy the aforementioned disadvantages or other shortcomings, or at least to offer a useful alternative. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The following is a simplified summary to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosed invention. This summary is not a comprehensive overview, and it is not intended to identify important / critical elements or to define the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that follows.

[0008] Accordingly, a system for the production of silver nanoparticles using red cabbage is provided.

[0009] According to one embodiment of the present subject matter, the system is for producing silver nanoparticles using red cabbage. The system is used to produce silver nanoparticles from collected red cabbage samples and comprises the following steps: thoroughly washing the collected red cabbage samples with tap water and distilled water. The washed red cabbage samples are cut into fine pieces of approximately 1-2 cm. The weighed 2 kg of shredded red cabbage pieces are extracted in 100 ml of hot distilled water in a microwave oven with 900 W microwave power for 120 seconds. The aqueous solution is filtered through a vacuum filter, and the filtered red cabbage is stored at 20°C for further analysis and experimentation.

[0010] Furthermore, the proposed system can include a dark brown bottle. AgNO3 is used as a silver ion complex for the preparation of Ag-NPs, with the AgNO3 being prepared in the dark and stored in the dark brown bottle. The AgNO3 solution is mixed with the extracted red cabbage, and the mixture is stored in the dark for one day.

[0011] Furthermore, the proposed system can include three Erlenmeyer flasks. 90 ml of AgNO3 and 10 ml of distilled water are added to the three Erlenmeyer flasks. Then, 90 ml of AgNO3 are mixed with 10 ml of red cabbage extract, and 90 ml of distilled water are mixed with 10 ml of red cabbage extract. The three Erlenmeyer flasks are placed in a water bath to generate heat and promote the formation of Ag-NPs the following day.

[0012] The silver nanoparticles exhibit a yellowish-brown color in aqueous solution, which is attributed to the excitation of surface plasmon vibrations within the silver nanoparticles. When the plant extracts of Brassica oleracea capitata were mixed into the aqueous solution of the silver ion complex, the color began to change from pale and watery to yellowish-brown due to the reduction of the silver ion, indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles.

[0013] These and other aspects of the embodiments described herein will be better understood when considered in conjunction with the following description. It should be understood, however, that while the following descriptions specify preferred embodiments and numerous details thereof, they are given for illustrative purposes and not as limitations. Many changes and modifications can be made within the scope of the embodiments described herein without altering the application, and the embodiments described herein include all such modifications. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] The present embodiments and their various features and advantageous details are explained in more detail below with reference to the non-limited embodiments. Descriptions of known components and processing techniques are omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments described herein. Furthermore, the various embodiments described herein are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as some embodiments can be combined with one or more other embodiments to form new embodiments. Unless otherwise specified, the term "or" used herein refers to a non-exclusive "or". The examples used herein are intended only to facilitate understanding of how the embodiments described herein can be implemented and to enable those skilled in the art to implement them.Accordingly, the examples should not be understood as limiting the scope of the embodiments described herein.

[0015] Therefore, the present disclosure should be interpreted as extending to all modifications, equivalents, and substitutes. Although the terms "first," "second," etc., are used here to describe different elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are generally used only to distinguish one element from another.

[0016] Accordingly, embodiments are provided here for a system for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using red cabbage.

[0017] According to one embodiment of the present subject matter, the system is for producing silver nanoparticles using red cabbage. The system is used to produce silver nanoparticles from collected red cabbage samples and comprises the following steps: thoroughly washing the collected red cabbage samples with tap water and distilled water. The washed red cabbage samples are cut into fine pieces of approximately 1-2 cm. The weighed 2 kg of shredded red cabbage heads are extracted in 100 ml of hot distilled water in a microwave oven with 900 W microwave power for 120 seconds. The aqueous solution is filtered through a vacuum filter, and the filtered red cabbage is stored at 20°C for further analysis and experimentation.

