Methods of using oilfield and gasfield waste streams to scavenge heavy metals

Abstract

Provided herein are compositions and methods for scavenging metals in industrial aqueous and non-aqueous streams, wherein the compositions and methods comprise the use of an effective amount of reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes, wherein the reaction products comprise products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers.

Description

METHODS OF USING OILFIELD AND GASFIELD WASTE STREAMS TOSCAVENGE HEAVY METALSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 520,518, filed on August 18, 2023, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] The disclosed technology- provides for compositions and methods for scavenging metals from industrial aqueous and non-aqueous streams. More specifically, the disclosed technology provides for compositions and methods for scavenging metals comprising reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

[0003] The key aspect of a green circular economy is the recycling and reuse of industrial products, such as metals, plastics, paper, and glass, which have been well understood and increasingly implemented across the globe. However, waste streams, which are generated by major industries such as oil and gas, power generation, mining, etc., must be included in the circular economy, and ways to utilize such waste streams are important for current and future sustainability.

[0004] One of the waste streams from oil fields and / or gas fields are compositions containing products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with hydrogen sulfide scavengers in the process known as the “sweetening” of oil and natural gas. Such waste streams are usually disposed-off, for example via injection into deep wells on-shore, or a direct discharge into the marine environment in the case of offshore oil and gas production. Given that the discharge has been associated with detrimental effects on the environment, it is important to reduce those environmental impacts by implementing circular economy and green chemistry principles.

[0005] Numerous materials and techniques have been developed and produced for metal scavenging applications. All these technologies are state of the art and help the industry to advance the art in this key application area. However, these treatment techniques comprise sophisticated chemistries that also require process development and large-scale production that consumes natural resources, energy and generates additional waste.

[0006] Removal of suspended or dissolved metal ions such as salts of Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Co, Au, Pb, Tl, Ni, etc., from industrially generated streams is a critical step for recycling and reuse of water and recovery of metals. One common practice is to precipitate the maj ority of heavy metal contaminants as hydroxides and treat the resulting effluent with metal scavenging agents to remove any trace contaminants and meet the discharge regulations. The state of the art describes the use of polymers with di thiocarbamate functional groups as scavenging agents. However, this technology7requires toxic chemicals and complex manufacturing processes and can become cost prohibitive over time. Less expensive and products that generate a lower overall carbon footprint are needed.SUMMARY

[0007] The disclosed technology provides for compositions and methods for scavenging metals from industrial aqueous and non-aqueous streams using reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

[0008] Various aspects of the disclosed technology relate to a metal scavenging composition comprising an effective amount of reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

[0009] Various aspects of the disclosed technology' additionally relate to a method of treating an aqueous or non-aqueous stream comprising combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with an effective amount of a composition comprising reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

[0010] Various aspects of the disclosed technology further relate to a method of removing metal ions from an aqueous or non-aqueous stream comprisingcombining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with an effective amount of a metal scavenging composition comprising reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

[0011] In various aspects, the reaction products may include products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers.

[0012] In various aspects, the products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers may be comprised in the waste stream of hydrocarbon sweetening processes in the oil and gas industry.

[0013] Various aspects of the disclosed technology also relate to a method of prepanng a metal scavenging composition comprising reacting a hydrogen sulfide with one or more hydrogen sulfide scavengers.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0014] Those of skill in the art will understand that the figures, described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The figures are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates the percent removal of soluble metals from a synthetic water mixture containing metal ions after treatment with an embodiment of the metal scavenging composition of the disclosure, as compared to treatment with an industry state of the art product.

[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates the soluble cadmium concentration of a synthetic water mixture containing metal ions after treatment with various amounts of an embodiment of the metal scavenging composition of the disclosure, as compared to treatment with various amounts of an industry state of the art product.

[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates the percent metal removal of metals from a synthetic water mixture containing metal ions after treatment with an embodiment of the metal scavenging composition of the disclosure and a coagulant.

[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates the percent removal of metals from a synthetic water mixture containing metal ions after treatment with an embodiment of the metal scavenging composition of the disclosure and a coagulant.

[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates the concentration of total cadmium in a synthetic water mixture containing metal ions treated with various amounts of a coagulant alone, or a combination of an embodiment of the metal scavenging composition of the disclosure and a coagulant.

