Systems and methods for supporting data transmission in a wireless network
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2023-03-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-22
Smart Images

Figure CN2023082020_19092024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUPPORTING DATA TRANSMISSION IN A WIRELESS NETWORKTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and in particular to systems and methods for supporting data transmission in a wireless network.BACKGROUND
[0002] In Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) and beyond, demands for radio resources such as time resources and frequency resources have increased. With the increased demands for radio resources, it has been discussed to reuse transmitted signals and existing signal measurement results for different functionalities, whenever reuse is possible. Reusing signals and previous signal measurements may be useful to minimize overhead of consumed time and frequency resources (or may be referred to as consumed radio resource overhead, consumed time and frequency overhead) and to reduce power consumption at a base station (BS) or a user equipment (UE) . One example of reusing signals and previous signal measurements may be sharing reference signal resources (e.g., channel state information (CSI) -reference signal (RS) (CSI-RS) ) for sensing and communication purposes. The signal resources may be shared in consideration of similarities and differences between communication and sensing operations, in respect of signal measurements and processing.
[0003] Sharing reference signals for different purposes (e.g., across multiple modules or procedures for communication) has been attempted in 5G NR. However, there exists limitations for the attempts in 5G NR. For example, when a UE is constantly tracking delay parameters and Doppler parameters based on configured, received, and / or indicated reference signals (e.g., CSI-RS for tracking or tracking RS (TRS) ) , a BS cannot configure the reference signals for other communication purposes, such as CSI acquisition, CSI measurements, CSI measurement reporting, beam measurements, and / or beam measurement reporting. Put another way, sharing of one CSI-RS resource across multiple communication purposes is precluded in 5G NR.
[0004] SUMMARY
[0005] Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods and devices to overcome the shortcomings described above, as well as specific systems and methods for supporting data transmission in a wireless network. The specific systems and methods illustrated in the present disclosure may reduce reference signal overheads in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, thereby reducing power consumption of devices, such as base stations. The specific systems and methods illustrated in the present disclosure may result in one or both of less frequent CSI measurements or reporting at a user equipment (UE) , thereby reducing power consumption of UE. For example, the UE may be triggered to perform at least one of fine CSI measurements or reporting only when a sensing related event is detected via low-power and low-complexity sensing operations.
[0006] According to an aspect of the disclosure there is provided a method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network including when one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied during sensing performed by a user equipment (UE) , performing, by the UE, at least one of: channel state information (CSI) measurements using one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes; or CSI measurement reporting to a base station (BS) based on the CSI measurements.
[0007] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining, by the UE, whether the one or more conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred are satisfied.
[0008] In some embodiments, the CSI measurement reporting includes: generating, by the UE, a CSI report based on the CSI measurements over the one or more measurement resources; and transmitting, by the UE to the BS, the CSI report.
[0009] In some embodiments, wherein the CSI report includes at least one of: rank indicator (RI) ; channel quality indicator (CQI) ; precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ; or layer indicator (LI) .
[0010] In some embodiments, the method further includes selecting, by the UE, the one or more measurement resources from a plurality of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes, wherein the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.
[0011] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the UE from the BS, first configuration information identifying the plurality of measurement resources from which the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.
[0012] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the UE from the BS, second configuration information for selecting the one or more measurement resources, wherein the UE selects the one or more measurement resources based on the second configuration information.
[0013] In some embodiments, the second configuration information includes at least one of: information indicative of a selection rule for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements; information indicative of the one or more measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component for the CSI measurements; or information indicative of one or more resources of the plurality of measurement resources to be assumed as interference when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements.
[0014] In some embodiments, the information indicative of a selection rule includes at least one objective comprising at least one of: maximizing throughput for single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission; or minimizing power consumption of the UE under a particular minimum throughput requirement.
[0015] In some embodiments, the information indicative of a selection rule is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.
[0016] In some embodiments, the one or more conditions include at least one of: a change in delay parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, wherein the first threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; a change in Doppler parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, wherein the second threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; or displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, wherein the displacement is determined in respect of at least one of distance from the UE or the BS or an angle from the UE or the BS, wherein the third threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS.
[0017] In some embodiments, the displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of an angle of arrival (AoA) or an angle of departure (AoD) estimated from measurement of at least one of the one or more measurement resources.
[0018] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources are further configured for time and frequency tracking functionalities.
[0019] In some embodiments, at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, or the third threshold is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.
[0020] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the UE, the one or more measurement resources with a narrow receive beam for sensing measurement.
[0021] In some embodiments, when the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements, the method further includes when the one or more conditions are satisfied, temporarily suspending sensing measurement; after the temporary suspension, receiving, by the UE, the one or more measurement resources with a wide beam for performing at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting; and after performing at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting, resuming sensing measurement using the one or more measurement resources.
[0022] In some embodiments, the UE performs the CSI measurement reporting using a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated via re-indexing antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources selected.
[0023] In some embodiments, the CSI report generated based on the virtual CSI-RS antenna ports includes an identification of the one or more measurement resources selected.
[0024] In some embodiments, when the UE performs the CSI measurement reporting based on the CSI measurements, the CSI measurements comprise an existing measurement obtained from one or more previous occasions of the one or more measurement resources.
[0025] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the UE, third configuration information defining the one or more conditions.
[0026] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources include at least one of: one or more primary synchronization signals (PSSs) ; one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSSs) ; a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ; one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PBCH; one or more sensing reference signals; or one or more sensing signals.
[0027] According to an aspect of the disclosure there is provided a user equipment (UE) for supporting data transmission in a wireless network including a processor and a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium has stored thereon computer executable instructions that when executed cause the processor to perform a method consistent with the embodiment described above.
[0028] According to an aspect of the disclosure there is provided a method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network including receiving, by a base station (BS) from a user equipment (UE) , a channel state information (CSI) report; wherein the CSI report is generated based on CSI measurements over one or more measurement resources when one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied during sensing performed by the UE, wherein the one or more measurement resources are configured at least for sensing purposes.
[0029] In some embodiments, the CSI report includes at least one of: rank indicator (RI) ; channel quality indicator (CQI) ; precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ; or layer indicator (LI) .
[0030] In some embodiments, the method further includes transmitting, by the BS to the UE, first configuration information identifying a plurality of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes from which the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.
[0031] In some embodiments, the method further includes transmitting, by the BS to the UE, second configuration information for selecting the one or more measurement resources.
[0032] In some embodiments, the second configuration information includes at least one of: information indicative of a selection rule for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements; information indicative of the one or more measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component for the CSI measurements; or information indicative of one or more resources of the plurality of measurement resources to be assumed as interference when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements.
[0033] In some embodiments, the information indicative of a selection rule includes at least one objective comprising at least one of: maximizing throughput for single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission; or minimizing power consumption of the UE under a particular minimum throughput requirement.
[0034] In some embodiments, the information indicative of a selection rule is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.
[0035] In some embodiments, the one or more conditions include at least one of: a change in delay parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, wherein the first threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; a change in Doppler parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, wherein the second threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; or displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, wherein the displacement is determined in respect of at least one of distance from the UE or the BS or an angle from the UE or the BS, wherein the third threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS.
[0036] In some embodiments, the displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of an angle of arrival (AoA) or an angle of departure (AoD) estimated from measurement of at least one of the one or more measurement resources.
[0037] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources are further configured for time and frequency tracking functionalities.
[0038] In some embodiments, at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, or the third threshold is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.
[0039] In some embodiments, the CSI report received from the UE is a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated via re-indexing antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources, wherein the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.
[0040] In some embodiments, the CSI report generated based on the CSI-RS antenna ports includes an identification of the one or more measurement resources.
[0041] In some embodiments, the method further includes transmitting, by the BS to the UE, third configuration information defining the one or more conditions.
[0042] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources include at least one of: one or more primary synchronization signals (PSSs) ; one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSSs) ; a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ; one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PBCH; one or more sensing reference signals; or one or more sensing signals.
[0043] According to an aspect of the disclosure there is provided a base station (BS) for supporting data transmission in a wireless network including a processor and a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium has stored thereon computer executable instructions that when executed cause the processor to perform a method consistent with the embodiment described above.
[0044] According to an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, enable the apparatus to perform a method as described above.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0045] For a more complete understanding of the present embodiments, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0046] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0047] FIG. 2 is another schematic diagram of a communication system in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0048] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating units or modules in a device in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0049] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating units or modules in a device in which embodiments of the present disclosure may occur.
[0050] FIG. 5A illustrates an example of signals and channels in a synchronization signal (SS) and physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block (SSB) in a time and frequency resource.
[0051] FIG. 5B illustrates an example of SSBs transmitted in multiple directions in space on respective beams.
[0052] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a base station (BS) performing mono-static sensing and a user equipment (UE) performing bi-static sensing in a wireless network.
