A method of manufacturing an active layer for a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)

Abstract

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) uses a carbon foam based electropositive layer The carbon foam is made using a dual laser process in which: (a) a first laser beam irradiates an encapsulated, sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the carbon pre-cursor material, to create carbon foam in that encapsulated, sub-surface region, and then (b) a second laser beam (i) removes or ablates material sitting above the carbon foam, and (ii) exposes the carbon foam and thereby produce the resultant carbon foam material that is used as the electropositive layer in the TENG.

Description

[0001] e oenvenon nansoennveenon reaeso a meo o manuacurn an acveaeror aroeecrcaser-asera moranuacur.nero accesvs.eaers mae o a caronoam maerarouce usn a acrouno reoeecrc nanoeneraors s conver mecanca enerno eecrcower usn comreoneoec cornca ece acn:es creae eecrcower wenwo eecrcassmar maeras conac-searaon moe,nn- saenear sae.n mose,avereeasc oeraon moes: verca eren caracerscs ans suaeoreren an a sncaeo-ense.croe moe eac moeas movemsena,v seuc em aseroew-r aesu aencrom vsranecnoooarves mecanca enerrom aveeen exensve sueor varouso ans:canceons,enrcursnem seon-sroawonn , s wave enerarvesn, anoevces. s areow-cos,wee,re mn seansurnze, o,c aenan eaesnsoesn, mearane, anem s suowaeo mrecowaenrcna- voa-reoeucsr eceacr coonnvceresvocne rsa aens a snens roercso.rower nowereevner c,aacvse savruec exe ouumeancene rane o ,ueoe rec ure,eano aow-ener su ecenc wene s sorae coenvnceecse wo ano exernaoa, eeroowerenera eecroncs or carn ener roems. wmeance.owura an maeraeraaon are oer ooe eranoannace moes.eorwo-rmmanecnes,o rneasea cracreorns mocauesr on maera seecon,evceesn, an nownorerex , eecron mo, aans sae car,onav nean soouwens arnearoaenenae,. eomronnssarnacee, sranencaen-asmerovemesn,sanr ocuuaurowoeser uusen crumeraene ,ave rouness.mroveroeecrc maeras are crucaor oomezner conac areerao arnman sucre.ace naeneoreennceera moarsoer e mnaereo sseemsa aner ' auoreneo-momuesn ssenonaraeneoamaseroeecrc , -,e conens o wc aresonrcso',ranoner,oume,, ermsse. oraeoe maxmum exen acrouno caronoam rneea wenerneoswno erxa amec oao cnasronncouamnsraosenensoer:s,ra eene,asor manearseen o suercaacors, eecroes ecrocemca sensn ssems, easernuc , anue ces.nown meos oroucn raenencue re-cursor maeerar,a suecne asrooucmoneescrm,esnosone on a su worenn a s suuasrea cea,r aonrraae w a aser,en raeneorms ae surace oe exose n m.xerenceas2sownaecness oe raenerouce s momeessanmurer,eraenese canere an aereooro aeos susrae an maae oa susrae.sence unsueo m n unern ereaseen some secuaonaraene coue an acaons. s evce,eraona meos o manu use asar o aeaeror a van maeare scae use oraeneorsacururonse unraecoennoemec... cemca vaoureoson 'ra noeen oe'n,eerrme anroeo man useerneneor cmarso on ' nraanosenruec'uorer exeam:e, weeuseraaureeeerm monoaerraene,aerraene,urosracraen escres er,raene,raene aero e,raene sueraces,raene aenona e, crumeraene, an man oerorms.sresens mao caeneecause use o a seccerme.., ‘raene’ mm a ure anno onea seemcscrorm rec oomrmaenense. useur oer,ee name "raneren"aoonraenonreoer- rmoeenrsoesna o mnaevrau,a anae "rsra areensec"u ossne. wene reacons, srucura reaons or oer enrm ss soueccea exona,n wseveer ceoonrseru ueseoe coevrmer ‘ acnar coanroonam na’n aoss arucenuerraseerm, ans maeraoam,ncunurosracwse muaer caron maee, suc as carono a non-raene maera. raoam. ma reer mneeonssanecsecr oeenerms s ‘ceacrocnaooanm’ reerso a maeraas manuacure usne rom convenonaraene or co s maeraasroeresa are somewasnc severa caracers nvenonaraeneoam.or exame,raeneoamas raeneoam revecass:esoorwono sc, wow wea.aman anass o aca aneeaeea:ea raonasu creoss:e aose znecroe. o aeae easer eow,e caronoameneraen anmemenaon oss we wescren moreea caracerscssroc, w a conac aneeow°nvenon sares none oese snaure oraene: sows a sncaneae eas sacnscaene-easseaman soeancueese wan:esa scoe ra moaesr sasnaca anre ca aroovne ane a ac zeeorou.s naenoesrrmuc ‘ucraers,onoam’ence nano-onon, caron nano-orn, caron nano-ues, suc as caron uerene, or comnaons o an oese. caron nano-os, nanoamons an

[0002] nanneo aseneecra oorenven, coomnsrs an meeo s o manuacurn an acveaeror aroeecrc caursor m usanera arsasereamorraaee ans e onc:asuae, su-surace reon o a caronre- encasuae, sue-souwr aac seur reace oe caronre-cursor maera,o creae caronoamna oam, an usn ao s eexcoonseasee cro arena, om anoen remove or aae maera sn aovee caron c usne resuan caronnooaamm m anaeraere as anr aocuvcee aa reesuan caronoam maeraaer,neroeecrc nanoeneraor. r, suc ase eecroosve e w reeros as auaaserrocess. onaeaures o anmemenaonncue an one or more oeoown: caer re eres a cuoaenc cnar aocnvoam maera cane useoorm an eecroosve,roosve or en eaerne n comnaon w an eecroneave or care ,n, maer.ane , suc as maerom an oranc maerae..,eon,, exaem care,one craer-counrsorre- mcuarso ars moaeorrma cane eee acroonemavee amc avneaeenronmeem asor ormse eecroneave acveaerne . o erooaow ranne: o a mearmeroa-sse cann me uaseera as, ae n caronre-cursoror exame, cane an o omer,omesor on-ermo-asc maera, aomem, a onaow exame,o,'-ox enene-romeme, oerwse cn asome,oeermes ,ome meacrae e.., sra- oeoresso,meros,u areasn,es urea-or,maoeeseres,, vonomers, caronzeomers, conannoamc ac or ex amc acsor exame an ar- oxanne, amc ac - o ameoromecanre-co-,’- anresor exameerrwomseenocwna ansoramec aecrvavaens or saesoor eaxmamc aec ars mearevraavsese. o., a sraomacanomreersse..,ervaes o rome c an re, aromac omers conann aromac moeeeesro carocmca mca mearerase..,eeroaromacomers moees eeroccc maeras e.., omersa csonea.n.,nomeeerrsoc cocnacn mnoe ccc eeroaromac maerase..,omers conan esncun one or m n eeroaromac moees, maera ons. ore o aromacons, oreeroaromacons oreeroonse..,me caer reesuenasn c.aronoam maera caneunconase anoroeoncreases surace eecrorooseve eeacerro,roem cane eeecr uosneeaove seaaerar.e e resuan caronoam maera ee sresconaseraseearme,aom mroauc aeere o rresruansanor cmar aoneasoa smom mea oerae. caronoamenerae aneecnerene mreonrasoeoraersa.meers caneeauao aa resesurarnoc cearonoam w erenroeres urnesn an ev ss,esearameers cane vare e am oeveone ao resmuenano ca mraoneoamere wn sa ommes o e resuan caronoam, ware a caon. aroeres an erormanceor a mnaoe uesrn asece mse aoroeeencer aco nvaen.oeneraor manuacure usn an acveaer onaeaures o anmemenaonncue an one or more o eoown: oaem a.cveaer comrses caronoam maera as a non-raeneurosrac muaer oaem maer caan.eenerae w a a caacor wose eecroes are mae o e resuan caron susrae. e can asone an cearaaceor w can a reecoarrmeea oenaeer sa.meexeomer sreec,en ca,n orew cosn.ourre exaom oue,ue a s resnuaana ca mreoansuroeasm on mea ore mraores o:eorremssauree, s uneaerr, seres-suorweeore en aauoenormesosuusrereesesnureen sen esnoerr e..enoerr aanoonnmouse room oc.cueanc. canorm a coneure a csaneeo cwoenr souurreo oerae as an ener arveser. e ma asoe ma aeneraesower wecne aorer asnon waesvce. e ma eneraeno aoor a wearaeevce, orno a sea ansen con oneoor ma an can asoeneraeno e sea. ureo ouu a sna wen aerson ss on ase. can asoe conureo ouu a sna a measuresresence o a cemca or suecenor m wareeess comaanreans wmsso an s,u anercaea ececorro coens oureoreneran ursower maerome same resuan caronoam maera. e suercaacor ma aso aso mnaex emxuamm oue oueower as aeas2ouuower reenon over cces an as a an aroeecrc care o aenseas o am, usn an2exernaoa ressance o ms, maxmum oen-crcu voae oc aneas sorm-m an aroeecrc resonsea sows resecve wen smuae a zconac-secarracuon currereunensc o an . m sance. c an mmomuma urer asecs aneaures o envenon areeneneams. eeonvoewnnon wurees.esocreea we r reesuereanceomemenaons oenvenon sownn oam', weres a resereraemar.ne caronoama mncaoroer raeeerre caor aosn ' caron acveaer mae reerreo as a '- .' oam as an oamur wesen - a socemmaeca somw, acen 'u aaseas cearr'ornocerses-c uusresor,os creoaseonee re osun aa snu csarraoen. oamur aecesv ae sc uasnnnn eeecuraonamseare sowne unue moroo oe resuan caron raurees a scannn eecronm maee soowxn.e surace o convenonaasernuce oamur wene. e -n a scmem, aaccna as soew careonuare-caserrocess useo creaee resuan caron asuerrero an areaman anases oe reusursoarn,s c naoronosoaomne sam on ae s muaserae.eua uurrecess e as. re a scaamnnann an eaecsrso o caron nano-onon maera. con nmaes sowne resuanuaaser caronoam an oamuverneona arreauernee.r scannn eecronmaes sowne resuanuaaser caron eur.es a scemac o a-see reeo ree or reeo see manuacurn ssemor uau rerseuan aser s coawrsoneoaamm.an ssor e sees oe resuan caronoam mae usne suusrre ro ae, w -cess. an are e scecermoacmaes oe resuan caronoam acveaer on a ures neave acveaer. ures a a s scceemmaac sowne wornrnce o a . ev c sowne auomac acuaon seuuo caracerse- uc ure res. e-- seowc caerraocremrasnaceo cnarraacesr oscse o-e-eneevce. ure- sow caracersaonras oe- evvccee.. uurrees- a saoewsn ac suen-o aw reerveewre ossuree mearo ursmnance- o varou ans careroonrmaasnecerasncun caronoam. s, nexoures uaaserrocess a nerasseerream mor o m s suus-sruare soranacsee caronoam reon oa , amorous, non-raene maeraeowe su-surace caron e suxm raan re ceeo car rneononoa osoranse, amorous, non-raene maera aovee su- unue moroom o reoen exose r suaanse esuan caronoam re r careaomnoam w unue moroo

