System for the synthesis and characterization of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles

Abstract

A system for plant-mediated synthesis and characterization of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles, comprising a structurally integrated device configured to perform extraction, reaction, calcination and performance evaluation within a closed automated control loop, wherein the system includes: a basic chassis made of heat-insulated stainless steel, which houses a microcontroller-based central control unit; a bioextract preparation unit fluidically connected to a reactive mixing chamber, the bioextract preparation unit comprising a Soxhlet extractor with a borosilicate condenser, a thermostatically controlled heating jacket and a digital thermocouple to maintain extraction temperatures between 60°C and 70°C; a precursor feed vessel containing an ammonium metavanadate solution with a molarity between 0.1 M and 0.3 M, wherein this vessel is connected to the reaction mixing chamber via an electromagnetically actuated inlet valve and a precision peristaltic pump; a reaction mixing chamber with an inductive heating coil, a magnetic stirrer plate and a temperature and pH monitoring device configured to maintain a uniform reaction temperature of 70±2°C during the precursor-extract interaction; a calcination module consisting of a muffle furnace lined with refractory ceramic material and containing embedded nichrome heating elements controlled by a PID-controlled temperature controller to achieve a heating rate between 5 °C and 10 °C per minute up to a setpoint of 445±5 °C for combustion synthesis; an optical characterization module with integrated UV-VIS spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared analyzer and photoluminescence detector, each optically isolated and electronically connected to the control unit; and a photocatalytic and antibacterial test chamber fluidically connected to the output of the calcination module, the chamber comprising a UV irradiation array, an optical absorption sensor and a temperature-controlled bacterial incubation plate, the central control unit includes a programmable logic controller (PLC) configured to synchronize the operation of all submodules via feedback control loops, which receive data from temperature, pH and optical sensors, thereby automating the synthesis, analysis and testing of V2O5 nanoparticles.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to nanomaterials and environmentally friendly synthesis technologies, in particular a device and a system for the synthesis of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles by means of a plant-mediated solution combustion process. The invention further relates to an integrated device for the controlled production, crystallization, and evaluation of the photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of V2O5 nanoparticles for applications in environmental remediation and in biomedical fields. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The common methods for synthesizing vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles are primarily based on chemical processes such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, or gas-phase synthesis. While these conventional methods are effective, they often require the use of hazardous reagents, complex reaction conditions, and high energy consumption, resulting in low yield reproducibility and potential environmental hazards. Furthermore, the control of nanoparticle morphology and surface chemistry is often inconsistent due to the lack of bioactive reducing agents in traditional synthetic routes.

[0003] The introduction of green synthesis methods using plant extracts offers an environmentally friendly alternative that utilizes phytochemicals as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. However, to date, no integrated system exists that mechanizes the plant-mediated synthesis of V₂O₅ nanoparticles with controlled precursor ratios, heating profiles, and characterization functions in a single unit. Therefore, there is a technical need for a mechanized system that enables reproducible, scalable, and environmentally friendly synthesis of V₂O₅ nanoparticles while simultaneously allowing automated control of reaction parameters, calcination, and post-synthesis performance evaluation.

[0004] The development of nanotechnology has revolutionized materials science by enabling the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular level, typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. Among the numerous nanomaterials that have attracted research interest, vanadium oxides, particularly vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅), have proven to be highly versatile compounds due to their semiconducting, catalytic, and antibacterial properties. Vanadium pentoxide possesses a layered, orthorhombic crystal structure, which allows for reversible redox activity, making it relevant for various industrial and environmental applications such as catalysis, energy storage, sensors, and photocatalysis. Despite these advantages, the synthesis of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles with controlled morphology, particle size, and surface chemistry remains a complex and resource-intensive process.Traditional methods often rely on hazardous chemicals, high-temperature furnaces, and long process times, leading to environmental problems and difficulties in reproducibility. Therefore, researchers have sought to develop sustainable and controllable synthesis strategies, but many existing approaches still suffer from significant limitations regarding scalability, environmental impact, and performance stability.

[0005] Conventional synthesis methods for vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles mainly include the sol-gel process, hydrothermal synthesis, chemical precipitation, gas-phase oxidation, and thermal decomposition. The sol-gel process, one of the most common methods, involves the hydrolysis and condensation of vanadium alkoxides or vanadium chloride precursors under controlled pH and temperature conditions. Although the sol-gel process allows for precise composition control and high product purity, it often requires the use of organic solvents and catalysts, which pose significant environmental and health risks. Furthermore, the gelation process is highly sensitive to external parameters such as humidity, stirring speed, and precursor concentration, resulting in inconsistent particle morphology and crystallinity.The drying and calcination steps associated with the sol-gel process often cause an agglomeration of the particles, thereby reducing the surface area and photocatalytic activity.

[0006] Hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis methods are widely used due to their ability to produce crystalline nanostructures at relatively low temperatures and pressures. These methods utilize aqueous or organic solvent systems held at elevated temperatures in sealed autoclaves, thus promoting nucleation and nanoparticle growth. However, hydrothermal processes often suffer from scalability issues and require long reaction times, typically ranging from several hours to days. Furthermore, the resulting nanoparticles can exhibit broad size distributions and irregular morphologies, which can negatively impact their photocatalytic and electronic properties. The use of high-pressure reaction chambers also presents safety and maintenance risks in industrial settings.

[0007] Another well-researched route for the production of V₂O₅ nanoparticles is chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD), which are based on gas-phase reactions to form thin films and nanostructures. Although these processes produce highly pure, homogeneous films, their operating costs are considerable due to the need for vacuum systems, precise temperature control, and complex deposition equipment. The scalability of gas-phase processes is further limited by the requirement for expensive precursor materials and inert atmospheres. Moreover, the lack of sustainability in the sourcing of precursor materials and the generation of toxic gaseous byproducts make gas-phase synthesis unsuitable for environmentally conscious manufacturing processes.

