Composition for the nutrition or drinking of a non-human animal
Patent Information
- Application Number
- FR2021001179
- Authority / Receiving Office
- FR · FR
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2021-02-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-21
- Estimated Expiration
- 2041-02-08
Smart Images
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Abstract
Description
Title of the invention: Composition for the nutrition or drinking of a non-human animal Technical field
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of non-human animal food and / or drink, and in particular to the combination of spirulina and Ascophyllum nodosum algae or their extracts for the purpose of non-human animal food and / or drink, in particular for farm animals. Prior art
[0002] Application WO 2004 / 080196 describes the use of products derived from macroalgae, microalgae, plants and / or fungi in animal feed, as a replacement for products derived from animals, particularly fish, due to their high content of LC-PUFAs (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) such as DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). Among the microalgae, Spirulina is cited and among the macroalgae, Ascophyllum. However, these algae are cited among a long list of other possible microalgae or macroalgae. Furthermore, no specific example includes the mixture of these two algae. Furthermore, these algae are not used raw or in the form of an extract but in the form of derived products.
[0003] Application WO 2001 / 22822 describes the use of a composition comprising a cytokine from Ascophyllum nodosum mixed with mineral-based nutrients, a mixture of vitamin B and acetyl salicylic acid or one of its salts, in the form of a drink or an injectable solution, to improve the immunity of animals. The cytokine from Ascophyllum nodosum is obtained by extraction using a very specific process. The application describes the possible presence in the composition of other ingredients such as spirulina, which is cited in a long list of ingredients, without any example of a combination of these two algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and spirulina) being disclosed.
[0004] Patent application EP1570845 describes the use of acidic polysaccharides as an agent for enhancing bone morphogenetic protein production or enhancing osteogenesis. The acidic polysaccharide may be derived from algae such as, among others, spirulina or Ascophyllum nodosum. However, this document does not disclose any specific examples containing acidic polysaccharides, in particular sulfated ones, from both Ascophyllum nodosum and spirulina.
[0005] However, the inventors surprisingly realized that the association of Ascophyllum nodosum and spirulina, whether in raw form or more advantageously in the form of an extract, in particular a polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum and a protein extract of spirulina, had a synergistic action to improve the zootechnical performance of non-human animals, in particular farm animals, advantageously a ruminant and / or a monogastric such as a poultry or a pig and / or an aquatic animal such as a fish or a crustacean, when the combination was administered in a food composition or a drink. Statement of the invention
[0006] The present invention therefore relates to a composition for the nutrition or drink of a non-human animal, in particular a farm animal, advantageously a ruminant and / or a monogastric animal such as poultry or a pig and / or an aquatic animal such as a fish or a crustacean, comprising the combination of spirulina and Ascophyllum nodosum.
[0007] The composition according to the invention therefore comprises spirulina.
[0008] Spirulina is a microalgae (35 pm wide and 200 pm long on average) recognizable by its particular spiral shape. Its scientific name is Arthrospira. It is a cyanobacterium belonging to the class Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae). Its color is due to the presence of phycocyanin (protein), a blue pigment used in particular in the food industry. There are nearly 1,500 species of blue algae and 36 species of spirulina are edible. The main species currently available on the market is Spirulina platensis. The spirulina according to the invention is therefore advantageously Spirulina platensis. Spirulina contains proteins (including phycocyanin), various carotenoids (mainly beta-carotene, but also cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, etc.), vitamins and minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium, vitamins A, B, E.Spirulina further comprises a good content of essential amino acids (such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and arginine) and gamma-linolenic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid of the omega-6 family. In particular, its protein content is between 55 and 70% (inclusive), advantageously greater than or equal to 60%, particularly between 60 and 70% (inclusive), more advantageously between 65 and 69% (inclusive), by weight relative to the total weight of the spirulina.
[0009] In addition, spirulina is rich in phycocyanin, the only natural blue pigment that can be used as a food coloring and to which significant antioxidant activity is attributed, in particular its content is greater than or equal to 7%, more advantageously greater than or equal to 8%. It also contains chlorophyll.
[0010] The spirulina according to the invention can therefore be used raw, in particular dehydrated, more advantageously in powder form.
[0011] However, in an advantageous embodiment, the spirulina is in the form of an extract, advantageously the extract does not contain acidic polysaccharides, more advantageously it is a protein extract (in particular water-soluble), more advantageously a protein hydrolysate.
[0012] In particular, the extraction is carried out by maceration advantageously in an aqueous solvent, more advantageously water, more particularly in a content of 100g of dehydrated spirulina in 900g of solvent, in particular at a temperature of between 30 and 80°C (limits included), more advantageously between 50 and 70°C (limits included), in particular 60°C, for a duration advantageously of between 1 hour and 6 hours (limits included), more advantageously between 2 hours and 4 hours (limits included).
[0013] Advantageously, the protein hydrolyzate is obtained by hydrolysis of the protein extract, in particular by enzymatic hydrolysis, more advantageously using an endoprotease enzyme such as serine endoproteases such as, for example, subtilisin, advantageously marketed by Novozymes under the trade name Novo-Pro® D. The hydrolysis advantageously takes place in aqueous solution, in particular at a pH of between 7 and 11 (inclusive), more particularly between 7 and 10 (inclusive), even more particularly between 8 and 9.5 (inclusive), in particular 8, advantageously at a temperature of between 55 and 75°C (inclusive), more advantageously between 55 and 65°C (inclusive), in particular 60°C.
[0014] In an advantageous embodiment, the extract is in liquid form. The protein extract advantageously contains more than 70% by weight, in particular more than 72% by weight, of protein relative to the total weight of the dry matter of the extract.
[0015] The protein hydrolyzate advantageously contains polypeptides, peptides and amino acids (such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and arginine), advantageously the molecular weight of the polypeptides and peptides can range from less than 150 Da to more than 20,000 Da. Advantageously, the protein hydrolyzate comprises more than 85% by weight of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids having a molecular weight less than or equal to 5000 Da, advantageously more than 90% by weight, in particular more than 92% by weight relative to the total weight of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids of the protein hydrolyzate.Advantageously, the protein hydrolyzate comprises more than 70% by weight of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids having a molecular weight less than or equal to 1000 Da, advantageously more than 75% by weight, in particular more than . 80% by weight, relative to the total weight of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids of the protein hydrolyzate. Advantageously, the protein hydrolyzate comprises more than 50% by weight of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids having a molecular weight less than or equal to 500 Da, advantageously more than 60% by weight, in particular more than 65% by weight, relative to the total weight of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids of the protein hydrolyzate.
[0016] Advantageously, the composition according to the invention comprises between 0.01 and 0.5% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, advantageously between 0.03 and 0.4% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, even more advantageously between 0.02 and 0.2% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, of spirulina, advantageously of spirulina extract, more advantageously of spirulina protein hydrolyzate. The spirulina content of the composition depends in particular on the animal for which the food or drink is intended.
[0017] Thus, in particular the composition according to the invention comprises 0.2% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, of spirulina, advantageously of spirulina extract, more advantageously of spirulina protein hydrolysate, when the composition is intended for pigs, more advantageously when it is intended for pigs or piglets, weaned or not, in particular when it is intended for piglets, weaned or not.