[0003] e oranseseaeescron secon asoows: :: - : nans reeaceon car, wone exoaamnso mwae reesu maannu caacruoren.oame useeren acsee m aacveeaern a ,e conens o wc arencororaeoe maxmum exene maeomemenaon os caronoams cae caronoam. rmsse.ne : ee wve swaro w wa- a sromuse,e scresmacu wraes- –rou w oemscremee ana aons oeveeneve cnaon. oamrouconrocess wene caronre-cursore.. ron aonmns cases moune on a susraee seome m, suc as coverse caronoamrouconroce con wa-rou ures – susrae.n eac case, we ss weneomems no moune on a eow. use auaaserrocess we w exan waeerm means ners sae,seeure,aser w waveen rraaes waseream aencaeroor oomem,osone on a susrae suaeore enaser canne - anuses case,aseer craeaeonv oers a ca rraonaooanm was ae acv nema weavrenen a..s s sso cwonnvenreuor cear,oneoaasmer.e wocus w oaveaseenr movsesunroe soa a su-surace reon oeomem o creaee enre caronoaressveroueneror reon cane aroxmae m orreaerne m reon.e caronoam w oer meos.oeaeres no caron ore –araeransosse suraceaeaserea oam creae one exose surace.e.e aovee caronoamms.ncen on oeomem a anme.e reon convereo c e. coseroeaserane caronoam reon s no surace oearonmoams. asoe r neoo cnonvereeoow careo canrooanmoamu resnosnea co.nev.eower soranse, amorous non-raene maeraa aeresoe unern suserraeeo. a u areove so.ew.s cosaeraosereas wera wnaveee cn causes asca exanson ae reon zone ueoraeasses aronoam reon enerna caronoam soranse, amorous maer.a.s reon s no raene, nors aomers a mna ae sreacon re soane, a aaseorvee w car wonaveoaemn rs nowune onesoranse, amorous 2aser w a.m waveen.eon, as sownnure.s cane a aosveaseer car wono wamav reeenon,, a esx sooswnn aneasur seom,e a oaese s uonmeer or an, o re reon oam reon ma aso aera caronoamoener esuan caronaser w waveen vese exose aee resuan caronoam.:e as sownnure, wcs ae caronoam reon a unue moroo ,ncuesaco aure oe resuan caronoam.eerm 'moroo' oer varaesrs seucnn asoer sez sez,e s aane aenns sru,ceureec oseens nan,o nsurmuceurre o. caronaers, an e reeroerocessescrenures - as a 'uaaserrocess'. asuerre meso a scxannn. enecrson camsea,ee s caorwonne unue moroo aceve usneua waveen o nmrom ause source wasrraaers w raaon o a source an aroressvees wneas cearr, won sourece r,a anaonenocuess cearnono souerc cear woans rracnaeess o we a caarseorneoaamm aa weravneensma oes.mmro.m a2aser.e aroxmae mee coonrxas w, sowen monrouore a,cse cveear: usnere a a croen cveeanr roansae asernuceraene convoue.ecness osaer o caronoamsessrannes,m an.eonsess oroems noeaveur ae mormaoes, we manerae maera creae usneuaaserrocessuros o smaro convenonaraeneoam ws aearsoe a necessarrac wwase one m wuoua neorrma careosnc-rasee as m 'araeraene w',n aeo caomnveneo snrauc suernes,e.s no cnaroenrercee-cun wa-rou ures –, weooe aeuaaserrocess wene ures -,rs woer w maerooa aeeouamaesermrocses mso wuneen oen ao sumsraee.mns neoo mown on a susrae.e manuacurnrocesses can us oune omemas no moune on a susra e a sanar mm xmm see oaser scannnevce, oe sorca useeors sazseer ca ennreav acnco,mamseora cuenn a a snanaar onaraces ou aaene a sanar roram. e manuacser rocesses can aso use a sanarae screenrnn urn aan rea coem.ae w evce, an a sanar conveorrer, e accommoa eren szes onm.er szes oome see can osescrmereveousm,asers now w no w maovueneen on a seu.s.raea,s aesr sroraaeseneror e a seeas suore as ees, or ressem wnnure. can ree o m wen a con orar uon a surace, orormsar o a useseeeaure. nuous manuacurne.. reeo ree or reeo see ssems careoanseoram, as w sow wnavneenursune soa a su-surace reon s convereo creaee enre c e.eocus movesroressverouem o m orreaernareono –amar reeeoner or.aeer caarnonsooasms ree won oe cra mneeo as.roxmae reeroen as nooveer caareonneo craemaes n oon coenv eexroeseo suracrae oenee.omerm a anme.e casr sonowonamn zoneureu,eoereras aeassscea exanson oe reon aoveenernas asoranse, amorous maera.s.s reons no raene, nor aomer oamas,e ars so wwnn waveuerne.ee.a.se2s nowune one reon aovee caron e caronoam reon, e r w waveen aaese reon aove . xosn aeas some oe caronoam, as sownnure us ca ans a wsoen aereoe unmerenm carosn mooaumne ono a suvesraee r,esueaser w waveen moroo , as sownnure.s sow an caronoam a unue oamossesescesve asc uvne,u ee. m nnure,e resuan caron oam an e . eorecroooos, wve,caesrmn aoran.or mans resuan caron oomoew:mn oenmee enxaamone s, aec:csor sos suaaeaasseerr asreo wacavo caronoamroucon now soaeaser raaoneamwave een aser ansosonemacse vooumem oe manemrumere en o nmrouce e so-saeaser eamo a enamc cuoanrveorenecae wer.ncesoocusmeeaaesr.er raaonaser nne arnac encoan osuaeea osre sru-sur anace reon orocus aroune mnmumeam converencee s ca eome resusn caronzaon oe caron source. muareron cazraoonno raemsu,snne eencarosuucon o caronoam, suc as awse orurosrac o aaer o asoranse, amorousa noen- orra sue-nsuer suaces raenceon a an resusneroucon m. e surace oeome aseres m sacannanennaereaase orveamocuse a aarcuare wneomeaer,e ome caron source,srearcee aonms coenveareer.on carosn waoam a.ae, woom wesnencee coacruosenzeoas aer careaomn.oamn aaern wc corresonsoearace e scanne, wna osn seca snen-eu, acre: aser wasuse a areuenc o z aneaseream ar osse surace a a see o. cms.er emomens use eren uasmeeeors s.uccoers esxuamer,o aucues cearreonueonacm. oeaz an a scan see o. cms were aso o - was, w omumeaserocserowers wn aca worn rane omm -mm. asances wn aca worn rane ncee aorceuseeermnaese arreeaa wm,neeeo omee enacaersuaaseee onr srura-saureacen ree aono ove manner eomes cane aneasereams aan scanne ove rocusn e samereeermne area. san r an area,ns case over usea conrose-oson o aarase crom oveurer-ecoonromeeasemr. scan mnan se nseecmess caarnoe nasssemocuesmseenaoans,er raeaocuosns oeverea ssaeme area morean onceorouce caronoam. overan, areas. r asorraaes aacen,u no susana ra srocess orraane caron source weocusse aser eena eoxno aseoereneocaussere raasson re anea cear uonnoaemesasreeeneorm oeenomeaeras su-surace reon.e suraceaersow e encasuae or susance. ever asoranse, amorous, non-raene anaeo snec soen, soe ex,oeseo aemase somaeer os eex uonseeron ra caaroonnroom a2aseroerorme anovee exose caronoam aar am,o aers caronoamasers scanne acrosse cuar moroo.e raaonrome2eaern or area wc sauraeceen orraeareeae w caroen souarcseer a. a seere em oom cmensso u masce wereer aenso uaramseeeros. sucocres esxaum ree,v aeausee urneeurenc o z an a scan see o. cms aca worn rane o - was, n caronoam.easerowers wn aca worn rane omm -m wm. omumeaserocasances wn sus nsoanece a, eoxveo,snee2uanseerr aanes careo sunraceaersoranse, amorous, non-raene oamoenerae an exose oam an aerne moroo oa carono s , resuan caronoam w areaer numer oeecs comare aa anrea sruearsoerron suacnearraaseenrenucseveraseen cea,r ason nooeam ea erxceer.ona useuroeres asarowner,eocausesr, waaravmeeeners,o src eanner oro oeaserse.. ane asers, suc enan caruo n see, varese caronoam maeraroeres, acaons, scn aosame eoeceroorosuvceea wern aroere.sa are omseoreren enere uese ou weroaer o:ee e cxonoasce a caronoam mae euaaserrocesss a roc,n caonnras wro co ne caneessan°, mans caronoam ° an °, m nvoenc.onaraeneoam, wcas a conac aneeween enoreeer o us aenuouroner: oe careo exnoosaem c caoruoneoa umse mae euaaserrocesss a conamnans or resues canarmeerormance orune ame oca anon ese wmeenre.eu-u o arese sraemeanr sncecarumea os c.arnonarocauma mr,aeeeae aua arouanser rencsea oona, wceeeecress aennce oesoerae a sx a-rooun caron c rmn-1roce csms-s1ss cowanracnersucre oe s.s caracersc o s2caron cm-1s caracersc o secon orerranson eea a aroun srucureerencaes aac sneraene ane asence o aoue raene orrae. n oeanarea sacn wc woueounn muaer aa maxmum o cm-1cenre w a-1sneorenzaneaavn au w caron-oam-ea a cmncaesaere are on one, or aew, e ea rao.ersresenne caronorme wewo meos.nass oo a convenonaaser-nourceeruaaenaeserrorcoecsesss,.ncaaes u ases ae srneeecasens comarenaeeow:s eecensvese resuan caro er se, as sown ver suae as an eecroosveaern a . noamroeresa mae ruoacessaser aser .. ± ±. ' onvenona sne . .. ± ±.. .. ± ±.. ae ssn waeure nso:e a earer,aman anass o acaraeneoam reveaseoown raos cosesence o aeae easeraneeaeea:ea none oeseo c zaerraoc.erse ccasronsoameneraroenc a,nmemenaon oenvenon sares ee-aeaman snaure or w a conac aneeow°acs uaaserroc aene:ure sows,ore maera mae e ea raos aesosv:e zreersoe.nce our aeeas anoeereaamans aonwaerssa on aeeaeea: euaaserrocess, aan sowner caronoam mae eaeea:ea raos a esence o aeaeeasowerane nano-onon maera, see 'aman secovreos zceoro. ouoreeras a caraoman anass o caron . s ---, ane smares weama n nano-onons'. : euaaserrocesss aaren nore caronoam mae cane mae euaaser.roncees rseasso onranecnueersr ceaaroonn nsanae caronoama owevera seecn erenaser o-onon maera.oe eren arameers caneao a resuan caronoam w cane varreoerurens anesne arnen mevoeroomoenes. euaaserrocess,esearameers oarmo,rm wanceoer a am o maeeren sames oe resuan caron e ar oeeveo anc aa roensu.an caronoam w omaroeres an soow ae mcuraooraosuers c sarruconureo,a ams s anow an connveenonuareraene mae a sneaserrocessmaes sowsncerencesne s maes.ow mancaon smooer, srae surace w rou eureasce an moreo caoro.noeam sn maeeaser surace sows a rocess sows a rou surace. ure are euaaser uaaser caronoam. urer maes sowne resuan : neaurses seceonne, wee ouronuecoen oeaeu craerson -oa om a unsem aemenaon osnvenon.ese oeauresncueseuaaser man se acveaern a .ne se oro acesrsoxams m uacurnrocessescre earersuaaser aaen avamnaces o cvarero cnonovaemn oonnao aas: wc seu casnr caoemoareeroucon ocm2o susraesnae: rnee man oeres rocess uemser ome em ressure os uasaser m mnsns acuum roces men su ae sceaaauree,s -ee,ne varou rse arsoeuccs oe a a cnaronao caanm mea enausacurnrocessas acaonsa a usee samerocess. aaeo man eren areeru sauraacseer a creaaro mnooreamoraosuse sroucouwren avanaes over convenonaraeneoam: wea er an-oun. erua ower see ressance er eeaures - are oransenoeoownourrous: rroouu:: uua-suarsearce caronoam rou: sceaneouroscessn e can exan ons oransaon asoows: rou: u-surace caronoam eeaauurree:: aarroonnooaamm c crreeaaeenn a an su en-csaursuacaee re reono on o a c aar conre-cursor maera eaure: aronoam creaen a reon o a ca aronre-cursor maera reonas no susanaas escaearonre-cursor maera, weree eaure: morous, non-raene maera aewrnasoe susrae rou: uaaserrocessn eeaauurree:: aorn-onraoaemne cr ceaareonoaamse crre aaean aa ssuer-surace caronoam reon r aan a su-surace caronoam eeaauurree:e : ueaon cracsaers co onearcasno asoneerenn craeruoenncoaman cres surace car ae aser aan a su- eaure: rnn eecorncoam reon caron a conacs oneomem anen creane exose eaure: araoam eaure: ncs mearesn ane s ceacrononaosearmsneren manuacurnaces eraouure:: cascaeean meaonuusacurn o caronoam: urnn noworou: rou: u-surace caronoam