[0008] Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) is a relatively energy-efficient process in which an exothermic redox reaction between a fuel and an oxidant leads to the spontaneous formation of metal oxide nanoparticles. The method is characterized by its rapid reaction kinetics and the ability to produce highly crystalline products without prolonged external heating. However, the conventional SCS approach typically uses chemical fuels such as urea, glycine, or citric acid, which, while effective, release large quantities of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants during combustion. Furthermore, the uncontrolled reaction rates of chemical combustion often result in uneven heating, incomplete reactions, and insufficient control of particle morphology.The resulting nanoparticle aggregates can exhibit inconsistent crystallite sizes and porosity levels, which negatively affects photocatalytic efficiency and reproducibility.

[0009] The surface and structural properties of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles significantly influence their functional performance, particularly in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and in antibacterial applications. The photocatalytic process relies on the generation of electron-hole pairs through light exposure, which form reactive oxygen species capable of degrading organic pollutants. Therefore, controlling the surface area, crystallite size, and bandgap energy is essential for optimizing photocatalytic efficiency. Traditional chemical synthesis methods often fail to achieve this precise control, primarily due to uncontrolled reaction kinetics and the absence of natural stabilizers. Furthermore, post-treatment processes such as centrifugation and drying introduce further variability and can destroy the active surface centers essential for catalytic reactions.

[0010] To address some of these challenges, scientists are increasingly exploring environmentally friendly synthesis methods, particularly plant-mediated methods that utilize natural extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. These extracts contain secondary plant metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenoids, which can effectively reduce metal ions and encapsulate the resulting nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration. The main advantage of plant extracts lies in their renewable, non-toxic, and cost-effective nature, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. Despite their ecological benefits, however, plant-mediated synthesis methods currently lack standardization and automation. Variations in plant species, extraction conditions, solvent composition, and temperature can lead to inconsistent nanoparticle yields, morphologies, and crystallinities.Furthermore, most plant-based syntheses are still performed manually in laboratory equipment, which limits scalability and reproducibility. The lack of mechanized process control also makes it difficult to precisely regulate precursor concentrations, heating rates, and reaction times, leading to batch-to-batch variations.

[0011] Conventional techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy are essential for characterizing synthesized nanoparticles and determining their structure and optical properties. However, these methods are typically performed using separate instruments in different laboratory environments, necessitating manual sample transfer and handling. This fragmentation not only increases the time and labor required for analysis but also the risk of contamination and sample degradation. Furthermore, the lack of integrated characterization capabilities means that synthesis and performance evaluation cannot be correlated in real time.Consequently, the feedback loop between synthesis parameters and material properties is interrupted, thus preventing optimization of the synthesis conditions based on immediate experimental data.

[0012] Existing test systems for photocatalytic and antibacterial substances exhibit significant inefficiencies. Photocatalytic degradation studies are typically performed in isolated quartz reactors or beakers under UV or visible light, with dye concentrations measured at discrete time intervals using external spectrophotometers. This manual sampling procedure carries the risk of human error and delays in data acquisition. Antibacterial tests are also performed using agar diffusion methods, which require manual sample preparation, incubation, and zone measurement with optical rulers or microscopes. These labor-intensive procedures hinder the evaluation of material performance in high-throughput processes and make it difficult to compare results under different synthesis conditions.

[0013] The current state of the art therefore does not offer an integrated system that seamlessly combines the synthesis, calcination, and characterization of V₂O₅ nanoparticles in a single, automated instrument. Splitting the synthesis and testing phases across multiple instruments leads to variability and limits process control. The lack of real-time monitoring capabilities prevents the correlation between reaction kinetics and the resulting nanoparticle properties. Furthermore, the environmental impact of existing synthesis methods remains significant due to the continued reliance on toxic solvents, chemical fuels, and energy-intensive processes. As industry increasingly demands scalable and environmentally friendly production systems for nanomaterials, an instrument that enables the automated, environmentally sound synthesis of V₂O₅ nanoparticles with integrated performance evaluation capabilities is essential.

[0014] Furthermore, the reproducibility and long-term stability of V₂O₅ nanoparticles produced using conventional methods remain challenges. In photocatalytic applications, surface contaminants or particle aggregation can significantly reduce light absorption efficiency and catalytic reactivity. Nanoparticle reusability is another critical concern, as many catalysts exhibit rapid deactivation over multiple cycles due to structural degradation or loss of active surface centers. A system integrating controlled synthesis, in-situ testing, and feedback correction could potentially address these shortcomings by dynamically optimizing synthesis parameters based on real-time performance data. Such integration would represent a significant advancement over current, disparate laboratory procedures.

[0015] In summary, existing synthesis and characterization techniques for vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles, while scientifically insightful, are not yet industrially feasible due to environmental, operational, and scalability limitations. Traditional methods such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and gas-phase synthesis are heavily reliant on hazardous reagents and energy-intensive, making them unsuitable for sustainable mass production. Plant-mediated green synthesis offers a promising alternative but remains largely manual and suffers from shortcomings in precision, reproducibility, and automation. A significant technological gap exists regarding an automated system that integrates bio-mediated synthesis with real-time structural and functional analyses.Closing this gap with a machine-based, modular synthesis device that combines extraction, combustion, calcination, and characterization in a single controlled environment could revolutionize the production of environmentally friendly nanomaterials. Such an invention would not only improve the consistency and scalability of nanoparticle synthesis but also significantly reduce environmental impact, thus supporting the global transition to green and sustainable nanotechnology. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The present invention describes a device and system for the controlled, plant-mediated synthesis and analysis of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles. The system comprises a reaction combustion chamber, an infusion unit for biomaterial extracts, a mixing and heating unit for solutions, a calcination chamber with programmable temperature control, and a characterization module with optical, spectroscopic, and imaging units for in-situ analysis. The system integrates an automatic control system that regulates the precursor concentration, heating rate, and combustion duration to ensure uniform nucleation and crystal growth.

[0017] The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized in the same instrument using spectroscopic and imaging sensors. These include integrated software for simulating XRD patterns, units for FTIR data processing, and UV-Vis spectral calculation. The system also includes a photocatalytic test module in which the degradation of methylene blue is carried out under controlled UV irradiation and monitored by an integrated optical sensor. Additionally, an antibacterial test chamber enables the simultaneous investigation of efficacy against bacterial strains through controlled culture incubation and diffusion-based inhibition measurements.