[0018] Accordingly, Ag-NPs are synthesized through physical, chemical, and biological processes. The size and shape of the Ag-NPs influence their specific properties. Physical properties such as achieving a uniform particle size distribution, identical shape, morphology, coating or stabilizing agents for the NPs, chemical composition, and type and crystal structure are some of the most important aspects that must be controlled during the synthesis of Ag-NPs.

[0019] Furthermore, the proposed system can include a dark brown bottle. AgNO3 is used as a silver ion complex for the preparation of Ag-NPs, so the AgNO3 is prepared in the dark and stored in the dark brown bottle, as the particles are light-sensitive (approximately 22°C). The AgNO3 solution is mixed with the extracted red cabbage, and the mixture is stored in the dark for one day. The AgNO3 solution was prepared by adding 1.69 mg.

[0020] Furthermore, the proposed system can include three Erlenmeyer flasks. Into the three Erlenmeyer flasks, 90 ml of AgNO3 and 10 ml of distilled water are added, followed by 90 ml of AgNO3 with 10 ml of red cabbage extract and 90 ml of distilled water with 10 ml of red cabbage extract. The three Erlenmeyer flasks are placed in a water bath to generate heat and promote the formation of Ag-NPs the following day.

[0021] Currently, the synthesized Ag-NPs are characterized by UV spectroscopy. In this technique, many molecules absorb UV light. The percentage of light transmittance is determined when light of a specific frequency is passed through the samples. The synthesis of NPs in solution is evaluated by UV-visual (UV-Vis) scanning in the 200–800 nm range in a spectrophotometer (Implen GmbH) using a quartz cuvette with water as a reference (Wadhwani et al., 2017).

[0022] XRD is the versatile scattering of X-ray photons by particles in a chance grating using Bragg's law: nλ=2dsinθ

[0023] XRD measurements were performed using an X'Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, D8 Advance) operated with Cu-Kα radiation at a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA. Approximately 23–5 mg of Ag nanoparticles were placed face down and positioned over the space between the emission X-ray beam and the reflecting beams. X-rays emitted by the filament, passing through the powder sample, and reflecting the sample's emitted beams were collected. The sample was scanned at 2θ from 0 to 90°, and the X-ray peaks were evaluated using the values ​​from the JCPDS database (Dorofeev et al., 2012).

[0024] Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) offers accuracy, reproducibility, and a favorable signal-to-noise ratio. FTIR spectroscopy allows the detection of small absorption changes on the order of 10⁻³, enabling differential spectroscopy, which distinguishes the small absorption bands of functionally active residues from the large background absorption of the entire protein (Kim et al., 2001). FTIR spectroscopy is frequently used to determine whether biomolecules are involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles, a field increasingly prevalent in academic and industrial research (Shang et al., 2007).

[0025] Furthermore, FTIR has also been extended to the investigation of nanoscale materials, such as the confirmation of functional molecules covalently grafted onto silver, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and gold nanoparticles, or enzyme-substrate interactions during the catalytic process (Baudot et al., 2010). It is a non-invasive technique. The advantages of FTIR spectrometers over dispersive spectrometers include rapid data acquisition, strong signal, a high signal-to-noise ratio, and lower sample heating (Kumar and Barath, 2010). More recently, further advances have been made in an FTIR method known as attenuated total reflection (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy (Hind et al., 2001). With ATR-FTIR we can determine the chemical properties on the polymer surface, and sample preparation is simple compared to conventional FTIR (Johal (2011)).Therefore, FTIR is a suitable, valuable, non-invasive, cost-effective and simple technique to determine the role of biological molecules in the reduction of silver nitrate to silver.

[0026] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis is performed by preparing thin films of the sample on a carbon-coated copper grid. This is done by simply dropping a very small amount of the sample onto the grid, removing excess solution with blotting paper, and then allowing the films to dry on the SEM grid (approximately 24 µm) under a mercury lamp for 5 minutes (Jain et al., 2009). This SEM analysis was performed at the Sathiyabama Institute of Science and Technology.