meaaeurrae:aronoam creaen a su-surace reon o a caronre-cursor cuarrsoerr,oror arra aenreo.acees reosuasaenrnucreaerane cene conver a suraceaer o a caronre- orome unern susrae aneae anowevere someware, maae urer,eraenesca rveeneran, u wnsu aeeo m oanes rsea-awnor am.caons nre-cusrs sorecs ncoao conn,v weerescre an aernave aroacn wce surace oe caron caronre- eoraene a ansea,s on a su-surace reon oe on cursor as convereo a caronoam aocusseaseream n sue-smuraecmee onr eancoan,s auaoceus rseeonnesame aoenmeraees ameme oraveurr ae vere sran° ae ns an s.e. a a rae oeween aroun x7°s a12orme,eween eans sucenoorm caronoamns su-surn x °ssre,nense are no susanaas escaeas ace or encasuae reon.ere consranneaseous roms su-surace or encasuae reon aecse srucure oer coaruconsooa wmneor smue-sunracae o sru en-scuarsaucea ree roen.onoermneaca caronoam soen a su-surace reon was an unexece on o or severa reasons,ncun a verow scover was unexece o su or asow as s asoranceasorance o raaoner cmase maera. u oe nm raaon eome caronre-cursor owea srursaceeea.se.,r aneneeracaeseoeuwse eennvroen cmarenon surrero-cuunrsor maeraerencuar anacn exans uneraserrraaon a ne caronre-cursor maera soranse, ns convererome caronre-cursor maerao a raene sus aamnocreous,or nmons- araaeernea sussanccea a.eassso oraneseo,a amocrnoesuss, non- caronr ceo-ncuvresroer moaer oe ms easoorr aanse,m amorcouos, nmon-erame,nee snusanccaeeoem - uer suraceaer,neo oe caronre-cursor maera, ows convereo a caronoam. weavee reonas roerescsvneess orous caer coanroonamre-cursso cro mnaroerea unu msuoavnce coacruson ooamesa sserurceuarems c aacnevee m.ae usnsrocess:m - marox.c caronoamracsaveeen suseenaesern suamcen aase sso aw cnarnonurmere-cursor maera, suc as aomemasrraaon, as w s - .e.,s no moune on a susrae,en, aer acneaser,e arosorresasnvese, m aomvoerroouus, none- mraaereane, weave ae uer surace,.e., caronoam reon.easeream oes susance weenavee oe caronre-cursor m noenera aroaceower surace cursor maeraaas noaeeerna c,on soveraeoe a c caarroonnooaamm. reoenaser s as over caronre- surace oev cearreonor ae-csuorsroarn msaee,r aam, roaceseower suraces con orenouse, c naorn-onraree-cnuer ssuors caonscee.o an aeower momunaer, on ae suasesrraeu,m asna seosw an carnonurer-ecsurso -r,m,e snuc we as aaveome mas maerasn aon,easer w usua aroace e same seuence o maeraaes aanse susrae:e caronre-curosworer c sousreacoe a on ae careoonwerre s-cuurrasorsen convereo asoranse, amorous, non-raene ce soranse, amorous, non-raene susanc susance. s caronoam reon soneossoe aeresoe susrae sncee ,e resusae c ranse, amorous, non-raene susance ,us nevereess secaurreon aoaamc ree vonaensersmee naoronsoreanrseec, amooreo suus,s nrae raene susance oe susrae. on- earse ar aroarc enaes caronoam srucuresa are sncan ceransosse w aroac enoaaceses caraonmoame srruacuerneesoaam aoerrmea moonre roo au surace reon.urer,s an unern susrae.oea w s aroac, cas, aou norec,o surace oe caronre-cursor m ronoams norouce a an surace reonnsee caronrea-ceurraso.r mnaseeraa,. caronoamsrouce soen a su- e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac, curn caronoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc cursor maera,arameeorms orsne e se orraan a su-surace reon o a caronre- su-surace reon. asereamen seeceo creae a caronoamna meaaeurrae: aronoam creae n an encasuae reon o a caronre-cursor rnraeaauorne as a a 'souve-s,u wreacee' rneeon.e renoonern w wa ocesecr carnonoamsenerae aser 'encasuae' s caures e- e reonsoua as surro mensona reaons o e caronoamos anunenssorean casreo,n amoam s 'encasuae' e orna caronrecursor maera a e uer surace o e coarroonusr,e n-ocnu-rsorar meaneer sausan.ce enerae aserrraaon e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac,u cromnr csarnoneoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc r se orraan an encasuae reon o a caron enec-acusrusoare ma reeraon,.arameers o easereamen seeceo creae a caronoamna eaure: aer reononoamas c nroea suesann aa reaosn es oca ae caraonwarse-cursor maera, were coenvearvee seoe an c aaroovneoaam a an su-seurrea acree n oor s euncsaansuaaeas re escoane oaes caronre-cursors or encasuae reon consrann easeousroucso w nrome sus s-suur-saucreace encasuae reon aecse srucure o e caronoam ormena reon. or e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac,u cormnr csanroneo saem o marreraor an acveaern aroeecrc o a caronre-cursor maera,arameers oeaasaernea amn enecnas sueae, su-surace reon oamnar rae aroen c arenaen wce naose sruesaa eceo creae a caron cursor mae mn.aas escaeawaso a surace oere- eaure:morous, non-raene maera aernoe susrae suesraavee seen, eaernereaaser caeroansesrese suurmacnea oes ae ca crarononmm aaceas moune on a oorm asoranse, amorous, non-r noe susrae ssoranse, amo aene susance aacenoe susrae snceenerna, or su-surracoeus o,r n eonnc-arasuaenee s cuarsoance aeresoe susrae ssoranse, amorous, non noam reon sseoneo reon ss -raene susance,e resusae caronoam osone onee su nsoraerec, v aaaceeneormeea srusrsaoerans,e,u as nevereess secure susance. e caronoam re morous, non-raene convenonaas on s more secureone, comareo exe, enaneronru ecxeamraeeonsee,n asnor asescsaoens woeae o, even weree susraes exe srucure. ree susraes oen an an e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac,u cromnr csarnoneoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc cursor se orraan annerna reon o a caronre- a caro mnaoearma,nosao rneeo onn a an suos crrae,arameers oeasereamen seeceo creae eweene caronoam reon aneea sue asraseornan wsec, amaorsoorusa,n non-raene maera raene maeras aern or oerwse aacnrecoe sussraee,. amorous, non- rou: uaaserrocessn eaure:aronoam creae aser aan a su-surace caronoam reon enrecvaosuusaeea ruereosn o -e caarveon covreer-ecursoer c mreaaeroan. oo a cnareoanuroeasmn - a, s wue-suerancee or oeraon oersaserneneran a caronoama caron e exose anorreae a seconasero oamsen suseuen as aenr acrocveessane roucee caronoam maeraa cane use as .rn aroeecrc nanoeneraor .seaureenessua eec caaurseoneo caamroonoams noorme on an exose surace, an man acaons reure exosn aeas somee e oxoese su, w-seur caance oerr eonrmca asnu aae coanrao sneoama.ncues revean or ameoravoeus s,e neonn- earraerenea maeeraserrraaon usn aser orms asoranse, e no a overe su-surace or encasuae caronoam: sw use aaser,ca aon2aser,o aae or oerwsereas oaomrans.e, asm seocronousa,se nron-raseneca maerea-ocuse an, unencee exeonseaea usenr.ern caron os nomee e sareeer c,a wnee u asecc aom smanoaaremsm xmmome seeu oer szes o scannnevce, oe sorca useo srzaesera en canraven ac,coamsemro cuaen ann a saasnearaser araces ou aaene a sanar roram, an aso a san ron rnnevce, an a sanar conveorrer. arae screen accommoae. er szes oome see cane cearaaveounas seconaraserrraaon se aerse moroo an oerwsece orrsucrso osraec u mnueraner c caarroonnooaammn surrsn anavourae was,oenerae a ucaeram weersr coaner aeesr norevous oserve.arne aser ro ae a craer oonmosaem moraeraerenro aerecsa, eonnas.n caronoamoe s new exose caronoamncues one or more oeoownroeres: • • a ar r see eaa rer c roceo exnroe sses. comcanreess ooree reraene mae usn convenona • • sron aesono an unernexe susrae • • eoercosrca con • • rnacrea er aseso craaocn oancu oec r ov arn cca sroeve snosra ane waer-ase souons • sroenc • • enance n- w eecroeua • aouena eoeecs,a anseo ssszeencou aenr onee or more oeseroeres, as we ase sze an exen oaserarameers o eer oro o reaevaese srz uese oneeamuan an eas, varne osseorouce a caronoam wroeresune oar esaesecraroc seuss.ns wa,s acaons. was surrsnae oe aeoreren cr raon oe secon aaonaser cou enaee aeausoen o a v uasreane, eexoarsaeme caerrso onoaem rres aonn, eosr seeccoan oanseer ws.roeresa coue e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac, cuormnr csanrone soaems o maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc su-surace reon o a caronre-cursor maa aasereamrraan an encasuae or or su-surace reon an asoranse, aera,o creae a caronoamna encasuae oam, anenaser aaon orreammoenrous non-raene susance aovee caron raene susance ano exose aeas some oo reem coavreoneoamso.ranse, amorous non- eaure:aronoam creae aser aan a su-surace caronoam reon onr sue-sruerceacen reeoanu oree, w caeroesncrree-eormaon o caronoamn an encasuae anaserarraa cursorrraana reon w aaser e.. cu on causese overnnerecon oeaser caronre- wersore mna exeroase or roev eexaanan coar aonsoroanse, amorous, non-raene susance amorous, non-raene am aane overnsoranse,rra susance w a seconaser, e.. a aser.s secon susaancoen se an noe onnce e axaoseessee o uvnerernn csaorroanse, amorous non-raene unern caronoam an unexece a noam,u asovess caracerscss resua n unusua moroo w veresrae oam. n caronoam mae awse orurosrac, muaer caron woewaever, aencau aseamsanoam maave caracerscssuc as exensveeecs, aearance, eaur secrum wc are no assocae w araeneoam,ns raenee c,a wreo enxoacm’eenscceruenseoaem aesr a ‘non-raene caronoam’.eerm ‘non- oams,ncunwse orurosrac mumae 'crarraoneonaemo'a emxs,cu ex eexncuseos corvaerene oer caron maeraoam. an e caneneraseo: nan moeenoe o manuacurn non-raene caronoamor an acveae maeraer rn aroeecrc a aasorao crer eaame arr caara com onnr oa as mnn enncae as suease o or su-surace reon o a caronre-cursor cur encasuae or su-surace reonne caronre- ansor maera, an asoranse, amorous non-raene susance aovee caronoam ana ese xenro asea aoena osr sroemaem oenoe r uenmoevrene casroronanosaem, a amorous non-raene susance unern caronoamno a non-raene caronoam.nransorm aeas some oa eaure:uaasers aerenans sees.avee sseeen aren usuearec cearrne oeua uusrensw aon a we ma usewo searaeaserrraaon suerace or searaeasers:ers se,a creaese su- s encasuae caronoam,s ca one w aocuse aser an e uco one sre wavnevoenvessasee.r.,rraa anon v as aoen mear w aavsoeene use w. ae-ocuse aser , surea sceecoen..,a asersora ansaee,s ameor maoeursa non-r saneneweene caronoam an e caronoam . e exose ca e maera an exosese unern e seconaser, ronoam ma asoe aeree..,ns morooncue nous revean. ae.eaese srmom ‘eex oosees’ u