Method of producing terpenes

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a composition, cells transformed with the composition, use of the composition, methods of using the composition, and products obtainable from the method.

Description

[0001] METHOD OF PRODUCING TERPENES

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present disclosure relates to a composition, cells transformed with the composition, use of the composition, methods of using the composition, and products obtainable from the method.

[0004] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Terpenes are a class of secondary metabolites, consisting of five carbon isoprene units assembled to each other in a multitude of ways. Terpenes are simple hydrocarbons, whereas terpenoids are modified terpenes and can be subdivided into various groups depending on the carbon units (Perveen, S., Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids, Eds: Perveen and Al-Taweel. Terpenes and Terpenoids, IntechOpen, 2018. Retrieved from https: / / www.intechopen.com / chapters / 62573). Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a numerous and structurally diverse group of natural products found in many plants and other life forms. More than 80 000 different terpenoids have been identified and their structural diversity enables them to be of use in a wide range of applications, including use in pharmaceuticals, as biofuels, and as flavourings (Zhang and Hong. Production of Terpenoids by Synthetic Biology Approaches. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020. 8, 347). Terpenes and their derivatives are also used as a pharmaceutical product, as antimalarial drugs (Perveen, S., Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids, Eds: Perveen and Al-Taweel. Terpenes and Terpenoids, IntechOpen, 2018. Retrieved from https: / / www.intechopen.com / chapters / 62573).

[0006] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] In one aspect, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway; and / or b) one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors. In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are provided in a first vector and the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a second vector.

[0008] In an alternative embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a single vector.

[0009] In an alternative embodiment, only the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are provided in a vector.

[0010] In an alternative embodiment, only the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a vector.

[0011] In one aspect, there is provided a plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with the vector components according to any one of the composition embodiments described herein.

[0012] In one aspect, there is provided use of the composition according to any one of the composition embodiments described herein for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in algae, moss, or any plant, plant part, or plant cells.

[0013] In one aspect, there is provided a method of promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, comprising the step of: a) introducing the composition according to any one of the composition embodiments described herein into a cell.

[0014] Optionally, the method further comprises the steps of: b) extracting the one or more terpenes from the cell to produce an extract; c) detecting the one or more terpenes in the extract; and d) purifying the one or more terpenes from the extract.

[0015] In one aspect, there is provided a terpene obtainable from the method according to any one of the method embodiments described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to accompanying drawings, in which:

[0017] Figure 1 shows HPTLC results for squalene (tHMG1), a-amyrin (tHMG1, OSC1), B-amyrin (tHMG1 , bAS1) expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Stationary Phase; Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254, Mobile phase; Toluene:Methanol 9:1 (v / v). All samples dissolved in Methanol.

[0018] Figure 2 shows HPTLC results for ursolic acid (a plasmid encoding MdOSCI , tHMG1, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1, CYP716A15) expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Stationary Phase; Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254, Mobile phase; Toluene:Methanol 9:1 (v / v). All samples dissolved in Methanol.

[0019] Figure 3 schematically shows a customized pCAmbia2300 vector encoding bAS1 and tHMG1 for plant cell lines and Nicotiana species.

[0020] Figure 4 schematically shows a customized CAT174 vector encoding bAS1 and tHMG for algae.

[0021] Figure 5 schematically show a customized pMBL5DL108 vector encoding bAS1 and tHMG1 for moss.

[0022] Figure 6 schematically shows a customized pCAmbia2300 vector encoding OSC1 and tHMG1 for plant cell lines and Nicotiana species.

[0023] Figure 7 schematically shows a customised pMBL5DL108 vector encoding OSC1 and tHMG1 for moss.

[0024] Figure 8 schematically shows a customized pCAmbia2300 vector encoding AmDEL and AmROSI for plant cell lines and BY2 cells.

[0025] Figure 9 schematically shows a customized pCAmbia2300 vector encoding AtMYB12 for plant cell lines and BY2 cells. Figure 10 schematically shows a customized pCAmbia2300 vector encoding AmDEL, AmROSI and AtMYB12 for plant cell lines and BY2 cells

[0026] Figure 11 schematically shows a customized pMBL5DL108 vector encoding AmDEL and AmROSI for moss.

[0027] Figure 12 schematically shows a customized pUC-GW-Amp-Cat174-nohygr vector encoding AtMYB12 for algae.

[0028] Figure 13 schematically shows a customized pUC-GW-Amp vector encoding AmDEL and AmROSI for algae.

[0029] Figure 14 schematically shows a customized pCAmbia2300 vector encoding NtAN2 for BY2 cells and Nicotiana species.

[0030] Figure 15 schematically shows a customized pCAmbia2300 vector encoding AtTT8 for BY2 cells and Nicotiana species.

[0031] Figure 16 schematically shows a customized CAt203 vector encoding SPS1 , KOMT1, AmDEL, AtMYB12 and AmROSI for plant cell lines and Nicotiana species.

[0032] Figures 17A-U schematically show the synthesis pathway for various terpenes and terpenoids. Enzymatic activity is indicated by arrows. Figure 17A shows the early part of the synthesis pathway, from the starting point of glucose, to the terpenoid precursors Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, Farnesyl diphosphate and Geranyl diphosphate. Figures 17B-E show the downstream pathways of Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, Figures 17F-G show the downstream pathways of Geranyl diphosphate, and Figures 17H-I show the downstream pathways of Farnesyl diphosphate. Figure 17J shows the downstream pathway for (+)-copalyl diphosphate, a downstream metabolite of Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate depicted in Figure 17D. Figure 17K shows the downstream pathway for All-trans-lycopene, a a downstream metabolite of Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate depicted in Figure 17E. Figures 17L-0 show the downstream pathways for p-carotene and Zeaxanthin, which are downstream metabolites of All-trans-lycopene depicted in Figure 17K. Figure 17P shows the downstream pathway for Limonene, a downstream metabolite of Geranyl diphosphate depicted in Figure 17G. Figures 17Q-R shows the downstream pathway for (35)-2,3-epoxy- 2,3-dihydrosqualene, a downstream metabolite of Farnesyl diphosphate depicted in Figure 171. Figure 17S shows the downstream pathway for 5-dehydroavenasterol and 24- methylidenelophenol, which are downstream metabolites of (35)-2,3-epoxy-2,3- dihydrosqualene depicted in Figure 17R. Figures 17T-U show the downstream pathways for a-amyrin and p-amyrin, which are downstream metabolites of Farnesyl diphosphate depicted in Figure 171. HMG CoA synthase (Hydroxy Methyl Glutaryl CoA synthase), HMG CoA reductase (Hydroxy Methyl Glutaryl CoA synthase).

[0033] Figure 18 shows HPTLC results for alpha amyrin expression in BY2 cells. Stationary Phase: Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254 glass plates 20x10 cm, Mobile phase: Toluene, Ethyl acetate 9:1 (V / V). All samples dissolved in 100% Methanol. 10% H2SO4 in Methanol was used as a derivatization reagent. C = colony.

[0034] Figure 19 shows HPTLC results for crocin and crocin2 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Stationary Phase: Marek, HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 glass plates 20x10 cm. Mobile phase: Chloroform: Methanol: Water 61 :32:7 (V / V). All samples dissolved in 100% Methanol. 10% H2SO4 in Methanol was used as a Derivatization reagent. 10uL of each sample was applied into the plate.

[0035] Figure 20 schematically shows a customised CAT236 vector encoding p-amyrin synthase for algae.

[0036] Figure 21 schematically shows a customised CAT237 vector encoding p-amyrin synthase for algae.

[0037] Figure 22 schematically shows a customised CAT231 vector encoding a-amyrin synthase for algae.

[0038] Figure 23 schematically shows a customised CAT230 vector encoding a-amyrin synthase for algae.

[0039] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

[0040] A summary of sequence identifiers used throughout the subject specification and the corresponding sequence listing is provided, wherein:

[0041] SEQ ID NO. 1 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pCAmbia2300 vector of Figure 3, which encodes bAS1 and tHMG1. SEQ ID NO. 2 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the CAT174 vector of Figure 4, which encodes bAS1 and tHMG1.