[0018] More particularly, the composition according to the invention comprises between 0.02% and 0.1% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, of spirulina, advantageously of spirulina extract, more advantageously of spirulina protein hydrolyzate, when the composition is intended for birds, in particular for breeding, more particularly for poultry, more advantageously when it is intended for gallinaceous birds such as chickens or chicks.
[0019] Advantageously, the content of spirulina, advantageously spirulina extract, more advantageously spirulina protein hydrolysate, administered to ruminants, in particular to dairy cows, using the composition according to the invention, is between 2 and 70g / day (limits included), in particular between 5 and 50g / day (limits included), more advantageously it is 5g / day, for a ration of approximately 15kg of fodder per day.
[0020] The composition according to the invention further comprises Ascophyllum nodosum.
[0021] Ascophyllum nodosum, also known as black seaweed, is a brown macroalgae (it can reach more than 1.50 m in length) which belongs to the Phaeophyceae class. It is the only currently recognized representative of the genus Ascophyllum, in the Fucaceae family.
[0022] It contains high levels of macro-elements, (such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and trace elements (e.g. Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, etc.). It also contains phytohormones such as betaine, cytokinin, auxin and gibberellin (growth stimulators), mannitol, organic acids, polysaccharides, amino acids and proteins.
[0023] The Ascophyllum nodosum according to the invention can therefore be used raw, in particular dehydrated, more preferably in powder form.
[0024] However, in an advantageous embodiment, the Ascophyllum nodosum is in the form of an extract, advantageously the extract does not contain cytokine, more advantageously it is a polysaccharide extract (in particular water-soluble), more advantageously the extract has been clarified, even more advantageously dehydrated.
[0025] In particular, the extraction is carried out by maceration advantageously in an aqueous solvent, more advantageously water, in particular in a content of 200g of dehydrated Ascophyllum nodosum in 800g of solvent, in particular at a temperature of between 30 and 95°C (limits included), more advantageously between 45 and 90°C (limits included), for a duration advantageously of between 1 hour and 6 hours (limits included), more advantageously between 2 hours and 4 hours (limits included).
[0026] In an advantageous embodiment, the extract is in liquid form. In an even more advantageous embodiment, it is in powder form.
[0027] Advantageously, the composition according to the invention comprises between 0.05 and 0.5% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, advantageously between 0.06 and 0.15% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, more advantageously between 0.01 and 0.1% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, &Ascophyllum nodosum, advantageously Ascophyllum nodosum extract. The Ascophyllum nodosum content of the composition depends in particular on the animal for which the food or drink is intended.
[0028] In particular, the composition according to the invention comprises between 0.02% and 0.1% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, of Ascophyllum nodosum, advantageously of Ascophyllum nodosum extract, when the composition is intended for pigs, more advantageously when it is intended for pigs or piglets, weaned or not, in particular when it is intended for piglets, weaned or not.
[0029] More particularly, the composition according to the invention comprises between 0.01% and 0.05% (limits included) by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, of Ascophyllum nodosum, advantageously of Ascophyllum nodosum extract, when the composition is intended for birds, in particular farm birds, more particularly poultry, more advantageously when it is intended for gallinaceous birds such as chickens or chicks.
[0030] Advantageously, the content of Ascophyllum nodosum, advantageously in Ascophyllum nodosum extract, administered to ruminants, in particular to dairy cows, using the composition according to the invention, is between 5 and 50g / day (limits included), in particular between 10 and 20g / day (limits included), more advantageously it is 10g / day, for a ration of approximately 15kg of fodder per day.
[0031] Advantageously the spirulina / Ascophyllum nodosum weight ratio, in particular the spirulina extract / extract (AAscophyllum nodosum, more advantageously the spirulina protein hydrolyzate / extract AAscophyllum nodosum weight ratio is in the range 0.02-100 (limits included), advantageously 0.2 - 15 (limits included), in particular 0.5 - 20 (limits included) more particularly between - 3 / 1 (limits included). This ratio depends in particular on the animal for which the food or drink is intended.
[0032] In particular, this ratio is within the range 2-10 (limits included), when the composition is intended for pigs, more advantageously when it is intended for pigs or piglets, weaned or not, in particular when it is intended for piglets, weaned or not.
[0033] More particularly, this ratio is within the range 2-20 (limits included), when the composition is intended for birds, in particular farm birds, more particularly poultry, more advantageously when it is intended for gallinaceous birds such as chickens or chicks.
[0034] Advantageously, this ratio is in the range 0.04-14 (limits included), advantageously 0.25-5 (limits included), more advantageously 0.5-2.5 (limits included), even more advantageously it is 0.5, when the composition is intended for ruminants, in particular dairy cows, more particularly having a daily ration of 15kg of fodder.
[0035] The composition according to the invention is therefore intended for oral administration to animals. It may be a food composition or a drink, advantageously a food composition.
[0036] The composition according to the invention may further comprise lithothamnium. It may further comprise other ingredients known to those skilled in the art for the nutrition or drinking of animals, such as for example fodder in the case of ruminants or water in the case of drinks and / or cobs in the case of poultry.
[0037] The composition according to the invention may have any form suitable for feeding or drinking non-human animals, in particular a solid form, a powder or granular form or a liquid or gel form.
[0038] It can thus be added directly to the ration of non-human animals, or added to premixes or food supplements or to nutritional blocks or buckets.
[0039] In an advantageous embodiment, it is added to the daily ration of a non-human animal, in particular a ruminant such as for example a dairy cow, advantageously at a rate of 5 mg / day of composition per 1 kg of dry matter of ration.
[0040] This ration may, for example, for ruminants, be composed of fodder of all types and in all their forms (green, dehydrated, ensiled, agglomerated, etc.) such as grass and other fodder grasses, fodder cereals (barley, corn, oats, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, rye), legumes (peas, field beans, lupin, soybeans, alfalfa, sainfoin, clovers), roots, tubers and their by-products (beets, beet pulp, potatoes, potato pulp, etc.), cabbage, rapeseed, sunflower, plant waste (tops, cobs, cereal husks, bran, shelled corn cobs, bagasse) and starches, by-products of the agri-food industry (starch manufacture, starch manufacture, ethanol manufacture, brewery, milling, etc.), as well as oilseed cakes, syrups, and nitrogenous food materials such as urea and its derivatives (biuret, ureides) and ammonia salts.
[0041] Preferably, the ration suitable for ruminants according to the invention comprises fodder, preferably corn silage typically representing 10 to 50% of the dry matter ingested, preferably daily, preferably combined with other fodder such as hay, straw or grass or cereal silage and preferably supplemented with concentrated feed such as cereals, oilseed cakes or compound feed.
[0042] In particular, it is a mixture of corn silage, hay and concentrates (consisting for example of wheat, corn, barley, beet pulp, wheat bran and molasses), for example in a ratio of 50:30:20, or of hay, concentrate and corn starch, for example in a ratio of 77:9:12:2.
[0043] The composition is intended for a non-human animal, in particular a livestock animal, advantageously a ruminant and / or a monogastric and / or an aquatic animal. In particular, it may be a mammal.
[0044] Among animals, herbivores and in particular ruminants are mammals which have a diet based on plant fibres containing among the soluble fibres insoluble fibres of the cellulose and hemicellulose type, fibres which are very poorly digestible.