anner 'o enx,osree'- sexosu e consrue roa oransormn or aern aeas some o n caronoam,u aso resuan caron mae e unern re-exsn caronoamno a raeneoam. raoam w caracerscsa erromose ore-exsn e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuacurn a caronoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc oa a us canro anasreer-ceuarsmor o c meo armaernrs a an e aowres se a sauns o racoer oraaee m aane ernaca,sou careeae o cra sru-surace reon encas e carnua on ae oa o asmerr s onoamna us u ,oea-s emur x oac oseeer aa renon eas a, a s an om seec ooenn ea cnaroon reomaomv.e or aae maera sn aove eaure: suec-srurcaac ceo cnaracosnooasmo rneeonn caronoam creae aser aan a ureosavrae sce,e mnu earaeerr coawro wneo carmea:ee aca ruesseuans m caareonoam, wc ma e awse or e.., conucv caaca raas exceona eecrcaroeres ncun aso eecrcaenmcse s,uc we a csane axace e oercroocnaces, o mnecr or more eecrca conacs evces, eecrcaneracesnoe caronoam.orrneracosreo.ce.s sscorrese,n anrennneas s,voer arnacsn,oesee arree-e sxcrseennrne car onoon meaeoramoamemor oer suae susrae an over conac weoam, an an sr , soaeracs maeoo eecrca as mae u ucuresorme oneoam.or an acveaern a , rous eecr oca ceon reascusa anre c vaerronmooarman m.ae usneuaaserrocess,ooua, e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac cuormnrs canrone soeams maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc surace rae uosnn o a a caasreronearem-c ourseorar mna a a o:rsanorraae an encasuae or su- oamna eraeow a surace oe maera,o creae caron us ennca asuasaeree or su-surace reon, anen aovee caronoam,o eaxmo osee araenas a so am seec oonea cnaroon reomamove a or aae maera sn c aacn,rnn orocan one or more eecrca conancsnoe caronoam. eaure: exrnosen c earecorncaoam conacs oneomem anen creane cneaure, weave seena onceeuaaserrocesss comee,en eecrca eoencarccsa o cron carccus csa anree a screeenor conacere-exsn caronoam – e.. sme sver sarnerocessrs screennrenn onoe eee ccarrcoan coonamac.sn onoseeaourem, weeemsc,re ennsnerocess creane exose caronoam usne an se oeuaaserrocess.sas some secon,aser aaon cansur orsrue caronoam.s as avanroaceesss, weeca cuase 'e s'c,r aenen acrronnnrocess rnnonverson,n wce screenrnn ses areo moroso creaee caronoam. neeoreeuaaserrocess ooomr screeenmronre orearc susae.e. s scuresenraernne sverracs,ese are screenrne onoe orme aroun one en oerneracs, sruocv an wa a coanace a craerao wnoa amarse su susreacueen an en aceov vee,reoorn eeecrraccas co ansnoec mave.oos we aernaverocessescreneaure eoam. eecrca conac w an srucuresorme on onam aernave seuencenvoves usnersasereamo crea ca,roenn socraemennr an wanae e meacr ee su-surace caron e escao coon eaeccs,r acna coenna ucsn we seec eoencracsaer coenamacos. creae e caneneraseo: nan moeeno o manuacurn caronoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc aera scorreenrnn com eecrsrnca ce ses o: surace re uosnn o a a caarseornearem-c ourseorraon mnac ae as ra a ono ers or oanno ao carrraonaere a-ncu ernscoar msuaaerea or su- oamna enca w a surace oe maera,o creae caronne seuenceasueane or su-surace reon, an were sesa an caneerorme c usn aaserea or ena an aovee caronoam,om ex ooseera anea as a so semceon oane caor roenmoovaem or aae maera sn conacs are connece. o wce eecrca eaure: aracs maene caronoam caneaarve ex sceeeen eareercaneses oc connevsesn oonae sura-suernaeceo oarm esncaasu araee r caronoam reonaer:easerocus oersaserea esrceo a surace caronre-curs m caneroressve moveownroue oam.eenor meaoeraeo se ccroeane aaseererr oaraconaer o su-surace or encasuae caron e caronoam ane surace oe caronre-cu sreso,r a maaerna,oe m exaeorsea se cnaroenwoeen nonaeerm 'o exose' an smar exressons use am aer anransorm.ecness or ns seccaonncueso aeasm caronoam o mec onesssa nsowe-eenxorsoeuc cear.onncroeaamse reocnn ceasnses meenceacnacaencaeusre. can resuneer eecrca conucv,reaer caacance, anreaer e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac cuormnrs caronoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc surace rae uosnn o a a caasreronearem-c oneraen se as: arsanorraae an encasuae or su- oamna encasuae or suu-rssuorra mcae reeraone, aonw a seunrace oe maera,o creae caron aovee c uasrnon aoaasme,roe eaxmo osee araenas a so am seconano remove or aae maera sn an weree caronoams aease omen carconnesosa omre. eaure: ners an seconasersneren manuacurnaces ee co snsecercerooeres or srucure oe caronoama resusrome seconaser ma ma weeesrae seensorveenrosrmaaseorneeacmausreoceessoenee caerarures oenarouc caronoam aa suer’s manuacurn e ou a suer oe cusomer, wonurn ac, woen suesa caronoamo a manuacurnac casr wrees n ooue eearnear, sa vaer, unsneea sreacmoenaseream, aer own seconaser,sosseo aere ca ers oers an asoeoerouc ronoam maeraroeres, enan caronoam a cane aee wre orrouneerensas a wrea oncmusee:norenser,e wna aveecaons. caarameers uraaosun,aeus reeroon.e, scannn s n,usereuenc,use enc ee,ocasance,eaenerae ae su-surace or o se sencce m manaunuacaucrunrnrorcoecsessns wa,e suersnsuaeromnowee rocesse..owe varearamseese ursse oe a s ceucsonomearse arseaar oe seconaser, aaon oameroerese reuree cuso movee exose caron nseroucs conena. mer caneeeeas oowerouce eoamer mraanauancu ar snu-sruorceascse rs aree-saerocessnvovne ses:aersaserorouce unnse caronoeamonr oo auc caronree- ucnursnors meae crarao a a manuacurn seranserreeo a a cues coumsoerm-ceor-ncoronre noamroucenanac o mean muanaucuarcnurn se s aen.ceaser aaon orreamen noa amroonu,ces aurosace enarsesasearrero sccaeses, m ranuacurne.. seeeaure oe caron use across a num eucne cos os maera, wc cane enerae usneer se oconearseenr aeamca maons w aen ceus moamners.e more secaseroucs ane caronoamrouc uacure a mucoweruanes ec e usersaserrocess.os aroac enaes moreuseen arnsaoswererr coocses ms.anuacurn oease maera,.e.e caronoamrouce e caneneraseo: nan moeenoera oor manuac cuormnr a caronoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc surace rae uosnn o a a caasreronearems oneraen se as: arsanorraae an encasuae or su- oamna encasuae or s-ucu-rssuorra mcae reeraoneow a surace oe maera,o creae caron aovee c uasrnon aoaasme,roe eaxmo osee aran a a sec,o annaenno remove or aae maera sn n wc seaserormeea as o snoeme oe caronoam a aerenac. manuacurnac an se serorme eraouure:caae see manuacurn:- --asse a sc maaaerea msanuesaccruren aaonve w. ree-eo-r ceoem omr reerec-ao-s aeevaroucon o a oe manuacurnoes no neeesoe eumen - use naesaasersoreuaaser caronoam manuacurn ans o conveen soena c socmreeunerr cnonnro ane erunmeenc,neoaon:oe rsee aeraea we n aonwn r,e wae un.ersoo manuacurn rocessn ses an e caneneraseo: nan moeeno o manuacurn caronoam maeraor an acveaern aroeecrc rouner a waor seucencee o m oeeoraonncsu reesuraessn a connuous ree o a caronre-cursor measnar, e meo enen an oo meaanuureascur –ee a coavre.onoam maera mae, a ororeaures -,eoown oonaeaures are eseca reevan.oea an o m moare oe oeoonaowenau oreso anna weau arnes m ona ne co e o era mcoree o comeanuere ws – an: one or more oer, e w covereoown areas: • • ee mrasnuaascurn rocesses • ereamarameers an conro sceme • aer caureosn oree su-surace or encasuae reon • e -cursor maera • e s cuarsornasea suon aorne surea ccaeroanree-caursor maera • e aaonaseream sereamsncen on • e caronoam or seconaseream onoee ora m aonre o onee or more o eoown oonaeaures ma eac e comne w an ‘eaures’senr, csom seaccea oonoen.a.,eeaauurerses an – w. an one or more o e oer conevenaseorn-aase marnouceascsu wren canroscessesee asscreeo aowovne oaso mnaanea aurvesa:naes over a • •ss a an ro aommeenmerreassuurerocess. • c naonues sercoormne c onre a aro rcac ases ocs. susraecoma e w an manuacurn rocess, • caneone wou a caasn. •aces c aarroonxmoaame mnue.s oresso manuacurecm2o aroxmae m • enaes a caro onnooa amoasec c srueaserae. • reures noraene orraene ox on aexe susrae • creaes caronoam maera soe nereec eursor. caronre-cursor maera an no a an surnaccae osuaee ca orro snu-rseu-rcuarcseo reon o e • uses a comnaon onusr sanar,ow co r maera. ecnoo an comuer-conro s an scaae screenrnn • cane aaeor -see, voeumasee rre sec-anon-rnee oerc reneo-oo-s.eeroucon.oaemr wseaseerneeame reareavmanee ors aonna coenaroure ssceemree: aremoranoeroucon o caron •nacraumeee ornse o or meoreas oer:neaemnsarraaese su-surace or encasuae reon roe, scannn see,oca, wsavaenceen,,eauseenereraueenc a,uese suur-asuorna,cuse e vn oac ara mns e or • uaeeas reeroanr.ameers aerse caronoam maeraroeres, enan caron • varnoeeraoseurceara wmeersro aeerrse osnea or a mreo ore omseeooroweren a caons. roeres orarameers: sze o n caronoam maera oeecs, o ea eecs,sruon oeecs, exen oeecs, e cness ore ,meaxn an, aeseoan,s,o rreoasve, e sezcer ocae conamucanv a,n caacaenas, asoron o oranc sovens an waer-ase souo ce, sen, eecroeua , wea , conac ane, an-ns, ro c, • eanscearsueaame reeneornaeoso arme cmareornauoraem. er an °ounn.e su-surace or • ea anscearseuaameneraes aemeraure o over aroxmae °ne su-surace or • e reonoorm caronoam. esewreeuns aerouunrao xns7e °wseen aroxm12ae ns an s,vn aean rae o •aserowers wn ac an x °s. •aserocasances wna a worn rane o - was, w omum. •aserusereuencseween acar worn rane omm -mm. •aserusereuencseween arooxxmmaaee zz an z. •aser waveensewe an z. •aser en aroxmae.m –.m. •aramse secrasnne aeween aroxmaecms ancms. •arameers o oeeaasereamncueocusarameers. •arameers oeasseereamncueraconarameers. •ocus oeas reamncuenererenceaernarameers. enerae caroneroameamn meov seus-surrouace ore enceasu oaee re caronon ore-cursor maerao aeoc e caronre-cursor •ocus oeusaassesrou. caronre-cseream moves aeas aroxmae mrouee oe reon oeu crasroro mnareer-acurosore one araeea csaronmoamcnnese su-surace or encasuae • coacruosn ore-ecuarsseorr meaamer maovoese aneeraase a carrooxnmoaame s . ne smrouee oe reon oe caronre-cursor u-surace or encasuae •aseream scanse.., raser s ocan aseas mcness. maerao or movesaera acrosse caronre-cursor •aesserreeamae so rcr namns a a ores mroevesaaeernra. acrosse caronre-cursor maeraoorm a •asereams reeancues non-overan reons