Paving stone and paving slab

Abstract

Paving stone or paving slab comprising a base provided with a load joint and displacement protection system, having a plurality of base side surfaces, and a head arranged on the base having a head top and a plurality of head side surfaces, wherein the head has a smaller circumference in horizontal section at its head top than a nominal circumference of the base, and the head side surfaces are designed such that they are in the laid state of the paving stone or slab.the paving slab with a head-side surface of an adjacent identical or similar paving stone or paving slab forms a surface joint with a surface joint width that is equal to or greater than a load joint width of a load joint between the bases of adjacent identical or similar paving stones or identical or similar paving slabs, wherein the joint axes of the load joint and the surface joint lie one above the other in the surface bond and the load joint and the surface joint are connected to each other, as well as paving surface or slab covering made of the same / the same material.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a paving stone and a paving slab, as well as a paving surface and a paving slab made of the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a paving stone and a paving slab for producing paving surfaces and paving slabs.

[0002] To ensure the long-term performance of unbound paving under traffic loads or the effects of horizontal forces, recognized engineering practices, including standards, must be observed, including joint widths of approximately 4 to 6 mm on average for concrete paving stones. However, unbound construction with natural stone paving is problematic even for traffic loads below load class 0.3. While bound construction with natural stone paving is suitable for higher traffic loads, it requires considerable expertise, considerable effort, and high costs, as well as the mandatory installation of stone by trained, rarely available, natural stone pavers. This also has a runoff coefficient of almost 1, which is detrimental to climate improvement in urban areas.

[0003] So-called eco-paving stones are available, with and without molded elements for anti-slip protection, with widened joints for increased infiltration capacity or for creating lawn joints. When properly laid, the stone sides, with adjacent identical stones, form joint widths of approximately 10 mm or more. However, due to the consistently widened joints, these paving stone systems are only suitable for areas with low traffic volumes, such as a garage driveway.

[0004] The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a paving stone and a paving slab for the production of highly resilient paving surfaces and slab coverings with increased water absorption capacity and subsequent higher evaporation after rainfall events.

[0005] According to the invention, this object is achieved by a paving stone or a paving slab, comprising a base provided with a load joint and displacement protection device and having a plurality of base side surfaces and a head arranged on the base with a head upper side and a plurality of head side surfaces, wherein the head has a smaller circumference in horizontal section at its head upper side than a nominal dimension-related circumference of the base and the head side surfaces are designed such that, when the paving stone orThe paving slab forms a surface joint with a head side surface of an adjacent identical or similar paving stone or an identical or similar paving slab with a surface joint width that is equal to or greater than the load joint width of a load joint between bases of adjacent identical or similar paving stones or identical or similar paving slabs, whereby the joint axes of the load joint and the surface joint lie one above the other in the surface bond, and the load joint and the surface joint are connected to one another. The term "connected to one another" is intended to mean, in particular, that the surface joint and the load joint merge into one another.

[0006] Furthermore, this object is achieved by a paving surface or a slab covering comprising a plurality of paving slabs according to one of claims 1 to 20. In particular, paving surfaces and slab coverings are provided with a multi-level joint system.

[0007] The base of the paving stone or paving slab can be designed to be higher than the head. The reverse is also conceivable.

[0008] According to another special embodiment, the base side surfaces run vertically or diagonally inward from bottom to top. "Diagonally inward" refers specifically to the interior of the paving stone or paving slab.

[0009] In a special embodiment, the base is square in horizontal section. As an alternative to the "horizontal section," the "horizontal projection" can also be used.

[0010] According to a further particular embodiment, the load joint and displacement protection device has at least one, preferably at least two, spacer cams on at least one of the base side surfaces for load joint protection.

[0011] According to a further particular embodiment, the load joint and anti-displacement device has at least two parallel vertical, outwardly projecting, in particular strip-shaped, connecting sections on at least one of the base side surfaces for anti-displacement purposes, which, in the laid state of the paving stone or paving slab, interact with connecting sections on a base side surface of an adjacent identical or similar paving stone or an adjacent identical or similar paving slab, in particular in the manner of a rack or gear wheel.

[0012] Preferably, the connecting sections extend only at the base.

[0013] In a further particular embodiment, the load joint and displacement protection device has a load joint protection device separate from a displacement protection device.