[0018] This integrated design ensures reproducible nanoparticle synthesis, minimizes manual intervention, and enables automated data acquisition for photocatalytic and antibacterial efficiency. It thus offers a multifunctional, environmentally friendly platform for the production of nanomaterials.

[0019] The present invention aims to provide a novel, integrated, and environmentally friendly device and system for the synthesis and characterization of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanoparticles using a plant-mediated solution combustion process. The invention overcomes the limitations of conventional chemical and thermal synthesis methods through an automated, environmentally friendly, and controllable process that minimizes the use of hazardous reagents while ensuring the uniformity, reproducibility, and scalability of nanoparticle production. The device integrates the entire process chain—from plant extract preparation and precursor mixing to calcination, crystallization, and performance characterization—into a single, compact, and automated system. This significantly reduces manual intervention, process variability, and contamination risks.

[0020] Another important objective of the invention is the precise control of reaction parameters such as temperature, precursor concentration, combustion time, and pH value by means of a microcontroller-based feedback control system. This ensures that the synthesis of V₂O₅ nanoparticles consistently yields high-purity products with desired physicochemical properties such as optimal particle size, crystallinity, and surface morphology. The invention also aims to establish a correlation between synthesis parameters and resulting material properties by integrating in-situ characterization and real-time data acquisition. This enables continuous monitoring of the synthesis process and immediate feedback adjustment, thereby improving both accuracy and process efficiency.

[0021] A further aim of the invention is to provide an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical synthesis methods by utilizing phytochemical-rich plant extracts, for example from Nyctanthes arbortristis, as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. By replacing toxic reducing agents with bioextracts, the invention significantly reduces environmental toxicity, eliminates hazardous wastewater, and aligns the nanoparticle manufacturing process with the principles of green chemistry. The use of plant compounds enables sustainable production and simultaneously improves the structural stability and functional efficiency of the resulting nanoparticles due to their natural protective and surface passivation effects.

[0022] The invention aims to integrate comprehensive analysis and performance testing functions into a single system to enable rapid evaluation of the photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of synthesized nanoparticles. For this purpose, the device features a photocatalytic test reactor for determining dye degradation performance under UV or visible light, as well as an antibacterial test chamber for measuring inhibition zones against bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. These integrated functions allow for real-time performance validation of the nanoparticles immediately after synthesis without external laboratory equipment, thus accelerating optimization and reducing downtime.

[0023] A further objective of the invention is to provide a modular and scalable system architecture that can be used for various nanoparticle types beyond vanadium pentoxide, including metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, and Fe2O3, by simply adapting the precursor materials and control parameters. This modularity increases the system's versatility and enables its use in research, industry, and education. Furthermore, the invention aims to provide a secure and user-friendly interface that allows users to define synthesis parameters, monitor the reaction process, and retrieve analytical data entirely digitally via a touchscreen and software dashboard. The automation of extraction, reaction, and characterization reduces human error and improves the reproducibility of results.

[0024] A further objective of the invention is to improve the functional properties of V₂O₅ nanoparticles in environmental and biomedical applications through structure and surface optimization. By maintaining a controlled combustion and calcination environment, the device ensures the formation of nanoparticles with a large surface area and suitable porosity, which are essential for effective photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and antibacterial activity. The nanoparticles produced according to the invention exhibit improved dye degradation performance, high reusability over multiple photocatalytic cycles, and significant antibacterial activity, making them suitable for wastewater treatment, disinfection, and related applications.

[0025] A further objective of the invention is to minimize sample handling after synthesis and sample transfer between different analytical instruments, which are frequent sources of contamination and error in conventional research setups. The integrated system design enables immediate in-situ characterization using optical sensors, UV-Vis spectrometers, and FTIR analyzers, all integrated into a single instrument. This configuration ensures that the nanoparticles can be synthesized, analyzed, and tested in a controlled, contamination-free environment, thus maintaining sample integrity and purity throughout the entire process.

[0026] A further objective of the invention is to provide a system for dynamic process optimization through the integration of data acquisition and control logic, which automatically adjusts reaction parameters based on real-time measurements. For example, changes in temperature or precursor reactivity can be detected using integrated sensors, whereupon the control unit adjusts heating rates or mixing times accordingly. This adaptive control mechanism improves the consistency of nanoparticle synthesis and enables the fine-tuning of properties such as particle size distribution and crystallinity to meet specific application requirements.

[0027] Another objective is the development of a device that enables energy savings and process sustainability through the use of low-power heating elements, rapid reaction cycles, and efficient cooling mechanisms. The invention minimizes unnecessary heat input, thereby reducing energy consumption while simultaneously preserving the nanoparticle structure and stability. Furthermore, the possibility of recovering and reusing bioextract residues and solvents contributes to a closed-loop synthesis process with minimal waste generation. This makes the system not only technologically innovative but also environmentally friendly and economically viable for large-scale applications.

[0028] The invention aims to establish a new paradigm for nanomaterial synthesis, bridging the gap between laboratory experiments and industrial production. By integrating synthesis, automation, and testing into a single device, the invention provides a comprehensive platform for the production of reproducible, high-quality V₂O₅ nanoparticles. These can be used in various fields such as environmental remediation, antibacterial coatings, photocatalytic water purification, and energy technologies. The system's modular and programmable structure allows researchers and manufacturers to tailor synthesis conditions to specific performance targets, thereby accelerating innovation in green nanotechnology. This invention effectively addresses the long-standing challenges of process inconsistency, environmental risks, and multi-step manual analysis in nanoparticle synthesis.This represents a significant step forward towards sustainable, automated and high-performance nanomaterial production. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE IMAGES

[0029] These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will be better understood if the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which the same symbols represent the same parts: Fig. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an automated system and device for plant-mediated synthesis, calcination and characterization of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles with integrated photocatalytic and antibacterial performance evaluation.