ornes. caronre-cursor meaera sca wnne aeo.c.u,s ra osrern secnasnne ma oxrm muomve aaera acrosse erenes wne caronre-cursor maera u rraneo mue aer n caronoam oe reure •asern aneaseen creae. caeamewse secnanne mm as a an scan ra mem os aneweee sncan.nn mm msa ane suc mas,e o nru mmoerer onvusesernc seween an reevanoeroucon o •asereuaam aroxmaeome sees o szemm xmm. m as a waveen w susana no asorance e caronre-cursor • masa aee erra rae. ,am weraes ae w raaveaenon as woran vceererow cm asaosreanceseowe car, oorneroew-curso orr • •ae asseo erw reeaam. mss a annaasseer. •aseream r w waveen oeween aroxmae.m –.m. m. s anaser w waveen oeween aroxmae.m –. eee anreues oeoe souw-nsur oaceon oar enecaaurseus:ae reonn wc caronoams creae can • u anroex cmonaveenonamranencenoams,e su-surace or encasuae reon cane over • a maeesrraes aecev oee m suov-snuresasc. ee or encasuae reonne caronre-cursor •e su-surace or e ocus oersasereamrouae. e caronre-cursonrca masueraaea recnon ceannce aenaesreernee exseowe surace o su-surace or encasuae reons aun ace a wce nens,e coc con o varousacors, suc asaser surace or encasuaee o r cearoonn canre-ceu arsoeras ma aera use ec.or exame,e su- m,m or moreeaowsuaee su rreacoen o canea croxmae m,m,m, •e su-surace or enc vare aoncre-nceusrsso or meawereean. aroxmae •ree- sm cu a ur-ssn ourr macaee om rra e.ncaassu aaeun rceoonn os v aar aoussaanccoerse, souwc aes suarsearcen oene caron aserarameers,e coce o caronre-cu s, oer o oe su-sura rsor maera use ec.or exame,e ,,,ce o or enecaosauaec rneesson o cane ceareonowre-ecu srusrorac meaer aa.eas, •ee s mun-smurumace cr oorss e-nsceasuae reons a voume o sace cenre ae m-on o mcrons, or mcron ocons o me-orns.aseream ane voumes wn ore caronre-cursor maera caneene eoown oonaeaures: • •ee c caarroonnrree--ccuurrssoorr m maaeerraass mae susana oermo-sen maera. •e ca mae susana o non-ermo-asc maera. •eronre-cursor maeras aermo-senm. • caronermroe--cseursonrsms aomem. • c waronre-cursors a aoommeemo.mem,e waveen oersasers • cane rane o.mo.m. eronre-cursors aeas caron mass, or aeas caron mass, or a • caars caron mass. •e coanrorne-cruer-scours am or see. •e caronre-currssoorr m maaerasexe. •e caronre-cursor maeerraasa as arnceneasser,re suc as a screen-rneaer. ere cm nar, o cor unrera aeranm, oreweenm an •e e-ecrursaonr maemra.s susana anar ora ans orene •e aroersaseream. •e c caarroonnrer-ec-ucrusorsro mra mearaerasosmoeeenreoouesn.ous an comrses severa eren • m • caa ere aornas sor. re-counrso croes scuenor oe one a ca susraeas no mae o a caronre-cursor. wave ronre-cursor maera aersaseream •eeo ae wsnor cos -n1o cowe.cen o-e1caronre-curs-o1r maeraorersasereams •e asormon, c ooreecowen o cm, oreow cm asereamseeroueaurees caeroownrse-ceuorswor ma cemra-1ore secon or aaon •asee arseoaron coecen-1oe caronre-cursor maeraore secon or aaon •e caromnsre-curso cm a meo acco r maeraas aerma conucv oessan.musn • a me cearoon accreo-rcunrsoro maeraas a.erma conucv oessan.musn • caronre-currsonro . ransare maeras moune on a susraeas susana oca •e caronn are-ceur wsoarve meanera o cra wraovne seonurces c oomersrs anor seconasereams. o es orsormerom one or mo oe cm re • maerrso. ensreo-crur esoxram maee,rao com,r'-soexs onee onr menoere- oromeeomowen, m oaeerrwasse: snroaw-nc aosaeome,oeermes ,ome meacrae e.. omers, ,oureanes ,oesers, vnomers, caronze •e caronore-ocressomers, as, urea-ormaee. acsor examuers aonr a crom-cornseasn onne oor moarme oc aceooorw exnam meaeoras:roomeamc anre-co-,’-oxanne, amc ac - oerwsenown aso c anresor exame aranresor exameromecaamnc ac ervaves o saoamc acservaves o saanrese.., re ro ervaes o • meae cm rare asonc e.rea .,-nc aurrosmorra ce co.morsmeser osne oere mrooarreom oace maoeorwasne m.a.,ereaesr:o aarromac omersomers conann aromac moees ccc maer omac conann ccc moeeseeroccc maerase ase..,omers eeroccc moeeseeroaromac maerase...,.,oommeerrss c coonnaannnn •eee croaromac moees. oreaerrooanromrea-cucrsoonr csom orreseesro maonersa:e c.o.n,amnne oonnes o.r more o aromacons, cur ssuorsrsaeo csanoneeoue s oec asc a m maaeraaresens a surace on wce caronre- eermne e acaon:or exameraes,,orc sonmeess se annsors,roeer suess orae ceou susrea ae arne onex weca eseccr moenmc crarnceuror o canere a mocuaneon.s,ee susrae coue a r omeoar rec aernave, aser canrraaee caron source re raaonromeaser marsassrou a susraeeoresa scusnanea carroanns soaurrece,n wc caseere arewo aernave scenaros:rs,e susrae asescre aove.unn ao seceon r sacenaarono, ane sue msreaceans ssum o caronoamormaons e raaon:en, ra ermara sana non-ransareno maera nserrome susraenoe caronre-cursor we surssraroe,u acnes a carsoonraonamses, ameonrorous non-raeneaer aeneraceaernsee caronre-cursor maera. men a su-surace or encasuae reon een seusraee ono wowcn oe caornoanerae-ucruerss:or maera maeosone an suore cane • •ee susraes aasco,m, oro. •e s suussrraesexe. •e saes aome crcuoar. •e suusraeas verow asorance oersaseream. esraes susana ocaransaren ae waveen or wav o surssra eens o •e aseeraesam a. asorance o oe seuesr ersaseream, asornreaeran • s rsraease asear rs aeam eam an asoars aanceer omae conrsucasvere oam a, aeasornreaeran •e surace oe caronre-cursor maeras con s m. non-raene susa vereo asoranse, amorous, ra nce easeream anasoranse, amorous, non- caernoen su masearnce aeres oronsoe susrae anencenrec aacese •e sus aoamoe susrae. ,raaeums normreeroam o,nea oru mmor aer oeoown: scon, sconoxe •e s seneas, znc oxen. • •ee su sus usr sra rae aes es s s a a sco wacn eorn wa comoerx. rsen waeor. scon an sconoxe. • •eee s su eus crsrraaeess n ao ca ar coanr soonur scoeu.rce, e..s a mea,eecrc maera, a screen-rne •oes caorneocn ma croee s-r eca rur. osoresasoesr soounrece 'aove'e susraee..e caronre-cursors •e caronre-cursorsosonesane susrae. osoneurerromeaser sou 'rceeosw'ane seu susrsareaee...e caronre-cursors oeow carno onsaonoan aeaurees s:uraceaeasereamsncen on caneene e • noen s-urraacee one sue csaarnocenre-ceursorsr maaeras convereo asoranse, amorous, •esoranse, amorous, non-rasereneam. surace oe a e susance occues acnesseowe aroxmaeac,e onr ceasrsonanr ae-curorsxomr maaeera,a orse aroxmae , oressan eoacness oe caronre-c ssan aroxmae , o •esoranse, amorous, non-ursor maera. surac raene susance exenso asanceeowe •ese oe caronre-cursor maeraas aeas m. noeoroans oe, aem coarronousr,e n-coun-raene susance exensrome ouer surace o m oress o, rsor maerao ae o m oress, oro ae e o mr oresos, a oreo a oe om oremss, o orresos a.e o m oress, oro a e aaonaseream or seconaseream caneene eoown oonaeaures: •aurraamoene,rsu oseeroasere,e sacmncue one or more o:nens, waveen,use enca annn see,eaenerae ae su-surace or • voaarmnsua oeeearos reero ucan er.am weersr aoeerrsese caar aoren ooamm mseaeroarroereerne as, enacanons c.aron • varorenrese orasaerramaeraemrse:erse a oe crs one or more oeoown caronoam maera ec, sze oeecs,sruona oroene ncanso,s exruecnur oesreeseecnse.. caron nano-onon aman an eas, reave sze oeaman a ,e oeecs, oe ex , aeson,oros, eecrca c n eas,cness ore, oranc sovens an onucv, caacance, asoron o ua, wea waer-ase souons,roc, sen, eecroe •asereama a,a ceosnace a amnore, an-oun. e enca ous, non-raene susanceasorme aove eam’ss auae or su-surace reonne caronre-cursore ‘seconaser •e seconaseraesaer. exosn. m aers orransormse caronoam asar oerocess o • oe e sxecoosnnas.eream aerse moroo oe caronoam asar oerocess • acreos ssecoen samaseer reeaomns,s an auoomr oavecraa cnon rroeoe scannee.., raser scanne • waveen oeas eons anor non-overan reons. eween ereama aaese amorous, non-raene susance •e seconaam ssee - s •e secon rreeaam mm.sas a aonusaser, or aaser or a vse aser. see oeweencm ereuenc oeween z an z an a scan • seeco ansoarserone caome, ocesn an ocem casr. -1onre-cursor maeras aove cm-1ore • seeco asoron coerc aenove oe cm caroonrree- sceucorsnor masaerereaams. cm-1ore • •aasseern roocwas aeerrse s wam. ancens a wcna a worcan w roarnen o ran - was, w omum. •e seconasereams scannen aaern e omm -mm. nes ancues non-overan reons or •asee s. receonasereams scannen aaerna macese scanaern oers •e secoanm.asereamse-ocusse. •eeam marnruaacaunrn a srocesss aree-saerocessnvovne ses:aersaser seorouce unnus-seur caacre reon o a caronre-cursor maera a a manuacurn enranserreo a cusomero-nconoarmoero muacnuacue unnse caronoamrouc orreamenanace ae cusomer-conroe mrnanu saecu arnnc se.easer aaone resuan caronoam caneene eoown oonaeaures: • •ee c caronoams aeas mncness. • •ee ca car aro ron ono noa oam ams mss oerw orncee ncun uese am s aw cso areo onrm ouarn mos wraccne mssu.aeroam. eano eecrocemca re a saasruon oeecs •eae canroonoam esec orroncues a caarcovno.am w vacancosonasaaneeecs •e caronoamas acaermocna: rexacv. •e caronoamas aa en rao oeween: an:. •e caronoam s eecronranser consan. o a rea caos one or more oeoownroeres o corenaveenroneaxnroe aser croocmcn essaerses oroee reraene mae usn oo sron aesono an uneers.nexe susrae ooncrea eo ser ecosr cacaac coanucv o ra asoron onc oer oarn cca sre sorae o ovens an waer-ase souons o er sroec o •e o e ro an er coa ennc sae oc a enec e caeron r oe on au ora aomx amreae° oress enerae caronoam maera w on seee ocr meore o cooesnoo seccaserarameerso arameers: sze oeecs,sruon oeecs, exen owenecse,sree oroeeercess, o or eea,meaxn an, aeseoan,s,o reroasve, e sezcer ocaeaman an eas,cness or oranc sovens an waer-ase souons, conroucvc,, caac sanece, ans,o ereon o ua, wea, conac ane, an-oun. croe on-raene caron maeraoam ooennve rnno-nae srrauceunrees,oamc aears, uner a scannn eecron mcroscoe,oaveare, aserrocessoos vereraen seemunre sz.e.e caronoamenerae usneua wse naoe e.arearm,arna aneanesosa om aas a ncuamrear o caracerscs:srooc, wow asence o aeae easeraneneeoaema reveeaesae:oeaown ra sonsa curoesse: noon zeer oo.eese o cne varan oe caronoamenerae usneuaaserrocess saresaeaman secarraucmer ssncasures orraoenec:, w s a conac aneeow°acsee- sncanessaneeaee ows a sncan eae eas sowsea a:ea raos sncan aove zero.ure sowne conmsasnen sc osore eam sanees o caronoam mae usneuaaserrocess, easessaneeaeea s:neaaure. rao asso a soovwes ze aro s.ns wcaen noee eaae aman secrumas mucn common w ca rer,s rom ' ron nano-onons.ee asoure, aso -.amaen s seeccrcoscoua oaseroaraemreaer csa uron nano-onons'.:. s -- caronoam arenaeeow: seo creaes caron nano-onon varan o a rsaser econaser asse werr m waacne o veennm exx - nm nm eeeras umsems . . reuencsezrnc na na sonc asseesmm ae e caneneraseoeoown: ao cavre aonnoaam msaerrao mace,, w aea as connacar a,neee moewo°.enen an oeaures – ao cavre aonno wam m aaaera mae, aeasnar, e meoenen an oeaures – eaeea:meaan se rcaruoms e axove znero a. sncaneaeeasessane c –ar aono nvaen.o-onon maera mae, aeasnar, e meoenen an oeaures ooeeoaoewvnce:s mae caracerse er use oese maeras an so we canenerase ar, eev mceenocuenne an anc anve oaerea coumresrsn – a c aaronoam maera mae, aeasn conac aneeow°. ove anasroc, w a ar, eev mcencun an acveaer comrsn a caronoam maera mae, aeasn exn aeoenen an oeaures – aove an w aaman secrums aove zero s.ncaneae easessaneeaeea:ea rao easnare,vcenec mueno ane acnevena aner c oomearsurnes a c –aro ano nvaen.o-onon maera, mae, a eaures - are summarseereor convenence: rou: u-surace caronoam eeaauurree:: aarroonnooaamm c crreeaaeenn a an su en-csaursuacaee re reono on o a c aar caornonre-rceu-rcsuor maeraeaure: aronoam creaen a reon o a car rsor maera reonas no susanaas onre-cursor maera, wereeeaure: morous, non-raene m easecraae aaewrnasoe susraerou: uaaserrocessn eeaauurree:: aorn-onraoaemne cr ceaareonoaamse crre aaean aa ssuer- asuraance c aa sruo-nsuoram reon reo ace caronoameaur n eauree:: ueacracsers sua conacsosonen caronoam creae aser aan a su-eaure: carr rnac one c no ear aecorncaoa cmon reacosn oneomem anen creane exoseeaure: aram eeaauurree:: caancs m eea sresn ee ane ma s c neacr uoanon cuao rsnearmsneren manuacurnaces

[0004] : , aseeorowoenec srecc nonncues maeraromeaer 'ree-mensonaraeneoam oume, ,anoene,raorsor en-er. ssmemms an auonomous sensors',anoner, anueeao,arcoao,esson,arosaarceae,umemz.araoeaz,a scomaee ecna, ormaveeen maeor conssenc w oer s aso omeorrev. exns seccaon.aonsaveeen eseec reasuanne craersonnonamescsrenrecen seconsas manroeresa mae -en caronoam an aso.s o craronroaamense renerres soec as, or caronoam, reasonsven earer, aoue maave someroeres conscaseonn wnoe conavenore raene, asoas manroeresa are no c ona ence wee onssen w convenonaraene, an oam, e.. asn aenra eecoro noosvne oaer ass a reerreraoe anse a as su-c.evce. usns caron varrroorus ceareroennceas seource nos,onucnu.snee cuarreonresens a revew oeerormance o vaues o, sor oame-aseevce exs recor oeraonreocuenc a cnrcues curoraen resscs an ouuowerensout, as we as,er on wearae anoraeoevacnesc.earloaodn,aseeaer-, useuaosreme acaon o oena over convenona measer onsraerea eran same evcuas,as ee.. o,n-- roeec erxcaenrs.owers mes neorre, we sue resus oanen- ,2romure,s ceara- suraesssennsee recores vaouweser oeannse o.sasme w a. moeraeowloado , o cearonoaemnesc a vaaroarn oe s cuacrceosnsuoamor wmao an o surace area anoros,o exece o careosses. aroeecrcnerace ane reucon maeereas wo-ereno eremcaroonn asnee us.sen o so con sacae eecrsoces,s ore a ececveaer mae o suraceroer o a maera wcoes no aerueo ron ans a crsan, cemsr, anexure oe su e..,on,us aece e unue surace race.ns rear, caronoamresens a sow a unue e ceecmrosnr a amnonn ae seu car oonoam moervceos.oes, an as sucs execeo carr cear ooun oonam sn eeceroane arrnoe, a ese ac craorno an-nasees m oaera,s execeoeosve.ues scenaro,e mos eecve sr aroun- eors maera.ns eecroes mae o aeoesn a- evce woueo seec secon sown neave e a mecareorna a exnes,nn ac nueanve eaeconro,n an,.e arne are man m maaeerraas ca cosenueoer coma wexe susrae manuacurnrocesses.s, cnonacs- wseora,ra weona mvoeee,sansee, oarcae, an caracerse- evces wornnroneave maeras n caronoam anome asroosve anncun, an re ass aecunvceo.n o-evce o oeurauon caarraamceererss,cs.e.,a cvoeneen sue, reuen ece,c mocracxscomuumus eouetacveroeeenseasnece, o cvoenraocnreesrsoures a onm exeeron eavauload.aocr-esoevearr,aon- eas , an sa oeevces as ener sour aee rousness, successu use aesre ene srenso srounrc aen eonero ce.na,- aseen va as se-ow w aeuro enneormou sso seransenevaceosrm an.emonsraes ..a eaerra cacras a oon nno oeos a ase on aronoam caasree meom o ma creeraans mae ca ursonnoaemu oan aaser-mromcesscescraeon aoovemess a reaxnseer sousorreaen suasornaesurorme -nsu aareo sncsemacomraeveesn oeamae causes acveaer on a susrae, w an eecronea e caronoams carre ou usn aar m ve acveaer.erouconrocess ure . asome area oe caronoamorme one susrae, wor, wea s meo aowserow o caronoam a aer sze.ns ×mm2anve re×srmcme2.ee., summ o2an,e mvmce2s. usn caronoam w areas o szee a cnaraecnesrsc asn o sruecure careoencsoaemns use ann nums weorr o, cnacruonnaeres m woerre aonoaore scannn eecron mcrosco , anaman secrosco, se s seccaon.re,e resun caron anescre eseweren as reresenene scemacara oam exe a eve o unorm oora oure .e emns o ouroerous w m anurer suore e ns caronoamure maes maeracromerc sze oserve eeneraon,ranser, an sorae o ca -we, an unueor ''oamneseures. re.oea caronoams reerence as meearse c uasrnonnoaemrenons mone oono, seee suusrreae, on.e ene o coneu caronoam was on caronoam asusrae e scemacs our cvea wasrne oreven anamae oe mease areas, aroec e anure . scemacaresenenure anurveaer waseose ono as . e anneoora oure eex caen s rue-csara oenure as socoewmsa:cuareram soeoson o caronoam on a eose on susrae oora oe cawrne resun caronoam susrae maeresenneorous sronoamaernerec on eecroesnerne on caronoam ucure o caronoam. srucure oora oe eecro ersecve an se vews oeaer aram oe caronoam e esrne on caronoam. scemac as se an ersecroe, r aere encasuaon oe conucve an oora oe reescuvne vews c oaroenaoearm srrucouroes aveer e eeeccrrooee. encasuaaraomn ereecsernoneoe maeras,ncun caronoam eecroeoom an a concues.earcaon oero-osve eecroease on caronoam. eeosreo-n oen aave ee-mcrmoe ccon ssussera oe anr -nmcmconucv - scemacoua mraamer oas aenw sor eucecurr omerc, no. .ure sows a eas a eo.esurne searaon saeseeureeenor more reea erxaeornm oenrao m-eosoveescrenure was useo carr ouenvua seua weescre aaner.rno-nes waovre, e weecroavees a cosom exaoree w a sme caracersaon esnoneraeo eecroesn aorae , mane e an eecve comae worae acaons.ora, resunevceoe more esne w a sanar verca co caronoamase saveeen us nuraon, werewo eecroes were verca sace, urnnwoe s reoenase s seaaer.aors, aowner conacurneressure sae, an searaon ...aracers a varouse w reue-oaron o eora nr nces-evncczese , arnesenenure were caracerse anem rec ressures.esean exermens were carre ou mae sean oneoraeevce an aacneorae- o aome- ureu,. seeo unureersa,neseneeroencr eenaesree reenerroaeuc oesee resusseenses o summarsese wornrnce o evcesres evces,ure aso a smaeeneane mae enens wor.eure conans e cenre oeure, one cournas a us cearaocreres ececroeeas a mnearsuroeee acsrc maeras. me.eeaormeurne conac-searaonocauncon o saes.ne sae,e so-cae exermens coueescren conac, resunne creaon o a cronoaece,crocarer.oeecar ec mecaesr aasso arenn mecanca eecrcaon, an essena consss oe se own as care o ses oenerace. araon oosve an neave cares a eeercer,ooes eveec mroane aranrans oerrne m neaearaves caarses aoea roone.e caronoam acs as an conac an searaon oesewo maer ecroneave maera.e consan caree as reures a numer o ccesn orero reac a ee ns, asonown asroeecrc careenssT.ns rear,as can oservea- exs anncrease oeocovermeueoenamc ncneee o sT- reae roeaceessee sreaconearav soauer o.e.,e co snaaucraeosrce resonseneseevces. e useorouce a consan eecrcoc,e enereneraon cou u’ evces ower.ora reason,s a commonracceo ‘warm eneraon o a consoarn a o suorueorwoer. onmee saroero, weren useo as e mnaerera ssou arrce, ensurne or searaeueoe eec o an exernaorceo a o sm een reease maeras, an an eecrcesenerae ewoase caarsesor smeearaeew aee anseanwceo. nrv oernerooo scwreernomaoenaerenceeweenewo eecroes, eecrons we oenasu scree onnee, ee.ec.,ro =eo,ee c ourreernnroue exeern eaxe crnrcauoas z.eroncsee eecrc ure.rome reeaseoson,e eecroes areress ee saen ,eroeecrc cares,a no exsne or e oneowarse oersae oenaerence s exsn as one na sae, annarcuarenuce ecreaseo zero,roucn cou seene scemacaram, wenooa.saens aranser o careownacoer ornroue exerna mn voa ne case o sae, wen saesnae,e currens maxmum maxmumeec,a aunse woenee m scareeernanse ecoemcenn ceos eeecrorxomesss manemu,m aen voaee we eween eecroess mnmum. sance souwrse a c raer-accaer:sccemaeca oarsam oe wornrnce.e cenre oeure saeocerveurn conac-searaon exermens,escrne coss oe enereneraon: conac sancn searaon aroacn oueu se caarraacoenr.scos ooras s.oweaoraorase ssemo caracerse manuae ..uomac acuaon-ase seu aoo umneemrsaaen auoem enaerc acueaneroano sns oeme caa-eo co,noac e anecr soeeasraeaveee eeenc aaceo conroereuenc,asance, anressure.s ssem aow roes a a ccces.e.,ousans o conac-searaon c s us asoo carr ouon e- .ure sows a scemacaracmeso esmaeeercen o reenon o an acuaonars.ne acuaonarsee r a oe seu, comrsno meroo was aaceo a vercaaorm moune on nenure, one oe eecroes eecroe was aaceo anamcae mo a- saexeo an ocaae.e secon an a maxmumorce o -xu-ne- on- a_near moroorm wu an snr sosee oms. mm eorweeenr eeecuernoces s,unc,reasenneare m soeoer w aansroer aacmcemeeorave axesancea reuences.o measureeressure ex raono cover a we rane o comresson-aseoa ceo.