[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates the percent removal of metals from a synthetic water mixture containing metal ions after treatment with an embodiment of the metal scavenging composition of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0021] Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about”, is not limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Range limitations may be combined and / or interchanged, and such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges stated herein unless context or language indicates otherwise. Other than in the operating examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers or expressions referring to quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions and the like, used in the specification and the claims, are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about”.

[0022] “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, or that the subsequently identified material may or may not be present, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs or where the material is present, and instances where the event or circumstance does not occur or the material is not present.

[0023] As used herein, the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “has”, “having”, or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0024] The singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0025] The disclosed technology provides for compositions and methods for scavenging metals from industrial aqueous and non-aqueous streams. More specifically, the disclosed technology provides for compositions and methods for scavenging metals using reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

[0026] The disclosed technology provides for a method of utilizing the waste streams produced by the oil and gas industries to generate a product that may be used for the treatment of toxic metal-contaminated waste streams from other industries. Without being bound by theory', it was postulated that high sulfur load in the waste stream of sweetening applications in oil and gas production processes might be efficacious in treating toxic metal-contaminated waste streams from other industries. Surprisingly, it was found that compositions containing reaction products of hydrogen sulfide with hydrogen sulfide scavengers in the process known as the “sweetening” of oil and natural gas, demonstrated incredibly high efficacy in scavenging of transitional metals even without any treatment and optimization. These other industries may include power generation, mining, metal plating, automotive manufacturing, metal production and processing, battery manufacturing, microelectronics, and the like. Such method provides a low-cost treatment method with a reduced carbon footprint that facilitates a circular economy.

[0027] As used herein, the term “metal scavenging composition” may be understood to mean a composition comprising metal scavengers that may include chemical compounds capable of binding metal ions to form chelate structures. Examples of metal scavengers may include organo sulfide compounds.

[0028] As used herein, the term “an effective amount” may be understood to mean any amount of reaction products of a hydrocarbon sweetening process that may be effective in scavenging metals.

[0029] As used herein, the term “hydrocarbon sweetening” may be understood to mean processes for extraction and removal of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur containing materials from crude oil, natural gas, liquified petroleum gases or from heavier hydrocarbon fractions such as napthas, jet fuels, kerosene or diesel.

[0030] As used herein, the term “aqueous stream” may be understood to mean process water used in industry, manufacturing processes, mining, power generation and the like.

[0031] As used herein, the term “wastewater” may be understood to mean used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial, or agricultural activities, surface runoff / storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration.

[0032] As used herein, the term “non-aqueous stream” may be understood to mean non-aqueous hydrocarbon streams, including gaseous streams, used in petroleum refining processes, petrochemical processes and the like.

[0033] As used herein, the term “waste stream product” may be understood to mean any material or combination of materials comprising a waste stream mixture produced by an industrial process, such as an oil or gas production process, that may be effective in scavenging metals.

[0034] In various aspects, the disclosed technology provides metal scavenging compositions comprising an effective amount of reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes. In various aspects, the reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes may comprise products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers. In various aspects, the products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers may becomprised in the waste stream of hydrocarbon sweetening processes in the oil and gas industry.

[0035] In various aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and their adducts with amines. In some aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include triazines, such as reaction products of formaldehyde and primary amines selected from monoethanol amine (MEA), methylamine (MA), methoxypropylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

[0036] In various aspects, the metal scavenging composition may further include additional additives, such as dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and combinations thereof.

[0037] In various aspects, the metal scavenging compositions may include any amount of reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes that is effective in scavenging metals from aqueous and non-aqueous streams. In various aspects the metal ion scavenging compositions may include an amount of reaction products of from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, or from about 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm or from about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm or any amount between any of these values.

[0038] In various aspects, the metal scavenging compositions may be used in combination with additional treatment agents to treat aqueous and non-aqueous streams. In various aspects, suitable additional treatment agents and techniques may include flocculants, coagulants, filtrations, and / or other water treatment technologies known to the industry7.

[0039] In various aspects, the additional treatment agents may be used in an amount of about between about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, or from about 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm or from about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm or any amount between any of these values.

[0040] In various aspects, the disclosed technology provides for methods of treating an aqueous or non-aqueous stream comprising combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with an effective amount of a composition comprising reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes. In various aspects, the reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes may comprise products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers. In various aspects, the products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers may be comprised in the waste stream of hydrocarbon sweetening processes in the oil and gas industry.

