“New composition derived from CNSL and its use for a specific application for food or pharmaceutical purposes”

Abstract

The invention relates to a novel composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) or hydrogenated anacardic acid and its use for a specific food, nutraceutical or pharmaceutical application. (No figure)

Description

Title of the invention: “New composition derived from CNSL and its use for a specific application for food or pharmaceutical purposes”

[0001] The invention relates to a novel composition derived from cashew nut shell oil or liquid (CNSL) and its use for a specific application for food, nutraceutical or pharmaceutical purposes. CONTEXT OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Cashew Nut Shell Liquid or CNSL is a natural oil derived from cashew nut shells. The main components of raw (natural) CNSL are phenolic compounds: anacardic acid, cardol and cardanol. Methyl cardol is also present, but in trace amounts (<5%).

[0003] Each of these compounds is itself a mixture of products, comprising an alkyl or alkenyl chain, said alkenyl chain having 1, 2 or 3 double bonds (Scheme 1):

[0004] [Chem.l] anacardic acid cardd methyï cardol cardanoi 65% 15 to 20% trace 10%

[0005] Scheme 1 - chemical structures of the main constituents of natural CNSL.

[0006] CNSL can be classified into 2 types, depending on the extraction method used: Natural CNSL, an extract obtained by extraction using a low-boiling solvent or obtained mechanically without heating, Technical CNSL, obtained by hot processes, in particular by a tor high temperature reduction, eg >200°C.

[0007] Technical CNSL comprises a reduced amount of anacardic acid compared to natural CNSL, due to partial decarboxylation during heating or roasting. In some cases, the decarboxylation is even complete, and the CNSL no longer contains anacardic acid.

[0008] By "crude, non-decarboxylated CNSL" or "natural CNSL" is meant a CNSL which has not undergone, or has only partially undergone, decarboxylation of anacardic acid. Crude, non-decarboxylated CNSL is therefore characterized by the presence of anacardic acid as the majority species within the mixture.

[0009] To date, the valorization of CNSL oil is a promising avenue given the potential presented by the components that constitute it.

[0010] The use of natural or technical CNSL and that of its phenolic constituents with unsaturated C15 alkyl chain are known in the prior art as a food supplement or as a therapeutic agent, in particular for reducing methanogenesis in ruminants and for treating digestive pathological conditions such as abdominal tympanism or coccidiosis. However, the use of natural CNSL also has negative effects on digestive fermentation, as well as astringent and irritant effects, limiting their use.

[0011] The dose available in the literature for food use is between 50 and 500 ppm, or between 50 and 500 g per ton of food ingested. CNSL registrations according to American legislation such as AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) mention and recommend an inclusion level of 500 to 600 ppm as a maximum in food.

[0012] There is a need to promote CNSL and its constituents as natural and ecological alternatives to petrochemical products.

[0013] There is a need to valorize CNSL compounds, derived from agricultural production waste, in the food sector.

[0014] There is a need for dietary supplements or pharmaceutical compositions to treat digestive pathological conditions such as abdominal tympanism or coccidiosis.

[0015] There is a need for a food supplement to reduce methanogenesis, particularly in ruminants, which is the source of greenhouse gases.

[0016] There is a need for a dietary supplement to improve the digestibility of organic matter or nutrients to promote growth and weight gain in animals.

[0017] One of the aims of the invention is to provide a new composition of natural origin or derived from plant and natural sources.

[0018] Another object of the invention is to provide a new active food ingredient or

[0019]

[0020]

[0021]

[0022]

[0023]

[0024] therapeutic. Another aim of the invention is the non-therapeutic use of a new composition to reduce methanogenesis and / or promote digestive fermentation and / or optimize the composition of the intestinal flora (the microbiota). Another object of the invention is to provide a food or a food supplement. Another aim of the invention is a food composition making it possible to prevent or treat a digestive pathological condition such as abdominal tympanism or coccidiosis. Another object of the invention is a non-therapeutic method for reducing methanogenesis. A first subject of the present invention relates to the non-therapeutic use of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following [Chem. 2] OH O (h OH 00 OH dm OH [IV)

[0025] or non-therapeutic use of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I)

[0026] to reduce methanogenesis and / or to improve digestive fermentation in animals.

[0027] Advantageously, in said non-therapeutic use as defined above, methods of treating the human or animal body by therapy are excluded.

[0028] Advantageously in a particular embodiment, the animals are non-human, namely humans are excluded.

[0029] By "hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid" or "hydrogenated CNSL" is meant a natural cashew nut liquid in which the phenolic constituents such as anacardic acid, cardol, methyl cardol and cardanol have a saturated alkyl chain.

[0030] Hydrogenated CNSL is advantageously obtained by hydrogenation of the alkene functions present in the C15 alkyl chain of the constituents of natural CNSL.

[0031] The term "methanogenesis" means the production of methane in the digestive system by microorganisms present in the animal or human microbiota, in particular in the rumen of ruminant animals.

[0032] By "improving digestive fermentation" is meant an improvement in the digestibility of organic matter or nutrients ingested and / or an optimization of the composition of the microbiota, with possibly an increase in the production of propionate.

[0033] Indeed, ruminal digestive fermentation is defined by the fermentation of microorganisms that constitute the ruminal flora. This fermentation allows the digestion of fibrous materials (grass, hay, etc.) and transforms them into bacterial proteins (approximately 2 kg / day) and others, which will feed the animal. If digestive fermentation is inhibited, the digestibility of organic materials is also inhibited and the production of these proteins and others will be reduced and the animal will produce less meat or milk.