-er,eromenamcaeoe sac one, a ar oe sacaorm.eressure oena comonens was aaceoe rear e conac se was measurene, eecumc sae exere one sac saeurn caracersaon.e., see, acceeraonevearaenon, c aonnaons. useurne roroeeec erecc mracer caasra wceerres saooenreseoe aea cnaee,n anuare c,e wresromewo ox caaeouncon eern voae or curr ae was conneceo axure ox was conneceo an oscoscoe en moes.n voae moe,e ouu oe numeanceroe -srcomoscoerormecseons, ensurronu a accurae measuremen oe.ne curren moe,eox aowse exca e ressor o caracerseoecas auncon o .e ouu oeox wne o aoao an eecrlooamdeer w annumsceance aovloadas connece ecromeerromes.o oscoscoee an eecro amn a resouon o. anneracerou avew, aowne measuerer were conneceoe va ouu curren as auncon ome anor var emen o ouu voaeoutan sances anreoustsures ous conac-searaonreuences,a e ccc secra oan.ene ouu caracerscs conss o easeeure. encaon oeeasmax sues were anase usn aon scr, carrn oue an mnma aner sanma an mnma,e cacuaon oe meanore maxma useere asout. ar error, annae esmaon oeea-o-ea voae, -ure ree-vcace:s..ceemaanecaerarmoo oee asucromeasce acuaon seuuo caracerse voae an curren measuremens, as we as axureox moe croaorace orsee ee securc,nrocuen o caacors anoas. anecuaonresensenea res useo conroe conac-sea r moor, saes anoa ce exureox sowenurera aonsoreasu aen cca,ran anscraerssunre swurcn, ane exermens. evcenunseeoxoreven nose eecs a ener sorn useorve smaevces suc as n ascarn ouuorman avewnerace aowso monore cs,arsna os, a anc eunaeorrs, s eocr.a.enevec veoae moe,e suercaacor oraer ansscarn c e.., caacor, we recsonr ce connecn aoa.n curren moe, an o currenensowonvoee caea eceocrr aonmeeura,neesxuree coaxr eenaeness m sonorn o caacoroeer weoena curreneaae wme. orene .sanceeoreeeca anass o- ouu caracerscs uncon oon ceonna mco-seearaonreasuenecen a unsea.ereon s omuaee exoecr omen- as a smuaonsenee o carac-ersc.roeecrc c a resus w omseeerormance areenssT, as aearameero e exressonorocs asoows were ^^ an ^^+aree eecrc^: ^ ^^ ^^ ^^' ^^ ^^ ^^se asneoeenaesecerecn oernmov mae oraerorero-eso asnveev ^c^e sru acnure.roe-normerncues mTaeras.eaer comrseseasance%&eave ^^'maerasw an w.ore sae , anecness oeroeecrc ven u3DaGon:PETo car,e exressonore eecrcoenas w resereecoxes m aaxemroumcauncsoanncea.ee ^e^!n,"esx onresseo rneav.eo wsaso cna ocuaee e aeccrorosse as ra wne o sT4. vaa mue 4m wsa ,ansc ra oes na ^^ en,e an e s cwa reecnsenc,a usn erm an.meu n v maon om v,o-nnseaarv ceurveeen uone wn ar w3DnGoa, mem u,n wPnEoTw on ^^ ^^eneee a ^c^'uum o.. ^^4, an ^^%&raneeween ^^4an ..esunas aunrsescusson ×rsm,m w2e.ere.,sen mme- 2 c,armaceerscs oee c marnoanurosaem ex-ose are w an eecve area o s secon, eecrc caracersaon os sma a, seeure .n caracerse as auncon oe conac - sescre,ncunocure ,, as w -searaonressure, seeure anreuenc oeloaduree, as.e voae, curren an ouuoweroutmeasure as auncon ane sreacnsoenr o w c caornecuo aen w ener a semoroanseraevocne o wowerereenner caaoancaronmces m, seeceancuar ener . e , oamur aerea o re-ca mm:.2. o vosrame oor vaer mouns caounrasce-sea-rao w an eecve caron owressure an aocressure a a c nressures, sun a z. vsme, varne onsan conac-searaonreuenc o. voaeoce conac-searaonreuenceween.o.z. eana conpxraceromc vsreuenc. oaerouce e- sowe an ouunecoewero v asn exe.rnaoaar resnso craralocader,sc curvea o an a.. mz. coae, curren - evceresleoandenanse: eecronc c aacor care o a caacor. omarson o rcu useoranser enerrom- e oe mnaur carn curves oaneor varous caacors. urnoce se- s caracerse as auncon oeressure ae a, resec covneac, saaveeeeesncreseen.eu srue. exorsa a, cowea arnncreaser oessures o an aroun aacor wen ressures ae, seeure eea voae o eormaoneavour oneraca nanosr .s resuncaese conacrocess.seormaons execeuocuereesrm exnsenenressur cea-vroonaeoa remaounrsn oe m-rove,neoo con aacree smurenace wewereevnoues sruoeese,c wrcer meareroaese vcarc na careens was e suraceeano arascncrease oe conacressure. no-exurzaon o eur uenueor,o ouse nrasn aos sururcaucere e onarem ceanro eneocam uneseracna nese evces, see revenne use o an comex an cos ora anosrucureormaon, oserve wene ae conacressure se.owever,s conons on eu conac conons. s sroneran ceranresoressureo mae conons n our case,e comarsoneween2ow- an -ressure resunn, evresesnuceaorces o an aeoe mm area o our- , aeressurereress o an a,o exn enereneraon, wcncaes reoreneerao m eeowa rane.earneressure rane, sues so-cae rea urencaeaowressures aroun a on reace. oe enan conac areanaase .owever,s rea conac area coue mecacnecaow enaerrsroucencreas ocneane warveesssu.re ueseo numeersa e rvaneencecaaar oeservnen rane o conac-ressurea evceresen,eenn mnaeennamc roeres oe maera,e usaon oareressure coueaoeer one roeres va maeraranser orasceormaon. oraon o maera ewureeen. anres.ensz.e seu res ousoccaesar aunnccoane o amraesocr vnacrreoausse oreueences w rann reuencrom.. .z uo.. .ocencrease one me z, wcs aacor evce voaeenearsauroeoc.e ouu sna oe roese sensv oeuneaeeenn onne as auncon oereuenc wc maeseevcesoe rean.z,ea acaon.or exame,uman mecanca enerrouce n z, wroruecae vnoa.eszro,mnen z, wan z, runnn z, an sowenure .sncrease ow m wvores uoew vos, usneevces ure as noeen exane eoorceca muenc exermena oserven ouu caracerscs wreuenc.r oes, aneoreca cacuaons o an care maeraranser,a oeecrc manoverne eecron,on oeroeecrc surac seen oserveereoe nuence e searaon sae, seeure.es ane reasnsancn see aceverome conac eenaceresa wse oeneere areuenrocueasn coo anarcea.ereoce moarmnaoune ooeeroeerecrnec mca eneer o ceran vaues o aeressuresurne conac sae, aerse raor careransereween eecroes.ns rear,er eecrce causne eeecrcs oe anercness sronouceweene eecrce acrossaereneenen onereuenc.urern eens one aeressure,e are neeen orero aaeeorecavesaons oe worn mecansm o emonsraee reaonseween con moeoe exermena evence.o aveeen carre o acressure an aereuenc, measuremens seeure u mounn aoa cene euvaenoson o one oe eecroes,u .e sues concuea conacressurencreases w ereuenc, us asonnaer oers-escrvaeeenvcrceeasse nsocus osneane mr onn.aurse- resenens secon mnea enuerrseeenvecrae sonoeaures o our- saveeen evauae connecne ms an mwsenurure o an exernaoa.ora,loadraneeween was areson aove wae .romose sues, one cou concueaere n oer wors,laoadov e- sare sown eecve enereneraon. eeneraor aloade m exe aara macn o eecrcmeanceeween eween comonnee exernaoa ure .urer omsaon oemeance ms, aons, resunne mnmsaon omeance msmacorloadaove aroun.-v.e w.aee voaeenerae e- sowe a consan vaue o uncscoe sameevces was measure usn an eecromeer as a wornev oouse w soarmse relooadr,e so ownne, oeoseecereaasvesou wr ase v,o maane.nueooo aernecermeen oe voae ase- nernamsceances maceloadwe exerna ase ure , we-nown asmcoss.ure summarsese voae,oa, see ouuowerenerae e as auncon oeload. curren an rom eaxuere,es wesor ou nounowaeres an omumload2ms weree- ees cononsore- ero oe. co nnn.e.,. mmowerens, wc se evces, sensors, ee eceo exernaoas, e.., ener sorae e- evcceronnccreevascnes, eec. aresa w oe weremoeonescrrace mnaerea nse,x c saenceosn, secannern ua cmareacaenrces ocs oeseervvece,n s ourn mnea oursmeum-loadow,aras a weree ans voaue.ne oe man scae- seow rane oens o ms comareo o evenn ourare- onraenease , exloadnes a neunres oerm reore wors c oraereo enerex..araosutc claonadene seeure maessevceoe aoo enereneraor nernameance o our- owerssaon, an reucne u ,resennow enerossesueo nownoave aare se o comexower manaemenoars. s we- s wor, caronmoameanacse aenmo unnsaraaenceooaave marocunce w ann exeerernnao cowmmoneens.n easner connecvo exernaevces. ance, cna sree c os sma sze, our mnaurse- wasese as an enereneraoro o a caaacaocro wrs o a caearecna cnacea ocan.ce ms., cuarree w re-ca a: mnauusrsraeese carn curve a.z.o cares caacor,e snaenerae e- - wasran wsornno a sna usn aure recer conssn o aoereseenosreme o sauurraeon vo.aese o exe.rmen wro cearne sucmceesss auro cunare o. a s s.mae c caaarconr, acmevn cacuaeromenu voaeino., aneme aeso caree o waes in.s meoaseen useo comaree carnmerouce ese sma- seuvmcmeasrose csaree c coamaacrsoorsn w o a caaec caanrcesn ra cnureves.ewneeen cou. mo m.ure ureae mnaurse- s caaeo care ra sma ca concueroma o. m = s an m = s, exn morecuesaoc reoarcs w v aasuees caacance oe caacorsncreasese.., m w = s, or m wins. acsves c noom neocneesnsarn aoo nseeave-eaure, ceocnausuer maonnas,u wrseer- coue use as an connecen sereso enanceeerorma ewo or more- s are sa conuraon, sma caacors carenacree or oneesecvascceaser soruucu aree.ennar socceensas.ron, cmaaacors-,enare oe a oanreerevoewoereeneerrea coonu sseem us.eorove caresoe sma .are scae- .e. roe oue orreuenc anroeecrc eecroesasance wor euenc an eecroes maxmumasancegapn- evces scusnsenn coneacor-mseera sreacoonn m.one,s se seu,ure-, waseevscees wnar aerevcesanose cm2were caracerse usne seuescre n eecve area o measureorerenreuences r nure.ure resenseoceas oservea ncre anerom mzoz.romaure, one cou oanen mnaocases w ereuenc,noo areemen w e resus zrouceocu orseevce asn, seeure, rese.covre exa.me,ereuences mz an ensannccermeaesne was oserveorreso vaues oreuenc aove.z, exn arasc e me oocorreuences aovez.ore sae o car,ure sows an caane oereeea.-no-esa vourea,e as, annear reerre ssasnonar o erreor e,x exerraceromure oown auncoocn = ·s *zreuencese menaaas oserve euna oeoc- worn reme,eenn onow eez.suncon aows ener reuremens or mecanca enerr re acaon eecrc a sauraon o euenc.overeuences oz, one oserves roucn meaxmocu vmaues, vnauceas rnaneareewueeennces a-roun,eaznas ao aos movree e eecce onroacn,sor oosve an neocave caresoe eecroes o n ure.a means,easere eecroes sea e- see scemacn oosve cares accumuaene rae,e more carrerens w eecrcesuurne seara eoenc sroaes oe- , anus,eer aroacn sae. e.mar eecs oserveurne ss a resu oa,eea-o-ea voae, or caeereocncreases wereuenc, aeeoveurezs os.ervoewe.ver,asec mreeacsean osme exoerr ae muaexnmum, an aecaorreuences we su oeressure as auncon oocces zsnoo areemen anevce srucure, res e aereuenc.n ourescre seu reue usemonsrae an omum conacressure reace a ae .nces aroun z, wcsnoo areemen weocra sowenure u vrseme re-coar v:aroaursacreersuaenocnes o.