A complex that reduces water condensation, an article comprising such a complex, and a method for manufacturing such a complex

Abstract

The present invention relates to a water condensation-reducing complex (10) having an inner face (12) and an outer face (14), said outer face (14) being oriented directly towards the external atmosphere, and said complex (10) comprises, from the inner face (12) to the outer face (14): a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A (20, 26), a textile substrate B (30); and at least one metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, deposited directly onto the textile substrate B (30) and forming a metallic layer C (40). The present invention also relates to an article comprising such a complex (10), a method for manufacturing such a complex (10), and the use of said complex (10) to manufacture an article limiting water condensation along an inner wall. Figure for the abstract: Fig 1

Description

Title of the invention: Water condensation reduction complex, article comprising such a complex, and method for manufacturing such a complex technical field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of complexes reducing water condensation, in particular according to their internal faces, as well as the manufacturing processes of such complexes.

[0002] The present invention also relates to articles (for example a tent, an awning, a blind, a sleeping bag cover, etc.) comprising a shelter area, in particular configured to accommodate at least one user, and further comprising said complex reducing water condensation in order to limit, or possibly eliminate, the runoff of dew water onto users and / or objects sheltered by said articles. Previous technique

[0003] Textiles used in articles designed to protect users from the external environment (sun, rain, wind, etc.), particularly in the camping sector (e.g., tents, shelters, blinds, awnings, parasols, etc.) and generally for sports activities (weatherproof clothing such as mountain jackets, sleeping bag covers, tarpaulins, sailing overalls, etc.), are coated on one side to ensure their water resistance. However, the coating applied significantly reduces, or even completely eliminates, the textile's permeability to air and water vapor.

[0004] While sleeping, and generally while sheltering using said article, a person continuously produces water vapor. This quantity of water vapor adds to the natural humidity present in the sheltered area of ​​said article, for example, in a tent. At night, the outside temperature decreases more rapidly than the temperature inside the sheltered area of ​​said article, for example, inside a tent. Upon contact with the inner surface of the cold wall separating the inside of the sheltered area from the outside of the sheltered area, the water vapor contained in the sheltered area condenses on the inner surface and then runs off or falls onto the user(s).

[0005] It should be noted that this condensation phenomenon on the inner face of the wall of said article can be observed without a user in the shelter area, simply because of the heat given off by the ground, and / or the surrounding heat and / or the saturation of water in the atmosphere, and therefore the shelter area.

[0006] The user(s) may be disturbed by the runoff of this water. Furthermore, when folded and / or stored, the item remains damp, which creates a risk of mold growth and also increases its weight. However, for certain activities, particularly hiking, lightweight items that are easy to fold, carry, and / or dry are essential.

[0007] To overcome this problem, when the articles are tents, they include a double roof whose outer and inner fabrics are separated by an air gap of several centimeters. The uncoated inner fabric allows water vapor to pass through. The coated outer fabric protects the interior of the article, in this case the sheltered area, from rain but blocks water vapor. The humidity in the ambient air will therefore condense on the inner surface of the outer fabric. The user is protected by the inner fabric, and the sheltered area of ​​the article thus remains dry and protected from condensation runoff.

[0008] Since condensation forms between the inner and outer fabrics of the garment, this solution does not prevent the garment from remaining damp. When hiking, the garment is folded in the morning and, lacking time to dry, is transported wet. The water carried by the wet garment represents an additional burden during the hike. Furthermore, the problem of potential mold growth remains unresolved.

[0009] Furthermore, the additional cost incurred by using a double roof does not provide any value to the user. Manufacturing a double roof has an environmental impact by emitting greenhouse gases, as its life cycle requires energy (electricity, water, and waste management related to the double roof at the end of its use). Ventilation systems are incorporated into the products to remove moisture, but this ventilation is sometimes insufficient or cannot be used optimally (for example, when the outside temperature is very cold, or when the wind is strong, etc.).

[0010] With regard to tents, it is therefore sought to eliminate the inner textile protecting users from water condensation.

[0011] Single-wall articles are known, particularly tents, that is to say, articles comprising a single protective textile for users without an inner chamber. These single-wall articles include a textile component comprising a coating of a waterproof and vapor-permeable layer, or a waterproof and vapor-permeable membrane.

[0012] However, condensation water is still observed on the inner face of these single-walled articles, which water is likely to run down onto users and / or objects, weighs down the articles once folded and risks forming mold if the articles are not properly dried before storage.

[0013] It is also observed that the water must not stagnate, and therefore fix itself, on the external face of the article, in order to allow the water vapor from the shelter zone of the article to be evacuated through the article, that is to say from its internal face to its external face.

[0014] Furthermore, on a clear night, a radiative cooling phenomenon occurs which amplifies water condensation on the inner and / or outer surface of the article. The condensation phenomenon described above for an article such as a tent or shelter can also be found in clothing for sports, for example, in a lightweight climbing jacket or sailing overalls.

[0015] There is therefore a need for a complex configured to limit the condensation of water according to its internal face and / or its external face, and configured to be able to be used in an article naturally exposed by its use to the formation of condensation, in order to limit the condensation of the latter, and which is light and easily foldable.

[0016] There is also a need for an article configured to limit water condensation on its inner and / or outer face. Description of the invention

[0017] The present invention relates, according to a first aspect, to a water condensation limiting complex having an internal face and an external face, said external face being oriented directly towards the external atmosphere, and said complex comprising, in particular, being essentially constituted from the internal face to the external face: - optionally a protective substrate E; and - a substrate that is impermeable to water and permeable to water vapor A, - a textile substrate B; and - a metal Ml, possibly in alloy form, deposited directly onto the textile substrate B and forming a metallic layer C; and - optionally a protective layer D of the metallic layer C; and - optionally a water-repellent primer.

[0018] Advantageously, the metallic layer C, combined with the substrates A and B, makes it possible to limit the consequences of the radiative cooling phenomenon while allowing water vapor to be evacuated from the inner face to the outer face, and therefore through the substrates A and B, as well as the metallic layer C.

[0019] Advantageously, said metal Ml, and / or an alloy comprising said metal Ml, forms a thin metallic layer C, applied directly onto the textile substrate B without through the use of an organic binder which clogs the pores of the textile substrate, and therefore significantly alters its permeability to water vapor.

[0020] Advantageously, the metallic layer C does not include a polymer binder.

[0021] In particular, in the present text, a polymer binder is understood to mean any polymer forming a matrix in which metallic particles are dispersed.

[0022] Advantageously, the metallic layer C makes it possible to limit, or even avoid, the effects resulting from the radiative cooling phenomenon, by limiting heat transfers with the sky, in addition to the presence of the imper-breathable substrate A.

[0023] Preferably, the metallic layer C is chosen such that the external face of the complex has low emissivity. The metallic layer C reduces the external emissivity of the complex and thus decreases heat loss at the level of the textile substrate B. Heat exchange with the outside is therefore reduced.

[0024] The textile substrate B thus loses less heat during the night.