[0034] More particularly, "digestive improvement in ruminants" means the optimization of ruminal fermentation in order to better digest the food ingested by the ruminant, namely the cow, the beef, the goat, the sheep or the ewe.

[0035] More particularly, “digestive improvement in monogastrics” means an improvement in the composition of the intestinal flora (the microbiota).

[0036] Thus, digestive fermentation is directly linked to the digestibility of organic matter. For the purposes of the present invention, the improvement in the digestibility of organic matter is due to the improvement in digestive fermentation.

[0037] "Digestibility of organic matter" means the degree to which organic matter is digested by an animal.

[0038] The digestibility of organic matter and the methods of evaluation are known to those skilled in the art. By way of non-limiting example, the digestibility of the matter organic can be assessed and calculated as described in Van Gastelen et al. (J. Dairy Sci. 104:4174-4191, 2021).

[0039] It is known that one of the problems associated with the use of natural CNSL and unsaturated anacardic acids, at the doses tested, in ruminants, is the reduction of ruminal fermentation because natural CNSL inhibits, by its antibacterial and antifungal properties, the fermentation of the microorganisms that constitute the ruminal flora.

[0040] The inventors have surprisingly found that hydrogenated CNSL and hydrogenated anacardic acid lead to a reduction in methanogenesis without any negative effect on digestive fermentation, limiting the side effects of natural CNSL. Indeed, as indicated in the in vitro study of the examples, hydrogenated CNSL, comprising mainly hydrogenated anacardic acid, allows a reduction in gas production, in particular methanogenesis, a shift towards the production of propionate and valerate to the detriment of acetate and butyrate, with minimal and attenuated side effects on fermentation, by promoting the digestibility of organic matter and the maintenance of digestive pH.

[0041] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following:

[0042] [Chem. 3] OH p (0 OH (II) OH (im OH

[0043]

[0044]

[0045] or non-therapeutic use of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I) to decrease methanogenesis and possibly to improve digestive fermentation in animals. According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following:

[0046] [Chem. 4] OH p ■H OH (II) OH (im OH

[0047]

[0048]

[0049] or non-therapeutic use of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I) to improve digestive fermentation in animals. According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following:

[0050] [Chem.5] OH p (0 (II) OH (im OH (IV)

[0051] to reduce methanogenesis and / or to improve digestive fermentation in animals.

[0052] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising at least 95% by total weight of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV),

[0053] to reduce methanogenesis and / or to improve digestive fermentation in animals.

[0054] Advantageously, said composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid is free of anacardic acid with an unsaturated alkyl chain, cardol with an unsaturated alkyl chain, methyl cardol with an unsaturated alkyl chain and hydrogenated cardanol with an unsaturated alkyl chain.

[0055] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV),

[0056] to reduce methanogenesis and / or to improve digestive fermentation in animals.

[0057] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis and possibly improving digestive fermentation in animals.

[0058] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis and for improving digestive fermentation in animals.

[0059] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, for increasing the production of propionate.

[0060] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, for increasing the production of valerate.

[0061] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, for increasing the production of propionate and valerate.

[0062] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, for maintaining or limiting the reduction in the rate of production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs).

[0063] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, for maintaining or limiting the reduction in the rate of production of acetate and / or butyrate.

[0064] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use as defined above, for maintaining or limiting the pH in the stomach or rumen of the animal.

[0065] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said hydrogenated cashew nut liquid composition comprises:

[0066] - hydrogenated anacardic acid from 50.0 to 85.0% by total weight of the composition,

[0067] - hydrogenated cardol from 10.0 to 25.0% by total weight of the composition

[0068] - hydrogenated methyl cardol from 0.0 to 5.0% by total weight of the composition, and

[0069] - hydrogenated cardanol from 2.0 to 15.0% by total weight of the composition.

[0070] The range “from 50.0 to 85.0%” includes the following ranges: from 50.0 to 55.0%; from 55.0 to 60.0%; from 60.0 to 65.0%; from 65.0 to 70.0%; from 70.0 to 75.0%; from 75.0 to 80.0%; from 80.0 to 85.0%.

[0071] The range “from 10.0 to 25.0%” includes the following ranges: from 10.0 to 11.0%; from 11.0 to 12.0%; from 12.0 to 13.0%; from 13.0 to 14.0%; from 14.0 to 15.0%; from 15.0 to 16.0%; from 16.0 to 17.0%; from 17.0 to 18.0%; from 18.0 to 19.0%; from 19.0 to 20.0%; from 20.0 to 21.0%; from 21.0 to 22.0%; from 22.0 to 23.0%; from 23.0 to 24.0%; from 24.0 to 25.0%.

[0072] The range “from 0.0 to 5.0%” includes the following ranges: from 0.0 to 1.0%; from 1.0 to 2.0%; from 2.0 to 3.0%; from 3.0 to 4.0%; from 4.0 to 5.0%.

[0073] The range “from 2.0 to 15.0%” includes the following ranges: from 2.0 to 3.0%; from 3.0 to 4.0%; from 4.0 to 5.0%; from 5.0 to 6.0%; from 6.0 to 7.0%; from 7.0 to 8.0%; from 8.0 to 9.0%; from 9.0 to 10.0%; from 10.0 to 11.0%; from 11.0 to 12.0%; from 12.0 to 13.0%; from 13.0 to 14.0%; from 14.0 to 15.0%.