- vsreevuceensc w,nc anu enec exvee arrmeae ona cm2.a corcces an smuaonsnneaaoecxraceroma.c vsme aare eecroesasancesexressen mm. vs eecroesaocoreren c.ea ccces measuren--oca areuenc sance exracerom vs numer o conac-searaon cces exracer oz angap= mm. suanrocece.sressaenncse coer rreessuons osaonee moarxmocu mmeasusreom anc aes ae.uncon oe eecroea sae oe exermen.roms suwo concus aceveurne searaon exs maxmum vaues a o mmons emere:ocncreases wgapan aovoeca vaue.s resgap, sown a reucon oeocorsances onesanceeweenuncaesae eecrceeween eecroes eens sanceeween eecroese,m,e w eeercercoces exse rceeuceonocrreaese sa wme eegacp.rconecnreaas.nroe eunrecrease, o one cous o uvnerecrosmanensaae agapem meme,eoecere casaer oesoe a ececcumrcuaeeuemo eecroe, resugnapn a nencrease o.or mm, maxmum a eac accumuae ae eecroes was reaceoc,geapne on careensnuence oasance one aseengaapsonerree acormnoc.s crcu, were eensnverseoocne caa usn an eecrc euvaen rear,enncnreocacreseas oe oeeoc.rou cance oeroeecrc eecroesnaeano agapces aecrease oe caacanceeweene eecroes, usncuroen on acounes we exeermnen vaa vaues oocoaneromure as a ugapues smuae e .s moe wase ^^n anr ^^n, raes’us nnon-nn ^e^ar vau ues ranoe oaronm a v.are m o ^m^2vaoue.sor m ^^56m r2a,n reeween o4r ever v4aue o ^^ese, an2vaue o ~. was cacu esecve. moe we exer%m&enaaa conrmse reaonsewaeee.eoo n oe eween eecroes, exn a sae ouu resonsen neocanesance aove mm.urer exermens we neeeoeerm vnoeae oe- oras a eras.or comarson,ene- oan a meaxemavumou ^r^ oe- mm2wcs one orer o manueower ^^anose oane w#v-aue o.. .e. saa evce o c soecc ,- su o conac o-u- seuara caornac cecressc as aarveeueeen evauae suecn- seeure .esusncaea ncreases onc oz, angap = mm , voaeenerae e- sreaoecr weverme,.e.,e amue oe s oservaon arees wrevous numer o cces - seeure . evces reure a num resus reoreneeraure suesna- careens aeroeecerr oc m caceersaso. ‘waerm-mue’,a.e., ao re-ac a co nneseansor roeaececrc sea-sae sae no oneens oneroeecrc maeras,u a e aeressure, an eecroessance. so onereuenc, s m aanes exeermeeenrman caonon oons.eo wwaremve-ru, ourero-oe c exaraceers a ucns ouearcuaroees o ournowee –as noeen oservee.an eeaurea - saurae aer aew conac-searaon cceswnar ca reac reuenc.ocn conras,ure an ure c mnues,eenn one erormance o our- , exn a cearncreaear e non-sea anass.oreover,romure , one se oeocwne wnow o aroun an , re cou concuea max an mn voaesncrease more evennesuerceve, a exerracousans o conac-searaon cces.ss even voae eromure , were- ouu conac-seoeasra noon s cocwes sa uuraoon.ea coenrsan cnccreesas,ee on aeacocorro.mncrease.rsewansone cr ocscervesa,o mnaeraa wera cnasne mraroem oenree ese aoue sa oe maera.urnon searaon cce croeoe secon oneueo severa conac-eve o sa sn, c oouurevnere sa oe- s.ure roes area raene anomcese ws as arosoeveec crrcea moane ora vso,ae o sveorwm ae w.orser weroorrms uasnn exnecrease aou.ne aer on, conac-searaon c ce, ramacecrease o . aeroc, cces.e asence ces, an a maera sa maesocs cm2- a verroms o sauraon anreanerms o ouu caracerscs. n mecanca enerarveser .. su rreeara ar, o-cer eraas nvaeo eene on u-se-o oeevr aas cee ene s wer a- sourceo reuencerv en oceesr az a o sor n amaue am ceov snces ancoen os.n m enm,, voe ouuowerenerae e- aseen evauaeure .ora mas aen an currenms.aveureeen measureresen ass ae suunmcmoanr o oee oloaadne ran reeeween voaeaseen oaneromure .naure, one cousus, were concusons:eea-o-ea voae exe aranson exracree a ms an measure a mesweenee cnusr or vos measure oolosaderanson, w currens olomadmeasu en exee currens oens o m measure a msre aeloadouu ms anow maxmum vaue o aroun. m2aloadaroun ms ower sowe a nanosrucuresase ,ure car.oload.omare w oer caron an we - seeaen noamresenser ouuowerser un o area oar e oxamanee,ere wase-caronemooansraeouto m2en aacor.oweran s m.omarn our w oerraenemnroevsesmeen oecenuesro smuc. as-a.sernmu2ceoro.cessesm,2resuas w aesoemnoncae arasc wor.oreover,outecnueasemonsraeorou sraens raeneoam, comareoasernu ce aowernernameance wow o exnece marxamuemne c an sear exoaeraene , resunnloaadreneroutomareo oer snessecnues, , resecve.nn caonmrase,a cnrcuems, reeurarneneusaasreermolnoasdr oae, re acnor vauoers annerna ressance, w o msorouce maxmum ouuowe oow ouuower was oserveloadoe orers o m rs.owever,a m2. anueseowose reoreere.e.,. caaacreances- r aseenese as an ener sourceo care caacors oeren curves oesean caeaceorwse cenar.e m o aunrar.e m-.ur oeerae aresenzs ane u csnara acegraps oc mm. wams caornnoecee casoe o a caea mcnora.ursee resu- oer sesueneenmonsurraees an, enasnce- saeruorarmoannc veonae o- aroun car.ne.,ow ca oaceannceu c vaoacaoer os, e..,. m, exn a an s.se caacance oe ener s r aso caeereinness neee moremeo re oraeevcesncrease,e- evces w usasn aeo reac.ac ane saur.aon oevee.oir.e seasee e on caonmcear vasoune,s a weres o,a-ne emeonlsoadra oeoe amoso o enmerse sonurceurnoer car,n.ee c caonacnecoren seres weolaoadressornerne carnme - see ,e asence osnernameance o evces, ma ure .s resu evencese s sucer assocae enerosses are onne oeren mearnaoranwna ecxesrnoa ce arcuress csea.enn. -ure re v-ocaa:e . vsaramceersoar voanr oous-loromeveces wo r an: eecve, area o, cm2., ,, ,, ,,,,,ad,, , , , , , o.,er, .sc asn,nc.u, mn capp,, ac aonrs couatr vs, , , , , , carac eloadu esxnra,ce-rom,a a.n z aanrace.rsc curves aracersc curves o. m caacor care a- zgapo mm. mm w an wou usn aoa ressor o . angapo ..-uoansomeoeunsesreess ausr aen se anusoorsase on- aseen assemen a-wen momao,u seseressuurree sensor.s.eorreass,u are m× arra o sensorso aao usnruno, an an aormroramm a was connece voaeenerae eac sensor enavew aoweo measureenure .e ao anosae resusn anneraceseeocaram reconsee rm was caae o:enneoe anonmous, ano sowsreeresoneos eene wrn oreearevnn wee roosm a.ne w eexarenrmenerreensen seoesnure roucn caracerscaerns, seeure .ese raners, a- coue useornamcr exermena resusemonsrae eoreca wors reoreneeraure.esseuree senesaorusren ooos a seree-moewner we marevsoues enc oauoun o voeaoe.e anonmous, usne caracerscaernenerae e- ure. reo-cac:aaramo ooraea oa se-owereressure maase on× arra o- or occuanc monorn.oo-ra acuson, communcaon an anass o ma reans eressure ma.- aracersmcesre ossureersoanernc-,c- anc- wan on .oan senerae eacerson. crcou onso aon raoms unas.een sumcc2e wssuc ar uese rec aosrr vaoueossorve ca ereocnroaseen a., eexsen wesesreoan aucteve usn aoa ress vaues r ance o ms wcs an orer o manueower ocueuan caarac neeersec ws a oer varaons oraenease .e su o- o caronoamenees aeu cncaron o aeressure concueaorous srucure emonsraerea sa anow mearearnaserra wnseer m ovnemsn eneross.- smuus,reservn amos oena ouuower.rs, eec o e cxcce m aecaacnocancrease oe wene aeressureewee r a.oocn eecroes wasncreaseromoese asre ao sver,- was successu useo care ener soraeevces an was asemone-owere sensorsn an ener-auonomousressure sensve ma.- anonmoussraeenrea sensvoressure, aownearcaon o aressure mao ornamcressure seenosne. enerneavn a room, anrone va oeseevces

Claims

co.mrs meo o manuacurn an acveaeror aroeecrc nanoeneraor , a unsn ae sressa ose: cursor maeraeow ar sureaamceo orrae cae an encasuae, su-surace reon o a caronre- encasuae, su-sura aronre-cursor maera,o creae caronoamna usn a sece reon, anen oam, an o excoonseasee crareaomnoamo an remoevree or aroaue maera sn aovee caron c usne resuan caronoam maera as an acvcee aa reesru, suanc c aasroen eoeacm maeraaer,neroeecrc nanoeneraor. roosve o.orm ane e meecrooo osvae,mroncosuvne oer s cear oe u cosnece resuan caronoam maera comnaon w an eecroneave or n acveaerne ,n rom an oranc maerae..,eon, car,eener,an, mae.rane , suc as mae e.ecroneea mvee acove oa anernreceen.amn wce caronre-cursor asoormse .omee mme anoo o amnerecme anso coarmmsne w eeccroneea cavreo ancvree-acuersrorn maeeras. a o.eooew mne:o a oer amno-sreecenn maeraam, an n won-cermeo c-araosncre-cursors comrse o an omer,omesor exame,o,'- maera, aomem, a nown asome,oee ox enene-romeme, oerwse coae ,oureanrmes ,ome meacrae e.., sra- oor es ,oesers, vnomers, caronzeomers, conanesnsoomersa,m ac asc, urea-oorrma exeamee,ooamrcom acescor exame an ar- oxanne, amc ac - oerwsenown anre-co-,’- anresor exame asoamc ac anresor exame ar ervaves o saanrroemsee..c,earnvaerse oerrovmaevesc o saanoream,c aro acmascmaerase.., aromacomers eeroaromac maerase..,eeroaromacomers mooemeerss coneaernn aromac moees ccc maerase..,omers conann ccc eeroaromac mocaecracs mea.e.r,as e.., omers conann eeroccc moeesncun one or more o aromacoonms,er os conann eeroaromac moees, maera ons. reeroaromacons oreeroonse..,me ca.ronoaem m meaeora oo anncrereacseens suraacme cnacruenense s.e ounconasn e resuan o.am maeer maeooncr oea asensr seucreacne carameenncsu.n e se oon e resuan caron o. searaee mee resou oan an carroenceoanm maaemran accuvenaeer, sreom o ues one ar acrvoeea eere.croe .eormaee u mneerore ossu arneor eencaeenressaumrene wencen eene rresuaenner caarononoame maer.as a.eas soem meo o anrecen amn wc e seconaseream aers orransorms caronoame m oaerea c.aronoamenerae ersaseream,oroucee resuan ea.o a reesu meano ca oro annoarmecen amncun e se o seecnaserarameerso acveaerne . w roeres an morooesa are suaeor use as an w.ose eecer moeeso are o m aane orecee rnesuaanm canr woncoame maera.snerae w a caacor e. sameee mxeeoo om aner surescerane. amn wc e an a caacor areorme onrec.areaee maeeor. o anrecenamn wce snerae w a a. measuere mse oneo or o m aonre ore:ceresnsure,a smeanr, w srecc,een, orws cson.ureo ouu a sna e.ormaee u mneerore ossu arneor eencaeenressaumrene wencen eene rresuaenner caarononoame maer.as re.ssure seen msoer eo.. oor a annonremceouns roomam occnu wancc.e s a se-owere auonomous ene.rareve mseer.o o anrecenamn wce s conureo oerae as an sou.rceore an meoe ovc aen.recenamn wce s conure aseower a.eneraee mseowoer o w anen areecresonn waasm onn wecoor mea. sneraeno aoor ma ev.ce, oren moe a soea o an ansreecne connuaremon o wuuc a sena wesn aneerrsaone sns oon a weea seraa.e a. measuere msereosen oce an o ar ceceemnca oramas.n wce s conureo ouu a sna su.ercaaceo mre conou ore anrecenamn wce s comne w a ane eecroe oreneranursower sucenor wreessaaransmsson, maera. s oe suercaacor are aso maerome same resuan caronoam re.enon oev mereo c oc aens.recen camn wce as aeas ouuowero. aease memo2, u os ann anr eexceernnaoaam resns wancce oe mass. a maxmum ouuower en.s oe a meeasom om an2.recenamn wce as aroeecrc care a. sowee m meaxomu om a onen-rcecrceun voaaemno wc anc seor-c as aroeecrc resonse . m resecve wen smuae azconac-seracruao currensc o an omumasance. nreuenc an mm no.n-raeen meeuroos ora anc mureceaenroama.mn wce resuan caronoam maeras a ca.ms -r.oeecrc nanoeneraor manuacure usne meoene aoven

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