[0045] The ruminant has the particularity of digesting via a "fermentation tank", the rumen (130-180 liters) interposed in the anterior part of the digestive tract. The rumen contains a wide variety of microflora of bacteria and protozoa which carry out a priority and very effective fermentative predigestion. The microbial flora therefore conditions the digestibility of carbohydrates, proteins, self-supply of vitamins or other nutrients.
[0046] In an advantageous embodiment, the composition according to the present invention is intended for the nutrition and / or drinking of non-human mammals, in particular herbivores (such as ruminants, horses, lagomorphs) and more particularly ruminants.
[0047] Ruminants include, for example, cattle, sheep, goats, deer and camelids.
[0048] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "bovine" means a subfamily of bovids comprising several important species of livestock. Bovines include in particular the cow, in particular the dairy cow, the suckler cow, the heifer, the calf, the young bull, the bull, the fattening bull, the bull, the buffalo, the yak, the gayal and the banteng.
[0049] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "sheep" means ruminant herbivores of the genus Ovis. Sheep include in particular mouflon, sheep, ewe, sheep and lamb.
[0050] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "goat" means ruminant herbivores of the genus Capra. Goats include in particular the goat, the billy goat, the kid and the ibex.
[0051] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "cervid" means ruminants of the Cervidae family, bearing antlers. Cervidae include, in particular, red deer, stag, buck, doe, fawn, roe deer, roe deer, roe deer, reindeer, fallow deer, doe and elk.
[0052] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "camelid" means artiodactyl mammals of the Camelidae family. Camelids include in particular the dromedary, the camel, the female camel, the llama and the alpaca.
[0053] In an advantageous embodiment, the ruminant according to the invention is a bovine, in particular, it is chosen from the cow, in particular the dairy cow, the calf, the young calf, the calf under the mother, the beef and the fattening beef and more particularly preferably the dairy cow.
[0054] In an advantageous embodiment, the composition according to the present invention is intended for the nutrition and / or drinking of an aquatic animal.
[0055] Aquatic animals may include fish, particularly freshwater, brackishwater or saltwater, more particularly farmed, such as salmon, trout, sea bass, carp, tilapia, crucian carp, catfish, rohus, sea bream, meagre, turbot, sturgeon and pangas.
[0056] Aquatic animals may also include crustaceans such as shrimp or crayfish.
[0057] In an advantageous embodiment, the composition according to the present invention is intended for the nutrition and / or drinking of non-human mammals, in particular monogastrics, and more particularly omnivores (porcines).
[0058] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "porcine" means mammals of the Suidae family of the genus Sus. Porcines include in particular the butcher's pig (or fattening pig), the weaned or unweaned piglet, the sow, the boar and the gilt.
[0059] In an advantageous embodiment, the composition according to the present invention is intended for the nutrition and / or drinking of birds, in particular domestic birds and more particularly farm birds, and even more particularly poultry.
[0060] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "poultry" means domestic birds raised by a human mammal. Poultry may belong to the order of gallinacea or to that of palmipeds.
[0061] For the purposes of the present invention, the term "gallinaceous" or "web-footed" means animals whose flesh or egg products are intended to be consumed by a human mammal. Gallinaceous animals include in particular the laying hen, the quail, the rooster, the turkey, the guinea fowl, the pigeon, the pheasant and more particularly the broiler chicken (including the chick). Web-footed birds include in particular the duck and the goose.
[0062] The present invention further relates to the use of the composition according to the invention for improving the zootechnical performance of non-human animals, advantageously of a ruminant and / or a monogastric such as a bird, for example a poultry, or an omnivore, for example a pig, and / or an aquatic animal such as a fish or a crustacean.
[0063] It further relates to the use of the composition according to the invention for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, in particular methane, in a non-human mammal, advantageously in a ruminant.
[0064] It further relates to the use of the composition according to the invention for increasing the digestibility of dry matter and fibers, in particular fodder and concentrates, and / or improving the feed conversion rate and / or feed efficiency and / or promoting weight gain and / or increasing the intensity of fermentation and microbial metabolism and / or inhibiting protozoa of the flora and / or reducing protein degradation and / or directing fermentations towards the production of acids. volatile fats, in particular towards propionic acid, in a non-human mammal, advantageously in a ruminant.
[0065] It further relates to the use of the composition according to the invention, for improving the quality of the meat and / or the growth performance and / or the well-being of a non-human animal, advantageously a monogastric such as a bird, in particular a domestic bird and more particularly a poultry.
[0066] It finally relates to a composition according to the invention, for its use to improve intestinal health and / or intestinal well-being and / or the immune system and / or bone mineralization and / or the quality of the bone structure and / or as an antibacterial in non-human animals, advantageously ruminants and / or monogastrics such as birds, for example poultry, or omnivores, for example pigs, and / or aquatic animals such as fish or crustaceans, in particular in chickens, chicks, pigs or piglets.
[0067] Advantageously, the use of this composition is for increasing the intestinal villi, in particular the length of the jejunal villi and / or the depth of the duodenal crypts, of non-human monogastric animals such as birds, for example poultry, or omnivores, for example pigs, in particular chickens, chicks, pigs or piglets, and / or modulating the inflammatory response and / or avoiding damage associated with post-weaning nutritional stress in monogastric mammals such as omnivores, in particular pigs, more particularly piglets.
[0068] The present invention will be better understood in light of the description of the figures and examples which follow, which are given for information purposes only. Brief description of the drawings
[0069] [Fig.l] [Fig.l] represents the concentration in % and the volume in ml / g of dry matter (DM) of CH4 after 24 hours of in vitro fermentation for a winter ration for the control, the protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) at 5g / day or 50g / day, the polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at 10g / day or 20g / day or the combination of protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E1+E2 at 50g / day + 20g / day or 5g / day + 10g / day) under the conditions of example 2.
[0070] [Fig.2] [Fig.2] represents the digestibility of dry matter (dMS), ADF (dADF) and NDF (dNDF) in % after 24 hours of in vitro fermentation for a winter ration for the control - and the composition according to the invention, the protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) at 5g / day or 50g / day, the polysaccharide extract &Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at 10g / day or 20g / day or the combination of protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E1+E2 at 50g / day + 20g / day or 5g / day + 10g / day) under the conditions of example 2.
[0071] [Fig.3] [Fig.3] represents the concentration in % and the volume in ml / g of dry matter (DM) of CH4 after 24 hours of in vitro fermentation for a winter ration with an acidogen for the control, lithothamnion (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) at 80g / day, protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) at 5g / day, polysaccharide extract &Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at 10g / day, the association (simple mixture) of lithothamnion and protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (CPA + El at 80g / day + 5g / day), the association (simple mixture) of lithothamnion and polysaccharide extract &Ascophyllum nodosum (CPA + E2 at 80g / day + 10g / day) or the association (simple mixture) of lithothamnium, protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (CPA+E1+E2 at 80g / day + 5g / day + 10g / day) under the conditions of example 2.