[0074] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, wherein said composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) or hydrogenated anacardic acid is used at a dose of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0075] The range “from 50 to 600 ppm” includes the following ranges: from 50 to 60 ppm, from 60 to 70 ppm, from 70 to 80 ppm, from 80 to 90 ppm, from 90 to 100 ppm,

[0076] from 100 to 110 ppm, from 110 to 120 ppm, from 120 to 130 ppm, from 130 to 140 ppm, from 140 to 150 ppm, from 150 to 160 ppm, from 160 to 170 ppm, from 170 to 180 ppm, from 180 to 190 ppm, from 190 to 200 ppm,

[0077] from 200 to 210 ppm, from 210 to 220 ppm, from 220 to 230 ppm, from 230 to 240 ppm, from 240 to 250 ppm, from 250 to 260 ppm, from 260 to 270 ppm, from 270 to 280 ppm, from 280 to 290 ppm, from 290 to 300 ppm,

[0078] from 300 to 310 ppm, from 310 to 320 ppm, from 320 to 330 ppm, from 330 to 340 ppm, from 340 to 350 ppm, from 350 to 360 ppm, from 360 to 370 ppm, from 370 to 380 ppm, from 380 to 390 ppm, from 390 to 400 ppm,

[0079] from 400 to 410 ppm, from 410 to 420 ppm, from 420 to 430 ppm, from 430 to 440 ppm, from 440 to 450 ppm, from 450 to 460 ppm, from 460 to 470 ppm, from 470 to 480 ppm, from 480 to 490 ppm, from 490 to 500 ppm,

[0080] from 500 to 510 ppm, from 510 to 520 ppm, from 520 to 530 ppm, from 530 to 540 ppm, from 540 to 550 ppm, from 550 to 560 ppm, from 560 to 570 ppm, from 570 to 580 ppm, from 580 to 590 ppm, from 590 to 600 ppm.

[0081] The unit “ppm”, namely parts per million, is a mass fraction corresponding to 1 mg / kg.

[0082] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which said composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) is used at a dose of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0083] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, in which the hydrogenated anacardic acid is used at a dose of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0084] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis and possibly improving digestive fermentation in the rumen of ruminants and / or possibly for increasing the production of propionate, in particular of cattle.

[0085] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis and possibly improving digestive fermentation in the rumen of ruminants, in particular cattle.

[0086] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis and possibly for increasing the production of propionate, in particular in cattle.

[0087] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis and possibly improving digestive fermentation in the rumen of cattle.

[0088] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for improving the digestive fermentation of animals.

[0089] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for improving digestive fermentation in ruminants, in particular cattle, sheep and goats, preferably cows, oxen, goats, sheep and ewes.

[0090] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, for improving the digestive fermentation of monogastric animals, in particular by influencing the composition of the intestinal flora.

[0091] Another subject of the present invention relates to a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following:

[0092] [Chem. 6] OH p (0 OH (II) OH (im OH (IV)

[0093]

[0094]

[0095]

[0096] or composition comprising or consisting of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I) for its use in reducing methanogenesis and / or improving digestive fermentation in animals. According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a composition as defined above for the uses described above. Another subject of the present invention relates to the association of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following:

[0097] [Chem. 7] OH p (0 OH (II) OH (im OH (IV)

[0098]

[0099]

[0100]

[0101]

[0102]

[0103]

[0104] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the association as defined above, in which - hydrogenated anacardic acid represents from 50.0 to 85.0% by total weight of the association, - hydrogenated cardol represents from 10.0 to 25.0% by total weight of the association, - hydrogenated methyl cardol represents from 0.0 to 5.0% by total weight of the association, and - hydrogenated cardanol represents from 2.0 to 15.0% by total weight of the composition. Another subject of the present invention relates to the use of a combination as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid as a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis and / or for improving digestive fermentation, in particular as a food supplement for ruminants. According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a combination as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid as a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis and for improving digestive fermentation, in particular as a food supplement for ruminants.

[0105] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a combination as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid as a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis, in particular as a food supplement for ruminants.

[0106] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a combination as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid as a food supplement for improving digestive fermentation, in particular as a food supplement for ruminants.

[0107] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a combination as defined above as a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis, in particular as a food supplement for ruminants.

[0108] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use of hydrogenated anacardic acid as a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis, in particular as a food supplement for ruminants.

[0109] Another object of the present invention relates to the use of an association as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid for the manufacture of a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis and / or for improving digestive fermentation.

[0110] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid for the manufacture of a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis.

[0111] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid for the manufacture of a food supplement for improving digestive fermentation.

[0112] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above or of hydrogenated anacardic acid for the manufacture of a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis and for improving digestive fermentation.

[0113] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above of an association as defined above for the manufacture of a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis.

[0114] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above of hydrogenated anacardic acid for the manufacture of a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis.

[0115] Another object of the present invention relates to the use as defined above, said association or hydrogenated anacardic acid being used at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0116] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use such as defined above, said association being used at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0117] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above, the hydrogenated anacardic acid being used at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0118] Another subject of the present invention relates to a food comprising the association as defined above or hydrogenated anacardic acid, at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0119] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a food as defined above comprising the combination as defined above, at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0120] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a food as defined above comprising hydrogenated anacardic acid, at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, preferably 50 to 500 ppm.