[0030] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the elements in the drawing are simplified and not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the flowcharts illustrate the process by highlighting the main steps to facilitate understanding of the present disclosure. With regard to the construction of the device, one or more components may be represented in the drawing by conventional symbols. The drawing may show only those specific details relevant to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure, so as not to clutter the drawing with details that are already apparent to those skilled in the art from the description contained herein. Detailed description of the invention

[0031] To facilitate understanding of the principles of the invention, reference is made below to the embodiment shown in the drawing, which is described using specific terms. It is understood, however, that this does not limit the scope of protection of the invention. Rather, modifications and further developments of the depicted system, as well as further applications of the inventive principles shown therein, are conceivable, insofar as they would normally occur to a person skilled in the art in the field of the invention.

[0032] It will be clear to those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not to be understood as a limitation of it.

[0033] References to “an aspect”, “another aspect”, or similar phrases in this description mean that a particular feature, structure, or property described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Therefore, phrases such as “in one embodiment”, “in another embodiment”, and similar expressions in this description may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.

[0034] The terms "includes," "comprehensive," or similar expressions denote non-exclusive inclusion. Thus, a procedure or method containing a list of steps does not only include those steps but may also include further steps not explicitly listed or inherent in the procedure or method. Likewise, the statement "includes..." for one or more devices, subsystems, elements, structures, or components, without further limitations, does not preclude the existence of other devices, subsystems, elements, structures, or components.

[0035] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings generally known to those skilled in the art in the field to which this invention belongs. The systems, methods, and examples described herein serve only for illustration and are not to be understood as limiting.

[0036] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing.

[0037] Fig.Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an automated system and device for the plant-mediated synthesis, calcination, and characterization of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanoparticles with integrated photocatalytic and antibacterial performance evaluation. The system 100 comprises: a base housing (102) made of thermally insulated stainless steel with a microcontroller-based central control unit; a bioextract preparation unit (104) fluidically coupled to a reaction mixing chamber (102a), wherein the bioextract preparation unit includes a Soxhlet extractor with a borosilicate condenser, a thermostatically controlled heating jacket, and a digital thermocouple to maintain extraction temperatures between 60 °C and 70 °C;a precursor feed vessel (106) containing an ammonium metavanadate solution with a molarity between 0.1 M and 0.3 M, connected to the reaction mixing chamber via an electromagnetically actuated inlet valve and a precision peristaltic pump; a reaction mixing chamber (108) with an inductive heating coil, a magnetic stirrer, and a temperature and pH monitoring unit to maintain a uniform reaction temperature of 70 ± 2 °C during the precursor-extract interaction; a calcination module (110) with a muffle furnace lined with refractory ceramic material and containing embedded nichrome heating elements controlled by a PID-controlled temperature controller to achieve a heating rate between 5 °C and 10 °C per minute up to a setpoint of 445 ± 5 °C for combustion synthesis;an optical characterization module (112) with an integrated UV-Vis spectrometer, a Fourier-transform infrared analyzer, and a photoluminescence detector, each optically isolated and electronically connected to the control unit; and a photocatalytic and antibacterial test chamber (114) fluidically connected to the output of the calcination module, the chamber comprising a UV irradiation array, an optical absorption sensor, and a temperature-controlled bacterial incubation plate, the central control unit (116) comprising a programmable logic controller (PLC) configured to synchronize the operation of all submodules through feedback control loops receiving data from temperature, pH, and optical sensors, thereby automating the synthesis, analysis, and testing of V2O5 nanoparticles.

[0038] In one embodiment, the bioextract preparation unit (104) is equipped with a multi-stage filtration system consisting of a mesh pre-filter and a microporous membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 µm. This ensures the removal of particles from the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flower extract before it is transferred to the reaction mixing chamber. The extract is pumped at a volume rate between 2 ml / min and 6 ml / min by means of a peristaltic pump, with the flow rate being controlled in a closed-loop system via a digital flow meter with feedback circuitry connected to the control unit.

[0039] In one embodiment, the reaction mixing chamber (102a) is designed as a double-walled vessel with an inner ceramic lining and an external induction coil arrangement. The chamber is hermetically sealed with a high-pressure gasket and equipped with a reflux condenser to prevent vapor losses during the combustion of the solution. The chamber further includes an embedded platinum resistance thermistor (Pt100 sensor) and an integrated solid-state pH electrode for continuous monitoring of the reaction parameters. The outputs of these electrodes are fed to an analog-to-digital converter of the control unit for dynamic control of the thermal and mechanical mixing processes.

[0040] In one embodiment, the calcination module (110) comprises a cylindrical heating chamber with high-density aluminum oxide insulation and two nichrome heating coils wound concentrically on the inner wall. The coils are controlled by a triac-based power modulation circuit with proportional-integral differential (PID) feedback control to ensure a uniform temperature distribution. An exhaust manifold coupled with a catalyst neutralizes nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds produced during the combustion process, thus enabling green synthesis conditions in a closed environment.

[0041] In one embodiment, the optical characterization unit (112) comprises a UV-Vis spectrometer with a deuterium-halogen hybrid light source and a diffraction grating-based monochromator enabling a spectral scan between 190 nm and 900 nm with a resolution of 1 nm, an FTIR analyzer with a KBr pellet holder and a mercury-cadmium telluride detector for identifying V=O stretching vibrations near 1011 cm⁻¹ -1 and VOV bending vibrations close to 590 cm -1 as well as a photoluminescence detector with a 325 nm excitation monochromator coupled via a fiber optic probe and a photomultiplier tube to measure emission peaks at 446 nm and 664 nm. The data from these detectors are digitally acquired by the central control unit to calculate the optical bandgap energy and the photoluminescence intensity profiles.

[0042] In one embodiment, the photocatalytic test chamber (114) comprises a quartz reactor cell equipped with a circular UV-A lamp arrangement operating at 365 nm with a programmable irradiance of 10-50 mW / cm² 2 The device emits a built-in magnetic stirrer driven by a 400 rpm DC motor to homogenize the dye solution, and an optical absorption sensor with a silicon photodiode detector calibrated to an absorption wavelength of 664 nm, corresponding to the methylene blue dye. This sensor is connected to a microprocessor that continuously calculates the degradation power using the relationship η = [(A0 - A_t) / A0] × 100, where A0 and A_t represent the initial and instantaneous absorption values, respectively.