[0072] [Fig.4] [Fig.4] represents the concentration in % and the volume in ml / g of dry matter (DM) of CH4 after 24 hours of in vitro fermentation for a winter ration with an acidogen for the control, lithothamnion (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) at 80g / day, protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) at 5g / day, polysaccharide extract &Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at 10g / day, the association (impregnation of the extract on the lithothamnion) of lithothamnion and protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (CPA + El at 80g / day + 5g / day), the association (impregnation of the extract on the lithothamnion) of lithothamnion and polysaccharide extract &Ascophyllum nodosum (CPA + E2 at 80g / day + 10g / day) or the association (impregnation of the extracts on the lithothamnium) of lithothamnium, protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (CPA+E1+E2 at 80g / day + 5g / day + 10g / day) under the conditions of example 2.
[0073] [Fig.5] [Fig.5] represents the Beta-globulin content in the blood (%) of piglets at D70 having received the control feed (Control T1), the crude Spirulina platensis at 0.2% (0.2% Spirulina Brute T2), the combination of crude Spirulina platensis and crude Ascophyllum nodosum at respectively 0.2% and 0.02% (0.2% Spirulina Brute + 0.02% Ascophyllum Brute T3), at respectively 0.2% and 0.05% (0.2% Spirulina Brute + 0.05% Ascophyllum Brute T4) or at respectively 0.2% and 0.1% (0.2% Spirulina Brute + 0.1% Ascophyllum Brute T5) under the conditions of example 3. The letters a, b or c associated with the figures indicate the significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence. Percentage values indicate the difference in improvement from the control.
[0074] [Fig.6] [Fig.6] represents the quantity of total blood proteins in g / l of blood of piglets at D70 having received the control feed (Control Tl), the crude Spirulina platensis at 0.2% (0.2% Spirulina Crude T2), the combination of crude Spirulina platensis and &Ascophyllum nodosum raw at 0.2% and 0.02% respectively (0.2% Spir. Raw + 0.02% Asco Brute T3), to 0.2% and 0.05% respectively (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.05% Asco Brute T4) or to 0.2% and 0.1% respectively (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.1% Asco Brute T5) under the conditions of Example 3. The letters a, b or c associated with the numbers indicate the significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence. The percentage values indicate the difference in improvement compared to the control.
[0075] [Fig.7] [Fig.7] represents the length of the jejunal villi in micrometers of piglets at D70 having received the control feed (Control T1), the crude Spirulina platensis at 0.2% (0.2% Spirulina Brute T2), the combination of crude Spirulina platensis and crude Ascophyllum nodosum at respectively 0.2% and 0.02% (0.2% Spirulina Brute + 0.02% Asco Brute T3), at respectively 0.2% and 0.05% (0.2% Spirulina Brute + 0.05% Asco Brute T4) or at respectively 0.2% and 0.1% (0.2% Spirulina Brute + 0.1% Asco Brute T5) under the conditions of example 3. The letters a, b or c associated with the numbers indicate the significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence. Percentage values indicate the difference in improvement from the control.
[0076] [Fig.8] [Fig.8] represents the average daily consumption over the 1st age phase between D28 and D42 in kg / piglet / d of the animals having received the control feed (Control Tl), the crude Spirulina platensis at 0.2% (0.2% Spir. Brute T2), the combination of crude Spirulina platensis and crude Ascophyllum nodosum at respectively 0.2% and 0.02% (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.02% Asco Brute T3), at respectively 0.2% and 0.05% (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.05% Asco Brute T4) or at respectively 0.2% and 0.1% (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.1% Asco Brute T5) under the conditions of example 3. The letters a, b or c associated with the Figures indicate significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence level. Percentage values indicate the difference in improvement compared to the control.
[0077] [Fig.9] [Fig.9] represents the average daily gain (ADG) over the 1st age phase between D28 and D710 in kg / piglet / day of the animals having received the control feed (Control Tl), the crude Spirulinaplatensis at 0.2% (0.2% Spir. Brute T2), the combination of crude Spirulina platensis and crude Ascophyllum nodosum at respectively 0.2% and 0.02% (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.02% Asco Brute T3), at respectively 0.2% and 0.05% (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.05% Asco Brute T4) or at respectively 0.2% and 0.1% (0.2% Spir. Brute + 0.1% Asco Brute T5) under the conditions of example 3. The letters a, b or c associated with the numbers indicate the significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence. The percentage values indicate the difference in improvement compared to the control.
[0078] [Fig. 10] [Fig. 10] represents the length of duodenal villi and depth of duodenal crypts in micrometers of 7-day-old chicks having received normal drinking water (control: water) or water mixed with protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) and of the polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at respectively 0.1% of E1 + 0.02% of E2, 0.05% of El + 0.02% of E2 or 0.02% of El + 0.02% of E2 under the conditions of example 4.
[0079] [Fig. 11] [Fig. 11] represents the depth of the duodenal crypts in micrometers measured in 7-day-old chicks fed a normal diet (control: cob + water - Tl) or a feed with cobs mixed with Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate (El) and Ascophyllum nodosum polysaccharide extract (E2) at respectively 200 g / T of E1 feed + 100 g / T of E2 feed (T2), 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3), 1000 g / T of El + 100 g / T E2 (T4), 600 g / T of El + 500 g / T of E2 (T5) or 600 g / T El + 500 g / T of E2 + Flavoring (T6) under the conditions of Example 4. The percentage values indicate the improvement deviation compared to the witness.
[0080] [Fig. 12] The [Fig. 12] represents the average daily gain (ADG) over the phase between D27 and D35 in g / day in broiler chickens having received for 35 days a normal diet (control: cob + water - Tl) or a diet provided with cobs mixed with protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) and polysaccharide extract &Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at respectively 200 g / T of feed of E1 + 100 g / T of feed of E2 (T2), 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3), 1000 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T4), 600 g / T of El + 500 g / T of E2 (T5) or 600 g / T El + 500 g / T of E2 + Aroma (T6) under the conditions of Example 4. The letters a, b or c associated with the numbers indicate the significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence. The percentage values indicate the difference in improvement compared to the control.
[0081] [Fig. 13] [Fig. 13] represents the final live weight at D35 in grams of the chickens of flesh having received normal feed (control: stalk + water - Tl) or a feed provided with stalks mixed with protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at respectively 200 g / T of feed of E1 + 100 g / T of feed of E2 (T2), 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3), 1000 g / T of El + 100 g / T E2 (T4), 600 g / T of El + 500 g / T of E2 (T5) or 600 g / T El + 500 g / T of E2 + Flavoring (T6) under the conditions of example 4. The letters a, b or c associated with the numbers indicate the significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence. Percentage values indicate the difference in improvement compared to the control.
[0082] [Fig. 14] [Fig. 14] represents the weight of the thighs at D35 in grams of the chickens of flesh having received normal feeding (control: stalk + water - Tl) or a feed provided with stalks mixed with protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at respectively 200 g / T of feed of E1 + 100 g / T of feed of E2 (T2), 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3), 1000 g / T of El + 100 g / T E2 (T4), 600 g / T of El + 500 g / T of E2 (T5) or 600 g / T El + 500 g / T of E2 + Aroma (T6) under the conditions of Example 4. The letters a, b or c associated with the numbers indicate the significant differences between treatments at 5% confidence. The percentage values indicate the difference in improvement compared to the control.