[0042] SEQ ID NO. 3 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pMBL5DL108 vector of Figure 5, which encodes bAS1 and tHMG1.

[0043] SEQ ID NO. 4 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pCAmbia2300 vector of Figure 6, which encodes OSC1 and tHMG1.

[0044] SEQ ID NO. 5 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pMBL5DL108 vector of Figure 7, which encodes OSC1 and tHMG1.

[0045] SEQ ID NO. 6 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pCAmbia2300 vector of Figure

[0046] 8, which encodes AmDEL and AmROSI .

[0047] SEQ ID NO. 7 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pCAmbia2300 vector of Figure

[0048] 9, which encodes AtMYB12.

[0049] SEQ ID NO. 8 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pCAmbia2300 vector of Figure

[0050] 10, which encodes AmDEL, AmROSI and AtMYB12.

[0051] SEQ ID NO. 9 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pMBL5DL108 vector of Figure

[0052] 11 , which encodes AmDEL and AmROSI .

[0053] SEQ ID NO. 10 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pUC-GW-Amp-Cat174- nohygr vector of Figure 12, which encodes AtMYB12.

[0054] SEQ ID NO. 11 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pUC-GW-Amp vector of Figure 13, which encodes AmDEL and AmROSI .

[0055] SEQ ID NO. 12 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pCAmbia2300 vector of Figure 14, which encodes AtAN2.

[0056] SEQ ID NO. 13 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the pCAmbia2300 vector of Figure 15, which encodes AtTT8. SEQ ID NO. 14 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the Cat203 vector of Figure 16, which encodes SPS1, K0MT1 , AmDEL, AtMYB12 and AmROSI.

[0057] SEQ ID NO. 15 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the CAT236 vector of Figure 20, which encodes p-amyrin synthase.

[0058] SEQ ID NO.16 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the CAT237 vector of Figure 21 , which encodes p-amyrin synthase.

[0059] SEQ ID NO. 17 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the CAT231 vector of Figure

[0060] 22, which encodes a-amyrin synthase.

[0061] SEQ ID NO. 18 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the CAT230 vector of Figure

[0062] 23, which encodes a-amyrin synthase.

[0063] DEFINITIONS

[0064] This disclosure is not limited by the exemplary methods and materials disclosed herein, and any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of this disclosure.

[0065] The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of this disclosure which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole.

[0066] “Terpenoids” are modified terpenes. Therefore, the skilled person will understand that reference to “a terpene” or “terpenes” may encompass “a terpenoid” or “terpenoids”.

[0067] Where “enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway” are disclosed, the skilled person will understand that the terpenoid pathway may comprise any part of the pathway from its starting point, glucose, through to the resulting terpenoid end point.

[0068] Where “transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway” are disclosed, the skilled person will understand that the terpenoid pathway may encompass all of the pathway from the glucose starting point through to a terpenoid end product. Where “transcription factors present in the flavonoid pathway” are disclosed, the skilled person will understand that the flavonoid pathway may encompass all of the pathway from the phenylalanine starting point through to a flavonoid end product. The flavonoid pathway may be divided into three subdivisions. The first stage being the phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway, the second stage being early flavonoid biosynthesis, and the third stage being late flavonoid biosynthesis.

[0069] It is to be understood that a polypeptide (synonymous with “protein” and / or “enzyme”) may be coded for by more than one nucleotide sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. Therefore, a polynucleotide encoding the vector components of the invention may have at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to the disclosed nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NO: 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, or 14).

[0070] Other definitions of terms may appear throughout the specification. Before the exemplary aspects and embodiments are described in more detail, it is important to understand that this disclosure is not limited to particular aspects or embodiments described, which as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects or embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims.

[0071] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "an enzyme" or “a terpenoid” includes a plurality of such candidate agents and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

[0072] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0073] Terpenes and terpenoids present a diverse family of compounds with a number of industrial applications. However, production of terpenoids from natural resources may encounter technical challenges, such as low natural yields of desirable terpenoids from various plant species (Zhang and Hong. Production of Terpenoids by Synthetic Biology Approaches. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020. 8, 347). Further, there is a shortage of squalene which is in high demand. Squalene used to be extracted from shark, but the present demand is for vegan sources of this compound. Both squalene and its derivative squalane are used in many types of application, including vaccines and cosmetics. Therefore, it would be advantageous to develop methods to promote the expression of terpenes and / or terpenoids of interest, such that they can be extracted in meaningful volumes for further use.

[0074] In one aspect, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway; and / or b) one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors.

[0075] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are provided in a first vector and the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a second vector.

[0076] In an alternative embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a single vector.

[0077] In an alternative embodiment, only the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are provided in a vector.

[0078] In an alternative embodiment, only the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a vector.

[0079] The skilled person will understand that the number of vectors, which comprise the vector components of the composition, will depend on the enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and the transcription factors that they wish to introduce to a cell. The claimed composition provides flexibility to tailor the encoded vector components to the suit the desired promotion of terpenes.

[0080] It will be understood that in some embodiments the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway may be present in a single vector. In other embodiments the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway may be present in more than one vector, such as two, three, four, five, six or more vectors.

[0081] It will be understood that in some embodiments the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors may be present in a single vector. In other embodiments the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors may be present in more than one vector, such as two, three, four, five, six or more vectors.

[0082] The number of vectors used for each vector component is independently selected such that the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway may be present in a single vector whilst the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors may be present in more than one vector, and vice versa.

[0083] It will also be understood that the invention contemplates all combinations of the vector components disclosed herein. For example, the invention contemplates a first vector comprising one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, a second vector comprising one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors and a third vector comprising one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors.

[0084] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 200 KB or less.

[0085] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 190 KB or less.

[0086] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 180 KB or less.

[0087] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 170 KB or less.

[0088] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 160 KB or less.

[0089] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 150 KB or less. In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 140 KB, 130 KB, 120 KB, 110 KB, 100 KB, 90 KB, 80 KB, 70 KB, 60 KB, 50 KB, 40 KB, 30 KB, 20 KB, 10 KB or less.

[0090] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 10 KB or more.

[0091] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 20 KB or more.

[0092] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 30 KB or more.

[0093] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 40 KB or more.

[0094] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 50 KB or more.

[0095] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is 60 KB, 70 KB, 80 KB, 90 KB, 100 KB, 110 KB, 120 KB, 130 KB, 140 KB, 150 KB, 160 KB, 170 KB, 180 KB, 190 KB, 200 KB or more.

[0096] In one embodiment, the total nucleotide sequence length encoded by the vector components is between 100 KB and 150 KB.

[0097] The total nucleotide sequence length of the vector components will depend on whether they are to be inserted independently into two or more vectors, or in combination in a single vector. The skilled person will understand that the total nucleotide sequence length of the vector components is dependent on the vector construct to which they are to be inserted and thus could be greater than 200 KB in certain circumstances.

[0098] The skilled person will also understand that the vector construct in which the vector components are contained will be selected based on the skilled persons knowledge of suitable vectors for the species of interest. The vector constructs disclosed herein are examples of suitable constructs for algae, moss and plant species. However, other vector constructs may also be appropriate and the skilled person would be aware how to select an appropriate vector construct for their intended species.

[0099] Therefore, the skilled person will use their knowledge and the information disclosed herein to determine the total sequence length and the vector construct required for efficient transformation into the species of interest.

[0100] In one embodiment, one or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0101] In one embodiment, two or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0102] In one embodiment, three or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0103] In one embodiment, four or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0104] In one embodiment, five or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0105] In one embodiment, six or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0106] In one embodiment, seven or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell. In one embodiment, eight or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0107] In one embodiment, nine or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0108] In one embodiment, ten or more vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0109] In one embodiment, up to ten vectors comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors are added to a cell.

[0110] In one embodiment, the cell is a plant cell.

[0111] In a further embodiment, the plant cell is an algae cell, moss cell, or any cell or cell line derived from the genus Nicotiana.

[0112] In yet a further embodiment, the cell or cell line derived from the genus Nicotiana is selected from the group comprising or consisting of Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, or BY- 2 cells.