[0043] In one embodiment, the antibacterial test chamber (114) comprises a thermally insulated incubation housing with a Peltier-based temperature controller for maintaining a temperature of 37 ± 1°C, a humidity controller for maintaining a relative humidity of 70%, and an optical image acquisition module with a CMOS camera array and a digital image analyzer for measuring the inhibition zone diameters of bacterial cultures exposed to nanoparticle samples. The analyzer performs a morphological segmentation technique to calculate the inhibition zone boundaries with an accuracy of ±0.1 mm and transmits the data to the control unit for archiving and evaluation.

[0044] In one embodiment, the central control unit (116) comprises an embedded ARM Cortex-M class microcontroller or equivalent with integrated analog-to-digital converter channels, non-volatile memory, and a 7-inch capacitive touchscreen human-machine interface (HMI). The control unit implements finite state-space process control technology that defines sequential operating states such as extract preparation, precursor infusion, combustion heating, calcination, optical characterization, and photocatalytic testing. Module synchronization is achieved via a communication bus with RS-485 or CAN interface protocols.

[0045] In one embodiment, all heating elements within the extraction, reaction, and calcination subassemblies are powered by a semiconductor relay network that includes thermistor-based overheat protection and a current limiting circuit. The system further comprises a high-speed fan assembly with PID-controlled airflow modulation, configured to reduce the furnace temperature from 445 °C to ambient conditions within 25 minutes without causing lattice deformation of the nanoparticles, thereby preserving the crystalline phase integrity of the synthesized V₂O₅.

[0046] In one embodiment, the control firmware embedded in the central processing unit is configured to perform adaptive process optimization by continuously correlating sensor data of temperature, pH, and optical input signals with historical synthesis data stored in memory. This allows for dynamic adjustment of the precursor feed rate, stirring speed, and heating rate to achieve a target nanoparticle size in the range of 25–28 nm and a bandgap energy of approximately 2.25 eV. The firmware also generates process traceability reports containing synthesis parameters, optical spectra, and measurements of antibacterial efficacy in digital format, which can be exported via USB or a wireless interface.

[0047] The present invention provides a structurally integrated and technically controlled system for the environmentally friendly synthesis and characterization of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanoparticles. It enables automation, precision, and reproducibility in all phases of nanoparticle production and testing. The system operates as a fully enclosed device that integrates several functional areas—biological extraction, chemical reaction, thermal calcination, optical characterization, and performance evaluation—into a single, microcontroller-based control system. System operation is characterized by a sequential process flow controlled by hierarchical feedback loops. These loops continuously interpret sensor data and dynamically adjust system parameters such as temperature, pH, stirring speed, and illumination intensity.The technical logic integrated into the control unit ensures the synchronization of the mechanical, thermal and analytical subsystems, thus achieving high process stability and environmental safety.

[0048] The device begins operation by activating the bioextract processing unit, which is controlled by a pre-programmed temperature control routine. The control logic uses a PID (proportional-integral-differential) control method that continuously compares the measured extract temperature (via thermocouple) with the target range of 60 °C to 70 °C. The proportional component ensures immediate heating proportional to the error value, the integral component corrects deviations accumulated over time, and the differential component compensates for rapid temperature fluctuations to guarantee consistent temperature control. The system also monitors the extraction time using a real-time clock and controls the peristaltic pump that delivers the plant extract to the reaction mixing chamber.The pump operates with a feedback flow control system, where a flow sensor continuously measures the volumetric flow rate and adjusts the pump's motor voltage to maintain a flow rate between 2 and 6 ml / min. The extracted solution is filtered through a membrane unit, and the system logs temperature, flow rate, and extraction time for traceability.

[0049] Once the extract is produced, the control system transitions to the reaction phase. This phase utilizes a real-time reaction control loop that coordinates precursor feed, temperature control, and pH regulation within the mixing chamber. The system continuously acquires analog data from a pH sensor and a platinum thermistor and converts this data into digital signals using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). These signals are fed to a fuzzy logic-based PID controller, which dynamically adjusts the power of the inductive heating coil and the speed of the magnetic stirrer to maintain steady-state reaction conditions at 70 ± 2 °C and a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. The system also monitors the progress of the redox reaction by analyzing the temperature rise during the exothermic combustion phase.As soon as the system detects a stable temperature plateau through temperature monitoring, a signal to terminate the reaction is automatically triggered, and the precursor feed valves are magnetically actuated. The reaction mixture is then transferred via an automated transfer line into the calcination chamber, the timing of which is controlled by the microcontroller's finite-state machine (FSM) logic.

[0050] Within the calcination module, the central thermal management system performs a multi-phase heating cycle that promotes crystal growth and phase stabilization of V₂O₅ nanoparticles. The muffle furnace's PID control continuously evaluates the feedback from the integrated thermocouple and adjusts the power supply to the nichrome heating coils in small increments using pulse-width modulation (PWM). The heating rate is precisely maintained between 5 °C and 10 °C per minute, and the system sustains the peak temperature of 445 ± 5 °C for 180 minutes. The system compensates for external disturbances such as drafts or fluctuations in the heat load by recalculating error coefficients in real time. After calcination is complete, the system initiates a controlled cooling phase. This involves activating a variable-speed fan, whose speed is regulated by a reduction function to prevent abrupt cooling and potential grid deformation.During this phase, the control logic switches the furnace operation from PID heating to proportional, fan-based cooling and gradually reduces the temperature gradient until ambient conditions are reached. This ensures that the crystalline V2O5 nanoparticles maintain the desired morphology and particle size distribution.