[0083] [Fig. 15] The [Fig. 15] represents the weight of a tibia at D35 in grams of broiler chickens having received the normal diet (control: cob + water - Tl) or a feed provided with cobs mixed with protein hydrolyzate of Spirulina platensis (El) and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at respectively 200 g / T of feed of E1 + 100 g / T of feed of E2 (T2), 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3), 1000 g / T of El + 100 g / T E2 (T4), 600 g / T of El + 500 g / T of E2 (T5) or 600 g / T El + 500 g / T of E2 + Aroma (T6) under the conditions of example 4.
[0084] [Fig. 16] [Fig. 16] represents the number of total bacteria, bifidobacteria spp, lactobacilli spp, enterobacteria, Clostridium jejuni, Escherichia. Coli-shigella, Salmonella spp and Clostridium perfringens at D35 in the caecum of chickens in log / mg of freeze-dried dry caecum in broilers fed normal feed (control: cob + water - Tl) or feed with cobs mixed with protein hydrolysate of Spirulina platensis (El) and polysaccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (E2) at respectively 200 g / T of feed of E1 + 100 g / T of feed of E2 (T2), 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3), 1000 g / T of El + 100 g / T E2 (T4), 600 g / T of El + 500 g / T of E2 (T5) or 600 g / T El + 500 g / T of E2 + Aroma (T6) under the conditions of example 4. Example 1#: Preparation of extracts Example 1#: Spirulina extract (EI)
[0085] 100g of raw spirulina (Spirulina platensis) dehydrated in powder form having a protein content greater than or equal to 60% and a Phycocyanin content greater than or equal to 8% is extracted by maceration in 900g of water at a temperature of 60°C for a period of between 8 hours and 6 hours, more advantageously between 2 hours and 4 hours. The protein extract obtained (liquid) in aqueous solution is hydrolyzed using the enzyme serine subtilisin endoprotease marketed under the trade name Novo-Pro® D at a temperature of 60°C and at a pH of 8 so as to obtain a spirulina protein hydrolyzate.
[0086] The composition of raw spirulina per 100g is shown in the following table 1:
[0087] [Tables 1] Constituents Content in g Water 7.10 Dry matter 92.90 Mineral matter 6.64 Organic matter 86.26 Crude protein 67.50
[0088] The composition of the spirulina protein extract per 100g of raw spirulina is shown in the following table 2:
[0089] [Tables2] Constituents Content in g / 1 Dry matter 61.0 Mineral matter 8.7 Organic matter 52.3 Proteins 45.2 of which Phycocyanin 10.9
[0090] The composition of solubilized polypeptides and peptides of spirulina protein hydrolyzate from 100g of raw spirulina is shown in the following table 3:
[0091] [Tables3] Constituents according to the average weight (AW) in Da Content in g / 1 AW> 20,000 Da 1.4 AW from 10,000 to 20,000 Da 0.6 AW from 5,000 to 10,000 Da 0.4 AW from 1,000 to 5,000 Da 4.4 AW from 500 to 1,000 Da 6.8 AW from 150 to 500 Da 14.1 AW < 150 Da 17.5
[0092] The composition of amino acids (PM <150 Da) solubilized in the spirulina protein hydrolyzate from 100g of raw spirulina is shown in the following table 4:
[0093] [Tables4] Constituents according to the average weight (MW) in Da Content in g / 1 Aspartic acid 0.3 Threonine 0.8 Serine 0.9 Glutamic acid 0.7 Proline <0.2 Glycine 0.3 Alanine 1.4 Cystine <0.2 Valine 1.2 Methionine 0.6 Isoleucine 0.8 Leucine 2.4 Tyrosine 1.2 Phenylalanine 1.4 Histidine 0.3 Lysine 1.0 Arginine 1.6 Example 1b#: Ascophyllum nodosum extract (E2)
[0094] 200g of dehydrated raw Ascophyllum nodosum in powder form is extracted by maceration in 800g of water at a temperature between 45°C and 90°C for a period of between 2 and 4 hours. The resulting saccharide extract (liquid) is clarified by decantation or spinning.
[0095] The composition of raw Ascophyllum nodosum per 100g is shown in the following table 5:
[0096] [Tables5] Constituents Content in g Water 13.5 Dry matter 86.5 Mineral matter 26.4 Organic matter 60.1 Carbohydrates 54.5 Proteins 5.6 Cadmium < 1 ppm Lead < 2 ppm Mercury < 0.02 ppm Fluorine < 75 ppm Arsenic 33.5 ppm
[0097] The composition of the clarified liquid saccharide extract of Ascophyllum nodosum per 100g of raw Ascophyllum nodosum is shown in the following table 6:
[0098] [Tableauxô] Constituents Content in g / 1 Dry matter 143 Mineral matter 50 Organic matter 93 Carbohydrates 86.7 Proteins 6.3 Cadmium < 1 ppm Lead < 2 ppm Mercury < 0.02 ppm Fluorine < 75 ppm Arsenic 5.2 ppm Example 2: Study of the effect of the composition according to the invention on rumen fermentation and ration degradation
[0099] The compositions according to the invention comprising: - A content of spirulina extract obtained according to example 1a (El) corresponding to 50g / day and a content of Ascophyllum nodosum extract obtained according to example 1b (E2) corresponding to 20g / day (50+20g / day El + E2); - A content of spirulina extract obtained according to example 1a (El) corresponding to 5g / day and a content of Ascophyllum nodosum extract obtained according to example 1b (E2) corresponding to 10g / day (5+10g: JE1 + E2); - A content of spirulina extract obtained according to example 1a (El) corresponding to 5g / day, a content of Ascophyllum nodosum extract obtained according to example 1b (E2) corresponding to 10g / day and a content of lithothamnium (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) corresponding to 80g / day in simple mixture (CPA + El + E2); - A content of spirulina extract obtained according to example 1a (El) corresponding to 5g / day, a content of Ascophyllum nodosum extract obtained according to example 1b (E2) corresponding to 10g / day and a content of lithothamnium (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) corresponding to 80g / day with impregnation of the extracts on the CPA (CPA + El + E2); have been tested.
[0100] Comparative compositions comprising: - A content of spirulina extract obtained according to example Ia (El) corresponding to 50g / day or 5g / day (50g / day El or 5g / day El); - A content of Ascophyllum nodosum extract obtained according to example 1b (E2) corresponding to 20g / day or 10g / day (20g / day E2 or 10g / day E2); - A lithothamnium content (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) corresponding to 80g / day (CPA); - A content of spirulina extract obtained according to example Ia (El) corresponding to 5g / day and a content of lithothamnium (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) corresponding to 80g / day in simple mixture (CPA + El); - A content of extract & As cophyllum nodosum obtained according to example 1b (E2) corresponding to 10g / day and a content of lithothamnium (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) corresponding to 80g / day in simple mixture (CPA + E2); - A content of spirulina extract obtained according to example Ia (El) corresponding to 5g / day and a content of lithothamnium (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) corresponding to 80g / day with impregnation of the extract on the CPA (CPA + El); - A content of extract & As cophyllum nodosum obtained according to example 1b (E2) corresponding to 10g / day and a content of lithothamnium (CalseaPowder Advance CPA) corresponding to 80g / day with impregnation of the extract on the CPA (CPA + E2); were tested.