[0014] The head is advantageously polygonal in horizontal section, especially quadrangular, such as rectangular. As an alternative to the "horizontal section," the "horizontal projection" can also be used.

[0015] For practical purposes, the head side surfaces and the base side surfaces run parallel.

[0016] In a further special embodiment, the head side surfaces are designed to widen the cross-section, e.g. conical or concave, extending downwards.

[0017] In another special embodiment, it has a horizontally encircling bracket that divides it into the head and the base. It is designed such that, in combination with an associated head side surface, it forms the surface joint with a head side surface of a neighboring identical or similar paving stone or identical or similar paving slab when the paving stone or slab is laid. More precisely, the surface joint results from the widths of the two brackets and the load joint between the paving stones or slabs.

[0018] In particular, it can be provided that the head side surfaces merge into the console.

[0019] Furthermore, it can be provided that the head side surfaces, starting from a top edge of the head, extend at least initially substantially vertically downwards.

[0020] According to another special design, the console runs horizontally or is designed in a trough shape.

[0021] In a further particular embodiment, at least one joint material stabilizing device is provided on at least one of the head side surfaces, preferably with several joint material stabilizing devices being provided on at least one of the head side surfaces, in particular in a regular or irregular position. The joint material stabilizing devices serve to grip the stone material as a joint material.

[0022] In a further particular embodiment, it has at least one dummy joint, in particular wherein at least one joint material stabilizing device is provided in the dummy joint.

[0023] Furthermore, it can be provided that the paving stone or paving slab or only the base thereof is made of concrete.

[0024] According to a further particular embodiment, it can be provided that the head is made of a different material than the base, in particular wherein the head is attached to the base, e.g. by gluing.

[0025] In particular, the head may be made of natural stone, ceramic, glass, clinker, wood, plastic or metal.

[0026] In a special embodiment, the paving or slab covering comprises joint material in the surface joints for rainwater absorption, preferably also for the degradation of pollutants in rainwater.

[0027] Finally, according to a further particular embodiment, it can be provided that the paving stones or paving slabs are designed and arranged in such a way that straight lines of the surface joints with equal surface joint widths are created, in particular wherein the upper sides of the paving stones or paving slabs are flat and / or are designed or arranged in such a way that lines of the surface joints with irregular surface joint widths are created.

[0028] The invention is based on the surprising discovery that the special design of the paving stone or paving slab allows for a load joint in the base area suitable for high traffic loads up to at least BK 1.8 according to RStO 12, with all-round force-locking anti-displacement protection and joint design according to recognized engineering principles. In the head area, a joint space in addition to the load joint space can be created to accommodate joint material, for example, to increase evaporation performance after rainfall through water-saturated joint material. Resource-saving and highly resilient, up to BK 3.2.

[0029] Paved surfaces or slabs with paving stones or paving slabs are permeable and, compared to the narrower load joint space in the base area, have an additional joint space in the head area, which can be used for filling material with the aim of achieving the highest possible evaporation potential after rainfall events and thus make a significant contribution to mitigating urban heat islands and thus to promoting the health of the people living there.

[0030] The construction method with paving stones or paving slabs is simple to implement, significantly more economical than, for example, natural stone paving, and sustainable.

[0031] At least in one particular embodiment, the paving stone or paving slab meets the high road construction, planning and installation requirements through a joint system with anti-slip protection in the base area, while it can be used to accommodate additional joint material by means of differently and irregularly widened joint widths and depths, among other things for the purpose of rainwater evaporation and thus climate improvement, through a preferably irregular joint space in the head area, such as with roughly split and slightly different stone lengths and widths, such as with the laying of natural paving stones.

[0032] The additional joint space in the head area can be of varying shapes, depth, narrow or wide.

[0033] Surface joint widths in the head area along a head side surface can be orthogonal at any point and on both sides to the joint axis and the same from stone side to stone side or can be expanded differently as with split natural paving stones and thus form a straight or naturally running joint to the joint axis.

[0034] In a special design of the paving or slab covering, the natural joint appearance is also promoted by turning and changing the position of individual paving stones or paving slabs in the stone shape.