[0121] Another subject of the present invention relates to a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following: OH (TV)

[0123] or composition comprising or consisting of hydrogenated anacardic acid,

[0124] for its use against digestive pathological conditions such as abdominal tympanism or coccidiosis.

[0125] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a composition for its use as defined above for non-human animals.

[0126] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a composition for its use as defined above against abdominal tympanism.

[0127] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a composition for its use as defined above against coccidiosis.

[0128] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a composition for its use as defined above, in which in the association

[0129] - hydrogenated anacardic acid represents from 50.0 to 85.0% by total weight of the association,

[0130] - hydrogenated cardol represents from 10.0 to 25.0% by total weight of the association,

[0131] - hydrogenated methyl cardol represents from 0.0 to 5.0% by total weight of the association, And

[0132] - hydrogenated cardanol represents from 2.0 to 15.0% by total weight of the composition.

[0133] Another object of the present invention relates to a non-therapeutic method for decreasing methanogenesis in ruminants, comprising the administration of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following:

[0134] [Chem.9] OH O (IV)

[0135] or a composition comprising or consisting of hydrogenated anacardic acid.

[0136] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a non-therapeutic method as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis in ruminants, comprising the administration of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following:

[0137] [Chem. 10] OH p (0 OH (II) OH OH (IV)

[0138] According to a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a non-therapeutic method as defined above, for reducing methanogenesis in ruminants, comprising the administration of a composition comprising or consisting of hydrogenated anacardic acid.

[0139] FIGURES AND EXAMPLES

[0140] [Fig.l] represents the total production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced after 72 hours of incubation in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL, technical CNSL, hydrogenated CNSL and a control.

[0141] [Fig.2] represents the production of propionate as a percentage of VFA after 72 hours of incubation in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL, technical CNSL, hydrogenated CNSL and a control.

[0142] [Fig.3] represents the production of valerate as a percentage of AGV after 72 hours of incubation in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL, CNSL technique, hydrogenated CNSL and control.

[0143] [Fig.4] represents the production of acetate as a percentage of AGV after 72 hours of incubation in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL, technical CNSL, hydrogenated CNSL and a control.

[0144] [Fig.5] represents the production of butyrate as a percentage of VFA after 72 hours of incubation in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL, technical CNSL, hydrogenated CNSL and a control.

[0145] [Fig.6] represents the digestibility of organic matter in percentage after 72 hours of incubation in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL, technical CNSL, hydrogenated CNSL and a control.

[0146] [Fig.7] represents the pH of the medium after 72 hours of incubation in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL, technical CNSL, hydrogenated CNSL and a control.

[0147] [Fig.8] represents the methane production in mL per range of organic matter (mL / g MO) as a function of the incubation time in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL (a), technical CNSL (b), hydrogenated CNSL (c) and a control.

[0148] [Fig.9] represents the total gas production in mL per range of organic matter (mL / g MO) as a function of incubation time in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL (a), technical CNSL (b), hydrogenated CNSL (c) and a control.

[0149] [Fig. 10] represents the percentage of methane produced in relation to the total gas production as a function of the incubation time in an in vitro digestive simulation medium containing respectively a dose of 200, 400 and 600 pg / mL for natural CNSL (a), technical CNSL (b), hydrogenated CNSL (c) and a control.

[0150] Example 1: Extraction of natural CNSL from cashew nut shells

[0151] Natural CNSL was obtained from cashew nut shells by a solvent extraction process. The required mass of previously ground cashew nut shells was suspended in the desired solvent (ethyl acetate, mass concentration of: shells / Vsolvent = 1 / 2.5) at 50°C for 3 h. The suspension was then filtered, the shells were washed with solvent, and then the filtrates were combined. Natural CNSL was obtained after removal of the solvent.

[0152] Thus, 160 kg of previously crushed cashew shells were introduced into a filter bottom tank equipped with a felt filter cloth (apparent porosity of approximately 25 pm). 360 kg of ethyl acetate (i.e. 400 L) were then added to the

[0153] tank. The suspension was then stirred at 50°C for 3 h. Vacuum filtration was then carried out to separate the filtrate from the extracted shell residues. 216 kg of ethyl acetate (240 L) were then introduced into the filter bottom tank and the suspension was again stirred at 50°C for 30 minutes. A second vacuum filtration was carried out to separate the filtrate from the extracted shell residues. The two filtrates were then combined, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure using a falling film concentrator, at an evaporation temperature between 25 and 50°C. 56.6 kg of natural CNSL were thus obtained (black oil, the mass percentage of ethyl acetate was 13.4%, yield r = 31% excluding ethyl acetate). H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC13): 7.35 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, Hacid anacardium), 7.13 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, H cardanol (m, Hcardanoi), 6.24 (m, Hcardoi and Hmétyi cardoi), 6.18 (s, Hcardol), 5.87 - 5.76 (m, Hc^), 5.46 - 5.30 (m, Hc^), 5.07 - 4.96 (m, Hc^), 2.99 - 2.96 (m, Hacideanacardique), 2.82 - 2.76 (m, Lateral Hcdaine), 2.57 2.53 (m, Hcardanoi), 2.50 2.43 (m, Hcardoi and Hmdthyi cardoi), 2.10 (s, H methyl cardol), 2.11 2.00 (m, Lateral Hcdaine), 1.63 1.53 (m, Lateral Hcdaine), 1.40 1.25 (m, H side chain), 0.93 0.86 (m, side chain)*

[0154] Example 2: Decarboxylation of natural CNSL into technical CNSL

[0155] 80.2 g of natural CNSL were solubilized in 60 mL of refluxing o-xylene (temperature between 140 and 150°C). The medium was left at reflux with stirring for 5hl0 (kinetic monitoring of the decarboxylation by TLC, eluent cyclohexane / ethyl acetate 50 / 50, developer KMnO4). The medium was filtered on filter paper, then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure (rotary evaporator) at 60°C. 74.8 g of technical CNSL were thus obtained in the form of a black viscous oil. The process was repeated until the desired quantity of technical CNSL was reached (2983 g).