[0101] MATERIAL AND METHOD
[0102] The approach is based on the in vitro fermentation technique developed by the Animal Nutrition laboratory of the Roullier World Innovation Center. The principle is based on the incubation of fresh rumen juice from dairy cows mixed with artificial saliva prepared in the laboratory. The compositions to be tested and the ration (winter type - fibrous) are incorporated in conditions similar to reality (anaerobiosis at 39°C) and under continuous stirring (in order to mimic peristaltic movements). The bacterial flora in the presence of the adapted substrate reproduces ruminal fermentations, which makes it possible to monitor gas production as well as end products such as VFAs and N-NH3 depending on the objectives of the study.
[0103] To evaluate the effect of the composition according to the invention on rumen fermentation and ration degradation, rumen juice is taken from 3 fistulated cows fed with a ration based on corn silage, hay and concentrates (cereal mixture). To reproduce the physiological conditions, a ration based on corn silage, hay and energy concentrate (50:30:20) is incubated in the inoculum composed of rumen juice and artificial saliva. The rumen juice / artificial saliva ratio is 1:2. Each test takes place over 24 hours with monitoring intermediate to 6 hours of fermentation. Finally, the initial pH is adjusted to 6.5 to ensure the physiological conditions of the rumen or to 6.2 to simulate conditions favorable to acidosis, with 80% lactic acid.
[0104] Each 100 ml flask to be incubated was composed of: - 20 ml of filtered rumen juice - 40 ml of artificial saliva (buffering power: Buffer substances: Na and ammonium carbonate; Macro-elements: Na, P, K and Mg; Micro-elements: Ca, Mn, Co and Fe) - 0.5 g of substrate ground to 1 mm: the substrate can be a winter ration (50% corn silage + 30% hay + 20% energy concentrate (consisting of 20% wheat, 20% corn, 20% barley, 20% beet pulp, 15% wheat bran and 5% molasses) or an acidogenic ration (33% corn silage + 17% soybean meal + 50% energy concentrate (consisting of 20% wheat, 20% corn, 20% barley, 20% beet pulp, 15% wheat bran and 5% molasses) and - The composition to be tested
[0105] After 6 and 24 hours of incubation at 39.5°C, the flasks are placed in ice to stop the reactions. The pH is measured directly at the outlet of the incubator before filtration.
[0106] The substrate is separated from the rumen juice by centrifugation (20 min at 4,000 rpm) to recover 50 ml of juice intended for the determination of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the medium. The recovered substrate is freeze-dried for 48 hours and then ground for the determination of fibers (Neutral detergent-insoluble fibers (NDF) and Acid detergent-insoluble fibers (ADF)).
[0107] Continuous recording of the pressure in the bottles makes it possible to determine the volume of gas produced in ml / g of dry matter (DM). Finally, on the purge of each gas production recording module, a collection bag is adapted to recover a sample to allow analysis of the composition of the gases produced after 24 hours of incubation.
[0108] RESULTS - Monitoring of gas production:
[0109] Fermentation of the substrate by the rumen flora results in the production of gases, mainly CO2 and methane (CH4). Figures 1, 3 and 4 show the concentration and volume of CH4 produced after 24 hours of fermentation.
[0110] Extracts E1 and E2 show a synergistic action on CH4 production with reductions of 40% and 36%, respectively for concentration and volume, for the highest inputs. The impact is proportional to the application dose with a 16% decrease in volume at low doses ([Fig.l]). These treatments inhibit the fermentative activity of part of the rumen flora.
[0111] The combination of extracts in a simple mixture with CPA (lithothamnium) is the most effective treatment for limiting CH4 production (-31% in volume) compared to the extracts alone or to CPA alone or in a mixture with one of the extracts ([Fig.3]). The modalities have a marked effect on these parameters (p<0.001).
[0112] Overall, the association of extracts impregnated on CPA reduces by 19% the volume of CH4 produced during rumen fermentation ([Fig.4]).
[0113] Thus, during fermentation, the production of CH4 is reduced by the addition of the compositions according to the invention. This reduction confirms the direct inhibition of methanogenic bacteria and protozoa. Indeed, the association of these 2 families is responsible for 9 to 25% of the production of CH4. The addition of the composition according to the invention should make it possible to limit energy losses since the production of CH4 results in approximately 10% loss of the energy consumed by the animal.
[0114] Ration parameters
[0115] [Fig.2] shows the digestibilities of dry matter (dMS), ADF (dADF) and NDF (dNDF) after 24 hours of fermentation. The synergistic action of the extracts makes it possible to improve the degradation of the ration by between 20% and almost 40% depending on the application dose and the parameter considered.
[0116] The composition according to the invention therefore makes it possible to improve the dMS. The ration is therefore better consumed by the rumen flora, whether it is cellulolytic or amylolytic. The composition according to the invention also increases the dADF and the dNDF. It promotes the degradation and use of the fibers in the ration, in this case rich in fodder (80%) with corn silage and hay.
[0117] CONCLUSION
[0118] The effect of the composition according to the invention on rumen fermentation and the degradation of the ration under physiological conditions could therefore be evaluated. This composition therefore allows optimal functioning of the rumen via the optimization of ruminal fermentation. It reduces the production of enteric CH4. It therefore probably inhibits part of the flora, the protozoa which are associated with methanogenic bacteria. This defaunation makes it possible to limit CH4 emissions, thus reducing energy losses for the animal, which is essential for the performance of dairy cows.
[0119] The composition according to the invention significantly improves the degradation of the ration. Indeed, the digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and fibers (NDF and ADF) increase compared to the control without supplementation. This product allows better use and degradation of fiber by the rumen flora, the effect of which is proven and reproducible.
[0120] On the other hand, the use of El and E2 alone shows a less significant effect on the production of CH4, which clearly demonstrates that the use of these compounds alone is not sufficient to significantly improve microbial metabolism and therefore the use of rations.
[0121] Example 3: Study of the effect of the composition according to the invention on piglets
[0122] The compositions according to the invention comprising: - 0.2% by weight of raw spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and 0.02% by weight raw Ascophyllum nodosum (T3); - 0.2% by weight of raw spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and 0.05% by weight of raw Ascophyllum nodosum (T4); - 0.2% by weight of raw spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and 0.1% by weight of raw Ascophyllum nodosum (T5); have been tested.
[0123] Comparative compositions comprising: - 0.2% by weight of raw spirulina (Spirulina platensis) (T2); - no algae (Tl control); were tested.
[0124] MATERIAL AND METHOD
[0125] Breeding from 28 to 70 days of age, male piglets only. Two buildings#: building 1#: 5T x 3C x 18P - building 2#: 5T x 3C x 18P. 51 (building 1) + 51 (building 2) = 108 piglets per treatment, or 540 piglets in total (T = Treatment, C = Cages and P = Piglets). Distribution of products over the entire trial period. The feeding of these piglets consists of a 1st age feed then a 2nd age feed.
[0126] Weaning of the piglet is characterized by a reduction in intake, a period of anorexia lasting 2 to 4 days inducing, if poorly managed, intestinal lesions which can produce severe inflammation and tissue lesions.
[0127] Early control of intestinal inflammation is a major challenge in the management of intestinal disorders in piglets during this difficult period of their life.
[0128] Morphometric and functional changes may also be caused by nutritional factors present in certain diets or other products associated with the formulation.
[0129] For example, the use of soybean meal in piglet feed can cause fermentation in the intestine as well as diarrhea. Indeed, soybean meal contains antigens that induce severe inflammation and tissue damage. For this reason, its inclusion is often limited in feed intended for piglets. These piglets often have damaged intestinal villi leading to poor absorption of nutrients.