[0113] In an alternative embodiment, the cell is a yeast cell or a bacterial cell.

[0114] The skilled person will understand that the type of vector selected will depend on its intended purpose. The vector may be any suitable type of vector such as a plasmid, cosmid, phage, or viral vector.

[0115] In one embodiment, the vector comprising the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or vector component encoding one or more transcription factors is a plasmid vector.

[0116] In a further embodiment, the plasmid vector is a plasmid binary vector. We have found that by tailoring the selection of enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway to be encoded by the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, and / or transcription factors encoded by the vector component encoding one or more transcription factors, expression of specific terpenes can be promoted in a transfected cell.

[0117] For ease of reference, these and further aspects of the present invention are now discussed under appropriate section headings. However, the teachings under each section are not necessarily limited to each particular section.

[0118] Enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway

[0119] As described herein, the composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes comprises one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0120] In a further embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise one or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1, SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, C4- decarboxylase 1, and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0121] In a further embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise one or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent-kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C- methyltransferase, 2-methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p- primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, p-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)- limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)-pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, b-amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a-hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-O-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-O- glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene-1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a- methyl-monooxygenase 1-1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a- monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5-desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4-decarboxylase 1.

[0122] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes two or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0123] In a further embodiment, the two or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise two or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, C4- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0124] In a further embodiment, the two or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise two or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1.

[0125] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes three or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0126] In a further embodiment, the three or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise three or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1, SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1, CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, C4- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0127] In a further embodiment, the three or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise three or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1.

[0128] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes four or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0129] In a further embodiment, the four or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise four or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, 5-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, C4- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0130] In a further embodiment, the four or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise four or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1.

[0131] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes five or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0132] In a further embodiment, the five or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise five or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, 5-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, C4- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0133] In a further embodiment, the five or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise five or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1.

[0134] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes six or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0135] In a further embodiment, the six or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise six or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, C4- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0136] In a further embodiment, the six or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise six or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3 -monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1. In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes seven or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0137] In a further embodiment, the seven or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise seven or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1, SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1, CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy- -amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GullGAT3, GullGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, 04- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0138] In a further embodiment, the seven or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise seven or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1. In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes eight or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0139] In a further embodiment, the eight or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise eight or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1, SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy- -amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GullGAT3, GullGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, 04- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0140] In a further embodiment, the eight or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise eight or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1. In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes nine or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0141] In a further embodiment, the nine or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise nine or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy- -amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GullGAT3, GullGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, 04- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0142] In a further embodiment, the nine or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise nine or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1. In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes ten or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0143] In a further embodiment, the ten or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise ten or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1, SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy- -amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GullGAT3, GullGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, 04- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0144] In a further embodiment, the ten or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise ten or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1. In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes eleven or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0145] In a further embodiment, the eleven or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise eleven or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedbackinsensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta- amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1, SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1, CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy- -amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GullGAT3, GullGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, 04- decarboxylase 1 , and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0146] In a further embodiment, the eleven or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise eleven or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1 , OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, P-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid P-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent- kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2- methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, P-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)- isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)- pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl- diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 6- amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a- hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol- type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-0- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6- hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-0-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene- 1 , 3-d i hydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1- 1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5- desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4- decarboxylase 1. In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, encodes 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0147] In a further embodiment, the 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, truncated feedback-insensitive copy of isoform 1 of 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (tHMG1), beta-amyrin synthase (bAS1), alpha / beta amyrin synthase (OSC1), CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg- UGT74AE2, SMT1 , SMT2, CYP710A1 , MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19- triene synthase, Stellata-2,6, 19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis-phytoene synthase, Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (CRTB), Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4- dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester p-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'- hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2L (CCD2L), UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent-kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C-methyltransferase, 2-methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p-primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, p-pinene synthase, p- phellandrene synthase, 1 ,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)-limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)- isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)-pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, 5-amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a-hydroxy- -amyrin dehydrogenase, 11- oxo- -amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GullGAT3, GullGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28- monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-O-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O- glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-O-glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28- monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene-1,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a-methyl-monooxygenase 1-1 , Plant 3p- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a-monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5-desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, C4-decarboxylase 1, and Lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1).

[0148] In a further embodiment, the 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway comprise 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more of the group comprising or consisting of SQS, tHMG1 , bAS1, OSC1 , CYP88D6, CYP72A154, Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, SMT1, SMT2, CYP710A1, MdOSCI , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , CYP716A15, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, Mevalonate kinase, Phosphomevalonate kinase, Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, Isoprene synthase, Geranylpyrophosphate synthase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Dimethylallyltranstransferase, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene synthase, Stellata-2,6,19-triene monooxygenase, 15-cis- phytoene synthase, Phytoene desaturase, All-trans-^-carotene desaturase, Lycopene p cyclase, p-carotene hydroxylase, p-carotene 4-monoketolase, Lycopene e-cyclase, Lycopene cleavage oxygenase, Bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, Norbixin methyltransferase, Bixin methyltransferase, Carotenoid p-ring 4-dehydrogenase, Violaxanthin, antheraxanthin de epoxidase, Zeaxanthin epoxidase, Neoxanthin synthase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, Xanthoxin dehydrogenase, Aldehyde oxidase, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, abscisic aldehyde oxidase, Abscisic acid glucosyltransferases, Abscisic acid glucose ester P-glucosidase, Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Abscisic acid 9'-hydroxylase, Capsanthin- capsorubin synthase, Zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase, Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, UDP-a-D-glucose, Crocetin glucosyltransferase, Crocetin glucosyl ester glucosyltransferase, Levopimaradiene synthase, Abietadiene synthase, Abietadienol hydroxylase, Abietadiene hydroxylase, Abietadienal dehydrogenase, Chloroplastic isopimara-7,15-diene synthase, Ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, Ent-kaurene synthase, Ent-kaurene oxidase, gibberellin 3p-monooxygenase, ent-kaurenoate monooxygenase, Geranyl diphosphate 2-C- methyltransferase, 2-methylisoborneol synthase, Linalool synthase, Geraniol synthase, Myrcene synthase, Myrcene hydroxylase, Geraniol glucosyltransferase, Geraniol dehydrogenase, Geranyl acetate esterase, Geraniol glucoside 6'-O-xylosyltransferase, p- primeverosidase, b-selinene synthase, 3-carene synthase, Camphene synthase, Limonene synthase, a-pinene synthase, p-pinene synthase, p-phellandrene synthase, 1,8-cineole synthase, p-ocimene synthase, Terpinolene synthase, Monoterpene synthase 2, (-)- limonene-3-hydroxylase, (-)-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, (-)-isopiperitenone reductase, (+)-menthofuran synthase, (+)-pulegone reductase, Menthol dehydrogenase, Neomenthol dehydrogenase, Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase, Squalene synthase, Squalene monooxygenase, Isomultiflorenol synthase, Friedelin synthase, a-amyrin synthase, p-amyrin synthase, b-amyrin synthase, Glutinol synthase, Taraxerol synthase, Germanicol synthase, Triterpene synthase, Multifunctional triterpene synthase, Lupeol synthase, Lanosterol synthase, 11a-hydroxy-p-amyrin dehydrogenase, 11-oxo-p-amyrin 30-oxidase, GuCSyGT, GuUGAT3, GuUGT73p12, NADPH, p-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, Dammarenediol-ll synthase, Dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-, Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2"-O-glucosyltransferase, Bifunctional ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside F1 6-O-glucosyltransferase, Protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase, Ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase, Ginsenoside 6-O- glucosyltransferase, Rhamnose, a-amyrin28-monooxygenase, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, 5-epi-aristolochene-1 ,3-dihydroxylase, Vetispiradiene synthase, Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Cycloartenol synthase, Sterol methyltransferase, Plant 4,4-dimethylsterol C-4a- methyl-monooxygenase 1-1 , Plant 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase 2, Sterone reducatase, Cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase, Sterol 24 C methyltransferase, 4a- monomethylsterol monooxygenase, 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C4-decarboxylase, A7-sterol-C5-desaturase, Sterol A7 reductase, A24-sterol reductase, C-22 sterol desaturase, and C4-decarboxylase 1. The skilled person will be aware that the maximum number of enzymes encoded by the vector component encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway will be dependent on the constraints of the vector construct chosen. E.g. the total sequence length that the vector construct can support.