[0035] Likewise, the joint structure is determined by the occasional protruding and recessed edges, sides, and / or corners of the cobblestones, similar to those found in broken or split natural paving stones with slightly varying stone lengths and widths. Paving stones positioned in this way can also be laid in approximately the same way, so that with a few stone head variations, unwanted, unnatural repetitions of the same stone surface locations or features, or recurring joint patterns in the field of view along each stone length, are avoided. It is also possible to design each individual stone differently from the other stones.

[0036] At least in one special design, only the surface joint width and joint structure and course are variable, regardless of the constant load joint width in the base area. This allows for precise grid spacing for a variety of bondings with different stone formats, including anti-slip protection, without altering the desired joint pattern in the surface described above.

[0037] In special embodiments, the transition area from the head to the base initially runs vertically and, at the beginning of the base, is horizontally flat or concavely curved or bevelled from head to base, whereby migration of the joint filler is almost impossible due to a special joint system in the base area and whereby, for example, the vertically running step area between the head and base can have joint material stabilizing devices, for example cams, with a thickness of, for example, up to 10 mm, formed all the way around, for example up to approximately ¾ of the height of the head, at any intervals, for the purpose of enabling the filler to be gripped to the stone or top side.

[0038] At least in one special embodiment, joint structures can be realized that inevitably arise when laying natural stone paving with rough sides, corners and edges.

[0039] At least in one particular embodiment of the invention, the creation of paved areas with any desired stone format, surface texture, side profile, and different joint structures is possible, for example, in urban areas to avoid climate-induced, increasing heat islands with an additional surface-side joint volume. This can be filled, among other things, with fillers that can absorb water like a sponge after rainwater precipitation, thus creating additional evaporation potential, which in turn contributes to improved temperature regulation and a healthier urban climate, significantly reducing the runoff coefficient. The additional joint space can also be used to accommodate special rock material that binds organic pollutants found in surface water, thus allowing purified rainwater to infiltrate into the groundwater and simultaneously promoting evaporation.

[0040] Furthermore, at least in one particular embodiment of the invention, the creation of paving surfaces, preferably with joint structures in the head area and stone and slab top surfaces typical of natural stone, is possible. These surfaces are as close as possible to the appearance of natural stone paving surfaces with split, rough-cut stone surfaces, sides, and edges, with protruding and recessed stone and slab head edges and corners in the joint pattern, and the resulting irregularly wide and narrow joint patterns. In addition to straight joint patterns with uniform, narrow, and / or wide joint widths and flat surfaces, such joint structures also enable the creation of paving surfaces with anti-slip properties, suitable for traffic loads in accordance with RstO 12 to BK 3.2.

[0041] Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the appended claims and the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the schematic drawings. In the drawings: Figure 1a shows a perspective view of a corner of a paving stone according to a particular embodiment of the present invention; Figure 1b shows a perspective view of a corner of a paving stone according to a further particular embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 shows a plan view from above of two adjacent, professionally laid paving stones of a paving surface according to a particular embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 shows a plan view from above of a paving stone according to a further particular embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4a shows a vertical sectional view in the region of an outer edge of a paving stone according to a further embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4b shows a vertical sectional view in the region of an outer edge of a paving stone according to a further embodiment of the present invention;Figure 4c shows a vertical sectional view in the region of two adjacent paving stones of a paving surface according to a further embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 shows a plan view of a paving stone according to a further particular embodiment of the present invention from above, along with a side view; Figure 6a shows a plan view of a section of a paving surface (row bond) of paving stones according to a further particular embodiment of the present invention from above; ; Figure 6b shows a plan view of a section of a paving surface (row bond) made of paving stones according to a further particular embodiment of the present invention from above; Figure 7a shows a plan view of a paving stone from above; Figure 7b shows a plan view of a paving stone according to a further particular embodiment of the present invention from above; Figures 7c-f show plan views of a paving stone according to further particular embodiments of the present invention from above; and Figure 8 shows a plan view of a production unit according to a further particular embodiment of the present invention made of four paving stones according to various embodiments of the present invention from above.

[0042] Even if the description of exemplary embodiments only concerns paving stones and paving slabs, it also applies equally to paving slabs and slab coverings.