[0041] In various aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and their adducts with amines. In some aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include triazines, such as reaction products of formaldehyde and primary amines selected from monoethanol amine (MEA), methylamine (MA), methoxypropylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

[0042] In various aspects, the metal scavenging composition may further include additional additives, such as dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and combinations thereof.

[0043] In various aspects, the methods may include combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with any amount of reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes that is effective in treating the aqueous and non-aqueous streams. In various aspects the methods may include combining the aqueous or nonaqueous stream with an amount of reaction product from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, or from about 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm or from about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm or any amount between any of these values.

[0044] In various aspects, the methods may include adding an additional treatment agent to treat the aqueous and non-aqueous streams. In various aspects, suitable additional treatment agents and techniques may include flocculants,coagulants, flitrations, and / or other water treatment technologies known to the industry.

[0045] In various aspects, the additional treatment agents may be added in an amount of about between about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, or from about 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm or from about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm or any amount between any of these values.

[0046] In various aspects, the aqueous or non-aqueous streams may comprise production streams and / or waste streams. In some aspects, aqueous streams that may be treated may include process water, such as wastewater. In some aspects, non-aqueous streams that may be treated may include non-aqueous hydrocarbon streams, such as those used in petroleum refining processes, petrochemical processes and the like, and gaseous streams. In various aspects, the aqueous or non-aqueous streams may be derived from power generation, mining, oil and gas production processes, refinery’ processes, metal plating, metal manufacturing and processing, battery' manufacturing, automotive, microelectronics industries, or municipal or environmental cleaning processes. In various aspects, the waste streams may comprise mercury removal from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes.

[0047] In various aspects, the disclosed technology further provides methods of removing metals from an aqueous or non-aqueous stream comprising combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with an effective amount of a metal scavenging composition comprising reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes. In various aspects, the reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes may comprise products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers. In various aspects, the products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers may be comprised in the waste stream of hydrocarbon sweetening processes in the oil and gas industry.

[0048] In various aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and their adducts withamines. In some aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include triazines, such as reaction products of formaldehyde and primary amines selected from monoethanol amine (MEA), methylamine (MA), methoxypropylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

[0049] In various aspects, the metal scavenging composition may further include additional additives, such as dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and combinations thereof.

[0050] In various aspects, the methods may include combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with any amount of metal scavenging composition that is effective in removing metals from aqueous and non-aqueous streams. In various aspects the methods may include combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with an amount of metal scavenging composition of from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, or from about 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm or from about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm or any amount between any of these values.

[0051] In various aspects, the methods may include adding an additional treatment agent to remove metals from the aqueous and non-aqueous streams. In various aspects, suitable additional treatment agents and techniques may include flocculants, coagulants, filtrations, and / or other water treatment technologies known to the industry.

[0052] In various aspects, the additional treatment agents may be added in an amount of about between about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, or from about 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm or from about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm or any amount between any of these values.

[0053] In various aspects, the aqueous or non-aqueous streams may comprise production streams and / or waste streams. In some aspects, aqueous streams that may be treated may include process water, such as wastewater. In some aspects, non-aqueous streams that may be treated may include non-aqueoushydrocarbon streams, such as those used in petroleum refining processes, petrochemical processes and the like, and gaseous streams. In various aspects, the aqueous or non-aqueous streams may be derived from power generation, mining, oil and gas production processes, refinery processes, metal plating, metal manufacturing and processing, automotive, battery manufacturing, microelectronics industries, or municipal or environmental cleaning processes. In various aspects, the waste streams may comprise mercury7removal from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes.

[0054] In various aspects, the aqueous and non-aqueous streams treated with the waste stream products of the disclosure may comprise a metals content within regulatory limits as understood by one of skill in the art. In various aspects, metals that may be removed from the aqueous and non-aqueous streams using the metal scavenging compositions of the disclosure may include cationic transition metals, such as cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), gold (Au), mercury7(Hg), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb), and the like.

[0055] In various aspects, the disclosed technology7provides for methods of preparing a metal scavenging composition comprising reacting a hydrogen sulfide with one or more hydrogen sulfide scavengers. In various aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and their adducts with amines. In some aspects, suitable hydrogen sulfide scavengers may include triazines, such as reaction products of formaldehyde and primary amines selected from monoethanol amine (MEA). methylamine (MA), methoxypropylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

[0056] In various aspects, the methods may further include adding additional additives, such as dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and combinations thereof, to form the metal scavenging composition.EXAMPLES

[0057] The present technology will be further described in the following examples, which should be viewed as being illustrative and should not be construed to narrow the scope of the disclosed technology’ or limit the scope to any particular embodiments.