[0025] Advantageously, less heat loss in the internal environment, i.e. in the shelter zone of an article formed at least in part by said complex, but also less heat loss from the textile substrate B, makes it possible to reduce the risk of reaching the dew point in the shelter zone and therefore prevents the appearance of condensation of water vapor on the cold inner face of the complex.

[0026] Preferably, said substrate A comprises internal and external faces, in particular substantially opposite.

[0027] It is understood by impermeable to water and permeable to water vapor substrate A that said substrate A cannot be traversed from its outer face to its inner face by water but can be traversed from its inner face to its outer face by water vapor.

[0028] Preferably, the inner face of said substrate A is oriented directly towards the outside of the complex, in particular directly towards the user to be protected from condensation and / or towards the shelter area of ​​the article comprising said complex.

[0029] Preferably, the textile substrate B comprises internal and external faces, in particular substantially opposite.

[0030] Preferably, the external face of the substrate A is arranged opposite the internal face of the textile substrate B.

[0031] Preferably, the outer face of substrate A is in direct contact with the inner face of textile substrate B

[0032] Preferably, the metallic layer C comprises substantially opposite inner and outer faces.

[0033] Preferably, the outer face of the textile substrate B is opposite the inner face of the metallic layer C.

[0034] Preferably, the inner face of the metallic layer C is in direct contact with the outer face of the textile substrate B.

[0035] Waterproof and vapor-permeable substrate A

[0036] In one embodiment, the substrate A comprises (or is) a waterproof and vapor-permeable membrane, in particular a waterproof-breathable membrane.

[0037] The waterproof-breathable membrane can be attached to the inner face of the textile substrate B: - by bonding (for example with a water-based adhesive, such as an acrylic adhesive), and possibly heating to polymerize the adhesive and / or evaporate the solvent (especially water), or - by heating the waterproof-breathable membrane so as to soften it, then making it adhere under pressure to the inner face of the textile substrate B.

[0038] The waterproof-breathable membrane can be a commercially available, ready-to-use membrane.

[0039] The waterproof-breathable membrane A may be based on polyurethane or a fluorinated polymer (for example PTFE) or even on poly(ethylene oxide).

[0040] In another embodiment, the water-impermeable and vapor-permeable substrate A comprises (or is) a water-impermeable and vapor-permeable polymer coating, in particular a polymer coating of the inner face of the textile substrate B, more particularly applied by coating with a squeegee or knives, or by rollers, or by any other equivalent means.

[0041] The polymer coating may include the application of one or more layers of a liquid comprising one or more polymer(s), and / or one or more oligomer(s), and / or one or more monomer(s), in dispersion or in solution, for example an aqueous or solvent-based dispersion or solution.

[0042] The polymer(s) / oligomer(s) may be chosen from: polyurethanes, polyacrylics, and polyesters.

[0043] The waterproof-breathable coating or waterproof-breathable membrane can be micro or nano-porous so as to mechanically block the passage of liquid water and allow water vapor to pass through via the micropores or nanopores, or it can be hydrophilic (in particular the water vapor is chemically evacuated through the substrate A).

[0044] A person skilled in the art knows how to manufacture this type of waterproof and vapor-permeable substrate A, and how to bond it to a textile substrate B. Protective substrate E (optional)

[0045] In one embodiment, the complex comprises a protective substrate E, in particular directly oriented towards the outside of the complex and / or forms at least part of the inner face of the complex.

[0046] Thus, the water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable substrate A is arranged between the substrate E and the textile substrate B.

[0047] Said protective substrate E makes it possible to protect the impermeable-breathable substrate A.

[0048] Advantageously, the substrate E is permeable to water vapor.

[0049] Advantageously, the substrate E comprises through openings having at minus one dimension greater than or equal to 0.1 mm, possibly greater than or equal to 0.5 mm or 1 mm.

[0050] It has been observed that the arrangement of such a substrate E in the complex increases the thermal evaporative resistance of the complex, and can therefore amplify the condensation phenomenon. Nevertheless, this embodiment may be desirable when it is necessary to improve the protection of the water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A from external aggressions (improve resistance to abrasion, tearing, etc.). This arrangement is therefore not preferred. Preferably, the substrate E is / comprising a textile layer, for example, a fabric, a knit (for example, of the mesh type), a nonwoven, or a combination thereof.

[0051] Preferably, the nonwoven is a meltblown or spunbond nonwoven or a combination thereof.

[0052] The substrate E is preferably very light. The substrate E preferably has a thickness of less than or equal to 3 mm, more preferably less than or equal to 2 mm, in particular less than or equal to 1 mm.

[0053] Preferably, the substrate E has a surface mass greater than or equal to 5 g / m2 and less than or equal to 150 g / m2, more preferably less than or equal to 100 g / m2, possibly less than or equal to 75 g / m2 or 50 g / m2.

[0054] By way of example, when the substrate E is / includes a nonwoven, the substrate E has a surface mass greater than or equal to 5 g / m2 and less than or equal to 30 g / m2, for example of the order of 15 g / m2.

[0055] By way of example, when the substrate E is / includes a fabric or knit, the substrate E has a surface mass greater than or equal to 30g / m2 and less than or equal to 60g / m2, for example of the order of 45 g / m2.

[0056] Substrate E is not a thermal insulation substrate. Preferably, the substrate E comprises fibers and / or filaments, for example fibers and / or filaments made of polyamide (PA 66, PA 4-6, PA 6, etc.) and / or polyester (PET or PBT), and / or polyolefin (PP, PE). Textile substrate B

[0058] The textile substrate B is preferably a flexible textile, permeable to water vapor, i.e. that water vapor can circulate from the inner face to the outer face of the textile substrate B.

[0059] The textile substrate B may be / include a fabric, a knit, a nonwoven, or a combination thereof.

[0060] Preferably, the textile substrate B is / comprising a fabric, in particular comprising warp and weft yarns. This type of woven textile generally offers better mechanical performance (tear resistance, etc.) and stable dimensions under elongation compared to a knit, for example.

[0061] The textile substrate B preferably comprises one or more multifilament yarn(s) and / or one or more spun yarn(s) of fibre, which may be one or more yarn(s) in one or more synthetic material(s) (polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamides,...) and / or natural material(s) (cotton,...) and / or regenerated material(s) (in particular based on cellulose, for example viscose,...), or a mixture of the latter.

[0062] The surface mass of the textile substrate B is preferably less than or equal to 250 g / m2, more preferably less than or equal to 200 g / m2, preferably less than or equal to 150 g / m2 or 130 g / m2, possibly less than or equal to 100 g / m2 or 90 g / m2.

[0063] The surface mass of the textile substrate B is preferably greater than or equal to 25 g / m2, more preferably greater than or equal to 50 g / m2, possibly greater than or equal to 75 g / m2.

[0064] Advantageously, the textile substrate B comprises pores (or through-openings) having at least one dimension greater than or equal to 0.01 mm, preferably greater than or equal to 0.1 mm, possibly greater than or equal to 0.5 m or 1 mm.

[0065] Advantageously, the textile substrate B is permeable to water vapor.

[0066] Advantageously, the crossing spaces between the wires of substrate B form spaces for the circulation of water vapor between the internal and external faces of substrate B. Metallic layer C

[0067] Preferably, said metallic layer C is deposited by a thin film deposition technique, in particular as described below or with reference to the third aspect of the invention.

[0068] Preferably, said metallic layer C has a thickness less than or equal to 50 pm, preferably less than or equal to 10 pm, in particular less than or equal to 1 pm, in particular less than or equal to 200 nm or 150 nm or 100 nm.

[0069] Preferably, said metallic layer C has a thickness greater than or equal to 1 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 10 nm.

[0070] Advantageously, the metallic layer C is manufactured by a physical vapor deposition method (in particular known as PVD or physical vapor deposition), in particular selected from: - a vacuum evaporation deposition method (in particular according to the first embodiment of the third aspect of the invention), or - preferably, a sputtering deposition method (in particular according to the second embodiment of the third aspect of the invention, possibly assisted by a magnetic field.

[0071] The metallic protective layer D can be manufactured: - by a physical vapor deposition method (in particular known as PVD or physical vapor deposition), specifically chosen from: - a vacuum evaporation deposition method (in particular according to the first embodiment of the third aspect of the invention), or - a sputtering deposition method (in particular according to the second embodiment of the third aspect of the invention, possibly assisted by a magnetic field), in particular in the same manufacturing chamber for the metallic layer C, - or it can be manufactured by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method (known as PECVD: Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition), in particular in the same manufacturing chamber as the metallic layer C.

[0072] Advantageously, the use of a thin film deposition technique makes it possible not to significantly alter the water vapor permeability of the textile substrate B, or of the metallic layer C, while lowering the emissivity rate of the external face of the complex, thus limiting the effects related to the radiative cooling phenomenon.

[0073] Advantageously, the metallic layer C or the protective layer D, in particular metallic or non-metallic, is permeable to water vapor. Complex

[0074] Preferably, the complex according to the invention is flexible, in particular it exhibits a certain drapability and can conform to different shapes of articles.

[0075] The flexible complex can be sewn, and therefore perforated by sewing needles.

[0076] Preferably, the total surface mass of the complex is greater than or equal to 10 g / m2 or 30 g / m2 or 50 g / m2.

[0077] Preferably, the surface mass of the complex is less than or equal to 350 g / m2, more preferably less than or equal to 300 g / m2 or 250 g / m2 or 200 g / m2, possibly less than or equal to 150 g / m2 or 100 g / m2.

[0078] Preferably, the complex has a thickness greater than or equal to 0.01 mm or 0.05 mm.

[0079] Preferably, the complex has a thickness less than or equal to 5 mm or 4 mm or 3 mm or 2 mm or 1 mm.

[0080] In the present text, the term "external atmosphere" means everything arranged outside the complex according to the invention; the external face is in particular intended, during operation, to be oriented towards the external atmosphere, especially towards the sky.

[0081] Chemical analysis of the outer face of the complex can be carried out by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This is a qualitative analysis. During such a measurement, the chemical composition on the surface of the sample is identified, in this case the presence of the metal Ml of the metal layer C, in particular aluminum, and possibly traces of silica.

[0082] In one variant, the textile substrate B includes through openings extending between the external and internal faces of said textile substrate B which are free of said metallic layer C, and optionally of the protective layer D.

[0083] Advantageously, the metallic layer C, and / or the metallic protective layer D or even the non-metallic protective layer D, is / are deposited on the fibers and / or yarns of the textile substrate B, and thus do not block the through-openings of the textile substrate B.

[0084] In particular, the through openings of the textile substrate B extend and open onto the internal and external faces of the textile substrate B.

[0085] These through openings may include through openings extending between two woven or knitted yarns.

[0086] Said through openings form zones permeable to water vapor, in particular allowing the passage of water vapor from the inner face of the textile substrate B to its outer face.

[0087] Preferably, these through openings have an average size of less than 0.01 mm2.

[0088] Advantageously, the through-openings on the external face of the textile substrate B have an average size less than or equal to 0.05 mm2 or 0.01 mm2 or 0.0090 mm2 or 0.0070 mm2 or 0.0050 mm2 or 0.0040 mm2 or 0.003 mm2.

[0089] Advantageously, the free through-openings on the external face of the textile substrate B have an average size greater than or equal to 0.0001 mm2, preferably greater than or equal to 0.001 mm2.

[0090] An example of a protocol for measuring the average size of through-holes is as follows: samples (at least 5) are observed under a scanning electron microscope at the same magnification, with the following parameters: accelerating voltage: 10-11 volts; beam aperture size: 5.5-6; pressure in the chamber: 130 pascals; magnification: X 100; detector used: ABS lens.

[0091] Image analysis is performed using Topomaps software. Analysis of the structure of the outer face of the complex uses the binary segmentation option of Topomaps software. Three different zones are evaluated for each sample. The The following information is recorded for each sample: X100 magnification, binary image, histogram of the surface distribution of pores, statistical average of the through-opening surfaces.

[0092] These through openings are advantageously observed from the external face of the complex, that is to say from the face of the complex oriented towards the external atmosphere, and therefore not oriented towards the user.

[0093] In one variant, the complex further comprises a protective layer D of the metallic layer C.

[0094] The protective layer D is preferably deposited by a thin film deposition technique.

[0095] The protective layer D can be deposited by a physical vapor deposition technique or by a plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique, in particular under vacuum.

[0096] Said physical vapor phase deposition technique may be a vacuum evaporation deposition method, or a cathodic sputtering deposition method, possibly assisted by a magnetic field, as described above or below with reference to the third aspect of the invention.

[0097] In one embodiment, the metallic layer D does not include a polymer binder.

[0098] The textile substrate B, coated with the metallic layer C, can be subjected to one or more precursor(s) in gaseous phase, which react or decompose according to the external face of the metallic layer C, to generate the desired deposit.

[0099] The protective layer D can thus be a metallic layer or a chemical layer not comprising aluminum or silver or titanium, in particular a chemical layer not comprising metal.

[0100] The metal-free chemical layer can be based on silica (for example SiO2) or on material(s) derived from carbon chemistry or even on polymers or oligomers.

[0101] Preferably, the protective layer D has a thickness less than or equal to 500 pm or 100 pm, more preferably less than or equal to 50 pm, preferably less than or equal to 10 pm, in particular less than or equal to 1 pm, in particular less than or equal to 200 nm or 150 nm or 100 nm.

[0102] The protective layer D preferably has a thickness greater than or equal to 1 nm or 10 nm.

[0103] The protective layer D has the function of protecting the metallic layer C from oxidation and degradation due to weathering (rain, ultraviolet, etc.).

[0104] In one variant, the protective layer D is a metallic layer D and comprises at least one metal M2, possibly in the form of an alloy.

[0105] In particular, M2 is different from said at least one metal Ml of the metal layer C or in an alloy different from the alloy comprising the metal Ml (M2 may be identical to Ml)

[0106] Preferably, the metallic layer D is deposited by a physical vapor phase deposition technique, in particular by sputtering (as described above).

[0107] Preferably, the metal M2 can be chromium or nickel or a chromium nickel alloy.

[0108] In one variant, the protective layer D is a layer comprising at least one polymer, in particular not comprising any metal.

[0109] A person skilled in the art knows how to select a polymer or oligomer to be deposited by PECVD so that the latter does not modify the emissivity properties of the metal layer C and ensures a protective function against oxidation and ultraviolet radiation of the metal layer C.

[0110] In one variant, the textile substrate B comprises fibers and / or filaments, and said at least one metal Ml, possibly in the form of an alloy, coats said fibers and / or filaments at least in part.

[0111] The metal Ml, possibly in alloy form, is in direct contact with the surface of the fibers and / or filaments of the outer face of the textile substrate.

[0112] This arrangement is possible because of the selected deposition technique.

[0113] In one variant, said complex does not include a textile thermal insulation layer disposed between the metallic layer D and the external atmosphere.

[0114] In one variant, said complex does not include a textile thermal insulation layer.

[0115] Preferably, the complex according to the invention is not intended for use in a thermal insulation article, and therefore does not include a thick layer of thermal insulation, for example, felt. Indeed, a layer of thermal insulation would adversely alter the water vapor resistance of the complex. Since the water vapor would be blocked by this insulation layer, it would condense on its surface and form water droplets.

[0116] In one embodiment, the complex has a water vapor resistance (Ret) less than or equal to 50 m2.Pa.W', preferably less than or equal to 45 m2.Pa.W' or 40 m2.Pa.W' or 35 m2.Pa.W' or 30 m2.Pa.W' or 25 m2.Pa.W' or 20 m2.Pa.W' or 15 m2.Pa.W'.

[0117] Water vapor resistance is understood to be the measure of the energy required to pass water vapor through the complex, in particular from its inner face to its outer face.

[0118] In particular, it is the difference in water vapor pressure between the inner and outer faces of the complex according to the invention, divided by the evaporation heat flux per unit area in the direction of the gradient.

[0119] Thus, the lower the Ret, the more breathable the complex.

[0120] Water vapor resistance (Ret) is preferably measured according to the standard ISO 11092, in particular dated (September) 2014, entitled "Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal resistance and water vapor resistance under steady-state conditions (hot plate test with sweat guard). The composite material has, in particular for this measurement, a thickness of less than or equal to 5 mm, specifically less than or equal to 1 mm.

[0121] In one variant, the textile substrate B comprises through openings whose average size is less than or equal to 0.005 mm2.

[0122] The average size of the through openings can be measured on its inner face or its outer face.

[0123] The measurement protocol is that described above.

[0124] In one variant, the outer face of the complex is water-repellent.

[0125] This arrangement prevents water from stagnating on the external face of the complex and impairing its water vapor permeability.

[0126] Preferably, water repellency is measured according to standard NF EN ISO 4920, in particular the January 2013 version, entitled "Fabrics - Determination of resistance to surface wetting (spray test). This international standard specifies a spray test method for determining the resistance of a fabric to surface wetting by water.

[0127] Water repellency is evaluated on a rating scale from 1 to 5, 5 being the best value and 1 the worst measured water repellency value.

[0128] The target value is preferably a rating greater than 3, preferably 4 or more, after at least one wash.

[0129] Water repellency can be obtained by applying (for example by impregnation) to the external face of the metallic layer C or the protective layer D an aqueous solution or dispersion of at least one water-repellent agent, in particular non-fluorinated, such as a urethane comprising alkyl groups, or an acrylate, or a combination thereof.

[0130] Such water-repellent agents and their application methods are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0131] In one variant, the outer face of the complex has an emissivity less than or equal to 0.50 or 0.45 or 0.40 or 0.35 or 0.30.

[0132] Emissivity (e) is the property of the surface of a body to absorb and emit heat by radiation, expressed as the ratio between the energy radiated by this surface and that radiated by a black body at the same temperature. A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation it receives, at all wavelengths. No electromagnetic radiation passes through it and none is reflected.

[0133] An emissivity less than or equal to 0.30 means that at least 70% of the solar rays received by the outer face of the complex, in particular infrared rays, are re-emitted into the outside atmosphere, while 30% or less of said solar rays are absorbed and / or transmitted.

[0134] Emissivity thus depends on many parameters, including the temperature of the body in question, the direction of the radiation, the wavelength and especially the surface condition of the internal and external faces of the complex.

[0135] In the present text, we understand by reflection the phenomenon by which a wave falling on the surface separating two propagation media with different properties returns to the medium from which it originates, in particular with regard to the complex, the external face acts as the first medium while the ambient air into which the external face opens acts as the second medium.

[0136] In the present text, transmission of radiation means the passage of radiation through a medium, without a change in wavelength, in particular through the complex.

[0137] The solar rays according to the invention cover the solar spectrum, which includes in particular visible rays, infrared and ultraviolet rays.

[0138] Preferably, the infrared rays referred to in this text include / are near-infrared rays and far-infrared rays, in particular include / are far-infrared rays.

[0139] Far infrared (FIR) is a part of the thermal rays emitted by the various bodies, such as the ground, the complex, a possible inner chamber, objects arranged in the shelter area and finally, and most importantly, one or more users arranged in the shelter area or wearing clothing including said article.

[0140] Waves in the far infrared penetrate the skin without damage and warm the user's body tissues in a manner similar to the sun but without the harmful ultraviolet radiation.

[0141] Preferably, far-infrared is understood to mean any radiation having wavelengths greater than or equal to 5pm.

[0142] In this text, absorption of radiation means the penetration, retention and assimilation of said radiation into the thickness of a material, in the case of the present invention into the complex.

[0143] The rates of reflection, transmission, and absorption are defined as the fraction of incident radiation, in particular solar radiation, which is respectively reflected, transmitted, or absorbed.

[0144] Emissivity, reflection, transmission, and absorption form the radiative properties of the complex.

[0145] Advantageously, the emissivity, in particular in the infrared, especially in the far infrared, of the external face of the complex can be measured according to the standard NF EN 15976, in particular dating from July 2011, entitled "Flexible sealing sheets - Determination of emissivity".

[0146] In one variant, the outer face of the complex is impermeable to water.

[0147] The water impermeability of the complex can be evaluated by the measurement method described in the standard NF EN ISO 811, in particular dated May 2018, and entitled "Textiles - Determination of resistance to water penetration - Hydrostatic pressure test".

[0148] In one variant, said at least one metal Ml, possibly in alloy form, is chosen from the list consisting of: aluminium, silver, gold, stainless steel, zinc, tin, lead, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel, and a mixture of the latter, preferably aluminium.

[0149] In one variant, said at least one metal M2, possibly in alloy form, is chosen from the list consisting of: aluminium, silver, gold, stainless steel, zinc, tin, lead, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel, and a mixture of the latter, preferably aluminium.

[0150] Preferably, said at least one metal M2 is different from said at least one metal Ml, or said at least one metal M2 is identical to metal Ml and the metal layer C comprises an alloy of metal Ml which is different from the alloy of metal M2 of the protective layer D.

[0151] In one variant, the inner face of the complex, in particular consisting at least in part of the water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A, is oriented in operation directly towards the user or the object to be protected from condensation.

[0152] Preferably, in operation the inner face of the complex is in contact with a layer of air.

[0153] According to a second aspect, the present invention relates to an article comprising at least one complex according to any one of the embodiments referred to in the first aspect of the invention, said article being advantageously chosen from the list comprising: a rain and / or wind protection device for a user comprising a shelter area, in particular chosen from: a protective overbag a sleeping bag, a tent, an awning, a protective tarpaulin, an umbrella, a parasol, a curtain, a blind; and protective clothing against rain and / or wind.

[0154] In one embodiment, said article is a rain and / or wind protection device comprising a shelter area, in particular chosen from a sleeping bag cover, a tent, an awning and a protective tarpaulin, more particularly a sleeping bag cover, a tent and an awning.

[0155] In one embodiment, said article is a garment for protection against rain and / or wind.

[0156] Said protective clothing may be sailing overalls, a hiking jacket, ....

[0157] The article according to the invention may be a tent.

[0158] The tent may include an inner chamber. However, preferably the tent does not include an inner chamber.

[0159] The rain and / or wind protection device includes a shelter area, i.e. an area in which a user can take shelter at least partially, for example from rain, wind and / or sun.

[0160] The inner face of the complex is in contact at least in part with a layer of air, for example a layer of air of minimum thickness (for example on the order of 5 mm or 3 cm to 15 cm or 20 cm), in particular extending between the complex and an inner chamber, or opening directly into the air volume of the shelter zone.

[0161] In one variant, the complex forms at least in part a single-wall roof or a single-wall screen of a rain and / or wind protection device, in particular of a tent, awning or sleeping bag cover.

[0162] This provision makes it possible to lighten the article compared to existing articles in the prior art.

[0163] The present invention relates, according to a third aspect, to a method for manufacturing a complex limiting water condensation and having internal and external faces, said external face being oriented directly towards the external atmosphere, in particular according to any one of the embodiments with reference to the first aspect of the invention, comprising the steps (in particular the following successive steps): a- a step of supplying at least one textile substrate B having an inner face and an outer face; b- a step of depositing a waterproof and vapor-permeable substrate A onto the inner face of said textile substrate B; c- a step of depositing a thin layer of at least one metal Ml, possibly in alloy form, directly onto the outer face of the textile substrate B for fabricating a metallic layer C, in particular the thin film deposition step is a physical vapor phase deposition step; d- optionally a deposition step, on the external face of the metallic layer C, of ​​a protective layer D of said metallic layer C, in particular the deposition step d) is a physical or chemical vapor phase deposition step; e- Optionally, a step of applying a water-repellent primer to the outer face of the metallic layer C or to the outer face of the protective layer D.

[0164] Preferably, the metallic layer C, and optionally the protective layer D, is / are deposited by a thin film deposition technique, in particular by vapor phase deposition, either by a physical means in the case of layer C and / or protective layer D, or by a chemical means in the case of protective layer D.

[0165] Physical vapor phase deposition can be a vacuum evaporation deposition method, or preferably by cathodic sputtering, possibly assisted by a magnetic field.

[0166] The technical features / variants / embodyments relating to the thin film deposition techniques described with reference to the third aspect of the invention below apply independently to the second or first aspect of the invention. Deposition of a thin C or D film in the vapor phase

[0167] Advantageously, step c) of depositing a thin film is a physical vapor-phase deposition step, in particular: - a vacuum evaporation deposition step, or - preferably, a sputtering deposition step, possibly assisted by a magnetic field.

[0168] Advantageously, step d) is a thin-film deposition step, in particular: - a physical vapor deposition step, more specifically: - a vacuum evaporation deposition step, in particular this step is carried out in the manufacturing chamber for the metallic layer C, or - a sputtering deposition step, possibly assisted by a magnetic field, in particular this step is carried out in the manufacturing chamber of the metallic layer C, or - preferably, a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) step, in particular this step is carried out in the manufacturing chamber of the metallic layer C.

[0169] In a first embodiment, the vacuum evaporation deposition step (in particular step c) or step d)) includes a vacuum evaporation step of at least one metal M1 (or at least one metal M2), or at least one alloy of said metal M1 (or at least one alloy of said metal M2). The vaporization step of said at least one metal M1 or M2, or an alloy thereof, can be achieved by various techniques, such as thermal evaporation.

[0170] In particular, this vaporization step includes the disposition of at least one metal M1 (or M2), possibly in alloy form, in a crucible disposed in a vacuum chamber.

[0171] Advantageously, during this vaporization step, the crucible is positioned opposite the outer face of the textile substrate B when the metal layer C is to be deposited, or opposite the outer face of the metal layer C when a metal layer D is to be deposited. Said at least one metal M1 or M2, or an alloy thereof, is then vaporized, in particular by heating, and is deposited by condensing onto the outer face of the textile substrate B, or onto the outer face of the metal layer C.

[0172] This operation can be repeated several times depending on the desired thickness of the metallic layer C or metallic protective layer D.

[0173] Advantageously, and preferably, the crucible (i.e., the receptacle comprising said at least one molten metal M1, or M2, or an alloy of M1 or M2) can be arranged extensively opposite the outer face of the textile substrate B, or the outer face of the metal layer C; in particular, this is referred to as vacuum evaporation with an extended source. Preferably, in this case, the vaporized metal particles are directed substantially along vertical lines towards the textile substrate B or the metal layer C. In this case, preferably, the metal layer formed has a regular, i.e., substantially constant, thickness.

[0174] The crucible (i.e., the receptacle containing said at least one molten metal M1 or M2) can be positioned at a point opposite the textile substrate B or the metallic layer C; this is referred to as vacuum evaporation with a point source. Preferably, in this case, the vaporized particles are directed substantially along an arc. In this case, preferably, the metallic layer formed has an irregular thickness because it is thicker in its center than at the edges. It is possible to reduce the pressure applied in the chamber to lessen this effect. However, the deposition rate is then reduced.

[0175] In a second embodiment, particularly preferred, the sputtering deposition step (in particular step c) or step d)), in particular combined with a magnetic field, includes a vaporization step of said at least one metal M1 or M2, or an alloy thereof, preferably obtained by different techniques, such as by electron bombardment.

[0176] In particular, this sputtering step includes an enclosure in which a diode (i.e. a cathode and anode assembly) is disposed, and includes the formation of a plasma.

[0177] In particular, the enclosure includes a spray target forming a cathode, said spray target comprising (or being substantially composed of) said at least one metal M1 or M2, or an alloy thereof. The enclosure also includes an anode to which the textile substrate B, optionally coated with the metallic layer C, is bonded such that the outer face of the textile substrate B or of the metallic layer C is opposite the cathode, in particular a few centimeters from the cathode.