[0156] H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC13): 6.77 - 6.74 (m, cardanol), 6.67 - 6.63 (m, cardanol), 6.24 (m, cardol and methyl cardol), 6.17 (t, cardanol), 5.87 - 5.77 (m, alkene), 5.43 - 5.33 (m, alkene), 5.08 - 4.97 (m, alkene), 2.84 - 2.76 (m, side chain), 2.57 - 2.53 (m, cardanol), 2.50 - 2.46 (m, cardol and methyl cardol), 2.07 - 1.90 (m, side chain), 1.62 - 1.55 (m, side chain), 1.35 - 1.27 (m, chain side chain), 0.93 - 0.87 (m, side chain).

[0157] Example 3: Preparation of hydrogenated CNSL

[0158] Material and method

[0159] The operating setup consists of a 1 L flask, a magnetic bar, a heating stirring plate and an oil bath.

[0160] Natural CNSL was produced internally by ORPIA according to Example 1.

[0161] The Pd / C (5%) comes from Fisher Scientific and the 10% from Sigma Aldrich.

[0162] Ethanol (96%) is supplied by VWR.

[0163] Hydrogenation operating protocol

[0164] Approximately 200 g of CNSL were solubilized in 400 mL of ethanol, then 8 g of Pd / C (4% by mass relative to the CNSL) were added to the medium. The latter was stirred at room temperature, the medium was first purged under nitrogen, then placed under dihydrogen. The suspension was left stirring and under a dihydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 20 to 35°C for 1 day to a week. The kinetic monitoring of the hydrogenation was carried out by 1H NMR.

[0165] The suspension was filtered using a Whatman® glass microfiber filter, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure (rotary evaporator).

[0166] The residue was dried at 50°C with stirring (using the rotary evaporator) at 25 rpm, protected from light, under a vane pump for 15 h.

[0167] A mass of 197.7 g of hydrogenated CNSL was obtained.

[0168] Characterizations of hydrogenated CNSL

[0169] H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6): 7.33 (1H, t, AA), 7.07 (1H, t, cardanol), 6.78 (1H, d, AA), 6.68 - 6.62 (3H, m, cardanol), 6.23 (2H, s, MC), 6.19 - 6.16 (3H, m, cardol), 3.00 - 2.96 (2H, m, AA), 2.54 - 2.51 (2H, m, cardanol), 2.46 - 2.38 (2H, m, cardol and MC), 2.03 (3H, s, MC), 1.65 - 1.54 (m, side chain), 1.34 - 1.27 (m, side chain), 0.89 - 0.86 (m, side chain).

[0170] T(melting)= 104 °C

[0171] The composition of hydrogenated natural CNSL according to NMR analyses is as follows:

[0172] [Tableauxl] Hydrogenated CNSL Hydrogenated cardol Hydrogenated methyl cardol Hydrogenated cardanol Hydrogenated anacardic acid AcOEt Composition in molar percentage (mol%) 19.85 2.68 5.30 71.56 0.601 Composition in mass percentage (mass%) 18.78 2.65 4.76 73.64 0.16

[0173] Table 1: Composition of hydrogenated natural CNSL

[0174] Example 4: In vitro study of the methanogenesis reduction potential of hydrogenated CNSL compared to natural and technical CNSL

[0175] The following in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the methanogenesis mitigation potential, i.e., reduction of methane (CH4) formation, of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL), compared to that of natural CNSL and technical grade CNSL. They also aimed to analyze the potential dose response of the three different CNSL forms. The tests were implemented simulating artificial digestive conditions using an artificial rumen derived from the ruminal fluid of dairy cows. Three types of CNSL (i.e., natural, technical grade, and hydrogenated) were dissolved in ethanol at the targeted dose with the substrate, and incubated for 72 hours in ruminal fluid from three Holstein Friesian dairy cows that was pooled, filtered, and buffered.The dosages tested were 200, 400 and 600 μg / mL for each of the three CNSLs (natural, technical and hydrogenated). A control treatment, containing only the substrates and no CNSL, was also included. After inoculation, the different fermentation media, each enclosed in a bottle, were immediately connected to an analysis device (APES) to measure the total cumulative gas production (GP). During incubation, 12 gas samples were collected from each bottle at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h of incubation and analyzed for methane (CH4) content.

[0176] Example 5 - Material and method of the in vitro study

[0177] 5.7. Experimental scheme

[0178] The in vitro study to determine the methanogenesis attenuation potential of the three different types of natural, technical and hydrogenated CNSL was carried out in an animal nutrition research laboratory.

[0179] Ruminal fluid from dairy cows, fistulated in the rumen, served as inoculum for the in vitro study.

[0180] In total, nine combinations were tested corresponding to the association of a CNSL and a dose, as illustrated in Table 2.

[0181] [Tables2] Test Type of CNSL Dose (pg / mL) 1 Natural CNSL 200 2 Natural CNSL 400 3 Natural CNSL 600 4 Technical CNSL 200 5 Technical CNSL 400 6 Technical CNSL 600 7 Hydrogenated CNSL 200 8 Hydrogenated CNSL 400 9 Hydrogenated CNSL 600

[0182] Table 2: Combinations tested corresponding to the association of a CNSL and a dose

[0183] 5.2. Ruminal fluid

[0184] Three dairy cows were fitted with a permanent rumen cannula (10 cm inner diameter, type IC) to serve as rumen fluid donors for the in vitro experiment. These cows received a total mixed ration consisting of grass silage, corn silage, and concentrate. The handling of the dairy cows was approved by an ethics committee and in accordance with the legislation of the study country on the use of laboratory animals. Rumen fluid was collected in three equal volumes from the front and middle of the ventral sac and the caudodorsal region of the rumen using the method described by van Zijderveld et al. (J. Dairy Sci. 94,1445-1454. 2011). After collecting rumen fluid from each dairy cow, the rumen fluid was transferred into preheated (39°C) thermos flasks, previously filled with CO2.Ruminal fluid collected from each dairy cow was pooled and 600 pL samples were taken to determine volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. The rumen fluid was then filtered through 2 layers of cloth to remove large rumen fluid particles and mixed with pre-warmed (39 °C) anaerobic buffer / mineral solution (1:2, v / v) according to Cône et al. (Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 172:34-41 1996).

[0185] 5.3. In vitro study

[0186] Gas production (GP) was determined using fully automated GP equipment as described in Cone et al. (Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 172:34-41 1996). The substrates, grass silage and corn silage, were ground to pass a 1 mm sieve using a cross-beater mill (Peppink 100 AN, Olst, The Netherlands). The chemical composition of the substrates is presented in Table 3.

[0187] Approximately 0.5 g of dry matter (DM) of substrate (i.e., 0.25 g of DM grass silage and 0.25 g of DM corn silage) was used as substrate for each fermentation bottle. The CNSL types (i.e., natural, technical grade, and hydrogenated CNSL) were dissolved at the desired dose (targeting 60 ml) in ethanol with the substrate and dried to evaporate the ethanol within 48 hours at room temperature. The combined CNSL and substrate were then incubated in 250 ml fermentation bottles (Schott, Mainz, Germany). Each experimental treatment (i.e., CNSL type x dose) as well as the control (i.e., ruminal fluid with substrate only) was included in triplicate in fermentation bottles, with blanks (i.e., ruminal fluid without substrate) included in duplicate.

[0188] The fermentation bottles were pre-rinsed with CO2 and placed in a shaking water bath, maintained at 39 °C with 40 movements per minute. Then, the bottles were inoculated with 60 ml of filtered and buffered ruminal fluid and connected to the fully automated equipment (Cône et al., 1996). Before the start of gas measurements, the fermentation bottles were equipped with a glass extension and sealed with a screw cap with an airtight septum. The screw caps had a small opening to allow the passage of a fine needle. At distinct incubation times (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours of incubation), 10 pL aliquots of the headspace gas were collected through this opening with a gas-tight cap using a syringe (Hamilton 1701 N, Point five needle style, 51 mm; Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland).Immediately afterward, the collected headspace gas samples were directly injected into the injection port of the gas chromatography (GC; GC8000Top CE instruments, Milan, Italy) to measure the methane (CH4) concentration in the headspace gas samples, as described by Pellikaan et al. (Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 168:196-205, 2011) and to quantify the cumulative methane production as described by Hatew et al. (Grass Forage Sci. 70:474-490, 2014). After 72 h of incubation, the fermentation was terminated, and 600 pL fermentation samples were collected from each bottle to determine the VFA concentrations of the fermentation liquid as described by Van Gastelen et al. (J. Dairy Sci. 104:4174-4191, 2021). Substrate residues in the fermentation bottles were analyzed for organic matter (OM) to determine the level of OM digestibility.

[0189] [Tables3] Grass silage Corn silage Dry matter (g / kg) DM 922 945 Organic matter 898 961 Crude protein 170 83 Crude fat 33 27 Neutral detergent fiber 454 345 Acid detergent fiber 252 189 Acid detergent lignin 11 11 Starch 82 366 Gross energy (MJ / kg DM) 19.0 18.4

[0190] Table 3: Chemical composition (in g / kg of dry matter) of grass silage and corn silage used as substrates.

[0191] 5.4. Chemical analyses

[0192] Grass silage and corn silage substrates were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, nitrogen (N), starch, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Substrate residues in fermentation bottles after 72 h of incubation were analyzed for ash. The wet chemistry methods performed are described by Abrahamse et al. (J. Dairy Sci. 91:2033-2045, 2008). Calorimetry measured by bomb calorimeter (ISO 9831; International Organization for Standardization, 1998) was used to determine gross energy (GE) content. Crude protein was calculated as N x 6.25, with N determined using the Dumas method (ISO 16634-1; International Organization for Standardization, 2008). Organic matter was calculated as: (1000 - ash).Ruminal fluid samples (i.e., before incubation and after 72 hours of incubation) were analyzed for VFAs as described by van Gastelen et al. (J. Dairy Sci. 104:4174-4191, 2021).