[0053] FIG. 7 illustrates an example time and frequency resource including multiple orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) -based sensing signals.
[0054] FIG. 8A illustrates an example beamforming strategy adopted by a BS and a UE in a wireless network to maximize communication throughput.
[0055] FIG. 8B illustrates an example beamforming strategy adopted by a BS and a UE in a wireless network to improve sensing accuracy.
[0056] FIG. 9 illustrates examples of different beam widths that may be adopted for communication and sensing purposes in a wireless network, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of measurement resources that are configured at least for sensing purposes and transmitted towards different directions in space viewed from a perspective of a BS, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes that are mapped in a time and frequency grid, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 12 is an example signal flow diagram between a BS and a UE for UE-initiated CSI update based on one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 13A and 13B illustrate an example of UE-initiated CSI update based on sensed displacement of a reflector with an objective of minimizing power consumption of the UE, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 14A and 14B illustrate an example of using narrow and wide beams based on the operation of the UE, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 15 is an example signal flow diagram between a BS and a UE when switching receive beam at the UE between sensing measurements and CSI measurements, and UE reporting to the BS, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of indicating one or more measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component or one or more other measurement resources to be assumed as interference when performing CSI measurements and / or reporting, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 17 is a signal flow diagram for signalling between a BS and a UE illustrating an example process for supporting data transmission in a wireless network, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0065] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail below in conjunction with the figures.
[0066] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0067] Moreover, it will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include or otherwise have access to a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e. DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement an application or module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0068] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a UE-initiated CSI update based on low-power sensing operations, to reduce reference signal overhead and power consumption at the UE and at the BS while overcoming the limitations discussed above.
[0069] According to some embodiments, a UE-initiated CSI update may be performed using measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. These measurement resources may be used for low-power and low-complexity sensing operations which may be periodically performed by the UE. In some embodiments, when a sensing related event is detected, the UE may select a subset of the measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes to perform CSI measurements and reporting, and / or may reuse existing sensing measurements to generate a CSI report. For example, a UE may generate a CSI report based on existing sensing measurements obtained from previous occasions of the measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. In some embodiments, when a sensing related event is detected, a UE may temporarily suspend sensing measurements and perform CSI measurements and / or reporting based on the selected measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. This may involve one or more of switching receive beam at the UE, between sensing measurements and CSI measurements or reporting. In some embodiments, the UE may perform the CSI measurement reporting based on virtual CSI-RS resources repurposed from the sensing measurement resources.
[0070] According to some embodiments, the BS may transmit to the UE, certain information to support the UE-initiated CSI update. In one example, the BS may transmit configuration information indicative of one or more conditions which, when satisfied, indicate a sensing related event has occurred. When the one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied, the UE may switch the UE reception behavior from sensing measurements to at least one of fine CSI measurements or reporting. In another example, the BS may transmit information indicative of a selection rule for selecting measurement resources (e.g., a subset of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes) for at least one of the CSI measurements or reporting. In another example, the BS may transmit information indicative of the measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component for at least one of the CSI measurements or reporting. In another example, the BS may transmit information indicative of one or more other measurement resources to be assumed as interference (e.g., one or more measurement resources that are not to be selected or assumed as signal component and are to be assumed as interference) for the at least one of CSI measurements or reporting.
[0071] FIGs. 1, 2, and 3 following below provide context for the network and device that may be in the network and that may implement aspects of the present disclosure.
[0072] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electric device (ED) 110a-120j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another, and may also or instead be connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0073] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure could be implemented. In general, the system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the system 100 may be to provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, narrowcast, user device to user device, etc. The system 100 may operate efficiently by sharing resources such as bandwidth.
[0074] In this example, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a-110c, radio access networks (RANs) 120a-120b, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. While certain numbers of these components or elements are shown in FIG. 2, any reasonable number of these components or elements may be included in the system 100.
[0075] The EDs 110a-110c are configured to operate, communicate, or both, in the system 100. For example, the EDs 110a-110c are configured to transmit, receive, or both via wireless communication channels. Each ED 110a-110c represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , mobile station, mobile subscriber unit, cellular telephone, station (STA) , machine type communication device (MTC) , personal digital assistant (PDA) , smartphone, laptop, computer, touchpad, wireless sensor, or consumer electronics device.
[0076] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure could be implemented. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, multicast, unicast, user device to user device, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources such as bandwidth.
[0077] In this example, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a-110d, radio access networks (RANs) 120a-120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160. Although certain numbers of these components or elements are shown in FIG. 2, any reasonable number of these components or elements may be included in the communication system 100.
[0078] The EDs 110a-110d are configured to operate, communicate, or both, in the communication system 100. For example, the EDs 110a-110d are configured to transmit, receive, or both, via wireless or wired communication channels. Each ED 110a-110d represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, cellular telephone, station (STA) , machine type communication (MTC) device, personal digital assistant (PDA) , smartphone, laptop, computer, tablet, wireless sensor, or consumer electronics device.
[0079] In FIG. 2, the RANs 120a-120b include base stations 170a-170b, respectively. Each base station 170a-170b is configured to wirelessly interface with one or more of the EDs 110a-110c to enable access to any other base station 170a-170b, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the internet 150, and / or the other networks 160. For example, the base stations 170a-170b may include (or be) one or more of several well-known devices, such as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a Node-B (NodeB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) , a Home eNodeB, a gNodeB, a transmission and receive point (TRP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , or a wireless router.
[0080] In some examples, one or more of the base stations 170a-170b may be a terrestrial base station that is attached to the ground. For example, a terrestrial base station could be mounted on a building or tower. Alternatively, one or more of the base stations 172 may be a non-terrestrial base station, or non-terrestrial TRP (NT-TRP) , that is not attached to the ground. A flying base station is an example of the non-terrestrial base station. A flying base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. Non-limiting examples of flying devices include airborne platforms (such as a blimp or an airship, for example) , balloons, quadcopters and other aerial vehicles. In some implementations, a flying base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone or a quadcopter. A flying base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station.
[0081] Any ED 110a-110d may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any other base station 170a-170b, the internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding.
[0082] The EDs 110a-110d and base stations 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment that can be configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or embodiments described herein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the base station 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other base stations, base station controller (s) (BSC) , radio network controller (s) (RNC) , relay nodes, elements, and / or devices. Any base station 170a, 170b may be a single element, as shown, or multiple elements, distributed in the corresponding RAN, or otherwise. Also, the base station 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other base stations, elements, and / or devices. Each base station 170a-170b transmits and / or receives wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or “coverage area” . A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ multiple transceivers to provide service to multiple sectors. In some embodiments, there may be established pico or femto cells where the radio access technology supports such. In some embodiments, multiple transceivers could be used for each cell, for example using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The number of RAN 120a-120b shown is exemplary only. Any number of RAN may be contemplated when devising the communication system 100.
[0083] The base stations 170a-170b, 172 communicate with one or more of the EDs 110a-110c over one or more air interfaces 190a, 190c using wireless communication links e.g. radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. The air interfaces 190a, 190c may utilize any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more orthogonal or non-orthogonal channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) in the air interfaces 190a, 190c.
[0084] A base station 170a-170b, 172 may implement Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) to establish an air interface 190a, 190c using wideband CDMA (WCDMA) . In doing so, the base station 170a-170b. 172 may implement protocols such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Evolved HPSA (HSPA+) optionally including High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) , High Speed Packet Uplink Access (HSPUA) or both. Alternatively, a base station 170a-170b, 172 may establish an air interface 190a, 190c with Evolved UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) using LTE, LTE-A, and / or LTE-B. It is contemplated that the communication system 100 may use multiple channel access operation, including such schemes as described above. Other radio technologies for implementing air interfaces include IEEE 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, IS-2000, IS-95, IS-856, GSM, EDGE, and GERAN. Of course, other multiple access schemes and wireless protocols may be utilized.
[0085] The RANs 120a-120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a-110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a-120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a-120b or EDs 110a-110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the internet 150, and the other networks 160) .
[0086] The EDs 110a-110d communicate with one another over one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b, 190d using wireless communication links e.g. radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. The SL air interfaces 190b, 190d may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110c communication with one or more of the base stations 170a-170b, or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) in the SL air interfaces 190b, 190d. In some embodiments, the SL air interfaces 180 may be, at least in part, implemented over unlicensed spectrum.
[0087] In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a-110d may include operation for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a-110d may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support multiple radio access technologies.
[0088] In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted from a terrestrial BS to the UE or transmitted from the UE directly to the terrestrial BS and in both cases the signal is not reflected by a RIS. However, the signal may be reflected by the obstacles and reflectors such as buildings, walls and furniture. In some embodiments, the signal is communicated between the UE and a non-terrestrial BS such as a satellite, a drone and a high altitude platform. In some embodiments, the signal is communicated between a relay and a UE or a relay and a BS or between two relays. In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted between two UEs. In some embodiments, one or multiple RIS are utilized to reflect the signal from a transmitter and a receiver, where any of the transmitter and receiver includes UEs, terrestrial or non-terrestrial BS, and relays.