[0149] Described below are non-limiting examples of combinations of enzymes encoded by the vector components, which may be chosen by the skilled person to promote the expression of desired terpenes in cells.

[0150] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway is SQS.

[0151] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are tHMG1 and bAS1.

[0152] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are tHMG1 and OSC1.

[0153] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are CYP88D6, CYP72A154, and tHMG1.

[0154] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are Pg- PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, and tHMG1.

[0155] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are SMT 1 , SMT2, tHMG1 , and CYP710A1.

[0156] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are MdOSCI , tHMG1 , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , and CYP716A15.

[0157] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are CCD2L and CRTB.

[0158] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are CCD2L and BCH2.

[0159] In one embodiment, the one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are CCD2L and LTP1. The skilled person understands that enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway may be isolated from a variety of different plant species. Thus, a plurality of different isoforms may exist for each enzyme described herein.

[0160] In selecting the combination of enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway, the skilled person will use their knowledge of the terpenoid pathway to select appropriate enzymes to reach the desired terpene. Examples of the various enzymes required to reach different terpene and / or terpenoid end products can be seen in Figures 17A-LI.

[0161] Transcription factors

[0162] As described herein, the composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes optionally comprises one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors.

[0163] In one embodiment, the one or more transcription factors are selected from the group comprising or consisting of myeloblastosis (MYB) type transcription factors and / or basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type transcription factors.

[0164] In a further embodiment, the one or more transcription factors are independently derived from a plant species.

[0165] The skilled person will understand that the transcription factors listed above and below may be derived from different plant species. Therefore, the listed transcription factors are intended to encompass those derived from any species including, but not necessarily limited to the prefixes At, Vv, lb, Gh, Gm, Md, Gt, Ms, Co, Ej, Mg, Pc, Ppy, Pb, Par, Pi, Pdm, Pav, Per, Pcf, Pd, Ppr, Ps, Fa, Fv, Rh, Ri, Hv, Bo, Mr, Eg, Es, In, Dk, Mt, Lh, Lj, Zm, Pp, Cs, Og, Py, Pt, Ptr, Pto, St, Ta, Nt, and Le.

[0166] In yet a further embodiment, the plant species is selected from the group comprising or consisting of At (Arabidopsis thaliana), Am (Antirrhinum majus), Nt (Nicotiana tabacum), Mt (Medicago truncatula), Vv (Vitis vinifera), or Cs (Camellia sinensis).

[0167] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors encode two or more transcription factors. In one embodiment, the two or more transcription factors are selected from the group comprising or consisting of myeloblastosis (MYB) type transcription factors and / or basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type transcription factors.

[0168] In a further embodiment, the two or more transcription factors are independently derived from a plant species.

[0169] In yet a further embodiment, the plant species is selected from the group comprising or consisting of At (Arabidopsis thaliana), Am (Antirrhinum majus), Nt (Nicotiana tabacum), Mt (Medicago truncatula), Vv (Vitis vinifera), or Cs (Camellia sinensis).

[0170] In one embodiment, the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors encode three or more transcription factors.

[0171] In one embodiment, the three or more transcription factors are selected from the group comprising or consisting of myeloblastosis (MYB) type transcription factors and / or basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type transcription factors.

[0172] In a further embodiment, the three or more transcription factors are independently derived from a plant species.

[0173] In yet a further embodiment, the plant species is selected from the group comprising or consisting of At (Arabidopsis thaliana), Am (Antirrhinum majus), Nt (Nicotiana tabacum), Mt (Medicago truncatula), Vv (Vitis vinifera), or Cs (Camellia sinensis).

[0174] The skilled person will be aware that the maximum number of transcription factors encoded by the vector component encoding one or more transcription factors will be dependent on the constraints of the vector construct chosen. E.g. the total sequence length that the vector construct can support.

[0175] In embodiments where each transcription factor is independently derived from a plant species, it should be noted that each transcription factor need not necessarily be derived from the same plant species.

[0176] MYB proteins are transcription factors found in all eukaryotes. However, whilst only a few unique MYBs are encoded in unikonts (the phylogenetic group comprising animals and fungi), there are up to -200 unique MYB genes found in the plant lineage. Of the MYB proteins present in plants, R2R3 MYB transcription factors are the most widely encoded, with many plant species encoding >100 unique R2R3 MYB.

[0177] In one embodiment, the MYB type transcription factor is a member of the R2R3 MYB transcription factor family.

[0178] In one embodiment, the MYB type transcription factor is one or more of MYB12, AN2, and ROSY

[0179] In one embodiment, the MYB type transcription factor is MYB12.

[0180] In one embodiment, the MYB type transcription factor is AN2.

[0181] In one embodiment, the MYB type transcription factor is ROS1 bHLH type transcription factors are so named due to their highly conserved alkaline / helix- loop-helix domain. Originally identified in animals, they have also been found in plants and are involved in diverse functions including plant growth and development, via the functions of DNA binding and dimerization.

[0182] In one embodiment, the bHLH type transcription factor is one or more of Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis Activating Regulator 1 (TSAR1), Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis Activating Regulator 2 (TSAR2), Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis Activating Regulator s (TSAR3), DEL, TT8.

[0183] In one embodiment, the bHLH type transcription factor is TSAR1.

[0184] In one embodiment, the bHLH type transcription factor is TSAR2.

[0185] In one embodiment, the bHLH type transcription factor is TSAR3.

[0186] In one embodiment, the bHLH type transcription factor is TSAR1 , TSAR2, and / or TSAR3.

[0187] In one embodiment, the bHLH type transcription factor is DEL.

[0188] In one embodiment the bHLH type transcription factor is TT8. In one embodiment, the one or more transcription factors are one or more transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway.

[0189] In one embodiment, the one or more transcription factors are one or more transcription factors present in the flavonoid pathway.

[0190] In one embodiment, the one or more transcription factors are one or more transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway and / or flavonoid pathway.

[0191] In one embodiment, the one or more transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway and / or flavonoid pathway are selected from the group comprising or consisting of MYB12, AN2, ROS1, DEL, TT8, TSAR1, TSAR2 and TSAR3.

[0192] In one embodiment, the one or more transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway and / or flavonoid pathway are selected from the group comprising or consisting of TSAR1 , TSAR2 and TSAR3.

[0193] The skilled person will understand that different plant species have their own transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway. Therefore, the lists of transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway provided above are non-limiting and the skilled person would select the most appropriate transcription factors based on the plant species of interest.

[0194] Terpenes obtainable from the composition

[0195] As has already been disclosed, terpenes and terpenoids are a large group of natural products found in plants and other life forms, with a number of industrial applications. Therefore, terpenes and terpenoids present a diverse range of commercially attractive compounds.

[0196] As described herein, the composition promotes the expression of one or more terpenes.

[0197] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0198] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0199] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0200] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0201] The skilled person will understand that the one or more terpenes may be any one or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0202] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is squalene, or a derivative thereof.

[0203] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0204] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0205] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0206] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof.

[0207] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof.

[0208] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0209] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0210] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof.

[0211] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof.

[0212] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0213] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is geraniol, or a derivative thereof.

[0214] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is crocin, or a derivative thereof.

[0215] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0216] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of two or more terpenes. In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0217] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0218] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0219] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0220] The skilled person will understand that the two or more terpenes may be any two or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0221] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are squalene, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0222] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0223] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0224] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0225] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0226] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0227] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0228] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene. In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0229] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0230] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0231] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are geraniol and at least one other terpene.

[0232] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are geraniol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0233] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are crocin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0234] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are crocin2, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0235] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of three or more terpenes.