[0027] The ability of Ag-NPs to scavenge DPPH radicals was determined using the method of Mensor et al. with a slight modification (Mensor et al., 2001). In short, 1.5 mL of Ag-NPs solution in water was mixed with 10.5 mL of DPPH solution (0.3 mM) at various concentrations (150, 300, 450, and 600 µg / mL). To prepare the control, 1 mg of DPPH was mixed with 30 mL of methanol. The absorbance of the reaction was measured at 517 nm after 30 minutes. Distilled water served as a blank. The percentage of DPPH radical scavenger was estimated using the following formula. %DPPH−radical scavenging activity=(Ac−As) / Ac_×100 where Ac and As are the extinction of the control and the sample, respectively.

[0028] The antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs was investigated using the well diffusion test in Petri plates containing Müller-Hinton agar. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used for the antibacterial screening test in this study. The plates, containing 15 ml of Müller-Hinton agar, were seeded with test bacterial cultures; wells (6 mm diameter) were prepared using a 3 mm diameter cork drill bit, and the wells were loaded with the control (distilled water) and Ag-NPs and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Distilled water served as the negative control. After 24 hours of incubation, the efficacy of the NPs was determined based on the organism's zone of inhibition. The higher the zone of inhibition, the more effective the test sample (Fardsadegh et al., 2018). The experiments were performed in triplicate to obtain the mean value.

[0029] The silver nanoparticles exhibit a yellowish-brown color in aqueous solution, which is attributed to the excitation of surface plasmon vibrations within the silver nanoparticles. When the plant extracts of Brassica oleracea capitata were mixed into the aqueous solution of the silver ion complex, the color began to change from pale and watery to yellowish-brown due to the reduction of the silver ion, indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles.

[0030] The increase in UV-Vis absorption peaks for nanoparticles of different sizes is due to the physical process of surface plasmon resonance. This is one of the most frequently used techniques for the structural characterization of silver nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectroscopy is generally accepted for the investigation of size- and shape-controlled nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions.

[0031] XRD characterization is performed to investigate the crystalline properties of RC and Ag-NPs synthesized from RC. The amorphous structure of RC exhibits a non-Bragg peak in the 2θ range of (27.79–46.10)°.

[0032] FTIR analysis is used to characterize the extract and the resulting nanoparticles. The FTIR absorption spectra of the Brassica oleracea capitata sample before and after the reduction of Ag ions are shown. The representative spectra of the obtained nanoparticles show absorption peaks at 3822.37 cm⁻¹, 3804.17 cm⁻¹, 3822.06 cm⁻¹, and 3803.93 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the -NH stretch bonds of the amines. The bands at 3448.68 cm⁻¹ and 3449.66 cm⁻¹ correspond to the OH stretch bond of H-bonded alcohols and phenols. The peaks at 2367.45 cm⁻¹ and 2345.01 cm⁻¹ correspond to the CN stretch bonds of nitriles. The peaks at 2081.16 cm⁻¹ and 2078.05 cm⁻¹ correspond to aromatic -CH stretch bonds. The band at 1637.61 cm⁻¹ corresponds to the NH bend of primary amines, corresponding to amide I, which arises from carbonyl stretching in proteins. The peaks at 715.06 cm⁻¹ and 733.31 cm⁻¹ correspond to the CH bend of alkynes.The corresponding values ​​confirm the fact that the carbonyl group of amino acid residues and proteins has a stronger ability to bind metal, suggesting that the proteins could potentially form a layer covering the metal nanoparticles.

[0033] The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) shows the morphological character of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The investigations of the silver powder were carried out using a scanning electron microscope at Sathiyabama University of Science and Technology, Chennai. ~ 28 ~.

[0034] The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against various pathogenic Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative strains (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) was investigated using well diffusion techniques. The diameter of the inhibition zones around each well containing Ag-NPs is shown in the table.