[0089] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and network devices, including a base station 170a, 170b (at 170) and an NT-TRP 172. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , internet of things (IOT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0090] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, an industrial device, or apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base station 170a and 170b is a T-TRP and will hereafter be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 3, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0091] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0092] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processing unit (s) 210. Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, and the like.
[0093] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the internet 150 in FIGs. 1 or 2) . The input / output devices permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, such as a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, or touch screen, including network interface communications.
[0094] The ED 110 further includes a processor 210 for performing operations including those related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, those related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, and those related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g. by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g. beam angle information (BAI) , received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g. using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170.
[0095] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0096] The processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) .
[0097] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , or a wireless router, a relay station, a remote radio head, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, or a terrestrial base station, base band unit (BBU) , remote radio unit (RRU) , active antenna unit (AAU) , remote radio head (RRH) , central unit (CU) , distributed unit (DU) , positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be macro BSs, pico BSs, relay node, donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forging devices, or to apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices. While the figures and accompanying description of example and embodiments of the disclosure generally use the terms AP, BS, and AP or BS, it is to be understood that such device could be any of the types described above.
[0098] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment housing the antennas over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0099] The T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates the indication of beam direction, e.g. BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Dynamic signaling may be transmitted in a control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , and static or semi-static higher layer signaling may be included in a packet transmitted in a data channel, e.g. in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0100] A scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the T-TRP 170, which may schedule uplink, downlink, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free ( “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0101] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0102] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC.
[0103] Although the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g. BAI) received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing, but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0104] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0105] The processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0106] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0107] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in ED 110, in T-TRP 170, or in NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0108] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0109] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in ED 110, in T-TRP 170, or in NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0110] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0111] For future wireless networks, a number of the new devices could increase exponentially with diverse functionalities. Also, many new applications and new use cases in future wireless networks than existing in 5G may emerge with more diverse quality of service demands. These will result in new key performance indications (KPIs) for the future wireless network (for an example, 6G network) that can be extremely challenging, so the sensing technologies, and AI technologies, especially ML (deep learning) technologies, had been introduced to telecommunication for improving the system performance and efficiency.
[0112] AI / ML technologies applied communication including AI / ML communication in Physical layer and AI / ML communication in media access control (MAC) layer. For physical layer, the AI / ML communication may be useful to optimize the components design and improve the algorithm performance, like AI / ML on channel coding, channel modelling, channel estimation, channel decoding, modulation, demodulation, MIMO, waveform, multiple access, PHY element parameter optimization and update, beam forming &tracking and sensing &positioning, etc. For MAC layer, AI / ML communication may utilize the AI / ML capability with learning, prediction and make decisions to solve the complicated optimization problems with better strategy and optimal solution, for example to optimize the functionality in MAC, e.g. intelligent TRP management, intelligent beam management, intelligent channel resource allocation, intelligent power control, intelligent spectrum utilization, intelligent modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , intelligent hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) strategy, intelligent transmit / receive (Tx / Rx) mode adaption, etc.
[0113] AI / ML architectures usually involve multiple nodes, which can be organized in two modes, i.e., centralized and distributed, both of which can be deployed in access network, core network, or an edge computing system or third-party network. The centralized training and computing architecture is restricted by huge communication overhead and strict user data privacy. Distributed training and computing architecture comprise several frameworks, e.g., distributed machine learning and federated learning. AI / ML architectures comprises intelligent controller which can perform as single agent or multi-agent, based on joint optimization or individual optimization. New protocol and signaling mechanism is needed so that the corresponding interface link can be personalized with customized parameters to meet particular requirements while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing the whole system spectrum efficiency by personalized AI technologies.
[0114] Further terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks can enable a new range of services and applications such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation, and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility. Terrestrial networks based sensing and non-terrestrial networks based sensing could provide intelligent context-aware networks to enhance the UE experience. For example, terrestrial networks based sensing and non-terrestrial networks based sensing may involve opportunities for localization and sensing applications based on a new set of features and service capabilities. Applications such as THz imaging and spectroscopy have the potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, non-invasive, contactless measurements for future digital health technologies. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methods will not only enable advanced cross reality (XR) applications but also enhance the navigation of autonomous objects such as vehicles and drones. Further in terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, the measured channel data and sensing and positioning data can be obtained by the large bandwidth, new spectrum, dense network and more light-of-sight (LOS) links. Based on these data, a radio environmental map can be drawn through AI / ML methods, where channel information is linked to its corresponding positioning or environmental information to provide an enhanced physical layer design based on this map.
[0115] Sensing coordinators are nodes in a network that can assist in the sensing operation. These nodes can be standalone nodes dedicated to just sensing operations or other nodes (for example TRP 170, ED 110, or core network node) doing the sensing operations in parallel with communication transmissions. A new protocol and signaling mechanism is needed so that the corresponding interface link can be performed with customized parameters to meet particular requirements while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing the whole system spectrum efficiency.
[0116] AI / ML and sensing methods are data-intensive. In order to involve AI / ML and sensing in wireless communications, more and more data are needed to be collected, stored, and exchanged. The characteristics of wireless data expand quite large ranges in multiple dimensions, e.g., from sub-6 GHz, millimeter to Terahertz carrier frequency, from space, outdoor to indoor scenario, and from text, voice to video. These data collecting, processing and usage operations are performed in a unified framework or a different framework.
[0117] Control information is referenced in some embodiments herein. Control information may sometimes instead be referred to as control signaling, or signaling. In some cases, control information may be dynamically communicated, e.g. in the physical layer in a control channel, such as in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) or physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . An example of control information that is dynamically indicated is information sent in physical layer control signaling, e.g., uplink control information (UCI) sent in a PUCCH or PUSCH or downlink control information (DCI) sent in a PDCCH. A dynamic indication may be an indication in a lower layer, e.g., physical layer / layer 1 signaling, rather than in a higher-layer (e.g. rather than in radio resource control (RRC) signaling or in a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ) . A semi-static indication may be an indication in semi-static signaling. Semi-static signaling, as used herein, may refer to signaling that is not dynamic, e.g. higher-layer signaling (such as RRC signaling) , and / or a MAC CE. Dynamic signaling, as used herein, may refer to signaling that is dynamic, e.g., physical layer control signaling sent in the physical layer, such as DCI sent in a PDCCH or UCI sent in a PUCCH or PUSCH.
[0118] In Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) , synchronization signal (SS) and physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block (SSB) is used. An SSB may include multiple signals and channels, as illustrated in FIG. 5A. Referring to FIG. 5A, a SSB 532, which may be transmitted in a portion of a time and frequency resource 530, may include primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , and demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PBCH, which may be referred to as PBCH-DMRS. While not explicitly illustrated in FIG. 5A, more SSBs may be transmitted over other portions of a time and frequency resource 510 and 520, and each of these SSBs may include one or more of PSS, SSS, PBCH, and PBCH-DMRS, in a similar manner to the SSB 532.
[0119] SSBs may be used for diverse functionalities throughout various communication procedures and states. For one example, one or more SSBs may be used during an initial access procedure for one or more functionalities, such as broadcasting system information, coarse beam alignment, and coarse time and frequency synchronization. For another example, one or more SSBs may be used during a radio resource control (RRC) connected mode for other functionalities such as radio link monitoring, continuous beam tracking, re-synchronization, and inter-cell mobility (e.g., detecting SSBs from neighbor base station (BS) ) .
[0120] There may be multiple SSBs in one cell (e.g., 8 SSBs for 3.5GHz) . The multiple SSBs may be transmitted over different beams which may be pointing at different directions for cell coverage, as illustrated in FIG. 5B. FIG. 5B illustrates a base station (BS) 501 transmitting three BS beams 515, 525 and 535. The BS beams 515, 525 and 535 may be used to transmit the portion of time and frequency resources 510, 520, and 530 shown in FIG. 5A.In view of FIGs. 5A and 5B, three SSBs may be transmitted over three BS beams 515, 525 and 535, respectively, pointing at different directions for cell coverage. Put another way, a number of SSBs may be transmitted towards various directions in space via different BS beams. Given that SSBs may use different time and frequency resources as illustrated in FIG. 5A, the consumed time and frequency resource overhead may increase upon increase of the number of SSBs and associated beams.
[0121] In Sixth Generation (6G) wireless network, there may be multiple ways of achieving integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) .
[0122] In 5G NR, as described in FIG. 5A, the current structure of a SSB (e.g., SSB 532) may be bandwidth-limited and spread over multiple orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. On the other hand, in 6G network, the structure of a SSB may be extended so that such communication signals may be reused for sensing purposes as well. For example, SSB transmission may be reused for mono-static sensing (where a same device transmits and receives a sensing signal) by a BS and bi-static sensing (where a first device transmits a sensing signal and a second device receives the sensing signal) by a UE, as illustrated in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of a network 600 that includes a BS 601 and a UE 602. The BS 601 is shown transmitting a signal 610 (e.g. a SSB) and receiving an echo signal 612. The echo signal 612 may be reflected from an unknown object 603. Upon receiving the echo signal 612, the BS 601 may be able to at least one of identify whether the object 603 exists or determine where the object 603 is located. The BS 601 may determine various features of the object 603 through the received echo signal 612. After the signal 610 is redirected by the object 603, the UE 602 may receive a redirected signal 615. Upon receiving the signal 615, the UE 602 may determine various features of the object 603. As the UE 602 may know when the BS 601 transmitted the signal 610 and how the BS 601 transmitted the signal 610 (i.e. beam direction) , the UE 602 may determine various features of the object 603. The UE 602 may make such determinations by measuring the power of the received signal 615 and transmission delay. Accordingly, the UE 602 may be able to identify whether the object 603 exists, where the object 603 is located, and what characteristics or features the object 603 possesses. In this way, the signal 610 (e.g. a SSB) may be used for mono-static sensing by the BS 601 and bi-static sensing by the UE 602.
[0123] Another way of achieving ISAC may involve using a dedicated sensing signal. In 6G network, one or more dedicated sensing signals may be used to achieve improved sensing accuracy. Transmission of dedicated sensing signals (or dedicated resources configured for sensing) may be expected to be periodic in respect of time for accumulating power (energy) , improving sensing accuracy, and detecting changes over time. The dedicated sensing signals may be transmitted in a beam-swept manner similar to the manner that multi-beam SSBs are transmitted for communication purposes.
[0124] Another way of achieving ISAC may involve using an OFDM waveform for sensing purpose, as illustrated in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 illustrates a portion of a time and frequency resource including OFDM-based sensing signals 710, 720, 730, 740, and 750. In FIG. 7, there are 14 OFDM symbols, each having 12 resource elements, within the time slot 700. The first and second OFDM symbols (from the leftmost side) carry the sensing signal 710, the fourth and fifth OFDM symbols carry the sensing signal 720, the seventh and eighth OFDM symbols carry the sensing signal 730, the tenth and eleventh OFDM symbols carry the sensing signal 740, and the thirteenth and fourteenth OFDM symbols carry the sensing signal 750. Not all of the resource elements in the OFDM signals are used for the sensing signals in the example of FIG. 7. Given that the communication signals employ OFDM waveform, using OFDM waveform for carrying sensing signals (thereby using the same signal format) may reduce sensing signal overhead and financial cost by using a shared transceiver structure (i.e., the same transceiver structure for the communication signals and sensing signals) .
[0125] In respect of signal transmission and reception and signal measurements, network devices (e.g., BS, UE) may operate differently for communication purposes and sensing purposes. For communication purposes, the objective may be to maximize the data rate, which may entail higher signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and using more multi-input multi-output (MIMO) layers. In this case, the transmitter and receiver may attempt to collect energy (e.g., receive signals) from multiple reflectors and consider a number of different combinations of transmit and receive beams. FIG. 8A illustrates an example of how beam selection may occur for multiple reflecting objects. The BS 801 and the UE 802 may transmit and receive on the beams 810a, 810b, 820a, and 820b for communication purposes. The BS 801 and the UE 802 may collect energy from the two reflecting objects 803 and consider different combinations of the beams 810a, 810b, 820a, and 820b to determine the best combination of transmit and receive beam pair for communication between the BS 801 and the UE 802. After testing a number of different combinations, the BS 801 and the UE 802 may determine that the beams 810a and 810b are the best combination to maximize the data transmission rate and may communicate using the selected beam pair. The beam selection process may be exhaustive initially to determine a best beam pair and subsequently, neighbor beams may be prioritized for smooth mobility as it would make sense to check adjacent beams when performance of the initially selected beams decreases. For example, the BS 801 and the UE 802 may initially select the beams 810a and 810b for communication. When the UE 802 moves to the right, the BS 801 and the UE 802 may select the beams 820a and 820b for subsequent communication. This may be due to decreased performance of the initially selected beams 810a and 810b, as the UE 802 moves to the right.
[0126] For communication purposes, one of the objectives of the beam selection process may be to maximize data transmission rate. Accordingly, the transceivers (e.g., BS 801, UE 802) may not be particularly interested in the exact components of the reflecting objects, and the beam pairs with low reception quality (e.g., beam pair of beams 820a and 820b in FIG. 8A) may be less useful. The beam selection process may be operated considering other objectives which may include to reduce communication latency, to improve communication reliability (e.g., ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) ) , and to increase the number of supported connections with limited time and frequency resources (e.g., massive machine type communication (mMTC) ) .
[0127] For sensing purposes, the objectives of the beam selection may include at least one of to confirm presence of one or more potential objects, to distinguish different objects, to calculate locations of the objects, to estimate shapes of the objects, or to identify displacements of the objects. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 8B, the BS 801 and the UE 802 may select a UE beam from a set of UE beams 830b, 830c, and 830d that may, when considered as a beam pair with the BS beam 830a, most accurately and effectively, confirm presence of the objects 804, 805, and 806 and distinguish the objects 804, 805, and 806 from each other.
[0128] For sensing purposes, different sensing applications may have different objectives and requirements on sensing accuracy, and the associated sensing complexity and sensing latency may be also different. For example, high-accuracy localization and tracking may be required for localization of robots in a smart factory and localization of cars moving at high speed, whereas simultaneous image, mapping and localization may be required for city mapping and environmental image reconstructions. In another example, coarse angle estimation for one object for sensing purposes may require less complicated computations than fine CSI derivation for communication purposes.
[0129] For sensing purposes, periodic beam searching over a surrounding environment may be needed to identify changes in the environment and / or movement of the sensing equipment. The periodic beam searching may also be used to identify or sense a specific target object at a specific direction and / or a specific location.
[0130] Unlike for communication purposes, beam pairs with low reception quality may be still of interest for sensing purposes. For example, periodic reception over beam pairs with low reception quality may be useful, as the measurements over those periodically received beam pairs may be accumulated and used to confirm non-presence of an object (e.g., when a UE does not receive a signal over one beam direction for a particular duration of time, it may be considered that there is no object in that beam direction) .
[0131] FIG. 9 illustrates how different beam widths may be adopted for communication and sensing purposes. Examples of different beam widths are illustrated in the form of beams 910, 912, 914, 920, 922, 924, 930, 932, 934, 940, 942, and 944. For example, for communication operations, objectives related to capacity, coverage, robustness, smoothness, latency, and / or connection density may be prioritized. Accordingly, the beams 910, 912, and 914 configured for communication may adopt wide beam width. On the other hand, for sensing operations, objectives related to sensing resolution, latency, accuracy, and / or confidence may be prioritized. Accordingly, the beams 920, 922, 924, 930, 932, 934, 940, 942, and 944 configured for sensing may adopt narrow beam width.
[0132] Aspects of the present disclosure may provide systems and methods for supporting data transmission in a wireless network. According to some embodiments, reference signals and / or signal measurements may be shared between sensing operations and communication operations. The signal measurements may be performed based on the shared reference signals.
[0133] Some aspects of the present disclosure may enable and maximize reusing sensing signals and / or signal measurements. In some embodiments, beam-swept sensing signals (e.g., sensing signals transmitted in a beam-swept manner) and previous signal measurements (e.g., obtained from previous occasions of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes) may be reused for communication purposes such as CSI acquisition and time and frequency tracking (e.g. delay or Doppler estimation) . In some embodiments, beam-swept sensing signals may be included in one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. By reusing sensing signals and / or signal measurements, resource utilization efficiency may be greatly improved and power consumption at one or both of the BS and the UE may be reduced.
[0134] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a UE-initiated CSI update based on low-power sensing operations. According to some embodiments, a UE may perform low-power and low-complexity sensing operations periodically. When the UE detects a sensing related event (e.g., changes in sensing results that exceed a particular threshold) that may impact CSI for communication operations, the UE may initiate at least one of CSI measurements or CSI measurement reporting to a BS. Put another way, when one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied during sensing performed by the UE, the UE may initiate at least one of CSI measurements or CSI measurement reporting to the BS. The CSI measurements (or predicted CSI) may be performed over one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes (e.g., sensing signal) . The CSI measurement reporting may be performed based on the most recent measurements made using the one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes.