[0193] Example 6 - Results - Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)

[0194] The AGVs after 72 hours of in vitro incubation containing different doses of the different types of CNSL are presented: - in Table 4 for natural CNSL, - in table 5 for the technical CNSL - in table 6 for hydrogenated CNSL

[0195] and in Figures 1 to 5.

[0196] In the results presented, the branched-chain volatile fatty acid (VFA) level is defined as the sum of the iso-valerate and iso-butyrate compounds.

[0197] The “NGR” index corresponding to the ratio between non-glycogenic AGV and glycogenic AGV is defined as follows (Cône and Becker et al., Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 172:34-41):

[0198] [Math.l] acetate 4- 2xbuty^t& + 2 x isobutyrate + valerate + isQval ____________________________________:__________i_________________________________________i________________________________________________________________ propaonate + valerate + isovalerate

[0199] [Tables4] Natural CNSL Control 200 pg / mL 400 pg / mL 600 pg / mL Total VFA (mmol / g MO) 100.5 90.7 85.9 80.0 Molar proportion (% total VFA) Acetate 59.5 49.1 48.4 49.2 Proprionate 21.1 34.6 36.8 36.0 Butyrate 13.1 9.4 8.3 8.0 Valerate 2.22 3.10 2.85 3.28 Branched-chain VFA 4.17 3.76 3.68 3.61 Acetate to propionate ratio 2.82 1.42 1.32 1.37 NGR 3.6 1.90 1.74 1.77

[0200] Table 4: Effect of natural CNSL on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) after 72 hours of in vitro incubation containing different doses.

[0201] [Tables5] CNSL Technical Control 200 pg / mL 400 pg / mL 600 pg / mL Total VFA (mmol / g MO) 100.5 101.0 98.2 97.8 Molar proportion (% total VFA) Acetate 59.5 58.6 56.3 55.0 Proprionate 21.1 22.4 25.8 27.8 Butyrate 13.1 12.8 11.8 11.0 Valerate 2.22 2.30 2.30 2.66 Branched-chain VFA 4.17 3.91 3.75 3.63 Acetate to propionate ratio 2.82 2.61 2.18 1.98 NGR 3.6 3.38 2.86 2.58

[0202] Table 5: Effect of technical CNSL on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) after 72 hours of in vitro incubation containing different doses.

[0203] [Tableauxô] Hydrogenated CNSL Control 200 pg / mL 400 pg / mL 600 pg / mL Total VFA (mmol / g MO) 100.5 100.4 98.2 96.4 Molar proportion (% total VFA) Acetate 59.5 53.7 52.1 50.0 Proprionate 21.1 28.7 31.4 33.7 Butyrate 13.1 11.5 10.2 9.8 Valerate 2.22 2.38 2.69 2.88 Branched-chain VFA 4.17 3.77 3.66 3.60 Acetate to propionate ratio 2.82 1.87 1.66 1.49 NGR 3.6 2.52 2.20 2.00

[0204] Table 6: Effect of hydrogenated CNSL on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) after 72 hours of in vitro incubation containing different doses.

[0205] Example 7 - Results - pH and digestibility of organic matter (OM)

[0206] The pH and digestibility of organic matter (OM) after 72 hours of in vitro incubation containing different doses of the different types of CNSL are shown in Table 6 and Figures 6 and 7.

[0207] [Tables7] Digestibility OM (%) PH Control 85.7 6.63 Natural CNSL - 200 pg / mL 79.5 6.65 Natural CNSL - 400 pg / mL 69.3 6.67 Natural CNSL - 600 pg / mL 56.9 6.70 Technical CNSL - 200 pg / mL 83.7 6.62 Technical CNSL - 400 pg / mL 78.8 6.63 Technical CNSL - 600 pg / mL 76.6 6.63 Hydrogenated CNSL - 200 pg / mL 85.2 6.63 Technical CNSL - 400 pg / mL 82.2 6.63 Technical CNSL - 600 pg / mL 79.8 6.63

[0208] Table 7: pH and digestibility of organic matter (OM) after 72 hours of in vitro incubation containing different doses of the different types of CNSL.

[0209] Example 8 - Results - Production of gas and methane

[0210] The total volume (mL) of gas (GP) and methane (CH4) generated during an in 72-hour in vitro incubation per gram of initial weight of MO substrate as well as the methane concentration in the total gas produced are shown in Table 7. These represent only the cumulative values ​​at the end of 72 hours of incubation.

[0211] The profiles of the same variable, i.e. gas production (GP) and methane production (CH4) in mL / g of organic matter (OM) as well as methane (CH4) gas concentration (GP) in percentage (%), throughout the 72 hours of incubation, are presented respectively in Figures 8 to 10.

[0212] [Tables8] Gas Production (mL / g MO) Methane Production (mL / g MO) Methane Concentration (%) Control 379 66.8 17.6 Natural CNSL - 200 pg / mL 272 19.5 7.2 Natural CNSL - 400 pg / mL 223 8.0 3.6 Natural CNSL - 600 pg / mL 181 3.6 2.0 Technical CNSL - 200 pg / mL 363 59.8 16.5 Technical CNSL - 400 pg / mL 332 47.9 14.4 Technical CNSL - 600 pg / mL 263 34.8 14.4 Hydrogenated CNSL - 200 pg / mL 332 42.0 12.6 Technical CNSL - 400 pg / mL 304 32.6 10.7 CNSL Technical - 600 pg / mL 291 24.7 8.5

[0213] Table 8: The total volume (mL) of gas (GP) and methane (CH4) generated during a 72-hour in vitro incubation per gram of initial weight of MO substrate as well as the concentration of methane in the total gas produced.

[0214] Example 9 - Analysis of results

[0215] Methanogenesis

[0216] Considering the results obtained, hydrogenated CNSL can effectively reduce methanogenesis. When incubating 200, 400 or 600 pg / mL of hydrogenated CNSL, the production of methane CH4 (mL / g of OM) decreased by 37%, 51% and 63%, respectively, compared to the control.

[0217] The methanogenesis attenuation levels are between those of natural CNSL and technical grade CNSL. Hydrogenated CNSL is thus slightly less effective than natural CNSL, but more effective than technical grade CNSL.

[0218] Similar to natural CNSL and technical CNSL, a dose-response effect in which the inhibition of methane production increases with increasing dose of hydrogenated CNSL was observed.

[0219] AGV, OM digestibility, pH and gas production.

[0220] Similar to natural CNSL, hydrogenated CNSL resulted in an increase in the level of propionate and valerate at the expense of acetate and butyrate.

[0221] A minimal effect of hydrogenated CNSL on the total content of volatile fatty acids (VFA) is observed. In fact, a difference of at most - 4% is observed compared to the control for hydrogenated CNSL while for natural CNSL the difference reaches more than 20% compared to the control.

[0222] A minimal effect of hydrogenated CNSL on the pH and consequently on the acidity of the digestive medium is observed, whereas natural CNSL causes a variation in the acidity of the digestive medium.

[0223] The effect of hydrogenated CNSL on the digestibility of organic matter (OM) is lower than that of natural CNSL and technical CNSL. In this study, a weak effect (difference of the order of -5% with the control) of the digestibility of organic matter was observed for hydrogenated CNSL while natural CNSL causes a difference in OM digestibility of up to -28.8% compared to the control.

[0224] The effect of hydrogenated CNSL on gas production (GP) is less than that of natural CNSL, but greater than that of technical CNSL.

[0225] In conclusion, hydrogenated CNSL allows a reduction in gas production, particularly methanogenesis, a shift towards the production of propionate and valerate to the detriment of acetate and butyrate, with minimal and attenuated side effects on fermentation, by promoting the digestibility of organic matter and the maintenance of pH.

Claims

Claims

1. Non-therapeutic use of a composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) comprising or consisting of the combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following [Chem. 11] or non-therapeutic use of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I) to reduce methanogenesis and / or to improve digestive fermentation in animals.

2. Use according to claim 1, wherein said hydrogenated cashew liquid composition comprises: - hydrogenated anacardic acid from 50.0 to 85.0% by total weight of the composition, - hydrogenated cardol from 10.0 to 25.0% by total weight of the composition - hydrogenated methyl cardol from 0.0 to 5.0% by total weight of the com-

3.

4.

5. position, and - hydrogenated cardanol from 2.0 to 15.0% by total weight of the composition. Use according to one of claims 1 to 2, wherein said composition of hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) or hydrogenated anacardic acid is used at a dose of 500 to 600 ppm, in particular 50 to 500 ppm. Use according to one of claims 1 to 3, for reducing methanogenesis and possibly improving digestive fermentation in the rumen of ruminants and / or possibly for increasing the production of propionate, in particular in cattle. Combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV) following [Chem. 12]

6. Association according to claim 5, wherein - hydrogenated anacardic acid represents from 50.0 to 85.0% by weight total of the association, - hydrogenated cardol represents from 10.0 to 25.0% by total weight of the association, - hydrogenated methyl cardol represents from 0.0 to 5.0% by total weight of the association, and - hydrogenated cardanol represents from 2.0 to 15.0% by total weight of the composition.

7. Use of a combination according to one of claims 5 to 6 or of hydrogenated anacardic acid as a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis and / or for improving digestive fermentation, in particular as a food supplement for ruminants.

8. Use of a combination according to one of claims 5 to 6 or of hydrogenated anacardic acid for the manufacture of a food supplement for reducing methanogenesis and / or for improving digestive fermentation.

9. Use according to one of claims 7 or 8, said association or anacardic acid being used at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, in particular 50 to 500 ppm.

10. Food comprising the combination according to one of claims 5 or 6 or hydrogenated anacardic acid, at a rate of 50 to 600 ppm, in particular 50 to 500 ppm.

11. A hydrogenated cashew nut shell liquid (hydrogenated CNSL) composition comprising or consisting of the following combination of hydrogenated anacardic acid of formula (I), hydrogenated cardol of formula (II), hydrogenated methyl cardol of formula (III) and hydrogenated cardanol of formula (IV):

12.

13.

14. or composition comprising or consisting of hydrogenated anacardic acid, for its use against digestive pathological conditions such as abdominal tympanism or coccidiosis. Composition for use according to claim 11, against abdominal tympanism. Composition for use according to claim 11, against coccidiosis. Composition for its use according to claims 11 to 13, in which in the association - hydrogenated anacardic acid represents from 50.0 to 85.0% by total weight of the association, - hydrogenated cardol represents from 10.0 to 25.0% by total weight of the association, - hydrogenated methyl cardol represents from 0.0 to 5.0% by total weight of the association, and - hydrogenated cardanol represents from 2.0 to 15.0% by total weight of the composition.

Images