[0236] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0237] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0238] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0239] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0240] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0241] The skilled person will understand that the three or more terpenes may be any three or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0242] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are squalene, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes. In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0243] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0244] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0245] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0246] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0247] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0248] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0249] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0250] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0251] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0252] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are geraniol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0253] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are crocin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes. In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are crocin2, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0254] The skilled person will understand that due to the nature of catalysis reactions, not all intermediate metabolites will be catalysed to form the next metabolite. The selected combinations of enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and transcription factors will promote the expression of particular terpenes. However, intermediate metabolites of the pathway may also be present. Therefore, a plurality of terpene metabolites may be expressed in the cell transfected with the vector components described herein.

[0255] In certain embodiments, the terpene obtained and the combination of enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and transcription factors to obtain the terpene are as recited in Table 1.

[0256] Table 1 provides non-limiting examples of combinations of enzymes and transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway, encoded by the vector components as described herein, used to obtain terpenes. Plant products

[0257] As described herein, in one aspect there is provided a plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with the vector components according to any one of the vector composition embodiments described herein.

[0258] In one embodiment, the plant, plant part or plant cell is algae, moss or any plant, plant part or plant cell derived from the genus Nicotiana.

[0259] In a further embodiment, the plant, plant part or plant cell derived from the genus Nicotiana is selected from the group comprising or consisting of Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, or BY-2 cells.

[0260] Use

[0261] As described herein, in one aspect there is provided use of the composition according to any one of the composition embodiments described herein for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in algae, moss, or any plant, plant part, or plant cells.

[0262] In one embodiment, the plant cells are a cell line derived from plants.

[0263] In one embodiment, the plant, plant part, or plant cell is derived from the genus Nicotiana.

[0264] In yet a further embodiment, the plant, plant part or plant cell derived from the genus Nicotiana are selected from the group comprising or consisting of Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, or BY-2 cells.

[0265] In an alternative embodiment, the expression of one or more terpenes is promoted in yeast cells and / or bacterial cells.

[0266] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of one or more terpenes.

[0267] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0268] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)- -ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0269] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0270] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0271] The skilled person will understand that the one or more terpenes may be any one or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0272] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is squalene, or a derivative thereof.

[0273] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0274] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0275] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0276] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof.

[0277] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof.

[0278] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0279] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0280] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof.

[0281] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof.

[0282] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0283] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is geraniol, or a derivative thereof.

[0284] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are crocin, or a derivative thereof.

[0285] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0286] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of two or more terpenes. In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0287] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0288] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0289] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0290] The skilled person will understand that the two or more terpenes may be any two or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0291] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are squalene, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0292] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0293] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0294] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0295] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0296] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0297] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0298] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene. In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0299] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0300] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0301] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are geraniol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0302] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are crocin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0303] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are crocin2, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0304] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of three or more terpenes.

[0305] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0306] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0307] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11 -deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0308] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0309] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0310] The skilled person will understand that the three or more terpenes may be any three or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0311] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are squalene, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0312] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes. In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0313] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0314] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0315] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0316] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0317] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0318] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0319] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0320] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0321] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are geraniol and at least two other terpenes.

[0322] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are geraniol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0323] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are crocin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes. In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are crocin2, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0324] Method

[0325] As described herein, in one aspect there is provided a method of promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, comprising the step of: a) introducing the composition according to any one of the composition embodiments described herein into a cell.

[0326] In one embodiment, the method further comprises: b) extracting the one or more terpenes from the cell to produce an extract.

[0327] In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises: c) detecting the one or more terpenes in the extract.

[0328] In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises: d) purifying the one or more terpenes from the extract.

[0329] In one embodiment, the method further comprises one or more of: b) extracting the one or more terpenes from the cell to produce an extract; c) detecting the one or more terpenes in the extract; and d) purifying the one or more terpenes from the extract.

[0330] In one embodiment, the method further comprises: b) extracting the one or more terpenes from the cell to produce an extract; c) detecting the one or more terpenes in the extract; and d) purifying the one or more terpenes from the extract.

[0331] In a further embodiment, the one or more terpenes are purified using Flash and preparative MPLC, HPTLC or LC / MS.

[0332] In one embodiment, the cell is a plant cell, yeast cell and / or bacteria cell.

[0333] In a further embodiment, the plant cell is an algae cell, moss cell, or any cell or cell line derived from the genus Nicotiana. In yet a further embodiment, the cell or cell line derived from the genus Nicotiana is selected from the group comprising or consisting of Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, or BY-2 cells.

[0334] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of one or more terpenes.

[0335] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0336] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0337] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol or a derivative thereof.

[0338] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0339] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes are one or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0340] The skilled person will understand that the one or more terpenes may be any one or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0341] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is squalene, or a derivative thereof.

[0342] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0343] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0344] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0345] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof.

[0346] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof.

[0347] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0348] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0349] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof.

[0350] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0351] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is geraniol, or a derivative thereof.

[0352] In one embodiment, the one or more terpenes is crocin, or a derivative thereof.

[0353] In one embodiment, the one or more terpene is crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0354] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of two or more terpenes.

[0355] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0356] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1 ,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1 ,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0357] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1 ,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1 ,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, 6-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0358] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0359] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are two or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0360] The skilled person will understand that the two or more terpenes may be any two or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0361] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are squalene, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0362] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0363] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0364] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0365] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene. In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0366] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0367] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0368] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0369] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0370] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0371] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are geraniol, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0372] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are crocin, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0373] In one embodiment, the two or more terpenes are crocin2, or a derivative thereof and at least one other terpene.

[0374] In one embodiment, the composition promotes the expression of three or more terpenes.

[0375] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more plant-derived terpenes.

[0376] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, 5-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)-neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11- deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0377] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p- sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2-methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)- camphene, (+)-camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p- pinene, (-)-p-phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0378] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, P-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0379] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are three or more of the group comprising or consisting of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof. The skilled person will understand that the three or more terpenes may be any three or more of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0380] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are squalene, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0381] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0382] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0383] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0384] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0385] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0386] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0387] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0388] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0389] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0390] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0391] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are geraniol and at least two other terpenes. In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are geraniol, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0392] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are crocin, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0393] In one embodiment, the three or more terpenes are crocin2, or a derivative thereof and at least two other terpenes.

[0394] Products

[0395] As described herein, in one aspect there is provided a terpene obtainable from the method according to any one of the method embodiments described herein.

[0396] In one embodiment, the terpene is a plant-derived terpene.

[0397] In one embodiment, the terpene is any one of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p-sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13- diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2- methylisoborneol, (Z)-p-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)-camphene, (+)- camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p-pinene, (-)-p- phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, crocin2, (+)- neomenthol, (-)-menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5-dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0398] In one embodiment, the terpene is any one of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p-sitosterol, ursolic acid, stellatate, Ent-kaurene, gibberellin, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietate, abieta-7,13- diene-18-oate, all-trans-lycopene, 2-methylisoborneol, p-myrcene, linalool, geraniol, 2- methylisoborneol, (Z)- -ocimene, 1 ,8-cineole, (+) 3-carene, 1,8-cineole, (-)-camphene, (+)- camphene, p-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, (-)-a-pinene, sabinene, (-)-p-pinene, (-)-p- phellandrene, tricyclene, capsidiol, rishitin, 3-hydroxy-15-dihydrolubimin, isomultiflorenol, friedelin, b-amyrin, glutinol, taraxerol, germanicol, multiflorenol, lupeol, lanosterol, isopimarate, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, 3\’-hydroxyechinenone, lactucaxanthin, bixin dimethyl ester, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, abscisic acid, neophaseate, dihydroxyphaseic acid, zeaxanthin glucoside, capsanthin, capsorubin, safranal, crocin, (+)-neomenthol, (-)- menthol, (+)-neoisomenthol, (+)-isomenthol, ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rg1 , ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside F2, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rb1 , ginsenoside Rg3, 5- dehydroavenasterol, stigmasterol, crinosterol, brassicasterol, 11-deoxoglycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhizinic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)- myrtenal , (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0399] In one embodiment, the terpene is any one of the group comprising or consisting of squalene, p-amyrin, a-amyrin, 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, ginsenoside Rh2, p-sitosterol, ursolic acid, (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0400] In one embodiment, the terpene is any one of the group comprising or consisting of (+)- abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, geraniol, a-amyrin, p-amyrin, squalene, crocin, crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0401] The skilled person will understand that the terpene may be any one of the terpenes and / or terpenoids listed in figures 17A-LI.