[0130] The objective of this example is to evaluate the effect of supplementation with the composition according to the invention on the immune system (proteins in the blood) and on the morphology of the intestinal villi.
[0131] RESULTS
[0132] Blood immunity: Figures 5 and 6 represent respectively the contents of Beta-1-globulin (serum proteins) and total proteins in the blood of piglets at D 70. [31-globulin is a polypeptide which exists in a free form and a form bound to cell membranes. This polypeptide plays an important role in immune defenses.
[0133] It is noted that the amount of serum proteins in the blood increases (p.val = 0.09) with spirulina alone or in a mixture with 0.02% and 0.05% Ascophyllum. To this end, a significant increase of up to 19.7% is observed for the composition containing 0.2% crude Spirulina + 0.02% crude Ascophyllum# or 12.8% for the composition containing 0.2% crude Spirulina + 0.05% crude Ascophyllum. The composition containing 0.2% crude Spirulina + 0.02% crude Ascophyllum# therefore appears to be the most effective.
[0134] Similarly, the amount of total blood protein increases with spirulina alone or with the composition containing 0.2% crude Spirulina + 0.02% crude Ascophyllum. An interesting effect is particularly observed for composition T3 (0.2% crude Spirulina + 0.02% crude Ascophyllum) with an increase of 4.3%.
[0135] Intestinal villi length#at D 70: Numerous morphological studies of the gastrointestinal mucosa have been undertaken to understand changes in intestinal function during piglet development and particularly around weaning. Weaning induces rapid, transient and significant changes in piglet physiology but also a maturation of intestinal capacities.
[0136] In our study, morphometric measurements were performed at D70 on small intestine samples and the results are presented in [Fig.7].
[0137] Supplementation with the composition according to the invention increased the length of the jejunal villi without major effect on the duodenal villi.
[0138] Treatments containing the highest doses of Ascophyllum increase (p.val = 0.08) the length of the villi of the jejunum up to 15.4% with the composition containing 0.2% raw Spirulina + 0.05% raw Ascophyllum# (most interesting composition).
[0139] Supplementation with the composition according to the invention can therefore modulate the inflammatory response via the increase in jejunal villi via the appearance of simple sugars probably or peptides (resulting from enzymatic reactions in specific absorption sites) which thus avoid the damage associated with post-weaning nutritional stress.
[0140] Health Conclusions#and General Conclusion:
[0141] Positive effects with the composition according to the invention have been observed in particular on the length of the villi of the jejunum of piglets.
[0142] A modulation of the immune response on the integrity of the intestinal mucosa was thus observed in our experiments with an effect of supplementation with the composition according to the invention in a breeding of male piglets only from 28 to 70 days of age (post-weaning).
[0143] The results obtained are interesting because the daily consumption is very different between the different compositions between D28 and D42 (1st age period) with a very significant p. Value (0.004) as shown in [Fig.8].
[0144] Indeed, the consumption of the food was reduced either because of the transition period (post-weaning) in our test batches, or probably because of the taste or smell of the composition according to the invention; However, despite this reduction in intake, the results remain positive on health, especially for the T3 composition (0.2% raw Spirulina + 0.02% raw Ascophyllum) whose average daily gain (ADG) is equivalent to the control (see [Fig.9]) while being correlated with a very low daily consumption (-11.8% / Tl).
[0145] Example 4: Study of the effect of the composition according to the invention on broiler chickens
[0146] The compositions according to the invention comprising: - 200 g of Spirulina extract obtained according to example 1a (El) / T of food + 100 g of Ascophyllum extract obtained according to example 1b (E2) / T of food (T2); - 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3); - 1000 g / T of El + 100 g / T E2 (T4); - 600 g / T El + 500 g / T E2 (T5); - 600 g / T El + 500 g / T of E2 + 0.05 g / kg of aroma marketed by Kaesler (T6); were tested.
[0147] Comparative compositions comprising: - no algae and water (Tl control); were tested.
[0148] MATERIAL AND METHOD
[0149] The feed was formulated to meet 95% of the nutritional requirements of Aviagen Ross 308 strain male chickens. It was fed ad libitum for 35 days.
[0150] The trial consisted of 6 feed treatments including stalks and one of the compositions indicated above (T1 to T6). These treatments were distributed throughout the rearing period.
[0151] A set of parameters attributable to the intestine were recorded during the trial (D7 and D15) and at the end of the trial at D35.
[0152] RESULTS
[0153] The parameter recorded in the start-up phase (D7) and growth phase (D15) is the histological study of the intestinal mucosa. The length of the villi and the depth of the crypts at the level of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were measured. Thus the study of the intestinal morphology at start-up showed a tendency (p.val = 0.16) towards an increase in the depth of the duodenal crypts at D7 ([Fig. 11]). The depth of the crypts of the chicks in the T4 treatment (1000 g / T El + 100 g / T E2) shows an increase of 9% compared to the control treatment TL. Similar results could be observed in the same rearing phase in a previous trial which had indeed demonstrated a tendency towards an increase in the length of the villi (p.val = 0.11) and the depth of the duodenal crypts (p.val = 0.15) at D7, of chicks having received the composition according to the invention in their drinking water ([Fig. 12]).At an equal dose of Ascophyllum extract in water (0.02%), crypts and villi increased with decreasing dose of spirulina extract from 0.1 to 0.02%.
[0154] Unlike the intake in food, it would appear that the dose of spirulina extract provided in drinking water does not need to be maximal to promote the growth of villi and the depth of crypts. The dose will therefore depend on the form of intake chosen.
[0155] These variations in the length of the villi and in the depth of the crypts are a good indicator of the digestion of nutrients and the absorption capacities of the small intestine. Indeed, more importantly, the development of the intestinal mucosa occurs very quickly after hatching in the first 7 days of the animal's life. In particular, this development occurs at the beginning of the intestine in the duodenum, although the levels are different between intestinal segments. Thus, the volume of the villi in the duodenum reaches a plateau after 7 days while it continues to grow in the jejunum and ileum after 7 days. However, the live weight at 42 days of age is correlated with the live weight at 21 days, itself correlated with the live weight at 7 days, itself related to the good absorptive capacity at the beginning of life.Large villi, more microvilli, and more active epithelial cells in the duodenum and jejunum early in the life of chickens suggest a large absorptive surface area and active intestinal function, which allow for faster and better growth of chickens after hatching.
[0156] Performance data (weight and feed consumption) were recorded during the finishing period at D27 and D35. Thanks to this, the feed conversion index (IC) and the average daily gain (ADG) of the chickens could be calculated. The finishing performances measured between D27 and D35 thus showed an improvement in the ADG27 35 over this period with the addition of the composition according to the invention ([Fig. 12]). During the last week of rearing, the addition of the extract mix, in particular the dose of 600 g / T of El combined with 100 or 500 g / T of E2 increased the GMQ2M5 by approximately 5.4% compared to the water control (p.val = 0.03). Similarly, this trial demonstrated an increase in final live weight (LW) at D35 ([Fig. 13]). In the same way as for GMQ27 35, LW at D35 is improved by approximately 2.7% with a dose of 600 g / T of spirulina extract (El) combined with a dose of 100 or 500 g / T of Ascophyllum extract (E2). This improvement in final LW is therefore due to an increase in GMQ over the last week of rearing. This seems to indicate that in the case of distribution of extracts in the feed, this should be done over the entire rearing period to obtain this result.