[0035] The minimum bactericidal concentrations of Ag-NPs against the pathogenic strains were observed in the range of 50 µl / 2 ml. However, against the pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, the synthesized Ag-NPs showed an effective inhibitory zone at a concentration of 10 µl / 5 ml. These results suggest that Ag nanoparticles can be used as effective growth inhibitors against various microorganisms, making them suitable for various medical devices and antimicrobial control systems.

[0036] The antioxidant activity of red cabbage extract, Ag+, and extract containing Ag NPs was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenger assay (Brand-Williams et al., 1995). Red cabbage extract (100 µL), Ag+, and Ag-NP solutions were added to 10.5 mL of DPPH solution, and the resulting mixtures were incubated in the dark for 30 minutes. Meanwhile, 100 µL of Trolox solutions at concentrations of 150, 300, 450, and 600 µM were added separately to 10.5 mL of DPPH solution to create a standard curve. The mixture of 100 µL of methanol and 10.5 mL of DPPH working solution was used as a blank. After incubation, the characteristic absorption peak of DPPH at 515 nm was observed. DPPH inhibition was calculated using the following formula: % inhibition = 100 * (A0 - A) / A0, where A0 was the initial absorption at 515 nm.

[0037] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will disclose the general nature of the embodiments contained herein so completely that others, applying their current knowledge, will be able to readily modify and / or adapt such specific embodiments for different applications without departing from the general concept. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications should be understood as falling within the meaning and scope of the equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology used herein serves for description and not limitation. Although the embodiments are described here in the form of preferred embodiments, the person skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments described herein can be implemented with modifications within the scope of the embodiments as described herein. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited non-patent literature

[0000] Wadhwani, et al., 2017

[0021] Dorofeev, et al., 2012

[0023] Kim, et al., 2001

[0024] Shang, et al., 2007

[0024] Kumar and Barath, 2010

[0025] Jain et al., 2009

[0026] Mensor et al., 2001

[0027] Brand-Williams et al., 1995

[0036]

Claims

[1] System for the production of silver nanoparticles using red cabbage (Brassica oleracea), consisting of: a glass device used to collect red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) samples from a vegetable market, the system being used to carry out the production of a synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the collected red cabbage samples, comprising the following steps: thoroughly wash the collected red cabbage with tap water and distilled water; Cut the washed red cabbage into pieces about 1-2 cm in size; Extracting the weighed 2 kg of chopped red cabbage in 100 ml of hot distilled water solution using a microwave oven with a microwave power of 900 W for 120 seconds; Filter the aqueous solution extract through a vacuum filter and store the extracted red cabbage at 20 °C for further analysis and experiments; a dark brown bottle, where AgNO3 is used as a silver ion complex to produce Ag NPs, so that the AgNO3 is produced in the dark and stored in the dark brown bottle; wherein the AgNO3 solution is mixed with the extracted red cabbage and the mixed solution is left in the dark for one day; three Erlenmeyer flasks in which 90 ml of AgNO3 and 10 ml of distilled water are added, then 90 ml of AgNO3 with 10 ml of red cabbage extract are added and the 90 ml of distilled water with 10 ml of red cabbage extract are added to the three Erlenmeyer flasks; where the three Erlenmeyer flasks are kept in a water bath to provide heat and support the formation of Ag NPs the following day. [2] The system of claim 1, wherein the glassware is washed with an acid / base solution and then with Milli-Q water and dried in a hot air oven. [3] The system of claim 1, wherein the AgNO3 solution is prepared by adding 1.69 mg. [4] The system of claim 1, wherein the AgNO3 crystals were dissolved in distilled water to prepare the AgNO3 solution. [5] The system of claim 1, wherein the synthesis of NPs in the solution is assessed by UV-visible (UV-Vis) scanning in the range of 200-800 nm in a spectrophotometer using a quartz cuvette with water. [6] System according to claim 1, characterized by that FTIR spectroscopy is often used to determine whether biomolecules are involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles.