Electrode arrangement for photovoltaic module, photovoltaic module and method for manufacturing arrangement for photovoltaic module

Abstract

Disclosed is an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, the electrode arrangement comprising an anode 102 and a corresponding anode interface layer 104; and a cathode 106 and a corresponding

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to electrode arrangements for photovoltaic modules. Moreover, the present disclosure relates to photovoltaic modules. Furthermore, the present disclosure relates to methods for manufacturing electrode arrangements for photovoltaic modules. BACKGROUND Photovoltaic (PV) devices that convert sunlight into electricity have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to provide sustainable and renewable energy sources. Among various PV technologies, organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices have shown promise due to their flexibility, lightweight, and potential for cost-effective manufacturing processes. Conventional OPV devices employ complex electrode structures, including anodes, cathodes, and interface layers for efficient charge transport. Typically, the OPV devices utilize a horizontal geometry, which involves multiple layers and intricate fabrication steps, often leading to increased manufacturing costs and reduced overall efficiency. The existing manufacturing methods for the OPV devices face challenges in terms of complexity, cost, and performance. The horizontal electrode structure, with its multiple layers and coating requirements, presents inherent difficulties in achieving high efficiency and reducing defects. Furthermore, the use of hazardous chemicals in etching processes to define the OPV device's topography raises environmental and safety concerns. Therefore, in light of the foregoing discussion, there exists a need to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. SUMMARY The aim of the present disclosure is to provide an electrode arrangement, a photovoltaic module, and a method to revolutionize the manufacturing and performance of opto-electronic devices. The aim of the present disclosure is achieved by an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, a photovoltaic module and a method for manufacturing an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module as defined in the appended independent claims to which reference is made to. Advantageous features are set out in the appended dependent claims. Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words "comprise", "include", "have", and "contain" and variations of these words, for example "comprising" and "comprises", mean "including but not limited to", and do not exclude other components, items, integers or steps not explicitly disclosed also to be present. Moreover, the singular encompasses the plural unless the context otherwise requires. In particular, where the indefinite article is used, the specification is to be understood as contemplating plurality as well as singularity, unless the context requires otherwise. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGs. 1A and IB are illustrations of an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIGs. IC and ID are illustrations of an interdigitated structure of the electrode arrangement, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIGs. 2A and 2B are illustrations of electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 3 is an illustration of electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure; and FIG. 4 is an illustration of a flowchart depicting steps of a method for manufacturing an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the present disclosure and ways in which they can be implemented. Although some modes of carrying out the present disclosure have been disclosed, those skilled in the art would recognize that other embodiments for carrying out or practising the present disclosure are also possible. In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, the electrode arrangement comprising: an anode and a corresponding anode interface layer; and a cathode and a corresponding cathode interface layer, wherein the anode and the cathode are vertically arranged for providing an electrical output, and wherein the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer emerge from edges of corresponding anode and cathode, respectively. The first aspect of the disclosure provides the photovoltaic module with the electrode arrangement that optimizes efficiency, simplifies manufacturing, streamlines the supply chain, and promotes environmental sustainability. The vertical arrangement of the anode and the cathode, along with edge-emerging interface layers, combines to eliminate the need for multiple layers of complex electrode structures. Thus, resulting in a more efficient and cost-effective photovoltaic module. In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a photovoltaic module comprising: at least one substrate; and a light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement comprising one or more photovoltaic cells having a first side and a second side; a photoactive layer, arranged on the first side of each of the one or more photovoltaic cells, configured to receive, when in operation, incident light; an electrode arrangement of any of preceding claims 1-6, arranged on the second side of each of the one or more photovoltaic cells, configured to provide collection of an electrical output from the one or more photovoltaic cells, wherein the anode and the cathode are vertically arranged on the at least one substrate, and wherein the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer emerge from edges of corresponding anode and cathode, respectively. The second aspect of the present disclosure provides the photovoltaic module with the vertically arranged electrode arrangement, seamlessly integrated with the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement. The synergy between the electrode arrangement and the photovoltaic cells enhances energy conversion efficiency by optimizing light absorption and efficient charge collection. Moreover, the photovoltaic module design is simplified and space-efficient, streamlining manufacturing processes and fostering collaboration within the supply chain. Furthermore, reduced material usage and lower energy consumption during production and operation contribute to environmental sustainability and costeffectiveness, making the photovoltaic module an efficient and economically viable solution for diverse applications, while advancing the utilization of renewable energy sources. In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module of the aforementioned claims, the method comprising: vertically arranging an anode, a cathode, a corresponding anode interface layer and a corresponding cathode interface layer; and contacting the vertically arranged anode and cathode with one or more photovoltaic cells of a light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement of the photovoltaic module, to provide collection of an electrical output from the one or more photovoltaic cells. The third aspect of the present disclosure provides the