[0058] Example 1

[0059] Preparation of the product modeling a natural gas sweetening process

[0060] To model a typical natural gas sweetening process, a flow of gas stream containing H2S was passed through a vessel containing 55% water solution of hexahydro-1, 3, 5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)triazine. The resulting product was then diluted to 1% solution and used to treat the synthetic water mixtures described below.

[0061] Synthetic Water Mixture 1

[0062] Synthetic water was created with approximately 1 ppm of Cd+2, Co+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Zn+2. To create the synthetic water, HEPES buffer was dissolved into deionized water so that the final solution was 0.01N HEPES. Stock solutions of chloride salts were then added to the buffered water to achieve the desired amount of metal ion. The water was then adjusted to pH 8 slowly with IN NaOH.

[0063] Synthetic Water Mixture 2

[0064] Synthetic water was created with solids conventionally found in high turbidity river water and approximately 1 ppm of Cd+2, Co+2, Cu+2. Ni+2, Zn+2. To deionized water, calcium and magnesium salt were added to achieve 2.5 ppm and 3.3 ppm hardness as CaCCh as calcium and magnesium respectively. ImM sodium bicarbonate w as added as a buffer. Clay was added at 300ppm and humic acid at 0.4 ppm to simulate particulate material and organics respectively. The water was then adjusted to pH 8 slowly with IN NaOH. Stock solutions of chloride salts were then added to the buffered water to achieve the desired amount of metal ion.

[0065] Jar Test Procedure 1

[0066] Testing procedure for synthetic water without solids

[0067] 250mL aliquots of Synthetic Water Mixture 1 were tested using a standard jar tester. The product of Example 1 was dosed into the jar while mixing at lOOrpm. If a tannin coagulant was used during the procedure (see Examples 3 and 4 below), one minute was allowed to elapse before the addition of the tannin product. Two minutes after the final product addition, the mixing was reduced to 35rpm. The mixing was stopped after 5 minutes and the jars were allowed to settle for an additional 5 minutes. Samples of the supernatant were removed for Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis of the remain metals. Metals concentration was measured for unfiltered and 0.45 micron filtered samples.

[0068] Jar Test Procedure 2

[0069] Testing procedure for synthetic water with solids

[0070] 250mL aliquots of Synthetic Water Mixture 2 were tested using a standard jar tester. The product of Example 1 was dosed into the jar while mixing at lOOrpm. After two minutes, aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) coagulant was added. Mixing was continued at lOOrpm for two more minutes after which anionic flocculant was added and mixing speed immediately reduced to 35 rpm. The mixing was stopped after 5 minutes and the jars were allowed to settle for an additional 5 minutes. Samples of the supernatant were removed for ICP analysis of the remaining metals. Metals concentration was measured for unfiltered and 0.45 micron filtered samples.

[0071] Example 2

[0072] The product of Example 1 was tested using Jar Test Procedure 1 with no additional coagulant or flocculant. The product of Example 1 was compared to an industrial state of the art product for ability to remove metals in Synthetic Water Mixture 1. The results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and Table 1 below.

[0073] Table 1 : Maximum Percent Removal of Soluble Metals for Example2

[0074] As can be seen from Table 1, the product of Example 1, when used without the aid of additional coagulants or flocculants, allowed for cadmium, i.e., mercury’, removal comparable to a comparative industry state of the art product. Additionally, it was found that only 10 ppm of the product of Example 1 was required to remove 95% of the cadmium. Mercury removal is of importance in, for example, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes.

[0075] Example 3

[0076] The product of Example 1 w as tested using Jar Test Procedure 1 with tannin based coagulant. The ability of the product of Example 1 to remove metals in Synthetic Water Mixture 1 was compared with treatment of the Synthetic Water Mixture 1 with tannin based coagulant alone. The results are shown in FIGS. 3-5 and Table 2.

[0077] Table 2:Maximum Percent Removal of Metals for Example 3

[0078] Example 4

[0079] The product of Example 1 was tested using Jar Test Procedure 2. The results are shown in FIG. 6 and Table 3.

[0080] Table 3: Maximum Percent Removal of Metals for Example 4

[0081] While embodiments of the disclosed technology have been described, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not so limited, and modifications may be made without departing from the disclosed technology. The scope of the disclosed technology is defined by the appended claims, and all devices, processes, and methods that come within the meaning of the claims, either literally or by equivalence, are intended to be embraced therein.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A metal scavenging composition comprising an effective amount of reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

2. The metal scavenging composition of claim 1, wherein the reaction products comprise products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers.