[0178] Advantageously, said sputtering step includes a step in which a vacuum is created in the chamber, and then a certain quantity of gas, preferably argon or any other equivalent gas or a mixture thereof, is introduced. An electrical voltage is applied between the two electrodes (cathode and anode), causing ionization of the chamber atmosphere and the creation of a glow discharge plasma. Due to the negative potential of the target, the positive ions present in the residual gas rush towards the target and strike it at high speed. Metallic particles from the target are detached, vaporized as they pass through the plasma, and captured by the anode. These metallic particles from the target are thus deposited onto the textile substrate B or the metallic layer C bonded to the anode.

[0179] Preferably, the application of a voltage between the cathode and the anode is coupled with the use of a magnetic field, in particular superimposed on the target.

[0180] This arrangement allows for the ionization of more gas molecules in the vicinity of the cathode, thereby increasing the number of collisions between the ions created and the target. The ionization rate is thus increased, resulting in higher sputtering and ultimately higher deposition yields. Furthermore, because the plasma is located near the target due to the magnetic field, the temperature applied to the substrate is lower, which is advantageous for a textile substrate B whose temperature resistance is limited depending on the yarns / fibers used.

[0181] The sputtering technique, possibly assisted by a magnetic field (known as magnetron sputtering), gives good results in terms of chemical and mechanical adhesion to the textile substrate B. More complex alloys can also be deposited using this technique. Finally, the deposition of the metallic particles occurs as close as possible to the outer surface of the textile substrate B, and therefore they are deposited on microstructures of the textile, which is favorable for maintaining water vapor permeability.

[0182] In a third embodiment, step d) is a plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition step. Preferably, the plasma is an oxygen plasma or a mixture of oxygen and argon and further comprises a chemical precursor, for example an organosilicon compound, for example a linear or cyclic siloxane.

[0183] Generally speaking, a person skilled in the art knows the different techniques of physical or chemical vapor deposition, and knows how to apply thin films C and D according to the criteria sought.

[0184] Advantageously, the use of a thin film deposition technique makes it possible not to significantly alter the water vapor permeability of the textile substrate B, or of the metallic layer C, while lowering the emissivity rate of the external face of the complex, thus limiting the effects related to the radiative cooling phenomenon.

[0185] Preferably, the metallic layer C, and / or the protective layer D, is / are deposited on the external face of the textile substrate B associated with the waterproof and vapor-permeable substrate A, in particular the substrate A is disposed on the internal face of the textile substrate B.

[0186] In one variant, step d) is a step of depositing a thin layer of the protective layer D, in particular a physical vapor phase deposition step of at least one metal M2 (more particularly different from the metal Ml or identical to the metal Ml but in a different alloy from the alloy of the metal Ml) or a chemical vapor phase deposition step of at least one chemical compound not comprising any metal, on the outer face of the metal layer C for the formation of the protective layer D.

[0187] A chemical compound not comprising a metal is understood to mean any compound comprising carbon and / or oxygen, and possibly comprising silicon (Si) atoms.

[0188] In one embodiment, the complex comprises, from the inner face to the outer face: - optionally a protective textile layer E; - a waterproof and vapor-permeable substrate A, in particular comprising a waterproof and vapor-permeable membrane or a waterproof and vapor-permeable polymer coating; - a textile substrate B; - a metallic layer C, preferably deposited by a thin-film deposition technique; - optionally a protective layer D for the metallic layer C, preferably deposited by a thin-film deposition technique, also of preferably a metallic protective layer D or a polymer protective layer D; - optionally a water-repellent primer, in particular to make the outer face of the complex water-repellent.

[0189] The present invention relates, according to a fourth aspect of the invention, to the use of a complex according to any one of the embodiment variants according to a first aspect of the invention, or capable of being obtained by implementing the process according to a third aspect of the invention, for the manufacture of an article limiting, or even eliminating, the condensation of water along an inner wall.

[0190] Advantageously, said article comprises said complex and at least one inner wall of said article comprises / (is formed at least in part) of the inner face of the complex.

[0191] Advantageously, the external face of the article oriented towards the external atmosphere comprises / (is formed at least in part) of the external face of the complex.

[0192] Said article is preferably a rain and / or wind protection device for a user comprising a shelter area, in particular chosen from: a sleeping bag cover, a tent, an awning, a protective tarpaulin, an umbrella, a parasol, a curtain, a blind; and a rain and / or wind protection garment, again preferably a rain and / or wind protection device for a user comprising a shelter area, in particular chosen from a sleeping bag cover, a tent, and an awning.

[0193] Said article may be an article as defined with reference to the second aspect of the invention.

[0194] In general, variants / embodyments according to a first, second, third and fourth aspect can be combined with each other independently of each other. Description of the drawings

[0195] The invention will be better understood upon reading the following description of embodiments of the invention given by way of non-limiting examples, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0196] [Fig-1] [Fig.1] schematically illustrates in cross-section a first example of a complex according to the invention;

[0197] [Fig.2] [Fig.2] schematically illustrates in cross-section a second example of a complex according to the invention;

[0198] [Fig.3] [Fig.3] schematically represents a comparative example of a state-of-the-art complex;

[0199] [Fig.4] [Fig.4] schematically represents a first example of an article according to the invention which is a single-walled tent comprising the first or second example shown in figures 1 and 2;

[0200] [Fig. 5] [Fig. 5] schematically represents a photograph taken with an electron scanning microscope of the external face of a textile substrate B whose internal face is free and whose external face is covered with a metallic layer C, the complex therefore does not include a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A;

[0201] [Fig.6] [Fig.6] schematically represents a photograph taken with an electron scanning microscope of the outer face of a textile substrate B whose inner face is covered with a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable coating forming substrate A, and the outer face is covered with a metallic layer C;

[0202] [Fig.7] [Fig.7] schematically represents a photograph taken with an electron scanning microscope of the outer face of a textile substrate B, the inner face of which is covered with a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable membrane forming substrate A, and the outer face is covered with a metallic layer C. Description of the implementation methods

[0203] The first example of a complex according to the invention 10 comprises a substantially opposite inner face 12 and outer face 14. The complex 10 comprises a water-impermeable and vapor-permeable substrate A 20 having substantially opposite inner faces 22 and outer faces 24. Advantageously, the substrate A consists of a water- and vapor-impermeable polymer coating 26, for example, polyurethane and microporous. The complex 10 comprises a textile substrate B 30 having substantially opposite internal faces 32 and external faces 34, the internal face 32 of which is arranged opposite the external face 24 of the substrate A 20. The complex 10 comprises a metallic layer C 40 having substantially opposite internal faces 42 and external faces 44, the internal face 42 of which is arranged opposite the external face 34 of the textile substrate B. The substrate A 20, the textile substrate B 30 and the metallic layer C 40 are thus substantially superimposed.

[0204] Advantageously, the metallic layer C 40 is a metallic layer in a metal Ml, preferably Ml is aluminium.

[0205] Optionally, the assembly 10 includes a protective layer D 50 of the metallic layer C. The protective layer D 50 comprises substantially opposite inner faces 52 and outer faces 54. The inner face 52 of the protective layer D 50 is arranged opposite the outer face 44 of the metallic layer C 40.

[0206] The protective layer D 50 is in this specific example a metallic layer comprising a metal M2, in particular in the form of an alloy, in particular it is chrome nickel.