[0043] Figure 1ashows a section or a corner of a paving stone 10 according to a particular embodiment of the present invention. The paving stone 10 comprises a base 12 provided with a load joint and displacement protection device and, in this example, four base side surfaces, of which only two are shown and provided with the reference number 14, and a head 16 arranged on the base 12 with a head upper side 18 and, in this example, four head side surfaces, of which only two are shown and provided with the reference number 20. The head side surfaces 20 and the base side surfaces 14 run parallel in this example. In this example, the head upper side 18 is flat. The head 16 has a smaller circumference in horizontal section at its head upper side 18 than a nominal size-related circumference of the base 12.Furthermore, the head side surfaces 20 are designed such that, in the laid state of the paving stone 10, they form a surface joint with a head side surface of an adjacent identical or similar paving stone with a surface joint width that is equal to or greater than a load joint width of a load joint between bases of adjacent identical or similar paving stones, wherein the joint axes of the load joint and the surface joint lie one above the other in the surface structure and the load joint and the surface joint are connected to one another.

[0044] The base 12 has a greater height Hs than a height HK of the head 16.

[0045] The base side surfaces 14 are essentially vertical. Furthermore, the base 12 in this example is square in horizontal section.

[0046] The load joint and displacement protection device comprises a plurality of spacer lugs 22 in the lower regions of each of the base side surfaces 14 for load joint protection. The spacer lugs can be, for example, elongated, particularly in the horizontal direction, and / or approximately 5 mm high. Furthermore, in this example, the load joint and displacement protection device comprises a plurality of parallel, vertical, outwardly projecting, strip-shaped, e.g., cylindrical or semi-cylindrical, connecting sections 24 on each of the base side surfaces 14, which, when the paving stone 10 is laid, connect with connecting sections on a base side surface of an adjacent paving stone of the same or similar type. in particularThey interact in a force-locking manner, such as a rack or gear. In this example, the connecting sections 24 extend only along the base 12. Generally, a single connecting section on one side may be sufficient. Typically, however, the connecting sections are arranged at least in pairs on one side.

[0047] The head 16 is rectangular, just like the base 12. The head side surfaces 20 and the base side surfaces 14 are congruent.

[0048] Furthermore, the paving stone 10 has a horizontally surrounding console 26 which divides the paving stone 10 into the head 16 and the base 12 and is designed such that, in combination with an associated head side surface in the laid state of the paving stone, it can be connected to a console and a head side surface of an adjacent identical or similar paving stone including a load joint 40 (see e.g. Figure 2 ) forms the surface joint.

[0049] In the present example, the head side surfaces 20 run vertically and merge into the console 26.

[0050] Figure 1b shows a view like the Figure 1a of a paving stone 10 according to another particular embodiment of the present invention. A load joint and displacement protection device is also present, but not shown in the drawing. While in the Figure 1a the top edges 28 are straight, they run in the case of the paving stone 10 of Figure 1b linear to wavy or rounded to broken. In addition, the head side surfaces 20 extend accordingly. The console outer edges 30 extend in the same way as the paving stone 10 of Figure 1a The inner edges of the consoles 32, however, are not straight (as in the paving stone of Figure 1a ), but like the upper edges of the head 28, linear to wavy or rounded to broken.

[0051] The outer edges of the console 30 correspond to the upper edges of the base 34.

[0052] The Figure 2 shows two paving stones 36 and 38, which are placed against each other in a grid dimension (also called laying dimension), with the load joint 40 with a standard joint width, head tops 18 and connecting sections 24, which are attached on all sides. In addition, the Figure 2 an outermost boundary corresponding to the base upper edges 34 and an inner boundary corresponding to the head upper edges 28, thus forming a boundary surface 42 within which the outer contour of the head can fluctuate, furthermore, right-angled corners 44 of the base side surfaces 14 and right-angled corners 46 of the inner sides 48 of the boundary surface 42, as well as joint axes 50, which bisect the width of the load joints 40. The nominal dimension of the paving stones 36 and 38 corresponds to the exemplary square base circumference formed from the base upper edges 34. The grid dimension is determined by the joint axes 50.

[0053] Figure 3shows a paving stone 36 with a variant compared to a contour formed from the top edges 28 in Figure 1b The contour resembles broken natural paving stone edges.

[0054] Figure 4a shows a cross-sectional view of a transition from a top edge 28 to a base edge 34 with a subsequent vertical base side surface 14 and integrated connecting section 24, both of which end at the underside 54 of the paving stone 10. The top side surface 20 extends from the top edge 28, widening the cross-section, in the present example "conical."