[0402] In one embodiment, the terpene is squalene, or a derivative thereof.

[0403] In one embodiment, the terpene is p-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0404] In one embodiment, the terpene is a-amyrin, or a derivative thereof.

[0405] In one embodiment, the terpene is 18p glycyrrhetinic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0406] In one embodiment, the terpene is ginsenoside Rh2, or a derivative thereof.

[0407] In one embodiment, the terpene is p-sitosterol, or a derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the terpene is ursolic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0408] In one embodiment, the terpene is (+)-abscisic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0409] In one embodiment, the terpene is andromedotoxin, or a derivative thereof.

[0410] In one embodiment, the terpene is (-)-myrtenal, or a derivative thereof.

[0411] In one embodiment, the terpene is (3S,6E)-nerolidol, or a derivative thereof.

[0412] In one embodiment, the terpene is geraniol, or a derivative thereof.

[0413] In one embodiment, the terpene is crocin, or a derivative thereof.

[0414] In one embodiment, the terpene is crocin2, or a derivative thereof.

[0415] Vector combinations

[0416] As described herein, different combinations of enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and / or transcription factors result in increased expression of different terpenes.

[0417] There now follows non-limiting examples of different compositions designed to promote the expression of one or more terpenes.

[0418] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding tHMG1.

[0419] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding tHMG1 promotes the expression of squalene.

[0420] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding tHMG1 and bAS1. In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding tHMG1 and bAS1 promotes the expression of squalene and p-amyrin.

[0421] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding tHMG1 and OSC1.

[0422] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding tHMG1 and OSC1 promotes the expression of squalene and a-amyrin.

[0423] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding CYP88D6, CYP72A154, tHMG1 , and bAS1

[0424] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding CYP88D6, CYP72A154, tHMG1 , and bAS1 promotes the expression of squalene, p-amyrin, and 18 glycyrrhetinic acid.

[0425] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, and tHMG1.

[0426] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding Pg-PNA, Pg-CYP716A47, Pg-UGT74AE2, and tHMG1 promotes the expression of squalene and Ginsenoside.

[0427] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding SMT1 , SMT2, tHMG1 , and CYP710A1

[0428] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding SMT1 , SMT2, tHMG1 , and CYP710A1 promotes the expression of squalene and p-sitosterol. In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MdOSCI , tHMG1 , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , and CYP716A15.

[0429] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MdOSCI , tHMG1 , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , and CYP716A15 promotes the expression of squalene and ursolic acid.

[0430] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MdOSCI, tHMG1 , and CYP716A12.

[0431] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MdOSCI , tHMG1, and CYP716A12 promotes the expression of squalene and ursolic acid.

[0432] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MdOSCI, tHMG1, and CYP716AL1.

[0433] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MdOSCI , tHMG1, and CYP716AL1 promotes the expression of squalene and ursolic acid.

[0434] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MdOSCI, tHMG1 , and CYP716A15.

[0435] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MdOSCI , tHMG1 , and CYP716A15 promotes the expression of squalene and ursolic acid.

[0436] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MYB12.

[0437] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MYB12 promotes the expression of andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, and (3S,6E)-nerolidol. In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding DEL and ROS.

[0438] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding DEL and ROS promotes the expression of (-)-myrtenal, and (3S,6E)-nerolidol.

[0439] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MYB12, DEL and ROS.

[0440] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MYB12, DEL and ROS promotes the expression of andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, and geraniol.

[0441] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding TT8

[0442] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding TT8 promotes the expression of (-)-myrtenal, and (3S,6E)-nerolidol.

[0443] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding AN2.

[0444] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding AN2 promotes the expression of (3S,6E)-nerolidol.

[0445] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MYB12 and TT8.

[0446] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MYB12 and TT8 promotes the expression of (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)-nerolidol, and geraniol. In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MYB12 and AN2.

[0447] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MYB12, and AN2 promotes the expression of andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, and geraniol.

[0448] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding TT8 and AN2.

[0449] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding TT8 and AN2 promotes the expression of (+)-abscisic acid, andromedotoxin, (-)-myrtenal, (3S,6E)- nerolidol, and geraniol.

[0450] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding MYB12, AN2 and TT8.

[0451] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding MYB12, AN2 and TT8 promotes the expression of (-)-myrtenal and (3S,6E)-nerolidol.

[0452] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding KOMT1 and SPS2, and b) a vector component encoding AmDEL and AmROSI

[0453] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding KOMT1, SPS2, AmDEL and AmROSI promotes the expression of geraniol.

[0454] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding CCD2L

[0455] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding CCD2L promotes the expression of crocin and crocin2. In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding CCD2L and CRTB

[0456] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding CCD2L and CRTB promotes the expression of crocin and crocin2.

[0457] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding CCD2L and BCH2

[0458] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding CCD2L and BCH2 promotes the expression of crocin and crocin2.

[0459] In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) a vector component encoding CCD2L and LTP1

[0460] In a further embodiment, the composition comprising a vector component encoding CCD2L and LTP1 promotes the expression of crocin and crocin2.

[0461] The expressed terpenes, may or may not be endogenously present in the cell, cell line, yeast, bacteria, algae, moss, or plant in which the composition of the invention is used. It will be understood by the skilled person that where a particular terpene is not endogenously produced, there is considered to be an increase in this terpene if it can be detected after the cell, cell line, yeast, bacteria, algae, moss or plant has been transfected with the composition of the invention.

[0462] In situations where particular terpenes are endogenously expressed in the cell, cell line, yeast, bacteria, algae, moss, or plant before the composition of the invention is used, a 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 40-fold, 60-fold, 80-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold, 300- fold, 400- fold, 600-fold, 800-fold, 1000-fold, or more increase in that particular terpene may be observed.

[0463] The total amount of terpenes present in a cell, cell line, yeast, bacteria, algae, moss, or plant in which the composition of the invention is used may be increased by 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4- fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 40-fold, 60-fold, 80-fold, 100-fold, 150-fold, 200-fold, 250-fold, or more.

[0464] The various aspects and / or embodiments described herein are presented only to assist in understanding and teaching the claimed features. These aspects and / or embodiments are provided as a representative sample of aspects and / or embodiments only, and are not exhaustive and / or exclusive. It is to be understood that advantages, embodiments, examples, functions, features, structures, and / or other aspects described herein are not to be considered limitations on the scope of the invention as defined by the claims or limitations on equivalents to the claims, and that other embodiments may be utilised and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claimed invention. Various embodiments of the invention may suitably comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, appropriate combinations of the disclosed elements, components, features, parts, steps, means, etc, other than those specifically described herein. In addition, this disclosure may include other inventions not presently claimed, but which may be claimed in future.

[0465] The invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

[0466] EXAMPLES

[0467] Example 1 : promoting expression of squalene, a amyrin and p amyrin in Nicotiana benthamiana

[0468] Nicotiana benthamiana plants and Cultivar Bright Yellow - 2 (BY2) cells were selected for transfection with plasmids. The plasmids generated comprised OSC1 & tHMG1 , and bAS1 & tHMG1.

[0469] An Agrobacterium culture (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) was used to deliver the genetic material into the Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The plasmids containing the genes of interest were introduced into separate Agrobacterium cultures and cultured overnight to reach specific density.

[0470] Once the specific density was reached (OD600 of —1-2), it was resuspended at a density of OD600 0.2. Infiltration solutions were prepared for both of the plasmid types (OSC1 & tHMG1 , and bAS1 & tHMG1). The two infiltration solutions were then individually infiltrated into the leaves of the Nicotiana benthamiana plants, using a syringe or vacuum infiltration. Separate plants were used for each infiltration solution.

[0471] Following infiltration, the plants were incubated under controlled conditions (22°C, ~250pmol / m2 / s (light), 70% humidity and 16 hr day / night cycle.) in a growth chamber for 7 days. Following this, the infiltrated leaves were removed from the plant and frozen instantly.