3. The metal scavenging composition of claim 2, wherein the products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers are comprised in the waste stream of hydrocarbon sweetening processes in the oil and gas industry.

4. The metal scavenging composition of claim 2 or 3, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehydes.

5. The metal scavenging composition of claim 4, wherein aldehydes are selected from formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and combinations thereof.

6. The metal scavenging composition of claim 2 or 3, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehyde adducts with amines.

7. The metal scavenging composition of claim 2 or 3, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise triazines.

8. The metal scavenging composition of claim 7, wherein the triazines comprise a reaction product of formaldehyde and primary amines selected from monoethanol amine (MEA), methylamine (MA), methoxy propylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

9. The metal scavenging composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the composition further comprises dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and combinations thereof.

10. A method of treating an aqueous or non-aqueous stream comprising combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with an effective amount of a composition comprising reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

11. The method of claim 10. wherein the reaction products comprise products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers are comprised in the waste stream of hydrocarbon sweetening processes in the oil and gas industry.

13. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehydes.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein aldehydes are selected from formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and combinations thereof.

15. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehyde adducts with amines.

16. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise triazines.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the triazines comprise a reaction product of formaldehyde with primary amines selected from monoethanolamine (MEA), methylamine (MA), methoxypropylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

18. The method of any one of claims 10-17, wherein the composition further comprises dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and combinations thereof.

19. The method of any one of claims 10-18, wherein the method further comprises adding coagulants, flocculants, or mixtures thereof.

20. The method of any one of claims 10-19, wherein the treating comprises scavenging metals from aqueous or non-aqueous streams derived from power generation, mining, oil and gas production processes, refinery processes, metal plating, metal manufacturing and processing, battery manufacturing, automotive, microelectronics industries, or municipal or environmental cleaning processes.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the metals comprise cationic transition metals.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cationic transition metals comprise Ag, Cu, Cd, Co, Mg, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Tl, and / or Zn.

23. The method of claim 20. wherein the aqueous or non-aqueous streams comprise production streams and / or waste streams.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the waste streams comprise mercury' removal from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes.

25. A method of removing metals from an aqueous or non-aqueous stream comprising combining the aqueous or non-aqueous stream with an effective amount of a metal scavenging composition comprising reaction products of hydrocarbon sweetening processes.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the reaction products comprise products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the products of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide scavengers are comprised in the waste stream of hydrocarbon sweetening processes in the oil and gas industry.

28. The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehydes.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein aldehydes are selected from formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and combinations thereof.

30. The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehyde adducts with amines.

31. The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise triazines.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the triazines comprise a reaction product of formaldehyde with primary amines selected from monoethanolamine (MEA). methylamine (MA), methoxypropylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

33. The method of any one of claims 26-32, wherein the metal scavenging composition further comprises dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and mixtures thereof.

34. The method of any one of claims 26-33, wherein the method further comprises adding coagulants, flocculants, or mixtures thereof.

35. The method of any one of claims 26-34, wherein the metals are removed from aqueous or non-aqueous streams derived from power generation, mining, oil and gas production processes, refinery processes, metal plating, metal manufacturing and processing, battery manufacturing, automotive, microelectronics industries, or municipal or environmental cleaning processes.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the aqueous or non-aqueous streams comprise production streams and / or waste streams.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the waste streams comprise mercury removal from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes.

38. The method of any one of claims 25-37, wherein the metals comprise cationic transition metals.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the cationic transition metals comprise Ag, Cu, Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Tl, and / or Zn.

40. A method of preparing a metal scavenging composition comprising reacting a hydrogen sulfide with one or more hydrogen sulfide scavengers.

41. The method of claim 40. wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehydes.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein aldehydes are selected from formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and combinations thereof.

43. The method of claim 40, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise aldehyde adducts with amines.

44. The method of claim 40, wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavengers comprise tri azines.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the triazines comprise a reaction product of formaldehyde with primary' amines selected from monoethanolamine (MEA), methylamine (MA), methoxypropylamine (MOP A), and combinations thereof.

46. The method of any one of claims 40-45, wherein the method further comprises adding dispersants, cosolvents, stabilizers, surfactants, and mixtures thereof, to form the metal scavenging composition.

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