[0055] In the in the Figure 4b In the variant shown, the course of the head side surface 20 differs from the course of the head side surface 20 of the Figure 4ashown paving stone 10. Starting from the top edge 28 of the head, the side surface 20 extends vertically downwards to an inner console edge 32. The console 26 extends horizontally from the inner console edge 32 to the outer console edge 30 and thus to the top edge 34 of the base.

[0056] Another variant is in the Figure 4c In contrast to the Figure 4bIn the embodiment shown, no horizontally extending bracket 26 is provided here, but rather a trough-shaped bracket 26. The surface joint (head joint) 56, which is noticeably wider in this example (compared to the standard load joint (base joint) 40), is provided with joint material stabilizing devices 58 integrated into the head side surfaces 20 at a height of approximately ¾ in this example, for the purpose of improved positional stability of the joint material, for example, to prevent suction out due to driving over it. The joint material stabilizing devices 58 can be arranged at different or equal distances from one another and can be formed around the head, e.g. Figure 4b ) prevent migration of joint material from the surface joint 56 into the space of the load joint 40.

[0057] The Figure 5shows a plan view from above (top) and a side view (bottom) of a paving stone 10 with a rectangular base 12 and a

[0058] Head 16 with a dummy joint 60 on the head top 18 with a maximum dummy joint width b Smax due to head side surfaces 20a and a minimum (smallest possible) dummy joint width B Smin , which corresponds to the standard joint width between bases of adjacent paving stones. Furthermore, the paving stone 10 has joint material stabilization devices 58, as exemplified in the Figure 4c shown, as well as composite sections 24, as exemplified in Figure 1a shown, only a few of which are marked. The positioning of the dummy joint 60 is not fixed, and several dummy joints can also be provided on the top side (top side) of the paving stone 10.

[0059] Figure 6ashows a plan view from above of a row bond, approximately in half bond, of paving stones 10 with a constant and standardized nominal load joint width (base joint width) b la and a load joint and displacement protection, exemplarily comprising composite sections 24 such as in the Figure 1a , of which only some are marked, whereby the wider surface joints 56 and the joint course are visible, completely independent of the load joint width b la.

[0060] The one in the Figure 6b The row arrangement shown differs from that shown in the Figure 6a shown row connection is essentially that the surface joints 56 are significantly widened and run relatively irregularly.

[0061] The Figure 7a shows, for illustrative purposes only, a paving stone 10 with the largest possible surface area of ​​the top side 18.

[0062] The Figure 7bshows a paving stone 10 with a smallest possible area of ​​the top surface 18 according to a particular embodiment of the invention.

[0063] The Figures 7c to 7f show plan views from above of paving stones 10 according to special embodiments of the invention, which, when the paving stones are laid correctly according to the standard or desired joint width of, for example, 5 mm, result in natural-looking joint structures with irregular joint courses and, in some cases, projecting and recessed corners 46 of the head as well as top edges 28 of the head with an overall considerably enlarged joint space in the area of ​​the head.

[0064] Figure 8 shows an example of a production unit with paving stones in four variants, called A1, A2, B1 and B2, according to particular embodiments of the present invention, e.g. as described above and in the Figures 1 to 7fshown for the production of a paving surface whose heads can be differently structured or flat, and whose edges and sides vary, whereby the four stones A1, A2, B1, and B2 are arranged such that opposite stone edges, corners, and sides are always uneven. It can be assumed that the paving stones will then be laid in approximately this arrangement across the surface, which would correspond to the objective of an irregular pattern. The production unit can, of course, also contain fewer or more than four paving stones with the aforementioned properties.