[0135] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of measurement resources that are configured at least for sensing purposes and transmitted towards different directions in space, i.e. azimuth and elevation, viewed from a perspective of a BS, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 10, a BS may transmit measurement resources 0 to 31 configured at least for sensing purposes in a beam-swept manner. While FIG. 10 illustrates 32 measurement resources transmitted by the BS, a person skilled in the art would readily understand that less than or more than 32 measurement resources may be transmitted by the BS. Each of the measurement resources 0 to 31 may be transmitted towards a respective direction in space. These measurement resources 0 to 31 may collectively cover an intended angular range in respect of elevation (altitude) and azimuth. In terms of emitted energy towards space, the measurement resources 0 to 31 configured at least for sensing purposes may partially overlap each other, as shown in FIG. 10. In some embodiments, the measurement resources 0 to 31 may collide around the boundary of half-power beam width (HPBW) of the corresponding BS beams.
[0136] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes and mapped onto a time and frequency grid, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The measurement resources 0 to 31 configured at least for sensing purposes may be mapped onto the time and frequency grid in time domain multiplexed (TDMed) manner and / or a frequency domain multiplexed (FDMed) manner. The measurement resources 0 to 31 may be transmitted, for example by a BS, periodically, as shown in FIG. 11. The measurement resources 0 to 31 in FIG. 11 may for example correspond to the measurement resources 0 to 31 in FIG. 10, such that the beams in FIG. 10 are transmitting the measurement resources over corresponding time and frequency resources.
[0137] In some embodiments, the measurement resources 0 to 31 may be synchronization and sensing signal block (SSSB) resources which may include at least one of one or more primary synchronization signal (PSS) , one or more secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for PBCH (or may be also referred to as PBCH-DMRS) , one or more sensing reference signals, and one or more sensing signals. The one or more sensing signals may have wider bandwidth than PSS, SSS, PBCH, and / or PBCH-DMRS included in the SSSB resources.
[0138] Each of the SSSB resources may comprise one or more antenna ports. In some cases where the SSSB resource comprises multiple antenna ports, each antenna port may correspond to one polarization direction in relation to a reference plane, for example vertical or horizontal polarization direction relative to the surface of the earth. In some other cases where the SSSB resource comprises multiple antenna ports, each antenna port may correspond to one polarization direction in relation to a reference direction, for example -45-or +45-degree slant polarization direction relative to the direction of gravity. In some other cases where the SSSB resource comprises multiple antenna ports, each antenna port may correspond to one or more base station antennas over one polarization direction (e.g., vertical or horizontal polarization direction relative to the surface of the earth, -45-or +45-degree slant polarization direction relative to the direction of gravity, one polarization direction among two polarization directions with about 90-degree offset in the polarization plane) .
[0139] FIG. 12 is an example signal flow diagram 1200 between a BS 1201 and a UE 1202 for UE-initiated CSI update based on one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0140] The BS 1201 may perform mono-static sensing at step 1210 and the UE 1202 may perform bi-static sensing at step 1220, for example in a manner similar to that illustrated above in connection to FIG. 6. The mono-static sensing and the bi-static sensing may be performed using one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. The steps 1210 and 1220 may occur simultaneously. There may be one or multiple mono-static sensing measurements at step 1210, and one or multiple bi-static sensing measurements at step 1220.
[0141] While the mono-static sensing and the bi-static sensing operations are performed by the BS 1201 and the UE 1202, respectively, a sensing related event may occur at step 1230. The sensing related event may be detected by the UE 1202.
[0142] When the sensing related event has occurred, the UE 1202 may initiate a CSI update based on one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. As noted above, at least in some embodiments, the measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes may be transmitted periodically from the BS 1201 in a beam-swept manner. When the sensing related event has occurred and been detected, the UE 1202, at step 1240, may perform at least one of fine CSI measurement or fine CSI measurement reporting using the one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes.
[0143] In some embodiments, the sensing related event may be considered to have occurred when one or more conditions are satisfied. The UE 1202 may receive, for example from the BS 1201 or another device, configuration information defining one or more conditions that when satisfied indicate the sensing related event has occurred. In some embodiments, the configuration information defining such conditions may be predetermined and / or stored at the UE 1202.
[0144] In some embodiments, the one or more conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be related to changes in at least one of delay parameters or Doppler parameters. For example, when the change in delay parameters measured from the measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes is greater than a first threshold, the condition (s) indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be considered being satisfied. The first threshold may be predetermined and / or stored at the UE 1202 or configured by the BS 1201. In another example, when the change in Doppler parameters measured from the measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes is greater than a second threshold, the condition (s) indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be considered being satisfied. The second threshold may be predetermined and / or stored at the UE 1202 or configured by the BS 1201.
[0145] The one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes may also be configured for one or more other functionalities, such as time and / or frequency tracking functionalities. For example, when the CSI-RS for tracking or tracking RS (TRS) is not configured, the measurement resources may be configured for not only sensing, but also for one or both of time and frequency tracking functionalities. The measurement resources may be configured in this way, for example by the BS 1201, when the measurement resources are associated with large time and / or frequency span, which may be used for time and / or frequency tracking functionalities and / or bi-static sensing at the UE 1202.
[0146] In some embodiments, the one of more conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be related to displacement of at least one sensed object. For example, when displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than a third threshold, the condition (s) indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be considered being satisfied. The third threshold may be predetermined and / or stored at the UE 1202 or configured by the BS 1201.
[0147] The displacement of the sensed object may be determined in respect of at least one of distance from the UE 1202 or the BS 1201, an angle from the UE 1202 or the BS 1201, or a range of aforementioned distance or aforementioned angle. In some embodiments, the displacement of the sensed object may be determined based on at least one of an angle of arrival (AoA) or an angle of departure (AoD) estimated from measurement of at least one of the measurement resources. For example, when a difference between the sensed AoA or AoD and the AoA or AoD carried in the latest CSI report or positioning report is greater than or equal to a certain threshold (e.g., the third threshold described above) , then the conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be considered being satisfied.
[0148] The displacement of the sensed object may be related to data transmission scheduling. For example, when the detected relative displacement of a sensed reflector may be significant enough to impact CSI for data transmission scheduling (e.g., rank, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) , precoder, codeword-to-layer mapping) , which may be performed by the BS 1201 for the UE 1202, the displacement of the sensed object may be considered greater than the third threshold.
[0149] In some embodiments, a sensing related event may be considered to have occurred when one or more related conditions are being satisfied once (e.g., single instance) . In some embodiments, a sensing related event may be considered to have occurred when a series of multiple related conditions are satisfied, or when one or more related conditions are met as a result of a chain of events, or when one or more related conditions are met multiple times in sequence.
[0150] In some embodiments, at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, or the third threshold discussed above or elsewhere in the present disclosure may be cell specific or UE specific. In one example, one or more of the first threshold, the second threshold, or the third threshold may be configured for the UE 1202 via UE dedicated signaling or may be configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling. In some embodiments, the multiple UEs may include the UE 1202.
[0151] According to some embodiments, a UE (e.g., UE 1202) may select one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes from a plurality of measurement resources (e.g., from a larger set of measurement resources) configured at least for sensing purposes. In other words, the selected measurement resources are a subset of the plurality of measurement resources. The selection of the measurement resources may be made for one or both of the CSI measurements and reporting.
[0152] For the selection of the measurement resources, the UE may receive, for example from a BS (e.g., BS 1201) , configuration information for selecting the measurement resources (i.e., configuration information for measurement resource selection) . The UE may select the measurement resources based on this configuration information for measurement resource selection.
[0153] In some embodiments, the configuration information for measurement resource selection may include information indicative of a selection rule to be used when selecting one or more measurement resources, which may be configured at least for sensing purposes, for the CSI measurements and / or for reporting. The measurement resource selection rule may include at least one objective.
[0154] In some embodiments, the objective may include maximizing throughput for single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission. In this case, the UE may attempt to optimize its own beamforming and / or precoding to include using multiple reflectors thereby aiming for high rank and / or high channel quality as indicated in a channel quality indicator (CQI) . This may be similar to how UEs currently behave when generating CSI reports. It may be noted, in some embodiments, a UE may not include as many reflectors as would be possible, because inclusion of multiple reflectors may result in increased interference, thereby rendering lower rank and / or channel quality.
[0155] In some embodiments, the objective may include minimizing power consumption of the UE under a particular minimum throughput requirement. The power consumption of the UE may be reduced, for example, by reducing processing complexity at the UE. In this case, the UE may attempt to select and / or report at least one of a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or a beam with the least pathloss. In addition, the downlink signal-to-noise ratio (DL SNR) , signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , and / or channel quality indicator (CQI) of the PMI or the beam having the least pathloss may be greater than a certain threshold that is predetermined or configured by the BS.
[0156] In some embodiments, the measurement resource selection rule may be configured specific to a UE or a cell. In one example, the information indicative of the measurement resource selection rule may be configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling, or may be configured for multiple UEs (which includes the UE) in one cell via broadcast signaling.