[0051] After calcination, the procedure initiates the characterization sequence, which is controlled by a multi-strand analytical control logic. The optical characterization suite comprises three synchronized subsystems: a UV-Vis spectrometer, a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and a photoluminescence (PL) detector. The central control unit performs spectral acquisition based on a predefined scan sequence. The UV-Vis spectrometer operates in scan mode from 190 nm to 900 nm, with the microcontroller controlling the diffraction grating's stepper motor to change the wavelength intervals in 1 nm increments. Absorbance values ​​are continuously acquired using a photodiode array, and the procedure calculates the absorbance coefficient using the formula α = 2.302 × A / t, where A is the absorbance and t is the sample layer thickness. The system also calculates the tac plot for (α hv). 2The optical bandgap energy, which stabilizes at approximately 2.25 eV for the synthesized V₂O₅ nanoparticles, is determined by comparing the photon energy (hv). The parallel FTIR analyzer performs a Fourier transform of the infrared transmission data to identify vibrational modes of the vanadium-oxygen bonds. The PL detector measures emission intensity maxima at 446 nm and 664 nm by controlling the excitation wavelengths using a monochromator-controlled optical filter. All three subsystems communicate via serial data buses (RS-485 protocol). The central control system compiles the spectral data into a unified dataset, which is stored in internal memory and can optionally be exported to an external interface.

[0052] Following optical characterization, the photocatalytic test phase begins. The photocatalytic test module operates with a closed-loop control system to monitor dye degradation, modeling the degradation kinetics in real time. The system's UV lamp array emits radiation at 365 nm, with the illuminance modulated by a PWM signal. This signal is controlled by the central microcontroller based on feedback from an irradiance sensor. The methylene blue-containing sample solution circulates in the quartz reactor, where a magnetic stirrer ensures homogeneity. An optical sensor positioned along the outflow continuously measures the dye's absorption at 664 nm. The degradation rate η is calculated using the real-time equation η = [(A0 - A_t) / A0] × 100, where A0 is the initial absorption and A_t is the instantaneous absorption.The process also uses exponential regression analysis to determine the reaction rate constant and displays the time-concentration curve on the system's user interface. Once the degradation rate exceeds 90% or the reaction time exceeds a predefined limit, the process automatically switches off the UV lamps and logs the reaction data.

[0053] The antibacterial testing module is controlled by an image processing and temperature control system that regulates the incubation and evaluation of bacterial cultures. The Peltier-controlled incubation chamber maintains a stable temperature of 37 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 70%. After nanoparticle samples are applied to inoculated agar plates, the image acquisition system periodically captures high-resolution images with a CMOS camera. These images are processed using a morphological segmentation technique based on pixel intensity gradients and contour detection to measure the diameters of the inhibition zones. The technique converts pixel spacings into physical dimensions using camera calibration coefficients and calculates mean inhibition zone diameters with an accuracy of ± 0.1 mm.The data are transferred to the main control unit, where the key figures for antibacterial performance are recorded and stored along with the results of the synthesis and optical characterization.

[0054] The core of the system is the process control, implemented as a finite state machine (FSM). Each process—extraction, mixing, calcination, characterization, photocatalysis, and antibacterial testing—constitutes its own operating state with defined entry, execution, and exit conditions. Transitions between states occur only when specific sensor feedback criteria are met. For example, the system switches from extraction to mixing only when the thresholds for extraction temperature and duration are reached, and similarly, from calcination to characterization only when the furnace temperature has dropped below 100 °C. This deterministic control architecture ensures operational reliability, precision, and reproducibility. The FSM logic is reinforced by watchdog timers and fail-safe interrupts, which automatically halt system operation in the event of sensor malfunctions, overtemperature, or communication errors.

[0055] The microcontroller's integrated software uses a hierarchical scheduling method that prioritizes real-time control tasks (such as temperature and flow control) over less critical operations like data logging or graphical representation. Sensor data streams are sampled at fixed intervals, and control loops are executed every 200 milliseconds to ensure synchronization. The system employs adaptive calibration routines that dynamically adjust the PID coefficients based on past system performance. This self-optimization mechanism improves control stability and minimizes overshoot in thermal and flow systems. Furthermore, the firmware is designed to execute a diagnostic subroutine at startup, verifying the connectivity of all sensors and actuators before the synthesis process begins.

[0056] The described technical framework enables the continuous automation of the environmentally friendly synthesis and in-situ analysis of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles. The integration of multiple feedback loops, adaptive PID control, and finite state sequencing ensures real-time optimization of each process step for the production of nanoparticles with controlled morphology, size, and functional properties. The method allows for the harmonized control of thermal, optical, and biochemical subsystems in a compact device, thus delivering consistent, high-performance V₂O₅ nanoparticles suitable for photocatalytic and antibacterial applications.The intelligent control logic of the system, combined with its modular design, represents a significant technological advance over existing, fragmented laboratory methods, as it enables precision-controlled automation in environmentally friendly nanomaterial synthesis.

[0057] The device for the synthesis and characterization of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles consists of a basic chassis supporting a reaction arrangement (1), a biomaterial extract preparation unit (2), a solution mixing and combustion system (3), a calcination and cooling module (4) and a characterization and test compartment (5) connected via a microcontroller-based control circuit (6).

[0058] The reaction setup (1) comprises a stainless steel reaction vessel with induction heating, a magnetic stirrer, and a thermocouple sensor. A plant extract, for example from Nyctanthes arbortristis, is fed into the vessel via a metering pump connected to the biomaterial extraction unit (2). The biomaterial extraction unit consists of a Soxhlet extractor, a condenser, and a temperature-controlled water bath. The Soxhlet extractor enables the extraction of bioactive compounds under controlled conditions, maintaining a temperature of 65 °C for 5 hours to ensure complete dissolution of the phytochemicals in the aqueous medium.

[0059] The solution mixing and combustion system (3) introduces ammonium metavanadate solution in variable molar concentrations (0.1 M to 0.3 M) into the reaction vessel, followed by the addition of bioextract in controlled volume ratios (2–6 ml). The system stirs the mixture uniformly at 70 °C for 2 hours, monitoring viscosity and pH in real time to ensure homogeneous distribution of the precursors. The mixture is then automatically transferred to the calcination chamber (4), a programmable muffle furnace with PID-controlled heating profiles, reaching temperatures up to 445 ± 5 °C. Controlled combustion and decomposition generate V₂O₅ nanoparticles, which are automatically cooled and collected in inert storage capsules within the same module.

