METHOD FOR PRODUCE A MOLDED COMPONENT WITH A DIMENSIONALLY SHAPED FRAME AREA

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a method for producing a shaped component from a steel material or from an aluminum material, the method comprising: preforming a workpiece to a preformed component with a bottom area, a side area and optionally a flange area, wherein a material quantity adjustment is set in the preformed component; and calibrating the preformed component to a component that is at least partially finished, with a bottom area, a side area and optionally a flange area, wherein during calibration at least partially upsetting the preformed component takes place, wherein the material quantity adjustment is set with a bottom-specific material quantity adjustment, a side-specific material quantity adjustment and / or a radius-specific material quantity adjustment.

[0002] For example, a method for manufacturing half-shell parts is known from WO2011 / 083008 A1, on which the preamble of claim 1 is based.

[0003] In the production of components, especially open, U-shaped profile components, for example by deep drawing, unavoidable elastic springback after removal of the component from the die usually results in a springback between the base and the sides, or between the sides and any optional flanges of the component. This deformation is further compounded by a curvature of the sides, which is generally directed outwards. Consequently, the component ends are splayed outwards. This effect is more pronounced with high-strength steels and thin sheets, but also occurs in the forming of other metallic materials such as aluminum.

[0004] To counteract this, a preformed component (preform) is produced with a uniform adjustment of the material quantity in the form of a material addition or compression allowance using a deep-drawing step or other forming processes, or a combination thereof, such as "embossing and lifting" or bending, edging, etc. The resulting strong and inconsistent springback of the component is then realigned by a calibration step using superimposed compressive stress, so that a component that is at least partially final-formed and dimensionally accurate can be produced.

[0005] For example, if deep drawing with a spaced blank holder is used for preforming, springback effects are usually concentrated in the frame and radius areas (drawing and bottom radii). The frames then typically curve outwards, because beyond a certain length they must undergo at least two bends: a bend around the drawing radius when the workpiece is drawn into the die and the subsequent return bend in the straight frame section of the die. The bottom radii, on the other hand, only undergo a single bend.

[0006] In detail, during the manufacturing process, a simple bend creates a compression zone on the inside of the applied curve and a tension zone on the outside. With a double, opposing bend, these conditions reverse under further work hardening, but the stress differences remain, albeit reduced. When the component is removed from the mold, the inhomogeneous, elastic stress components are released and deform the component to a greater or lesser degree, leading, among other things, to curling and undesirable curvature of the component edges.

[0007] It has been known for some time that unwanted elastic springback occurs primarily because the affected areas receive insufficient stretching. Targeted stretching measures or drawing beads can only reduce the effect and often require modifications to the production equipment. Furthermore, such stretching measures lead to additional elongation of the material, which in turn can cause cracking.

[0008] The described process, due to its inclusion of preferably all surface areas of the component, is better able than, for example, conventional deep drawing to realign the component's residual stresses. Nevertheless, depending on the material and compression situation, a small residual springback remains. This results primarily from an increase in the bending radius and angle of the bottom and flange.

[0009] Against this background, the invention aims to provide a method and a component in which dimensional accuracy is further improved and, in particular, the spreading of the frames of U-shaped components or sections can be specifically influenced in order to further improve the dimensional accuracy of the components.

[0010] The problem is solved by the features of claim 1.

[0011] It has been recognized according to the present teaching that improved dimensional accuracy, particularly of the frame area of ​​the component, can be achieved if the base-specific material quantity adjustment and the frame-specific material quantity adjustment are set such that during calibration a material flow occurs from the frame area to the base area and / or from the base area to the frame area, wherein the base-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment differ, and wherein at least two material quantity adjustments from the group of frame-specific material quantity adjustment, base-specific material quantity adjustment, and / or radius-specific material quantity adjustment differ by at least 0.5 percentage points, wherein the difference between at least two material quantity adjustments from the group of base-specific material quantity adjustment,The frame-specific material quantity adjustment and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment are set sufficiently large so that spreading of the frame area of ​​the at least partially finished component is essentially avoided, and are set sufficiently small so that folding of the frame area of ​​the at least partially finished component is essentially avoided.

[0012] It has been shown in particular that adjusting the amount of material in the pre-formed component, specifically for the base area, frame area, radius area, and / or flange area, can influence the frame opening angle and the frame curvature radius. The frame opening angle is defined as the angle between the frame and the base of the component. This counteracts undesirable deformations in the at least partially formed component and improves dimensional accuracy. A comparable method for influencing the frame opening angle in this way was previously unknown in prior art processes. Material quantity adjustments are generally expressed as a percentage (%) compared to the amount of material actually specified by the desired final shape in the desired (partial) section.

[0013] A radius area is understood to be, in particular, a curved transition area between the bottom area and the frame area or between the frame area and the flange area (if present).

[0014] Material quantity adjustment refers specifically to the use of more or less material in a given area than is dictated by the geometry of the partially formed component. Area-specific material quantity adjustment refers specifically to the individual adjustment of the material quantity in the area under consideration.

[0015] For example, the frame-specific, floor-specific, radius-specific, and / or optionally flange-specific material quantity adjustment is determined beforehand. For example, a desired frame-specific, floor-specific, radius-specific, and / or optionally flange-specific material quantity adjustment is determined by means of a simulation, for example, using a finite element method.

[0016] Adjusting the material quantity is preferably achieved by modifying the workpiece. For example, more or less material is already provided in the relevant area of ​​the workpiece, or the geometry of the workpiece results in a corresponding material quantity adjustment being set in the pre-formed component.

[0017] The workpiece is, for example, a substantially flat sheet, such as a sheet of metal. Preferably, the workpiece is made of steel. Alternatively, aluminum alloys or other malleable metals can be used. The formed component is therefore preferably a sheet metal component.

[0018] Preforming can be achieved using any combination of forming processes in one or more steps. For example, preforming can include a deep-drawing-like forming step. In particular, multi-stage forming can also be carried out, including, for example, embossing the base to be created and raising the frames to be created, or optionally, setting down the flanges to be created. Single- or multi-stage forming processes, such as (edging) and bending, for example in a U-die, can also be used. Any combination of edging and / or (embossing) is also conceivable. The path to manufacturing the preformed component can therefore be individually tailored.The preformed component obtained through preforming can be considered, in particular, as a near-final-shape component which corresponds as closely as possible to the intended finished part geometry, taking into account given boundary conditions such as springback and formability of the material used.

[0019] Calibration can be understood, in particular, as the final forming or finishing of a pre-formed component, which can be achieved, for example, through one or more pressing operations. However, it is possible that the component, at least partially finished, may still undergo further processing steps that modify the component, such as the insertion of connection holes, a trimming operation, or local re-forming or final shaping. The aim, however, is to design the calibration mold in such a way that no further forming steps are necessary.

[0020] The described pre-forming and calibration processes are preferably carried out sequentially. Calibration can also be performed on only certain areas or on the entire component.

[0021] According to a preferred embodiment of the inventive method, the base-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, the radius-specific material quantity adjustment, and / or optionally the flange-specific material quantity adjustment, is achieved by adding material. In the case of material quantity adjustment in the form of a material addition, additional or (compared to the final shape) excess material is provided, which leads to targeted compression during the calibration process and can, in particular, result in material flow and / or solidification. In this respect, the material addition is also referred to as compression addition. For example, a material addition of at least 1%, at least 2%, or at least 3% is provided in the base area, frame area, radius area, and / or flange area.Preferably, both the base-specific material quantity adjustment and the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, the radius-specific material quantity adjustment, and optionally the flange-specific material quantity adjustment, involve an addition of material. However, a material quantity adjustment can also be implemented as a reduction of material, particularly locally. In this case, less material is provided than is specified by the final shape. For example, a material reduction of at least -1%, at least -2%, or at least -3% is provided in the base area, the frame area, the radius area, and / or optionally in the flange area. In absolute terms, and to ensure a calibration effect, the pre-formed component has a positive material surplus compared to the final-formed component.

[0022] According to the invention, the material quantity adjustment differs between the floor-specific, frame-specific, radius-specific, and / or optionally the flange-specific material quantity adjustment. Different material quantity adjustments mean that the percentage values ​​for the floor-specific, frame-specific, radius-specific, and flange-specific material quantity adjustments differ. In other words, an asymmetrical or uneven material quantity adjustment is provided with respect to the floor area, the frame area, the radius area, and / or optionally the flange area.It has been shown that varying adjustments to the amount of material result in a material flow from one area to another during the upsetting process of calibration, thereby influencing, in particular, the frame opening angle and / or the frame curvature radius. As a result, particularly dimensionally accurate components can be produced.

[0023] In one example, the floor-specific material quantity adjustment is +2% (material addition) and the frame-specific material quantity adjustment is +3% (material addition). In another example, the floor-specific material quantity adjustment is +2% (material addition) and the frame-specific material quantity adjustment is -2% (material reduction). However, the total material addition across the entire cross-section under consideration is so large that the cross-section is compressed, at least in some areas, and thus calibrated.

[0024] According to the invention, the base-specific material quantity adjustment and the frame-specific material quantity adjustment are set such that, during calibration, a material flow occurs from the frame area to the base area and / or from the base area to the frame area. If a flange area is present, and the frame-specific material quantity adjustment and the flange-specific material quantity adjustment are set such that, during calibration, a material flow occurs from the frame area to the flange area and / or from the flange area to the frame area.As previously explained, such a material flow can be achieved, in particular, by adjusting the amount of material in the base area, the frame area, and / or optionally in the flange area of ​​the preformed component. This can be advantageously used to precisely adjust the frame opening angle and / or the frame curvature radius, resulting in high dimensional accuracy. It has been shown that this effect is achieved both by a material flow from the frame area to the base area and from the base area to the frame area, and / or, if a flange area is present, by a material flow from the frame area to the flange area and from the flange area to the frame area.

[0025] According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, at least two material quantity adjustments from the group consisting of floor-specific material quantity adjustments, frame-specific material quantity adjustments, radius-specific material quantity adjustments, and / or optionally flange-specific material quantity adjustments constitute a material addition, wherein at least one material addition is larger than at least one other material addition. For example, the floor-specific material addition is larger than the frame-specific material addition and / or optionally the flange-specific material addition, or the frame-specific material addition is larger than the floor-specific material addition and / or optionally the flange-specific material addition. This means that the respective relative material addition in % should be larger.In this way, a high degree of compression-induced hardening can be achieved, and in addition, a material flow between the bottom area, frame area, radius area and / or optionally the flange area can be provoked during calibration, so that the frame opening angle and / or the frame curvature radius can be influenced as desired.

[0026] According to the invention, at least two material quantity adjustments from the group consisting of frame-specific material quantity adjustments, base-specific material quantity adjustments, radius-specific material quantity adjustments, and / or optionally flange-specific material quantity adjustments differ by at least 0.5 percentage points, preferably by at least 1 percentage point, and more preferably by at least 2 percentage points. It has been shown that this minimum difference in the material quantity adjustments allows the desired effect on the frame opening angle and / or the frame curvature radius to be achieved reliably for a large number of components. For example, if the base-specific material addition is +2% and the frame-specific material addition is +3%, the difference is 1 percentage point. If, for example, the base-specific material addition is +2% and the frame-specific material reduction is -2%, the difference is 4 percentage points.

[0027] According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the base-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, the radius-specific material quantity adjustment, and / or optionally the flange-specific material quantity adjustment are set such that the frame opening angle and / or the frame curvature radius of the at least partially finished component is selectively influenced. In other words, the base-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, the radius-specific material quantity adjustment, and / or optionally the flange-specific material quantity adjustment are set depending on a desired frame opening angle and / or a desired frame curvature radius. For example, the required material quantity adjustments are first determined within the framework of a simulation or tests and then set accordingly on the pre-formed component.

[0028] Furthermore, according to the invention, the difference between at least two material quantity adjustments from the group consisting of floor-specific material quantity adjustments, frame-specific material quantity adjustments, radius-specific material quantity adjustments, and / or optionally flange-specific material quantity adjustments is set sufficiently large so that spreading of the frame area of ​​the at least partially finished component is essentially avoided. This embodiment of the method is based on the finding that increasing the difference in the material quantity adjustments, particularly in the floor and frame areas, leads to a reduction in the frame opening angle. For example, the difference is at least 0.5 percentage points, preferably at least 1 percentage point, and more preferably at least 2 percentage points.The necessary difference can depend on the specific case and be influenced by the geometry of the component to be manufactured and / or the material. As already explained, the necessary adjustment of the material quantity can, however, be determined experimentally or through simulations. Spreading is essentially avoided, in particular, if the upward angle of the frame opening deviates from the target angle by less than 2°, preferably less than 1°, and most preferably less than 0.5°.

[0029] According to the invention, the difference between at least two material adjustments from the group consisting of floor-specific material quantity adjustments, frame-specific material quantity adjustments, radius-specific material quantity adjustments, and / or optionally flange-specific material quantity adjustments is set sufficiently small so that folding of the frame area of ​​the at least partially finished component is essentially avoided. This embodiment of the method is based on the understanding that a reduction in the difference between the material quantity adjustments, particularly in the floor and frame areas, leads to an increase in the frame opening angle. For example, the difference is at most 5 percentage points, preferably at most 4 percentage points, and more preferably at most 3 percentage points.Folding is essentially avoided, in particular, if the frame opening angle deviates downwards by less than 2°, preferably less than 1°, most preferably less than 0.5° from the nominal angle.

[0030] According to a preferred embodiment of the inventive method, the floor-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, the radius-specific material quantity adjustment and / or optionally the flange-specific material quantity adjustment is a material addition and is set sufficiently large so that a spreading of the frame area of ​​the at least partially finished component is essentially avoided, for example greater than +0.5%, preferably greater than +1%.

[0031] Preferably, in the case of a frame-specific and / or floor-specific material addition and / or optional flange-specific material quantity adjustment, this is designed to be sufficiently small, for example less than +5%, preferably less than +4%, further preferably less than +3%, in order to essentially avoid folding of the frame area.

[0032] These variations of the process are based on the understanding that an increased addition of frame-specific, floor-specific, radius-specific and / or optionally flange-specific material leads to a reduction in the frame opening angle.

[0033] According to a preferred embodiment of the inventive method, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment is a material addition and is set sufficiently large to substantially prevent excessive frame curvature in the frame area of ​​the at least partially finished component. This embodiment of the method is based on the understanding that increasing a frame-specific material addition generally leads to a reduction in frame curvature or an increase in the frame curvature radius. For example, the frame-specific material addition is at least +0.5%, preferably at least +1%, and more preferably at least +2%. Excessive frame curvature is substantially avoided, in particular, when the frame curvature radius is greater than 10⁻³ mm, preferably greater than 10⁴ mm, and more preferably greater than 10⁵ mm.

[0034] According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the formed component has a U-shaped cross-section. For example, the formed component is a U-shaped profile or a cup-shaped or trough-shaped component. Particularly with such components, the geometrically determined problem of especially high springback in the frame area after forming arises. The method according to the invention can avoid or at least reduce this problem. The formed component is, for example, a flangeless or flanged component. In the latter case, the component has a flange area in addition to the base area and the frame area. The frame area preferably runs at an angle or substantially perpendicular to the base area and / or the flange area.

[0035] The formed component is made of a steel material. The steel material is preferably a high-strength steel. Such steel materials exhibit particularly high springback in conventional forming processes. The method according to the invention therefore enables the achievement of high dimensional accuracy even with steel materials that have a material-related high springback.

[0036] The formed component is alternatively manufactured from an aluminum alloy. The aluminum alloy is preferably a high-strength aluminum alloy. Such aluminum alloys exhibit particularly high springback in conventional forming processes. The method according to the invention therefore enables the achievement of high dimensional accuracy even with aluminum alloys that have a material-related high springback.

[0037] In contrast to known shaped components from the prior art, the components produced by the inventive method exhibit an advantageous stress distribution due to the upsetting with the described adjustment of the amount of material, so that a high degree of dimensional accuracy can be achieved.

[0038] The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the drawing. The drawing shows in Figs. 1 and 2 are schematic cross-sectional views of a frame area and a base area of ​​a component, respectively, to illustrate the effects of an embodiment of the method on the component; Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a component according to the prior art; Fig. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a component manufactured according to an embodiment of the method according to the invention; Fig. 5 shows test results for the frame end distance and the frame radius of curvature as a function of the base-specific material addition after calibration; and Fig. 6 shows test results for the frame end distance and the frame radius of curvature as a function of the frame-specific material addition after calibration.

[0039] Fig. 1, 2 Each figure shows a schematic cross-sectional representation of a frame area 2, 2' and a bottom area 4, 4' of a component 1, 1' to illustrate the effects of an embodiment of the method on the component 1, 1'.

[0040] In Fig. 1a Component 1 features a floor-specific material quantity adjustment in the form of a material addition or compression addition of +2% and a frame-specific material quantity adjustment in the form of a material addition or compression addition of +3%. Due to the compression during calibration, represented by arrow 6, a material flow occurs from the frame area to the floor area, as illustrated by arrow 8. As determined by simulations and in Fig. 1b As shown, this leads to a reduction in the frame opening angle or the distance between the frame ends (arrows 10, 12). This allows for CAD-accurate floor radii to be achieved and counteracts any outward springback of the frame sections 2, thus improving dimensional accuracy.

[0041] In Fig. 2a Component 1' exhibits a floor-specific material quantity adjustment in the form of a material addition or compression addition of +2% and a frame-specific material quantity adjustment in the form of a material reduction of -2%. Due to the compression during calibration, represented by arrows 6', a material flow occurs from the floor area 4' to the frame area 2', as illustrated by arrow 8'. As determined by simulations and in Fig. 2b As shown, this also leads to a reduction in the frame opening angle or the distance between the frame ends (arrows 10', 12'). Thus, CAD-accurate floor radii can be achieved here as well, and outward springback of the frame sections 2' can be counteracted, thereby improving dimensional accuracy.

[0042] Fig. 3 Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a flanged component 30 according to the prior art. The component 30 is manufactured by conventional deep drawing. Due to the transition from the base area 34 to the frame area 32, the frame of the component 30 exhibits a spreading of the frame. In addition, the frame area 32 exhibits a residual curvature.

[0043] Fig. 4 Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a flanged component 40, which was manufactured according to an embodiment of the method according to the invention. In this process, a base-specific material addition and a frame-specific material addition were unevenly distributed. It can be seen that, in contrast to component 30, component 40 does not exhibit any frame splay due to the transition from the base area 44 to the frame area 42. Furthermore, the frame area 42 has no residual curvature.

[0044] Fig. 5 shows test results for the frame end distance or component end distance and the frame curvature radius as a function of the floor-specific material addition ("floor addition") after calibration.

[0045] The soil-specific material or compression additions were implemented in the form of two uniform waves in the soil area made of circular segment arcs with the same radii.

[0046] In Fig. 5 The distance between the frame ends in mm is plotted on the left, relative to the bottom allowance in %. The dashed line represents the target width of the frame ends.

[0047] On the right, the radius of the frame curvature in mm is plotted against the bottom allowance in %. Bottom allowances of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% were chosen. The frame-specific material allowance was always 3.0%.

[0048] Fig. 6 shows test results for the frame end distance and the frame curvature radius as a function of the frame-specific material addition ("frame addition") after calibration.

[0049] The frame-specific material or compression additions were implemented here in the form of three uniform or tangent-continuous waves in the base area made of circular segment arcs with the same radii.

[0050] On the left, the distance between the frame ends in mm is plotted against the frame allowance in %. The dashed line represents the target width of the frame ends. On the right, the radius of the frame curvature in mm is plotted against the frame allowance in %. Frame allowances of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0% were selected. The floor-specific material allowance was always 2.0%.

[0051] It can be seen that by dividing a general material allowance into a floor-specific allowance and a frame-specific allowance, the frame end distance (or the frame opening angle) and the frame curvature radius can be adjusted. It can be seen that by increasing the frame-specific allowance, the frame curvature can be reduced or the frame curvature radius increased, since this is primarily influenced by the frame-specific allowance. Fig. 6 , on the right in comparison with Fig. 5 , right). Thus, the frame-specific material allowance can be set sufficiently large, so that excessive frame curvature of the frames of the component that is at least partially finished can be essentially avoided.

[0052] Furthermore, it can be seen that the floor-specific and / or frame-specific material allowance should be set sufficiently large so that spreading of the frames of the at least partially finished component is essentially avoided, but should also be sufficiently small to essentially prevent folding (cf. Fig. 5 , left, Fig. 6 left).

[0053] The exemplary procedure and the exemplary device have been explained in more detail here using a flangeless component as an example. Components with flanges are subject to an analogous procedure.

Claims

1. Method for manufacturing a shaped component from a steel material or from an aluminum material, the method comprising: - preforming a workpiece into a preformed component close to its final shape with a bottom region, a frame region, and optionally a flange region, wherein a material quantity adjustment is set in the preformed component; - calibrating the preformed component to form a component (1, 1', 40) which is at least partially in its final shape and has a bottom region (4, 4', 44), a frame region (2, 2', 42) and, optionally, a flange region, wherein during the calibration at least some compression of the preformed component takes place; - wherein the material quantity adjustment is set with a bottom-specific material quantity adjustment, a frame-specific material quantity adjustment and / or a radius-specific material quantity adjustment, characterized in that that the bottom-specific material quantity adjustment and the frame-specific material quantity adjustment are set such that during calibration, a material flow takes place from the frame region (2, 2', 42) into the bottom region (4, 4', 44) and / or from the bottom region (4, 4', 44) into the frame region (2, 2', 42) during calibration, wherein the bottom-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment differ, and wherein at least two material quantity adjustments from the group consisting of the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, the bottom-specific material quantity adjustment and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment differ by at least 0.5 percentage points, wherein the difference between at least two material quantity adjustments from the group consisting of the bottom-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment is set sufficiently large so that spreading of the frame region (2, 2', 42) of the at least partially end-formed component (1, 1', 40) is essentially avoided and is set sufficiently low so that buckling of the frame region (2, 2', 42) of the at least partially end-formed component (1, 1', 40) is essentially avoided.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the floor-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment is a material addition.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least two material quantity adjustments from the group consisting of bottom-specific material quantity adjustment, frame-specific material quantity adjustment and / or radius-specific material quantity adjustment are a material addition, wherein at least one material addition is greater than at least one other material addition.

4. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least two material quantity adjustments from the group consisting of frame-specific material quantity adjustment, bottom-specific material quantity adjustment and / or radius-specific material quantity adjustment differ by at least 1 percentage point, preferably by at least 2 percentage points.

5. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the bottom-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment, and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment are set in such a way that the frame opening angle and / or the frame curvature radius of the component that is at least partially end-formed (1, 1', 40) is specifically influenced.

6. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the bottom-specific material quantity adjustment, the frame-specific material quantity adjustment and / or the radius-specific material quantity adjustment is a material addition and is set sufficiently large so that spreading of the frame region (2, 2', 42) of the at least partially end-formed component (1, 1', 40) is essentially avoided.

7. Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the frame-specific material quantity adjustment is a material addition and is set sufficiently large so that excessive frame curvature of the frame region (2, 2', 42) of the component (1, 1', 40) that is at least partially end-formed is essentially avoided.

8. Method according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the formed component (1, 1', 40) has a U-shaped cross-section.

9. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the formed component (1, 1', 40) is a flanged or flangeless component.