[0065] The features of the invention disclosed in the above description, in the drawings and in the claims may be essential both individually and in any combination for the realization of the invention in its various embodiments. Reference symbol list

[0066] 10 Paving stone 12 Base 14 Base side surfaces 16 Head 18 Head top 20 Head side surfaces 20a Head side surfaces 22 Spacer cams 24 Connecting sections 26 Bracket 28 Head top edges 30 Bracket outer edges 32 Bracket inner edges 34 Base top edges 36, 38 Paving stones 40 Load joint 42 Boundary surface 44, 46 Corners 48 Inner sides 50 Joint axes 54Underside 56Surface joint 58Joint material stabilization devices 60Dummy joint A 1 , A 2 , B 1 , B 2 paving stones HS Height of the base HK Height of the head b Smax Maximum apparent joint width b Smin Minimum apparent joint width b la Load joint width b Ob Surface joint width

Claims

1. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab, comprising a base (12) provided with a load-joint and displacement protection device and having a plurality of base side surfaces (14), and a head (16) arranged on the base (12) and having a head upper side (18) and a plurality of head side surfaces (20), wherein the head (16) has, on its head upper side (18), a smaller circumference in horizontal section than a nominal dimension-related circumference of the base (12), and the head side surfaces (20) are designed such that, when the paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) orthe paving slab forms a surface joint (56) with a head side surface of an adjacent identical or similar paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or an identical or similar paving slab with a surface joint width that is equal to or greater than a load joint width of a load joint (40) between bases (12) of adjacent identical or similar paving stones (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or identical or similar paving slabs, wherein the joint axes of the load joint (40) and the surface joint (56) lie one above the other in the surface bond and the load joint (40) and the surface joint (56) are connected to one another, in particular wherein the base (12) has a greater height than the head (16).

2. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to claim 1, wherein the base side surfaces (14) extend vertically or obliquely inwards.

3. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the base (12) is quadrangular in horizontal section.

4. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the load joint and displacement securing means comprises at least one, preferably at least two, spacer cams (22) on at least one of the base side surfaces (14) for load joint securing.

5. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the load joint and displacement securing means comprises at least two parallel, vertical, outwardly projecting, in particular strip-shaped, connecting sections (24) on at least one of the base side surfaces (14) for displacement securing, which, in the laid state of the paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or the paving slab, cooperate with connecting sections (24) on a base side surface of an adjacent, identical or similar paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or an adjacent, identical or similar paving slab, in particular in the manner of a rack or gear, in particular wherein the connecting sections (24) extend only on the base (12).

6. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the load joint and displacement protection device comprises a load joint protection device separate from a displacement protection device.

7. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the head (16) is polygonal in horizontal section, in particular quadrangular, such as rectangular.

8. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the head side surfaces (20) and the base side surfaces (14) run parallel to the sides.

9. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the head side surfaces (20) are designed to widen their cross-section, e.g., conically or concavely, extending downwards.

10. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein it has a horizontally circumferential console (26) which divides it into the head (16) and the base (12) and is designed such that, in combination with an associated head side surface (20) in the laid state of the paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or the paving slab with a head side surface (20) of an adjacent identical or similar paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or an identical or similar paving slab, it forms the surface joint (56).

11. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to claim 10, wherein the head side surfaces (20) merge into the console (26), in particular wherein the head side surfaces (20), starting from a head top edge, extend at least initially substantially vertically downwards.

12. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of claims 10 to 11, wherein the bracket (26) runs horizontally or is trough-shaped.

13. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one joint material stabilizing device (58) is provided on at least one of the head side surfaces (20), preferably wherein several joint material stabilizing devices (58), in particular in a regular or irregular position, are provided on at least one of the head side surfaces (20).

14. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein it has at least one dummy joint (60), in particular wherein at least one joint material stabilizing device (58) is provided in the dummy joint (60).

15. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein it or only its base (12) is made of concrete.

16. Paving stone (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slab according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the head (16) is made of a different material than the base (12), in particular wherein the head (16) is fastened to the base (12), e.g. by gluing, in particular wherein the head (16) is made of natural stone, ceramic, glass, clinker, wood, plastic or metal.

17. Paved surface made of several paving stones (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) according to one of the preceding claims or slab covering made of several paving slabs according to one of the preceding claims, in particular comprising joint material in the surface joints (56) for rainwater absorption, preferably also for the degradation of pollutants in rainwater.

18. Paved surface or slab covering according to claim 17, wherein the paving stones (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slabs are designed and arranged such that straight lines of the surface joints (56) with equal surface joint widths are created, in particular wherein the upper sides of the paving stones (10; 36; 38; A1; A2; B1; B2) or paving slabs are flat, and / or are designed or arranged such that lines of the surface joints (56) with irregular surface joint widths are created.

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