[0207] Advantageously, the external face 14 of the complex 10 is intended to be oriented directly into the outside atmosphere while the internal face 12 is intended to be oriented towards the user, in particular with regard to a shelter area in which the user can take shelter / park.

[0208] The metallic layer C 40 and optionally the metallic layer D 50 is / are preferably deposited by physical vapor deposition, in particular by sputtering, especially assisted by a magnetic field. The metallic layer C 40 has a thickness, for example, on the order of 80 nm. The metallic layer D 50 has a thickness, for example, on the order of 80 nm.

[0209] Alternatively, the protective layer D is deposited during a chemical vapor deposition step, in particular plasma-assisted, preferably the plasma comprises dinitrogen or argon, and at least one chemical precursor, for example an organosilane.

[0210] Preferably, the outer face 54 of the protective layer D is treated with a water-repellent primer, in particular based on a non-fluorinated flame retardant.

[0211] The second example of a complex according to the invention 100 comprises from its inner face 102 to its outer face 104: a protective textile layer E 115, a waterproof and vapor-permeable substrate A 120 made of a waterproof and vapor-permeable polymer coating 126, for example polyurethane and microporous, a textile substrate B 130, a metallic layer C 140 and optionally a protective layer D 150.

[0212] Advantageously, the protective layer D 150 is in this specific example a metallic layer comprising a metal M2 in particular in the form of an alloy, in particular it is chrome nickel.

[0213] Advantageously, the metal layer C, and optionally the metal layer D, is / are preferably deposited by physical vapor deposition, in particular by sputtering. The metal layer C 140 has a thickness, for example, on the order of 80 nm. The metal layer D 150 has a thickness, for example, on the order of 80 nm. The metal layer C 140 comprises a metal M1, preferably aluminum.

[0214] Alternatively, the protective layer D is deposited during a chemical vapor deposition step, in particular plasma-assisted, preferably the plasma comprises dinitrogen or argon, and at least one chemical precursor, for example an organosilane.

[0215] Alternatively, substrate A is a water-impermeable and water vapor-permeable membrane, in particular microporous and made of polyurethane.

[0216] Preferably, the outer face 154 of the protective layer D 150 is treated with a water-repellent primer, based on a flame retardant chosen from those mentioned above.

[0217] The comparative example of complex 200 shown in [Fig.3] comprises from its inner face 202 to its outer face 204: a substrate A comprising a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable polymer coating 210, a metallic layer C 220, and a textile substrate B 230.

[0218] The emissivity of the outer face 204 of the complex 200 is on the order of 0.65 and the Ret is on the order of 13 m2.Pa.W'. When the metallic layer C 220 is arranged along the inner face 232 of the textile substrate B 230, the emissivity of the outer face 204 is too high, and insufficient to effectively combat the radiative heating of the inner face 202 of the complex 220.

[0219] The textile substrate B described in the examples above can be a fabric comprising yarns having a fineness of 150 denier, in particular polyethylene terephthalate, and having a surface mass of 90 g / m2.

[0220] The [Fig.4] represents in cross-section a non-limiting example of an article 300 which is a single-walled tent 305 comprising a complex 10 or 100 according to the invention.

[0221] The article includes a shelter zone 310 in which a user 320, or an object, can take shelter from the sun, wind, and rain. In this specific example, the shelter zone 310 is the inner chamber 315 of the single-walled tent 305. The water vapor accumulated in the inner chamber 315 is discharged along the arrows F by passing through the complex 10 or 100 from its inner face 12 or 102 to its outer face 14 or 104, into the outside atmosphere. The water vapor and accumulated heat can thus be discharged from the inner chamber thanks to the properties of the complex according to the invention. Since the water vapor is discharged from the shelter zone, and the temperature difference between the inner and outer faces of the complex is reduced, the water vapor does not condense on the inner face of the complex. The complex thus remains dry on its inner surface, improving user comfort. Article 300 is therefore simplified, as the traditional inner chamber is eliminated.This feature facilitates the transport of the item and reduces the number of components needed to manufacture it, thus improving its recyclability.

[0222] The tests described below were carried out on different constructions of complexes according to the invention and comparative complexes.

[0223] Comparative example 1: a comparative complex comprising a polyurethane coating impermeable to water vapor, a textile substrate (for example comprising PET yarns having a fineness of 75 denier, and weighing on the order of 64 g / m²), an 80 nm C-metal layer, and a water-repellent primer, said complex having a weight / m² of 89 g / m², a thickness of 0.15 mm, exhibits: a Ret of 222 m².Pa.W', a water repellency of grade 4, and an impermeability of 8017 mm to the water column. The Ret is very high; water vapor accumulates on the inner face of the complex, condenses, and forms droplets.

[0224] Comparative example 2: a comparative composite comprising a textile substrate (for example, comprising PET yarns having a fineness of 75 denier and weighing approximately 64 g / m²), a metallic layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent finish, said composite having a weight / m² of 68 g / m², a thickness of 0.10 mm, exhibits: an emissivity of 0.28, a Ret of 3.54 m².Pa.W', a water repellency of grade 4, and an impermeability of 97.7 mm in the water column. The Ret is very low. However, the composite is permeable to water and therefore does not protect the user from rain.

[0225] Example according to invention 1: a composite according to the invention comprising a vapor-permeable and water-impermeable polyurethane coating, a textile substrate (for example, comprising PET yarns having a fineness of 75 denier and weighing approximately 75 g / m²), an 80 nm metallic layer C, and a water-repellent finish, said composite having a weight of 83 g / m², a thickness of 0.15 mm, and exhibiting: an emissivity of 0.30, a Ret of 11.4 m².Pa.W', a water repellency of grade 3, and a water column impermeability of 6396 mm. In use (for example, forming the single-wall roof of a tent), no condensation forms on the inner surface of the composite, which remains dry even after a night's sleep.

[0226] Example according to invention 2: a complex according to the invention comprising a vapor-permeable and waterproof membrane, a textile substrate (for example, comprising PET yarns having a fineness of 75 denier and weighing approximately 64 g / m²), a metallic layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent finish, said complex having a weight / m² of 92 g / m², a thickness of 0.15 mm, exhibiting: an emissivity of 0.26, a Ret of 13 m².Pa.W', a water repellency of grade 4.5, and a water column impermeability of 5998 mm. In use (for example, forming the single-wall roof of a tent), no condensation forms on the inner surface of the complex, which remains dry even after a night's sleep.

[0227] Example according to invention 3: a complex according to the invention comprising a protective layer E in a textile mesh (made of 50 g / m² PET), a water vapor permeable and waterproof membrane, a textile substrate (for example, comprising PET yarns having a fineness of 75 denier and weighing approximately 64 g / m²), a metallic layer C of 80 nm, and a water-repellent finish, said complex having a weight / m² of 150 g / m², a thickness of 0.33 mm, exhibiting: an emissivity of 0.26, a Ret of 32.1 m².Pa.W', a water repellency of grade 4.5, and A water column impermeability of 22,531 mm. In use (for example, forming the single-wall roof of a tent), no condensation forms on the inner surface of the composite, which remains dry even after a night's sleep. This type of composite can be useful if the goal is to improve the protection of substrate A against abrasion. However, it has been observed in practice that examples 1 and 2 provide very good performance in terms of preventing condensation on the inner surface of the composite, and this without a protective layer E.