[0157] FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B illustrate an example of UE-initiated CSI update based on sensed displacement of a reflector with an objective of minimizing power consumption of the UE, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B, a BS 1301 may transmit a first signal over a first beam 1310a towards a first object 1303. The first signal is redirected by the first object 1303 towards the UE 1302, and the UE 1302 receives the redirected first signal over a beam 1310b. Similarly, the BS 1301 may transmit a second signal over a second beam 1320a towards a second object 1304. The second signal may be redirected by the second object 1304 towards the UE 1302, and the UE 1302 receives the redirected second signal over a beam 1320b.
[0158] In FIG. 13A, the beam pair 1310a and 1310b associated with the first object 1303 may provide a DL SINR greater than or equal to the BS-configured threshold, and the corresponding pathloss of the beam pair 1310a and 1310b may be lower than that of beam pair 1320a and 1320b associated with the second object 1304. The UE 1302 may identify this via sensing operations or sensing measurements over the beams 1310b and 1320b. Given that the objective for the measurement resource selection is to minimize power consumption of the UE 1302, the UE 1302 may generate a CSI report based on only the measurement resource (s) associated with the beams 1310a and / or 1310b. In other words, the measurement resource (s) associated with the beams 1320a and / or 1320b may not be considered when generating the CSI report.
[0159] In FIG. 13B, compared to FIG. 13A, the first and second objects 1303 and 1304 are shown to be moving in an upward direction in the figure. Due to such movement of the first and second objects 1303 and 1304, the beam pair 1320a and 1320b associated with the second object 1304 may provide a DL SINR greater than or equal to the BS-configured threshold, and the corresponding pathloss of the beam pair 1320a and 1320b may be lower than that of beam pair 1310a and 1310b associated with the first object 1303. The UE 1302 may identify this via sensing operations or sensing measurements over the beams 1310b and 1320b. Given that the objective for the measurement resource selection is to minimize power consumption of the UE 1302, the UE 1302 may generate a CSI report based on only the measurement resource (s) associated with the beams 1320a and / or 1320b. In other words, the measurement resource (s) associated with the beams 1310a and / or 1310b may not be considered when generating the CSI report.
[0160] As illustrated above or elsewhere in the present disclosure, when a sensing related event is detected (e.g., when one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied) , a UE may select one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes from a plurality of measurement resources (bigger set of measurement resources) configured at least for sensing purposes. The UE may select the measurement resources when the corresponding CSI may yield higher rank and / or throughput. For that, in some embodiments, the UE may select the measurement resources based on the measurement resource selection rule discussed above or elsewhere in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the UE may select the measurement resources autonomously.
[0161] In some embodiments, for example where no beamforming is performed at the UE or the UE is capable of receiving multiple beams, the UE may generate a CSI report based on one or more existing measurements obtained from one or more previous occasions of the measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. The UE may combine the one or more existing measurements to generate the CSI report. By using the existing measurements, the UE may not need to wait for subsequent occasions of the selected measurement resources and perform CSI measurements based on the subsequent occasions of the selected measurement resources. In other words, no latency or minimum latency for further CSI measurements and reporting may be expected.
[0162] In some embodiments, where one or multiple measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes are selected for CSI calculation, and the UE may be performing beamforming but incapable of receiving multiple beams simultaneously, the UE may receive and / or measure the measurement resources in different manners, for example depending on the operation. An example is illustrated in FIGs. 14A and 14B. FIGs. 14A and 14B illustrate a portion of the network including a base station 1401 capable of transmitting on multiple transmit beams 1410a and 1410b and a UE 1402 capable of receiving on wide beams or narrow beams, as will be described below.
[0163] In FIG. 14A, a UE 1402 receives measurement resources with narrow receive beams 1420a and 1420b for sensing measurement. The narrow receive beams 1420a and 1420b may be adopted in order to obtain higher accuracy in detecting a first object 1403 and a second object 1404 during sensing measurement. On the other hand, in FIG. 14B, the UE 1402 may receive measurement resources with a wide receive beam 1430 for CSI measurements to receive multiple transmit beams 1410a and 1410b from the BS 1401, thereby obtaining higher rank during CSI measurements.
[0164] FIG. 15 is an example signal flow diagram 1500 between a BS 1501 and a UE 1502 when switching receive beam at the UE 1502 between sensing measurements and CSI measurements and reporting, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. It may be noted that one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes are selected in FIG. 15.
[0165] The BS 1501 may perform mono-static sensing and the UE 1502 may perform bi-static sensing at step 1510, for example in a similar manner illustrated in FIGs. 6 and / or 14A or elsewhere in the present disclosure. The mono-static sensing and the bi-static sensing may be performed using one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes.
[0166] While the mono-static sensing and the bi-static sensing operations are performed by the BS 1501 and the UE 1502, respectively, a sensing related event may occur. The sensing related event may be detected by the UE 1502 at step 1520. The sensing related event may be considered an event for initiating a CSI update.
[0167] When the sensing related event is detected, the UE 1502, at step 1530, may temporarily suspend sensing measurements. Before the temporary suspension, the UE 1502 may have selected measurements resources from a plurality of measurement resources (alarger set of measurement resources) configured at least for sensing purposes. The selected measurement resources may be configured at least for sensing purposes, as the selected measurement resources are a subset of the plurality of measurement resources. The one or more measurement resources may be selected for CSI measurements or CSI calculation. In some embodiments, the UE 1502 may perform beamforming, but cannot receive multiple beams simultaneously.
[0168] After the sensing measurements are temporarily suspended, the UE 1502 may receive, at step 1540, for example from the BS 1501, the selected measurement resources with a wide beam, to perform at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting. In this way, the UE 1502 may switch its operation focus or objective, for example in respect of beam reception, measurement, and / or processing mode, from optimizing sensing accuracy to maximizing communication throughput. The UE 1502 may receive the selected measurement resources with a wide beam, in a similar manner illustrated in FIG. 14B or elsewhere in the present disclosure.
[0169] At step 1550, the UE 1502 may perform at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting. The UE 1502 may generate a CSI report based on the measurement resources received with the wide beam and / or transmit the CSI report to the BS 1501.
[0170] After performing at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting, at step 1560, the UE 1502 may resume sensing measurements on the selected measurement resources. The UE may perform the sensing measurements periodically. In some embodiments, the UE may resume the sensing measurements after waiting a particular amount of time after the CSI measurements and / or the CSI measurement reporting. This waiting time may be predetermined or be configured by the BS 1501.
[0171] As illustrated above or elsewhere in the present disclosure, a UE may initiate CSI measurements or CSI calculation using one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes and perform CSI measurement reporting based on the CSI measurements. In some embodiments, the UE may perform the CSI measurement reporting using virtual CSI-RS resources repurposed from the one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes.
[0172] Among a larger set of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes, the UE may select a smaller number, or subset, of measurement resources for CSI measurements. Accordingly, the UE may report, to the BS, an identification of the selected measurement resources. In some embodiments, the selected measurement resources may be identified using combinatorial indices to reduce signaling overhead. For example, the UE may generate a CSI report based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports. The virtual CSI-RS antenna ports may be generated by re-indexing antenna ports in the selected measurement resources.
[0173] Specifically, when there are multiple antenna ports in each selected measurement resource, the UE may generate a CSI report, using the selected measurement resources, with an assumption that the antenna ports in the selected measurement resources are re-indexed as virtual CSI-RS ports. In some embodiments, re-indexing the antenna ports in the selected measurement resources may comprise re-indexing the antenna ports by starting from the lowest antenna port of the measurement resource with lowest index and mapping the antenna ports of the measurement resources to virtual CSI-RS antenna port from 0 to N by first increasing antenna port index within each measurement resource and then moving on to the next measurement resource with the next lowest index.
[0174] An example of mapping the antenna ports of the selected measurement resources to virtual CSI-RS ports is provided in Table 1 below. In the example of Table 1, there may be two antenna ports (i.e., port #0, port #1) for each of the selected measurement resources #9 and #21. The measurement resources #9 and #21 may be selected from a plurality of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes, such as the measurement resources #0 to #31 illustrated in FIGs. 10 and 11. A UE may generate a CSI report based on the selected measurement resources #9 and #21 with an assumption that the antenna ports in each selected measurement resource are re-indexed as virtual CSI-RS ports, as shown in Table 1. The antenna ports may be re-indexed such that increasing the antenna port index within the measurement resource #9 first, then increasing the antenna port index to that of the measurement resource #21. In other words, the antenna port index within the measurement resource may be increased first, and then the measurement resource index may be increased. In some embodiments, the indexing may start from the measurement resources with the lowest index (i.e., measurement resource #9 in the example of Table 1) . The lowest antenna port of the measurement resource with the lowest index (i.e., antenna port #0 of the measurement resource #9 in Table 1) may be mapped to the virtual CSI-RS port #0.