[0472] The dried leaves were then ground and extraction was preformed using methanol. Extracts were then filtered and placed in vials to be analysed by HPTLC. Stationary Phase; Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254, Mobile phase; dichloromethane-methanol 9.7:0.3 (v / v). After separation, the plates were derivatized with 10% H2SO4 in methanol and then visualized by normal light or UV lamp.

[0473] For the BY2 cells, the two plasmids containing the genes of interest were introduced directly into separate BY2 cell cultures. After a few days, the BY2 cells began to produce the compounds of interest.

[0474] The introduction of bAS1 and tHMG1 to both Nicotiana benthamiana plants and BY2 cells promoted the expression of p-amyrin with a yield of 37.7 mg / g and 10 mg / L, respectively. The introduction of OSC1 and tHMG1 to Nicotiana benthamiana plants promoted the expression of a-amyrin, with a yield of 45 mg / g. As can be seen from Figure 1 , which shows HPTLC results for the introduction of both plasmids into a single Nicotiana benthamiana plant, the production of squalene was also promoted, alongside both a-amyrin and p-amyrin.

[0475] The upper terpenoid biosynthesis pathway is already available in tobacco, thus, the addition of tHMG1 promotes the overexpression of terpenes and terpenoids of the upper pathway such as squalene. The HMG1 was the only enzyme used in the upper terpene pathway as this step is rate limiting. The enzyme used is truncated HMGR which has the negative feedback domain removed so it could continuously activate the pathway.

[0476] These results demonstrate that transfection with enzymes alone (no additional transcription factors) is enough to increase the expression of terpenes. In general we have found that terpenes are better expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, with the addition of transcription factors, we have found that Nicotiana tabacum is better for expressing desired terpenes. Example 2: promoting the expression of (+)-Abscisic acid, Andromedotoxin, (-)- Myrtenal, (3S,6E)-Nerolidol, and Geraniol in Nicotiana tabacum with transcription factors present in the flavonoid pathway

[0477] Plasmids comprising combinations of TT8, DEL, ROS1 , AN2, and / or MYB12 were generated and used to transfect Nicotiana tabacum. The combinations were as set out in table 2 below, which corresponds to the results set out in table 3.

[0478] Table 2: Combinations of transcription factors in the plasmids of sets 1-9

[0479] An Agrobacterium culture (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) was used to deliver the genetic material into the Nicotiana tabacum cells. The plasmids containing the genes of interest were introduced into separate Agrobacterium cultures and cultured overnight to reach specific density.

[0480] Once the specific density was reached (OD600 of —1-2), it was resuspended at a density of OD600 0.2. Infiltration solutions were prepared for each of the plasmid types (see table 2).

[0481] The infiltration solutions were then individually infiltrated into the leaves of the Nicotiana tabacum plants, using a syringe or vacuum infiltration. Separate plants were used for each set. Following infiltration, the plants were incubated under controlled conditions (22°C, ~250pmol / m2 / s (light), 70% humidity and 16 hr day / night cycle.) in a growth chamber for 7 days. Following this, the infiltrated leaves were frozen instantly.

[0482] The dried leaves were then ground and extraction was preformed using methanol. Extracts were then filtered and placed in vials to be analysed by HPTLC. Stationary Phase; Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254, Mobile phase; Chloroform: Methanol 9:1 (v / v), Chloroform: Methanol: Water 80:20:2 (v / v / v), Chloroform: Methanol: Water 61:32:5 (v / v / v), Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid: Chloroform 5:5: 1:2 (v / v / v / v). After separation, the plates were derivatized with 10% H2SO4 in methanol and then visualized by normal light or UV lamp.

[0483] Table 3: fold change in terpenes after transfection with the plasmids according to table 2.

[0484] The different transcription factor combinations, listed in table 2, had variable effects on the expression of different terpene compounds. As can be seen in table 3, the expression of many of the analysed terpenes was increased (values > 1).

[0485] The increased expression of the terpenes in table 3 was a surprising finding, as it was expected that the transcription factors used would drive the generation of anthocyanin’s and flavonoids instead of terpenes. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that transcription factors alone are enough to increase the expression of terpenes. Example 3: promoting the expression of (+)-Abscisic acid, Andromedotoxin, (-)- Myrtenal, (3S,6E)-Nerolidol, and Geraniol in Nicotiana benthamiana with enzymes and transcription factors present in the flavonoid pathway

[0486] Plasmids comprising combinations of KOMT 1 , SPS1 , SPS2, DEL, ROS1 , and / or MYB12 were generated and used to transfect Nicotiana benthamiana. The combinations were as set out in table 4 below, which corresponds to the results set out in table 5.

[0487] Table 4: Combinations of enzymes and transcription factors in the plasmids of sets 1- 7

[0488] An Agrobacterium culture (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) was used to deliver the genetic material into the Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The plasmids containing the genes of interest were introduced into separate Agrobacterium cultures and cultured to a specific density.

[0489] Once the specific density was reached (OD600 of ~1 -2) , it was resuspended at a density of OD600 0.2. Infiltration solutions were prepared for each of the plasmid types (see table 4).

[0490] The infiltration solutions were then individually infiltrated into the leaves of the Nicotiana benthamiana plants, using a syringe or vacuum infiltration. Separate plants were used for each infiltration solution.

[0491] Following infiltration, the plants were incubated under controlled conditions (22°C, ~250|jmol / m2 / s (light), 70% humidity and 16 hr day / night cycle.) in a growth chamber for 7 days.. Following this, the infiltrated leaves were frozen instantly.

[0492] The dried leaves were then ground and extraction was preformed using methanol. Extracts were then filtered and placed in vials to be analysed by HPTLC. Stationary Phase; Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254, Mobile phase; Chloroform: Methanol 9:1 (v / v), Chloroform:

[0493] Methanol: Water 80:20:2 (v / v / v), Chloroform: Methanol: Water 61 :32:5 (v / v / v), Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid: Chloroform 5:5: 1:2 (v / v / v / v). After separation, the plates were derivatized with 10% H2SO4 in methanol and then visualized by normal light or UV lamp.

[0494] Table 5: fold change in terpenes after transfection with the plasmids according to table 4. f - denotes that the terpene was detected in Nicotiana benthamiana after transfection with the plasmid according to table 4, where the terpene wasn’t present in the control. Blank cells mean that no expression was observed

[0495] All enzyme I transcription factor combinations were able to induce the expression of (+)- abscisic acid. Expression of andromedotoxin was able to be induced by set 2 and set 4. Set 2 was also able to induce or increase the expression of (-)-myrtenal and geraniol respectively. It is a surprising finding that these terpenes were able to be produced in Nicotiana benthamiana as they are not endogenously expressed by the plant.

[0496] Interestingly, all combinations decreased the expression of (3S,6E)-nerolidol, which is in contrast to combinations of transcription factors alone, which increased expression of (3S,6E)-nerolidol (see Example 2 - table 3). Thus demonstrating that whilst enzymes and transcription factors from other biosynthesis pathways can be used to increase the expression of terpenes, careful selection is required to ensure that the desired terpene is generated. Example 4: promoting expression of ursolic acid in Nicotiana benthamiana

[0497] Nicotiana benthamiana plants were selected for transfection with plasmids encoding combinations of MdOSCI, tHMG1, CYP716A12, CYP716AL1, and / or CYP716A15.The combinations were as set out in table 6 below.

[0498] Table 6: Combinations of enzymes and transcription factors in the plasmids

[0499] An Agrobacterium culture (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) was used to deliver the genetic material into the Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The plasmids containing the genes of interest were introduced into separate Agrobacterium cultures and cultured overnight to reach specific density.

[0500] Once the specific density was reached (OD600 of ~1 -2) , it was resuspended at a density of OD600 0.2. An infiltration solution was then prepared.

[0501] The infiltration solution was then infiltrated into the leaves of the Nicotiana benthamiana plants, using a syringe or vacuum infiltration.