[0060] The characterization and test chamber (5) houses a UV-Vis spectrometer, a photoluminescence detector, and an infrared spectrometer, connected to data acquisition software for real-time analysis of band gap, functional group vibrations, and optical surface properties. The chamber also integrates a photocatalytic test area with a quartz reactor featuring UV light irradiation apertures and a magnetic stirrer for determining dye degradation kinetics. An optical sensor measures the absorption falloff of methylene blue in real time and automatically calculates the degradation performance. The antibacterial test area further includes Petri dish incubation modules with a temperature-controlled environment and sensors for measuring the zone of inhibition size to determine bacterial growth inhibition of E. coli and Bacillus cereus.

[0061] The microcontroller-based control circuit (6) synchronizes all operating steps, including extraction timing, temperature modulation, pH feedback, and data logging. The circuit allows for user-defined setting of reaction parameters via a touchscreen control panel and stores spectral data for later analysis.

[0062] During operation, the integrated system performs the following process sequence: (a) production of the bioextract from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers; (b) controlled mixing of the ammonium metavanadate precursor with the extract; (c) in-situ combustion synthesis under precise thermal control; (d) crystallization and cooling; (e) in-line characterization; and (f) photocatalytic and antibacterial testing.

[0063] The synthesized V₂O₅ nanoparticles exhibit a rod-shaped morphology, high crystallinity with an average size of 25–28 nm, and a band gap of approximately 2.25 eV. They demonstrate photocatalytic degradation efficiency of up to 91% at a methylene blue concentration of 10 ppm and a pH of 4, as well as antibacterial inhibition zones of 15–19 mm against E. coli and B. cereus. The combination of bio-mediated synthesis and automation results in consistent nanoparticle morphology and high reusability (up to four cycles with 86–92% efficiency retention). Activation of components

[0064] All mechanical and electronic components of the system can be manufactured from commercially available, laboratory-grade stainless steel, borosilicate glass, and PID-controlled heating modules. The control circuitry uses standard ARM Cortex-M series microcontrollers with temperature, pH, and optical sensors controlled via analog-to-digital converters. The photocatalytic and spectroscopic modules utilize miniaturized UV-Vis sensors, LED-based excitation sources, and photodiodes with a wavelength accuracy of up to ±2 nm. The antibacterial testing unit includes standard incubation heaters and optical detectors for zone mapping. Software modules for data processing and characterization simulation are implemented using LabVIEW or MATLAB. The complete system can be modularly configured as a benchtop unit with a 220 V AC power supply and microprocessor-controlled automation. TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND TECHNICAL IMPACT

[0065] The invention provides a fully integrated, automated platform for environmentally friendly nanoparticle synthesis, eliminating the need for manual intervention between synthesis and testing. The technological advancement lies in the closed-loop synchronization of the extraction, reaction, combustion, and characterization subsystems, ensuring consistent nanostructure formation. Technical advantages include: (i) reduced process variability and contamination risk; (ii) uniform particle size control through precise thermal programming; (iii) improved photocatalytic efficiency due to optimized surface area and porosity; and (iv) validation for environmental and biomedical applications. The integration of environmentally friendly synthesis and automated testing improves scalability, reproducibility, and environmental compatibility compared to conventional methods.

[0066] The present invention falls within the field of nanotechnology, particularly within the domain of automated systems for the synthesis and characterization of environmentally friendly nanomaterials. It relates specifically to a structurally and electronically integrated device for the bio-assisted synthesis of vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanoparticles using plant extracts as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. The invention further relates to the development and implementation of a hardware-based synthesis and testing platform that integrates thermal, mechanical, and optical subsystems into a unified electronic control system. The technical scope includes process automation, real-time sensor feedback control, and multimodal analytical integration for the generation and evaluation of nanostructures.The system utilizes a combination of solution combustion synthesis and automated calcination, coupled with modules for in-situ optical analysis and functional testing to evaluate the photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. The invention is applicable in laboratories, research centers, and industrial plants engaged in the synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials for applications in photocatalysis, environmental remediation, antimicrobial coatings, energy storage, and optoelectronic devices. It integrates mechanical design, embedded electronics, thermal process engineering, and principles of green chemistry to achieve precise, scalable, and sustainable nanoparticle synthesis and characterization.

[0067] The drawing and the preceding description illustrate embodiments. Those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more of the described elements can be combined to form a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements can be divided into several functional elements. Elements of one embodiment can be added to another. For example, the process flows described here can be modified and are not limited to the manner described herein. Furthermore, the actions of a flowchart need not be performed in the sequence shown; nor do all actions necessarily need to be carried out. Actions that do not depend on other actions can be performed in parallel with the other actions. The scope of protection of the embodiments is in no way limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whether explicitly stated in the description or not, such as...Differences in structure, dimensions, and materials are possible. The scope of protection of the embodiments is at least as comprehensive as described by the following claims.

[0068] The advantages, other benefits, and problem solutions have been described above with reference to specific embodiments. However, the advantages, benefits, problem solutions, and any components that can effect or enhance an advantage, benefit, or solution are not to be construed as critical, necessary, or essential features or components of the claims. REFERENCES 100 An automated system and device for plant-mediated synthesis, calcination and characterization of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles with integrated evaluation of photocatalytic and antibacterial performance. 102 Base chassis 104 Bioextract processing unit 106 Precursor feed tanks 108 Reaction mixing chamber 110 Calcination module 112 Optical Characterization Subject 114 Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Test Chamber 116 Central Control Unit

Claims

[1] A system for the plant-mediated synthesis and characterization of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles, comprising a structurally integrated device configured to perform extraction, reaction, calcination and performance evaluation within a closed automated control loop, wherein the system includes: a basic chassis made of heat-insulated stainless steel, which houses a microcontroller-based central control unit; a bioextract preparation unit fluidically connected to a reactive mixing chamber, the bioextract preparation unit comprising a Soxhlet extractor with a borosilicate condenser, a thermostatically controlled heating jacket and a digital thermocouple to maintain extraction temperatures between 60°C and 70°C; a precursor feed vessel containing an ammonium metavanadate solution with a molarity between 0.1 M and 0.3 M, wherein this vessel is connected to the reaction mixing chamber via an electromagnetically actuated inlet valve and a precision peristaltic pump; a reaction mixing chamber with an inductive heating coil, a magnetic stirrer plate and a temperature and pH monitoring device configured to maintain a uniform reaction temperature of 70±2°C during the precursor-extract interaction; a calcination module consisting of a muffle furnace lined with refractory ceramic material and containing embedded nichrome heating elements controlled by a PID-controlled temperature controller to achieve a heating rate between 5 °C and 10 °C per minute up to a setpoint of 445±5 °C for combustion synthesis; an optical characterization module with integrated UV-VIS spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared analyzer and photoluminescence detector, each optically isolated and electronically connected to the control unit; and a photocatalytic and antibacterial test chamber fluidically connected to the output of the calcination module, the chamber comprising a UV irradiation array, an optical absorption sensor and a temperature-controlled bacterial incubation plate, the central control unit includes a programmable logic controller (PLC) configured to synchronize the operation of all submodules via feedback control loops, which receive data from temperature, pH and optical sensors, thereby automating the synthesis, analysis and testing of V2O5 nanoparticles. [2] System according to claim 1, wherein the bioextract preparation unit is equipped with a multi-stage filtration system consisting of a mesh pre-filter and a microporous membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 µm, thereby ensuring the removal of particles from the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flower extract before transfer to the reaction mixing chamber, and wherein the extract is supplied at a volume rate between 2 ml / min and 6 ml / min by the peristaltic pump under closed flow control, which is maintained by a digital flow measurement feedback circuit connected to the control unit. [3] System according to claim 1, wherein the reaction mixing chamber is designed as a double-walled vessel with an inner ceramic lining and an external induction coil arrangement, the chamber is hermetically sealed with a high-pressure seal and equipped with a reflux condenser to prevent vapor losses during combustion of the solution, and wherein the chamber further comprises an embedded platinum resistance thermistor (Pt100 sensor) and an integrated solid-state pH electrode for continuous monitoring of the reaction parameters, the outputs of which are supplied to an analog-to-digital converter of the control unit for dynamic control of the thermal and mechanical mixing processes. [4] System according to claim 1, wherein the calcination module comprises a cylindrical heating chamber with high-density aluminium oxide insulation and two nichrome heating coils wound concentrically on the inner wall, wherein the coils are controlled by a triac-based power modulation circuit under proportional-integral differential (PID) feedback control to ensure a uniform temperature distribution, and wherein an exhaust manifold coupled with a catalyst neutralises nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds produced during the combustion process, thereby enabling green synthesis conditions in a closed environment. [5] System according to claim 1, wherein the optical characterization unit comprises a UV-Vis spectrometer with a deuterium-halogen hybrid light source and a diffraction grating-based monochromator for spectral scanning between 190 nm and 900 nm with a resolution of 1 nm, an FTIR analyzer with a KBr pellet holder and a mercury-cadmium telluride detector for identifying V=O stretching vibrations near 1011 cm⁻¹ -1 and VOV bending vibrations close to 590 cm -1 as well as a photoluminescence detector with a 325 nm excitation monochromator coupled via a fiber optic probe and a photomultiplier to measure emission peaks at 446 nm and 664 nm, with the detector data being digitally acquired by the central control unit to calculate the optical band gap energy and photoluminescence intensity profiles. [6] System according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic test chamber comprises a quartz reactor cell equipped with a circular UV-A lamp arrangement operating at 365 nm with a programmable irradiance of 10-50 mW / cm² 2 emits, a built-in magnetic stirrer driven by a 400 rpm DC motor for homogenizing the dye solution, and an optical absorption sensor with a silicon photodiode detector calibrated for an absorption wavelength of 664 nm corresponding to methylene blue, the sensor being connected to a microprocessor which performs the continuous calculation of the degradation power using the relationship η = [(A0 - A_t) / A0] × 100, where A0 and A_t denote the initial and instantaneous absorption values, respectively. [7] System according to claim 1, wherein the antibacterial test chamber comprises a thermally insulated incubation housing with a Peltier-based temperature controller for maintaining 37±1°C, a humidity controller for maintaining 70% relative humidity, and an optical image acquisition module with a CMOS camera array and a digital image analyzer for measuring the inhibition zone diameters of bacterial cultures exposed to nanoparticle samples, wherein the analyzer performs a morphological segmentation technique for calculating the inhibition zone boundaries with an accuracy of ±0.1 mm and transmits the data to the control unit for archiving and evaluation. [8] System according to claim 1, wherein the central control unit comprises an embedded microcontroller of class ARM Cortex-M or equivalent with integrated analog-to-digital converter channels, non-volatile memory and a capacitive 7-inch touchscreen human-machine interface (HMI), wherein the control unit performs a finite state space process control technique that defines sequential operating states such as extract preparation, precursor infusion, combustion heating, calcination, optical characterization and photocatalytic testing, and wherein module synchronization is achieved via a communication bus using an RS-485 or CAN interface protocol. [9] System according to claim 1, wherein all heating elements within the extraction, reaction and calcination subassemblies are supplied by a semiconductor relay network with thermistor-based overheat protection and current limiting circuitry, and wherein the system further comprises a high-speed cooling fan arrangement with PID-controlled airflow modulation configured to reduce the oven temperature from 445 °C to ambient conditions within 25 minutes without causing lattice deformation of the nanoparticles, thereby preserving the crystalline phase integrity of the synthesized V2O5. [10] System according to claim 1, wherein the control firmware embedded in the central processing unit is configured to perform adaptive process optimization by continuously correlating sensor data of temperature, pH and optical inputs with historical synthesis data stored in memory, thereby dynamically adjusting the precursor feed rate, stirring speed and heating rate to achieve a target nanoparticle size in the range of 25-28 nm and a bandgap energy of about 2.25 eV, and wherein the firmware further generates process traceability reports containing synthesis parameters, optical spectra and measurements of antibacterial efficacy in digital format, which can be exported via a USB or wireless interface.

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