[0175] Table 1-Mapping antenna ports of selected measurement resources to virtual CSI-RS ports
[0176] As illustrated above or elsewhere in the present disclosure, the antenna ports of the selected measurement may be re-indexed as virtual CSI-RS ports. The UE may generate a CSI report based on the re-indexed virtual CSI-RS ports. The generated CSI report may include at least one of rank indicator (RI) , channel quality indicator (CQI) , precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , or layer indicator (LI) .
[0177] In some embodiments, the CSI measurements and / or reporting may be triggered from low-power and low-complexity sensing, and the CSI report may be generated as illustrated above or elsewhere in the present disclosure. The CSI report may be carried in pre-configured grant-free uplink (UL) resources for lower latency.
[0178] As illustrated above or elsewhere in the present disclosure, a UE may select one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes from a plurality of measurement resources. In some embodiments, to facilitate UE-initiated CSI measurements and / or reporting, a BS may transmit to a UE configuration information to be used for selecting the measurement resources. The UE may select the measurement resources based on this configuration information received from the BS. The selected measurement resources may be used for CSI measurements and / or reporting.
[0179] In some embodiments, the configuration information for measurement resource selection may include a subset restriction or information indicative of the measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component. Put another way, the BS may indicate to the UE which measurement resources (i.e., measurement resource subset) are to be selected from the plurality of measurement resources when performing CSI measurement and / or CSI measurement reporting. In some embodiments, the configuration information for measurement resource selection may include information indicative of one or more other measurement resources to be assumed as interference (e.g., one or more measurement resources that are not to be selected or assumed as signal component and are to be assumed as interference) when the UE selects the measurement resources. Put another way, the BS may indicate to the UE which measurement resources may be assumed as interference when performing one or both of CSI measurement and CSI measurement reporting (e.g., CQI report) . Using the configuration information for measurement resource selection provided by the BS, more efficient multi-user pairing may be achieved for the UE-initiated CSI measurements and / or reporting illustrated in the present disclosure.
[0180] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of indicating one or more measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component or one or more other measurement resources to be assumed as interference when performing CSI measurements and / or CSI measurement reporting, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 16, a BS 1601 may transmit an indication to the UE 1602 of a plurality of measurement resources 1610 that may be transmitted towards a UE 1602. The BS 1601 may also transmit to the UE 1602 configuration information that the UE 1602 may use to select a subset of one or more measurement resources 1611 from the plurality of measurement resources 1610 for at least one of CSI measurement or CSI measurement reporting. In some embodiments, the configuration information may include information indicative of the measurement resources 1611 to be selected or assumed as signal component for at least one of CSI measurement or CSI measurement reporting. In some embodiments, the configuration information may include information indicative of the other measurement resources 1612 to be assumed as interference when the UE 1602 selects the measurement resources 1611 for at least one of CSI measurement or CSI measurement reporting.
[0181] FIG. 17 is a signal flow diagram for signalling between a BS 1701 and a UE 1702 illustrating an example process 1700 for supporting data transmission in a wireless network, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0182] The example process 1700 is comprised of steps 1710, 1720, 1730, 1740, 1750, and 1755. Some of the steps may be optional. It should be understood that, in some embodiments, the order of one or more steps 1710, 1720, 1730, and 1740 may be changed.
[0183] Referring to FIG. 17, at step 1710, the UE 1702 may receive from the BS 1701 at least one of first configuration information, second configuration information, or third configuration information.
[0184] The first configuration information may identify a plurality of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes from which one or more measurement resources are selected at step 1740 for the CSI measurements. The plurality of measurement resources may be or may comprise the measurement resources to be received at step 1730.
[0185] The second configuration information may be used for selecting one or more measurement resources from the plurality of measurement resources, as illustrated below at step 1740. The second configuration information may include at least one of: (i) information indicative of a selection rule for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements, (ii) information indicative of one or more measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component for the CSI measurements, or (iii) information indicative of one or more resources of the plurality of measurement resources to be assumed as interference when the UE 1702 selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements. In some embodiments, the information indicative of a selection rule may include at least one objective comprising at least one of: (i) maximizing throughput for single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission, or (ii) minimizing power consumption of the UE 1702 under a particular minimum throughput requirement. In some embodiments, the information indicative of a selection rule may be configured for the UE 1702 via UE dedicated signaling or may be configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling. In some embodiments, the multiple UEs may include the UE 1702.
[0186] The third configuration information may define one or more conditions related to a sensing related event, and whether one or more conditions for satisfying a sensing related event has occurred. For example, the third configuration information may include one or more of, a type of sensing related event or threshold information with regard to parameters (i.e. delay, displacement or Doppler information) , such that when a threshold defined by the threshold information is exceeded, a sensing related event will be considered to have occurred.
[0187] At step 1720, the UE 1702 may determine whether the one or more conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred are satisfied. In some embodiments, the one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred may include at least one of: (i) a change in delay parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, (ii) a change in Doppler parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, or (iii) displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, wherein the displacement is determined in respect of at least one of distance from the UE 1702 or the BS 1701 or an angle from the UE or the BS. In some embodiments, the displacement of the at least one sensed object may be determined based on at least one of an angle of arrival (AoA) or an angle of departure (AoD) estimated from measurement of at least one of the measurement resources (to be) selected at step 1740. In some embodiments, at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, or the third threshold may be configured for the UE 1702 via UE dedicated signaling or may be configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling. In some embodiments, the multiple UEs may include the UE 1702.
[0188] In some embodiments, one or more of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold may be stored at the UE 1702. In some embodiments, one or more of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold may be configured by the BS 1701 and received from the BS 1701 at step 1710.
[0189] At step 1730, the BS 1701 may transmit, to the UE 1702, a plurality of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. In some embodiments, the UE 1702 may receive the plurality of measurement resources with a narrow receive beam for sensing measurement. In some embodiments, the plurality of measurement resources may be transmitted by the BS 1701 periodically.
[0190] At step 1740, the UE 1702 may select one or more measurement resources from the plurality of measurement resources. The UE 1702 may select the one or more measurement resources for performing CSI measurements. In some embodiments, the UE 1702 may select the one or more measurement resources based on the second configuration information received at step 1710.
[0191] As noted above, the one or more measurement resources selected at step 1740 may be configured at least for sensing purposes. In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources selected at step 1740 may be further configured for time and frequency tracking functionalities.
[0192] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement selected at step 1740 and / or the plurality of measurement resources received at step 1730 may include at least one of one or more primary synchronization signals (PSSs) , one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSSs) , a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PBCH, one or more sensing reference signals, or one or more sensing signals.
[0193] When the one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied during sensing performed by the UE 1702, the UE 1702 may perform at least one of step 1750 or step 1755. In step 1750, the UE 1702 may perform channel state information (CSI) measurements using one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes. In step 1755, the UE 1702 may perform CSI measurement reporting to the BS 1701 based on the CSI measurements. In some embodiments, the CSI measurement reporting may comprise (i) generating, by the UE 1702, a CSI report based on the measurements over the one or more measurement resources, and (ii) transmitting, by the UE 1702 to the BS 1701, the CSI report. In some embodiments, the CSI report may include at least one of: rank indicator (RI) , channel quality indicator (CQI) , precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , or layer indicator (LI) .
[0194] In some embodiments, the UE may not need to perform the CSI measurement 1750 immediately prior to the CSI reporting 1755 and therefore, the UE relies on a previously performed measurement when reporting the CSI report 1755.
[0195] In some embodiments, when the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements at step 1740, the UE 1701 may perform the following before and after steps 1750 and 1755. When the one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied, the UE 1702 may temporarily suspend sensing measurement, before steps 1750 and 1755. After the temporary suspension, the UE 1702 may receive one or more measurement resources with a wide beam for performing at least one of the CSI measurements (step 1750) or the CSI measurement reporting (step 1755) . After performing at least one of the CSI measurements (step 1750) or the CSI measurement reporting (step 1755) , the UE may resume sensing measurement for the one or more measurement resources.
[0196] In some embodiments, the UE 1702 may perform the CSI measurement reporting at step 1755 using a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated via re-indexing antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources. The CSI report generated based on the virtual CSI-RS antenna ports may include an identification of the one or more measurement resources selected for the CSI measurements. In some embodiments, re-indexing the antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources selected for the CSI measurements may comprise re-indexing the antenna ports by starting from the lowest antenna port of the measurement resource with lowest index and mapping the antenna ports of the measurement resources to the virtual CSI-RS antenna port from 0 to N by first increasing antenna port index within each measurement resource and then moving on to the next measurement resource with the next lowest index (e.g., if the measurement resource with lowest index is dealt now, then the next one is the measurement resource with the second lowest index) .