[0502] Following infiltration, the plants were incubated under controlled conditions (22°C, ~250|jmol / m2 / s (light), 70% humidity and 16 hr day / night cycle.) in a growth chamber for 7 days. Following this, the infiltrated leaves were removed from the plant and frozen instantly.

[0503] The dried leaves were then ground and extraction was preformed using methanol. Extracts were then filtered and placed in vials to be analysed by HPTLC. Stationary Phase; Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254, Mobile phase; dichloromethane-methanol 9.7:0.3 (v / v). After separation, the plates were derivatized with 10% H2SO4 in methanol and then visualized by normal light or UV lamp.

[0504] The introduction of MdOSCI, tHMG1 , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , and CYP716A15 to Nicotiana benthamiana promoted the expression of ursolic acid, as can be seen from Figure 2, which shows HPTLC results for the introduction of plasmids encoding MdOSCI , tHMG1 , CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , and CYP716A15 into a single Nicotiana benthamiana plant.

[0505] CYP716A12, CYP716AL1 , and CYP716A15 all lead to the expression of the same enzyme, thus it is plausible that the three plasmid constructs could be used individually and still result in the expression of ursolic acid.

[0506] Example 5: promoting the expression of a-amyrin in BY2 cells

[0507] Table 7: Combinations of enzymes in the plasmids

[0508] An Agrobacterium culture (Agro bacterium tumefaciens) was used to deliver the genetic material into the BY2 cells. The plasmids containing the genes of interest were introduced into separate agrobacterium cultures and cultured overnight to reach specific density of <1.6.

[0509] The Agrobacterium culture was pelleted and resuspended in BY2 media with 100pM acetosynringone and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Acetosyringone is added to BY-2 culture up to 100pM and the induced Agrobacteria is then added to BY-2 cells to a final OD600 of 0.2. BY2 cells were then grown for 2 days in a shaking incubator.

[0510] After 2 days BY-2 cells were pelleted by centrifuging at 500rpm for 1 min in 50ml tubes and supernatant discarded. BY2 cells were then washed with 40ml BY-2 media containing 100mg / L ticarcillin (or other suitable antibiotic for killing Agro). The washing step was repeated twice, for a total of 3 washes. BY2 cells were then pelleted by centrifuging at 500rpm for 1 min and resuspended in 20ml BY-2 media containing 100mg / L ticarcillin.

[0511] Cells (1 ml) were then plated on solid media with 50-200mg / L Kan and 100mg / L ticarcillin. Plates were wrapped in micropore tape and incubated. Colonies were visible within 3-4 weeks and were subcultured on fresh selective plates.

[0512] 5 mL of BY2 cells in media was transferred to a flask and 5mL of Ethyl acetate was added. The mixture was sonicated for 10 min then it was placed in a water bath for 10 min at 37C, The mixture was then filtered and placed in 1 .5 mL vials for analysis. Variable expression of a-amyrin was seen in the different colonies due to the chimeric nature of the different colonies (i.e. each colony is slightly different). The colonies with the greatest expression of a-amyrin were selected to be continued as high-expression a-amyrin cell-lines.

[0513] Example 6: expression of crocin and crocin2 in Nicotiana benthamiana

[0514] Table 8: Combinations of enzymes in the plasmids

[0515] An Agrobacterium culture (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) was used to deliver the genetic material into the Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The plasmids containing the genes of interest were introduced into separate Agrobacterium cultures and cultured overnight to reach specific density.

[0516] Once the specific density was reached (OD600 of ~1 -2) , it was resuspended at a density of OD600 0.2. An infiltration solution was then prepared.

[0517] The infiltration solution was then infiltrated into the leaves of the Nicotiana benthamiana plants, using a syringe or vacuum infiltration.

[0518] Following infiltration, the plants were incubated under controlled conditions (22°C, ~250pmol / m2 / s (light), 70% humidity and 16 hr day / night cycle.) in a growth chamber for 7 days. Following this, the infiltrated leaves were removed from the plant and frozen instantly.

[0519] The dried leaves were then ground and extraction was preformed using methanol. Extracts were then filtered and placed in vials to be analysed by HPTLC. Stationary Phase; Merck, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254 glass plates 20x10 cm, Mobile phase; Chloroform: MethanokWater 61 :32:7 (V / V). After separation, the plates were derivatized with 10% H2SO4 in methanol and then visualized by normal light or UV lamp. The introduction of CCD2L, CCD2L & CRTB, CCD2L & BCH2, or CCD2L & LTP1 to Nicotiana benthamiana promoted the expression of crocin and crocin2, as can be seen from Figure 19, which shows HPTLC results for the introduction of plasmids encoding combinations of CCD2L, CRBT8, BCH2 and LTP1 into a single Nicotiana benthamiana plant.

[0520] The greatest expression of crocin and crocin2 was seen in the leaves transfected with CCD2L & CRTB.

[0521] Example 7: promoting the expression of a-amyrin and p-amyrin in algae and Moss

[0522] Constructs (Figures 20-23) have been designed for transformation in Algae and Moss to produce these compounds in these systems. The constructs for moss will be transformed in the Physcomitrella patens using protoplast transformation. For Algae the constructs will be transformed in model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using electroporation or by glass beads.

Claims

CLAIMS1 . A composition for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, wherein the composition comprises: a) one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway; and / or b) one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors.

2. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway are provided in a first vector and the one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a second vector.

3. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more vector components encoding one or more enzymes present in the terpenoid pathway and one or more vector components encoding one or more transcription factors are provided in a single vector.

4. The composition according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the one or more terpenes are one or more plant-derived terpenes.

5. The composition according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the one or more transcription factors comprise myeloblastosis (MYB) type transcription factors and / or basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type transcription factors.

6. The composition according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the one or more transcription factors comprise one or more of MYB12, DEL, ROS1 , TT8, AN2, TSAR1 , TSAR2, or TSAR3.

7. The composition according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the one or more transcription factors are independently derived from a plant species.

8. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the plant species is selected from the group comprising At (Arabidopsis thaliana), Am (Antirrhinum majus), Nt (Nicotiana tabacum), Mt (Medicago truncatula), Vv (Vitis vinifera), or Cs (Camellia sinensis).

9. The composition according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the one or more transcription factors are one or more transcription factors present in the terpenoid pathway and / or flavonoid pathway.

10. A plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with the vector components according to the composition of any one of claims 1-9.

11. The plant, plant part or plant cell according to claim 10, wherein the plant, plant part or plant cell is algae, moss or any plant, plant part or plant cell derived from the genus Nicotiana.

12. The plant, plant part or plant cell according to claim 11, wherein the plant, plant part or plant cell derived from the genus Nicotiana is selected from the group comprising Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, or BY-2 cells.

13. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1-9 for promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in algae, moss, or any plant, plant part or plant cells.

14. Use of the composition according claim 13, wherein the plant cells are a cell line derived from plants.

15. Use of the composition according to claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the plant, plant part or plant cells are derived from the genus Nicotiana.

16. Use of the composition according to claim 15, wherein the plant, plant part or plant cells derived from the genus Nicotiana are selected from the group comprising Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, or BY-2 cells.

17. Use of the vector according to any one of claims 13-16, wherein the one or more terpenes comprise one or more plant-derived terpenes.

18. A method of promoting the expression of one or more terpenes in a cell, comprising the step of: a) introducing the composition according to any one of claims 1-9 into a cell.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the method further comprises: b) extracting the one or more terpenes from the cell to produce an extract; c) detecting the one or more terpenes in the extract; and d) purifying the one or more terpenes from the extract.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the one or more terpenes are purified using Flash and preparative MPLC, HPTLC or LC / MS.

21. The method according to any one or claims 18-20, wherein the cell is a plant cell.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the plant cell is an algae cell, moss cell, or any cell or cell line derived from the genus Nicotiana.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the cell or cell line derived from the genus Nicotiana is selected from the group comprising Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, or BY-2 cells.

24. The method according to any one of claims 18-23, wherein the one or more terpenes comprise one or more plant-derived terpenes.

25. A terpene obtainable from the method according to any one of claims 18-24.

26. The terpene according to claim 25, wherein the terpene is a plant-derived terpene.

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