[0157] In order to understand where this improvement in the final PV came from, correlations were carried out between this PV and the weight of the organs and parts removed and weighed during this trial. A correlation of 94% was measured between the PV and the weight of the chicken thighs. An average correlation of 50% was measured between the PV and the fillets or shins. The pieces of meat, in particular the thighs and the skeleton therefore seem to explain the weight gain.
[0158] The weighing of the most valued cuts in human food (fillet and thighs) showed a tendency (p.val = 0.17) towards an increase in the weight of the thighs according to the treatments ([Fig. 14]). [Fig. 14] therefore shows that the chickens having received 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T E2 have a higher thigh weight of almost 3% compared to the water control. The chickens in this treatment, which were a little heavier at the end of rearing, also had a higher thigh weight than the chickens in the other treatments.
[0159] As shown in [Fig. 15], the weight of the tibias also tended to increase (p.val = 0.18) by almost 4% with the addition of 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2. Such a predisposition is relatively important in broiler chickens, whose precisely selected genetics over the last few decades have resulted in an improvement in the animals' growth capacities. The growth rate of chickens has in fact increased by 300% in fifty years, going from 25 g / day to 100 g / day. This progress, however, has resulted in the weakening of their legs, which are too weak to support such a weight so quickly. After forty days of rearing, this can represent almost 30% of chickens with locomotion problems or an inability to walk. The growth of these animals is then slowed down, as the chickens no longer have access to the feeder. Indirectly, these problems represent an economic loss for breeders.It is therefore important that the bone structure of the tibias is of good quality since this is a component which will affect the salary of breeders.
[0160] The parameters recorded in the finishing phase (J35) or at felling are: - at slaughter, samples of cecal contents were also collected in order to count the following bacterial populations by qPCR: Beneficial populations: - Lactobacilli - Bifidobacteria Pathogenic populations: - Clostridium perfringens - Salmonella spp - Escherichia coli-shigella - Clostridium jejuni - Enterobacteriaceae Total bacteria
[0161] The bacterial populations of the cecum were counted. The results showed modifications in these populations with the addition of the composition according to the invention ([Fig. 16]).
[0162] [Fig. 16] thus shows that chickens having received 600 g / T of El + 100 g / T of E2 (T3) present the lowest development of bacterial populations. This is particularly true for bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterobacteria, E. coli-shigella and salmonella.
[0163] As a result, the total number of bacteria in the caecum is 8.59 Log10 for chickens in this treatment, whereas this number is between 8.60 and 9.05 Log10 for the other treatments. Treatment with aroma is not recommended here because it promotes the development of these populations.
[0164] A discriminant analysis coupled with a comparison of the distances of this analysis by the Fisher method revealed that the populations of the control and the T3 treatment are significantly different (p.val = 0.04).
[0165] Furthermore, we will note that all the effects observed so far between treatments T2, T3 and T4, at a constant dose of Ascophyllum extracts but at an increasing dose of spirulina extract, do not follow a linear regression (improvement of the parameters with the dose of spirulina extract) but a quadratic plateau regression. Thus, the dose of spirulina extract does not need to be maximal for effects to be observed. Conversely, too high a dose of spirulina extract could decrease the results.
[0166] General conclusion
[0167] The test presented here, supplemented by results from a previous test, demonstrated the benefit of providing either a dose of 0.02% spirulina extract + 0.02% Ascophyllum extract in the drinking water of chickens at the start of D0 to D7, or a dose of 1000 g spirulina extract + 100 g spirulina extract / T of chicken feed at the same age. A food supplement at the start could in fact be proposed in the sense that it promotes the increase in the length of the villi and the depth of the duodenal crypts. This effect is also a good indicator of nutrient digestion and the absorption capacities of the small intestine, functions that are relatively important at the start because they can condition the weight gain of animals and the modulation of immunity throughout their lives. The recommended dose will depend on the form of intake: in drinking water or in feed.
[0168] Similarly, this food supplement could continue to be distributed until the end of the breeding period at a dose of 600 g of spirulina extract + 100 g of Ascophyllum extract / T of food in order to obtain a higher final PV which is explained by a higher weight of the thighs. This dose also makes it possible to obtain a higher tibia weight favorable to better locomotion and a reduction in total caecal bacterial populations including the pathogenic bacteria E. coli shigella, enterobacteria and salmonella.
Claims
Demands
1. Composition for the nutrition or drinking of a non-human farm animal, advantageously of a ruminant and / or a monogastric such as poultry or a pig and / or of an aquatic animal such as a fish or a crustacean, comprising the combination of spirulina and Ascophyllum nodosum.
2. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the spirulina is in the form of a protein extract, more advantageously a protein hydrolysate.
3. Composition according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that Ascophyllum nodosum is in the form of a polysaccharide extract, advantageously obtained by extraction in an aqueous solvent.
4. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the weight ratio of spirulina / Ascophyllum nodosum, in particular the weight ratio of spirulina extract / Ascophyllum nodosum extract, is in the range of 0.02-100, advantageously 0.2-15, in particular 0.5-20.
5. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises between 0.01 and 0.5% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, advantageously between 0.02 and 0.2% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, of spirulina, advantageously of spirulina extract.
6. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises between 0.05 and 0.5% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, advantageously between 0.01 and 0.1% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, of Ascophyllum nodosum, advantageously of Ascophyllum nodosum extract.
7. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it further comprises lithothamnium.
8. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, for its use in improving the zootechnical performance of non-human animals, advantageously of a ruminant and / or a monogastric such as a bird, for example poultry, or an omnivore, for example a pig, and / or of an aquatic animal such as a fish or a crustacean.
9. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, for its use in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in particular methane, in a non-human mammal, advantageously in a ruminant.
10. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, for use in increasing the digestibility of dry matter and fiber, in particular of forages and concentrates, and / or improving feed conversion ratio and / or feed efficiency and / or promoting weight gain and / or increasing the intensity of fermentation and microbial metabolism and / or inhibiting protozoa of the flora and / or decreasing protein degradation and / or directing fermentations towards the production of volatile fatty acids, in particular propionic acid, in a non-human mammal, advantageously in a ruminant.
11. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, for use in improving meat quality and / or growth performance and / or welfare of a non-human animal, advantageously of a monogastric such as a bird, in particular a domestic bird and more particularly poultry and / or for increasing intestinal villi, in particular the length of jejunal villi and / or the depth of duodenal crypts, of non-human monogastric animals such as birds, for example poultry, or omnivores, for example pigs, in particular chickens, chicks, pigs or piglets.
12. Composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, for use in improving intestinal health and / or intestinal well-being and / or the immune system and / or bone mineralization and / or bone structure quality and / or as an antibacterial in non-human animals advantageously ruminants and / or monogastrics such as birds, e.g. poultry or omnivores, e.g. pigs and / or aquatic animals such as fish or crustaceans, particularly in chickens, chicks, pigs or piglets.
13. Composition according to claim 12 for its use in modulating the inflammatory response and / or preventing damage associated with post-weaning nutritional stress in mammals monogastric animals such as omnivores, particularly pigs, and especially piglets.