[0197] In some embodiments, when the UE 1702 performs the CSI measurement reporting at step 1755 based on an existing sensing measurement obtained from one or more previous occasions of the one or more measurement resources.
[0198] As illustrated above and elsewhere in the present disclosure, a UE may perform sensing measurements periodically and perform CSI measurements and reporting when a sensing related event has occurred. It should be noted that a person skilled in the art would readily understand that a possible extension may be made at a BS side to trigger the UE to perform aperiodic CSI measurements and reporting when a sensing related event has occurred and detected via mono-static sensing at the BS side. Similar to the UE-initiated CSI update illustrated above or elsewhere in the present disclosure, in some embodiments, one of more conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be considered being satisfied when the change in delay parameters and / or Doppler parameters measured from measurement resources or other signals transmitted by the BS are greater than or equal to certain thresholds. In some embodiments, one of more conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred may be considered being satisfied when displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a certain threshold, where the displacement of the sensed object may be determined based on distance from the UE or the BS, an angle from the UE or the BS, or a range of aforementioned distance or aforementioned angle. To reduce reference signal overhead, the aperiodic CSI measurements triggered by the BS may reuse measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes, and the identification (e.g., index) of the selected measurement resources may be indicated to the UE by downlink control information (DCI) , medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or radio resource control (RRC) signaling.
[0199] Examples of devices (e.g., UE, BS) to perform the various methods described herein are also disclosed.
[0200] For example, a device may include a memory to store processor-executable instructions, and a processor to execute the processor-executable instructions. When the processor executes the processor-executable instructions, the processor may be caused to perform the method steps of one or more of the devices as described herein, e.g., in relation to FIG. 17. For example, the processor may cause the device to communicate over an air interface in a mode of operation by implementing operations consistent with that mode of operation, e.g. performing necessary measurements and generating content from those measurements, as configured for the mode of operation, preparing uplink transmissions and processing downlink transmissions, e.g. encoding, decoding, etc., and configuring and / or instructing transmission / reception on RF chain (s) and antenna (s) .
[0201] Note that the expression “at least one of A or B” , as used herein, is interchangeable with the expression “A and / or B” . It refers to a list in which you may select A or B or both A and B. Similarly, “at least one of A, B, or C” , as used herein, is interchangeable with “A and / or B and / or C” or “A, B, and / or C” . It refers to a list in which you may select: A or B or C, or both A and B, or both A and C, or both B and C, or all of A, B and C. The same principle applies for longer lists having a same format.
[0202] It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The respective units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units / modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . It will be appreciated that where the modules are software, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances as required, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0203] Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated embodiments, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system or method designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments.
[0204] While this disclosure has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
Claims
1.A method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network comprising:when one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied during sensing performed by a user equipment (UE) , performing, by the UE, at least one of:channel state information (CSI) measurements using one or more measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes; orCSI measurement reporting to a base station (BS) based on the CSI measurements.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining, by the UE, whether the one or more conditions indicating the sensing related event has occurred are satisfied.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the CSI measurement reporting comprises:generating, by the UE, a CSI report based on the CSI measurements over the one or more measurement resources; andtransmitting, by the UE to the BS, the CSI report.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the CSI report includes at least one of:rank indicator (RI) ;channel quality indicator (CQI) ;precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ; orlayer indicator (LI) .5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising:selecting, by the UE, the one or more measurement resources from a plurality of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes, wherein the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.6.The method of claim 5, further comprising:receiving, by the UE from the BS, first configuration information identifying the plurality of measurement resources from which the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.7.The method of claim 5 or 6, further comprising:receiving, by the UE from the BS, second configuration information for selecting the one or more measurement resources, wherein the UE selects the one or more measurement resources based on the second configuration information.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the second configuration information includes at least one of:information indicative of a selection rule for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements;information indicative of the one or more measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component for the CSI measurements; orinformation indicative of one or more resources of the plurality of measurement resources to be assumed as interference when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the information indicative of a selection rule includes at least one objective comprising at least one of:maximizing throughput for single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission; orminimizing power consumption of the UE under a particular minimum throughput requirement.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the information indicative of a selection rule is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.11.The method of any one or claims 1 to 10, wherein the one or more conditions include at least one of:a change in delay parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, wherein the first threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS;a change in Doppler parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, wherein the second threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; ordisplacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, wherein the displacement is determined in respect of at least one of distance from the UE or the BS or an angle from the UE or the BS, wherein the third threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of an angle of arrival (AoA) or an angle of departure (AoD) estimated from measurement of at least one of the one or more measurement resources.13.The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the one or more measurement resources are further configured for time and frequency tracking functionalities.14.The method of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, or the third threshold is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.15.The method of any one of claims 1 to 14, further comprising:receiving, by the UE, the one or more measurement resources with a narrow receive beam for sensing measurement.16.The method of claim 15, wherein when the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements, the method further comprises:when the one or more conditions are satisfied, temporarily suspending sensing measurement;after the temporary suspension, receiving, by the UE, the one or more measurement resources with a wide beam for performing at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting; andafter performing at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting, resuming sensing measurement using the one or more measurement resources.17.The method of any one of claims 5 to 10 or any one of claims 11 to 16 when dependent on any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein the UE performs the CSI measurement reporting using a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated via re-indexing antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources selected.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the CSI report generated based on the virtual CSI-RS antenna ports includes an identification of the one or more measurement resources selected.19.The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein when the UE performs the CSI measurement reporting based on the CSI measurements, the CSI measurements comprise an existing measurement obtained from one or more previous occasions of the one or more measurement resources.20.The method of any one or claims 1 to 19, further comprising:receiving, by the UE, third configuration information defining the one or more conditions.21.The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the one or more measurement resources include at least one of:one or more primary synchronization signals (PSSs) ;one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSSs) ;a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ;one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PBCH;one or more sensing reference signals; orone or more sensing signals.22.A user equipment (UE) comprising:a processor; anda computer-readable medium having stored thereon, computer executable instructions, that when executed cause the processor to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 21.23.A method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network comprising:receiving, by a base station (BS) from a user equipment (UE) , a channel state information (CSI) report;wherein the CSI report is generated based on CSI measurements over one or more measurement resources when one or more conditions indicating a sensing related event has occurred are satisfied during sensing performed by the UE,wherein the one or more measurement resources are configured at least for sensing purposes.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the CSI report includes at least one of:rank indicator (RI) ;channel quality indicator (CQI) ;precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ; orlayer indicator (LI) .25.The method of claim 23 or 24, further comprising:transmitting, by the BS to the UE, first configuration information identifying a plurality of measurement resources configured at least for sensing purposes from which the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.26.The method of any one of claims 23 to 25, further comprising:transmitting, by the BS to the UE, second configuration information for selecting the one or more measurement resources.27.The method of claim 26, wherein the second configuration information includes at least one of:information indicative of a selection rule for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements;information indicative of the one or more measurement resources to be selected or assumed as signal component for the CSI measurements; orinformation indicative of one or more resources of the plurality of measurement resources to be assumed as interference when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurements.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the information indicative of a selection rule includes at least one objective comprising at least one of:maximizing throughput for single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission; orminimizing power consumption of the UE under a particular minimum throughput requirement.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the information indicative of a selection rule is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.30.The method of any one or claims 23 to 29, wherein the one or more conditions include at least one of:a change in delay parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, wherein the first threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS;a change in Doppler parameters measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, wherein the second threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; ordisplacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, wherein the displacement is determined in respect of at least one of distance from the UE or the BS or an angle from the UE or the BS, wherein the third threshold is stored at the UE or configured by the BS.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of an angle of arrival (AoA) or an angle of departure (AoD) estimated from measurement of at least one of the one or more measurement resources.32.The method of any one of claims 23 to 31, wherein the one or more measurement resources are further configured for time and frequency tracking functionalities.33.The method of claim 30 to 32, wherein at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, or the third threshold is configured for the UE via UE dedicated signaling or is configured for multiple UEs in one cell via broadcast signaling.34.The method of any one of claims 23 to 33, wherein the CSI report received from the UE is a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated via re-indexing antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources, wherein the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurements.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the CSI report generated based on the CSI-RS antenna ports includes an identification of the one or more measurement resources.36.The method of any one or claims 23 to 35, further comprising:transmitting, by the BS to the UE, third configuration information defining the one or more conditions.37.The method of any one of claims 23 to 36, wherein the one or more measurement resources include at least one of:one or more primary synchronization signals (PSSs) ;one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSSs) ;a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ;one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PBCH;one or more sensing reference signals; orone or more sensing signals.38.A base station (BS) comprising:a processor; anda computer-readable medium having stored thereon, computer executable instructions, that when executed cause the processor to perform the method of any one of claims 23 to 37.39.A non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein the computer readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, enable the apparatus to perform any one of claims 1 to 21 and 23 to 37.
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