[0228] Applying a thin protective layer D to the metallic layer C, as described in Examples 1 to 3 of the invention, with the water-repellent primer applied over the protective layer D, does not alter the measured Ret and emissivity values. The protective layer D prevents oxidation of the metallic layer C and extends its service life.

[0229] In the examples above, the metallic layer C is deposited by magnetron sputtering (i.e. assisted by a magnetic field).

[0230] Other equivalent physical thin-film deposition techniques could be used if they provide the same performance in terms of adhesion to the textile substrate B, emissivity, and Ret. Those skilled in the art are familiar with these physical or chemical vapor deposition techniques and know which parameters to use to achieve, in particular, the emissivity and Ret values ​​determined in the present invention.

[0231] Figures 5 to 6 represent photographs of the through-openings of a textile substrate B (400,500,600) measured according to the measurement protocol described above (in particular by scanning electron microscope, and Topomaps software).

[0232] Through-holes 410 are observed in [Fig. 5], 510 in [Fig. 6], and 610 in [Fig. 7]. These through-holes (410, 510, 610) extend and open onto the inner and outer faces of the textile substrate B (400, 500, 600). The textile substrate B (400, 500, 600) is, in particular, a 64 g / m² warp and weft fabric comprising PET yarns with a fineness of 75 denier.

[0233] The metallic layer C is preferably an 80nm aluminum layer deposited by magnetron sputtering.

[0234] The through openings are advantageously formed at the intersection of the wires with each other as can be seen in figures 5 to 7.

[0235] It is noted on [Fig.5] that the metallic layer C does not block the through openings 410 of the textile substrate B 400 but that said at least one metal Ml, here aluminium, is deposited on the wires.

[0236] In [Fig. 6], the through-openings 510 are sealed from the inner face of the textile substrate B by the waterproof and vapor-permeable coating forming substrate A. However, this substrate A being permeable to water vapor, water vapor passes through substrate A and then escapes through said through openings 510 through textile substrate B, and metallic layer C, and possibly protective layer D (which also adheres to the yarns / fibers and does not block the openings 510).

[0237] In [Fig.7], substrate A is a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable membrane laminated to the inner face of textile substrate B. The membrane therefore does not block the through openings 610 of textile substrate B, and is therefore not visible from its outer face.

[0238] In general, substrate A includes micropores allowing the evacuation of water vapor but does not allow liquid water to pass through.

[0239] Preferably, these through openings 410, 510 or 610 have an average size less than or equal to 0.01 mm2, more preferably less than or equal to 0.003 mm2 and greater than or equal to 0.0001 mm2, for example in the range of 0.001 to 0.01 mm2.

Claims

Demands

1. Complex (10,100) reducing water condensation, having an inner face (12,102) and an outer face (14,104), said outer face (14,104) being oriented directly towards the outside atmosphere, characterized in that said complex (10,100) comprises: from said inner face (12,102) to said outer face (14,104): - a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A (20,26,120,126), - a textile substrate B (30,130,400,500,600); and - at least one metal Ml, possibly in alloy form, deposited directly on the textile substrate B (30,130,400,500,600) and forming a metallic layer C (40,140), and in that said complex has a water vapor resistance less than or equal to 20 m2.Pa.W'.

2. Complex (10,100) according to claim 1, characterized in that the textile substrate B (30,130,400,500,600) comprises through openings (410,510,610) extending between its external (34) and internal (32) faces which are free of said metallic layer C (40,140).

3. Complex (10,100) according to either of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it further comprises a protective layer D (50,150) of the metallic layer C (40,140).

4. Complex (10,100) according to claim 3, characterized in that the protective layer D (50,150) is a metallic layer and comprises at least one metal M2, optionally in alloy form, in particular different from said at least one metal M1 of the metallic layer C (40,140).

5. Complex (10,100) according to claim 3, characterized in that the protective layer D (50,150) is a layer comprising at least one polymer, in particular not comprising any metal.

6. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the textile substrate B (30,130,400,500,600) comprises fibers and / or filaments, and in that said at least one metal M1, possibly in alloy form, coats at least part of said fibers and / or filaments.

7. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that said complex (10,100) has a total thickness less than or equal to 5 mm.

8. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that said complex (10,100) does not comprise a textile thermal insulation layer.

9. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the complex (10,100) has a water vapor resistance (Ret) less than or equal to 15 m2.Pa.W'.

10. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims there 9, characterized in that the outer face (14,104) of the complex (10,100) is water-repellent.

11. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the outer face (14,104) of the complex (10,100) has an emissivity less than or equal to 0.

50.

12. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that said at least one metal M1 is selected from the list consisting of: aluminum, silver, gold, stainless steel, zinc, tin, lead, copper, titanium, nickel, chromium, and a mixture thereof.

13. Complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the inner face (12,102) of the complex (10,100), in particular constituted by the water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A (20,26,120,126), is oriented in operation directly towards the user or the object to be protected from condensation.

14. Article (300) comprising at least one complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that said article (300) is selected from the list comprising: a rain and / or wind protection device (305) comprising a shelter area (310,315), in particular selected from: a sleeping bag cover, a tent (305), an awning, a protective tarpaulin, an umbrella, a parasol, a curtain, and a blind; and a rain and / or wind protection garment.

15. Article (300) according to claim 14, characterized in that the complex (10,100) forms at least in part a single-wall roof or a single-wall screen of said rain and / or wind protection device (305), in particular of a tent (305), an awning or a sleeping bag cover.

16. A method for manufacturing a (10,100) water condensation limiting complex having internal (12,102) and external faces (14,104), said outer face (14,104) being oriented directly towards the external atmosphere, in particular according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that it comprises the steps: a- a step of supplying at least one textile substrate B (30,130,400,500,600) having an inner face (32) and an outer face (34), b- a step of depositing a water-impermeable and water-vapor-permeable substrate A (20,26,120,126) onto the inner face (32) of said textile substrate B (30,130,400,500,600), c- a step of depositing a thin layer of at least one metal M1, optionally in the form of an alloy, directly onto the outer face (34) of the textile substrate B (30,130,400,500,600) to produce a metallic layer C (40,140), in particular the thin film deposition step is a physical vapor phase deposition step;d- optionally a step of depositing, on the external face (44) of the metallic layer C (40,140), a protective layer D (50,150) of said metallic layer C (40,140), and in that said complex has a resistance to water vapor less than or equal to 20 m2.Pa.W'.;

17. Method according to claim 16, characterized in that step d) is a step of depositing a thin layer of the protective layer D (50,150).

18. Use of a complex (10,100) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, or which can be obtained by implementing the process according to either of claims 16 and 17, for the manufacture of an article (300) limiting, or even eliminating, the condensation of water along an inner wall.

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