method that simplifies manufacturing of the electrode arrangement for the photovoltaic module by eliminating complex horizontal structures, resulting in efficient assembly and enhanced manufacturing efficiency. Moreover, the method ensures high-quality, consistent electrode components, improving the overall performance and reliability of the photovoltaic module. Furthermore, the method reduces material and energy consumption, aligning with sustainability goals and costeffectiveness, while enhancing safety and environmental sustainability by eliminating the need for hazardous chemicals and intricate processing steps. It will be appreciated that the method synergistically combines simplicity, efficiency, and sustainability to create a reliable and environmentally friendly photovoltaic module manufacturing process. The term "electrode arrangement" as used herein refers to a specific configuration of components designed for use in a photovoltaic module. The term "photovoltaic module" as used herein refers to an assembly or unit designed for the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Typically, the photovoltaic module includes one or more photovoltaic cells or solar cells that absorb sunlight and generate electrical energy. Moreover, the photovoltaic module incorporates the electrode arrangement as a crucial component to facilitate the collection and transport of an electrical output. The term "anode" as used herein refers to an electrode within the electrode arrangement that serves as the positive electrode. In an example, the anode is the electrode where electrons flow out during the photoelectric conversion process when exposed to the sunlight. The term "cathode" as used herein refers to an electrode within the electrode arrangement that serves as the negative electrode. In an example, the cathode is the electrode where electrons return to, after the photoelectric conversion process, thus completing the electrical circuit. The term "anode interface layer" as used herein refers to a layer associated with the anode within the electrode arrangement. In this regard, the anode interface layer is used to facilitate efficient charge transport and interaction between the anode and the adjacent components, such as the photovoltaic cells. It will be appreciated that the anode interface layer ensures a seamless connection between the anode and the photovoltaic cells. The term "cathode interface layer" as used herein refers to a layer associated with the cathode within the electrode arrangement. In this regard, the cathode interface layer is designed to facilitate efficient charge transport and interaction between the cathode and adjacent components, such as the photovoltaic cells. It will be appreciated that the cathode interface layer ensures a seamless connection between the cathode and the photovoltaic cells. In this regard, the anode and the cathode are vertically arranged. Herein, the vertical arrangement means that the anode and the anode interface layer and the cathode and the cathode interface layer are oriented in a manner where one is above the other, forming a vertical stack. Advantageously, the vertical orientation enables efficient sunlight absorption and subsequent electrical output generation. Moreover, when in operation, the sunlight strikes the photovoltaic module, penetrates through the top layers, interacts with the photoactive materials in the photovoltaic cells, and generates electrical charge carriers (electrons and holes). Furthermore, the anode and the cathode that are vertically arranged facilitate the efficient collection of the electrical charge carriers, resulting in a more effective conversion of the sunlight into the electrical output. Herein, the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer emerge from the edges of the corresponding anode and the corresponding cathode, respectively. In this regard, the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer extend outwards from the sides of the anode and cathode, respectively, to interface directly with the adjacent photovoltaic cells. Moreover, such an arrangement enhances the electrical charge collection and transport by reducing the distance electrons need to travel before being collected by the anode and the cathode. Thus, the shorter path for the electrical charge carriers contributes to higher energy conversion efficiency in the photovoltaic module. Optionally, the vertically arranged anode and cathode are interdigitated, wherein the anode and the cathode in an interdigitated anode and cathode pair are arranged in a closely spaced, alternating pattern. In this regard, the vertically arranged anode and cathode are interdigitated meaning that the anode and the cathode are closely spaced forming an alternating pattern. It will be appreciated that the closely spaced, alternating arrangement of the anode and the cathode pairs effectively increases the coverage area within the photovoltaic module. This means that more of the photovoltaic module's surface is actively involved in capturing the sunlight and generating the electrical output. Moreover, the interdigitated pattern contributes to defining each pair of the anode and the cathode as a single cell within the photovoltaic module. Furthermore, such a cell definition enhances the photovoltaic module's ability to collect and transport the electrical charge efficiently. Optionally, a gap between each interdigitated anode and cathode pair is in a range of 10 to 500 nanometres. Optionally, the gap is in the range of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 or 450 nanometres up to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 or 500 nanometres. In this regard, the gap is established by ensuring that there is a controlled separation between the anode and cathode pairs within the interdigitated structure. It will be appreciated that when the gap is in the aforementioned range, the electrical charge transport is optimized, photovoltaic properties are tuned, and short circuits are prevented. Optionally, the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer have a thickness in a range of 2 to 100 nanometres. Optionally, the thickness is in the range of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95 nanometres up to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 nanometres. In this regard, the interface layers with the thickness within the range provide an optimal environment for the electrical charge transport. Moreover, the thickness ensures that electrons and holes generated within the photovoltaic cells can efficiently move across the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer to reach the anode and the cathode. Beneficially, the thickness range is chosen to reduce resistance and enhance the overall performance and efficiency of the photovoltaic module. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from a conductive material selected from at least one of: a conductive elemental metal including silver, gold, copper, aluminium; and / or a conductive metal oxide including indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide. Herein, the term "conductive material" refers to a substance or material that has the ability to allow the flow of electrical current or the transfer of electric charges through it with minimal resistance. In this regard, the electrodes are fabricated using various conductive materials. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the silver as it enhances the electric charge transport efficiency and electrical conductivity within the photovoltaic module, resulting in improved energy conversion. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the gold, for its stability and resistance to corrosion, which ensures the long-term reliability of electrodes. The gold helps maintain consistent electrical performance over time, contributing to the durability of the photovoltaic module. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the copper as it provides an economical option for fabricating the electrodes while still maintaining efficient charge transport. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the aluminium due to its lightweight and cost-effectiveness. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the conductive metal oxide such as the indium tin oxide for the efficient passage of light while maintaining electrical conductivity. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the aluminum zinc oxide as it combines the electrical conductivity of metals with the transparency of oxides. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the zinc oxide as it offers good electrical conductivity and is environmentally friendly. Optionally, the electrodes are fabricated from the indium gallium zinc oxide and the indium zinc oxide as they combine multiple elements to achieve high electrical conductivity and transparency. Optionally, the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer are fabricated from a material selected from at least one of: a metal oxide including vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, molybdenum oxide; and / or an organic polymer including PEDOT: PSS. Herein, the vanadium oxide refers to a metal oxide compound that exhibits semiconducting properties. In this regard, when the vanadium oxide is used in the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer, the vanadium oxide can facilitate charge carrier transport, enhance electron mobility, and improve the overall electrical performance of the photovoltaic module. Herein, the titanium oxide refers to a versatile metal oxide known for its optical transparency and semiconductor characteristics. In this regard, when the titanium oxide is incorporated into the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer, the titanium oxide can enhance light absorption and charge separation, ultimately increasing energy conversion efficiency. Herein, the tin oxide refers to an electrically conductive metal oxide with transparency in the visible spectrum. In this regard, when the tin oxide is used in the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer, the tin oxide can provide both electrical conductivity and optical transparency, making the tin oxide suitable or transparent photovoltaic applications. Herein, the molybdenum oxide refers to another metal oxide with semiconducting properties. In this regard, the molybdenum oxide can be employed in the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer to optimize charge transport and enhance the performance of the photovoltaic modules. Herein, the PEDOT: PSS (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate) refers to an organic polymer blend that exhibits high electrical conductivity and good film-forming properties. In this regard, when the PEDOT: PSS is used in the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layer, it can provide a conductive and stable interface for charge extraction and transport. Moreover, the PEDOT: PSS is compatible with the organic photovoltaic materials, contributing to efficient charge collection and enhanced photovoltaic module performance. The present disclosure also relates to the photovoltaic module as described above. Various embodiments and variants disclosed above, with respect to the aforementioned electrode arrangement for the photovoltaic module, apply mutatis mutandis to the photovoltaic module. Optionally, the vertically arranged anode and cathode are interdigitated, wherein the anode and the cathode in an interdigitated anode and cathode pair are arranged in a closely spaced, alternating pattern. Optionally, the anode and the cathode of adjacent photovoltaic cells are in direct electrical contact. Herein, the direct electrical contact between the anode and the cathode of adjacent photovoltaic cells ensures efficient charge collection. It will be appreciated that the direct electrical contact allows for the seamless flow of electrons generated in the photovoltaic cell to pass directly into the adjacent photovoltaic cell, maximizing the overall electrical output of the module. Optionally, by eliminating the need for additional connectors or wiring between the photovoltaic cells, the electrical resistance within the photovoltaic module is minimized. Moreover, lower electrical resistance means that less energy is lost as heat during the transmission of electrical current, improving the photovoltaic module's efficiency. Furthermore, the direct electrical contact provides a robust and long-lasting solution as it is less susceptible to damage or wear. Optionally, the photoactive layer transmits, when in operation, a range of 10% to 99% of the visible light incident on the one or more photovoltaic cells. Optionally, the photoactive layer transmits, when in operation, the range of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% up to 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 99% of the visible light incident on the one or more photovoltaic cells. The technical effect of the aforementioned range is to ensure that the photovoltaic module can selectively allow a controlled amount of visible light to pass through while still efficiently capturing the solar energy. For example, such versatility is crucial for applications where both energy generation and light transmission are required, such as building-integrated photovoltaics or solar windows. It allows for customizable levels of transparency, making the module suitable for diverse settings where aesthetics, natural lighting, and energy production coexist. Optionally, the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement is implemented as at least one of: an organic photovoltaic (OPV), an organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a Perovskite photovoltaic, a Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PLED). The term "organic photovoltaic (OPV)" as used herein refers to a solar cell technology that utilizes organic (carbonbased) materials to convert the sunlight into the electricity. In this regard, the OPVs are implemented as part of the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement due to their economical, flexible, and light weight properties. The term "organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)" as used herein refers to a lighting technology that employs organic materials to emit light when an electric current is applied. It will be appreciated that the OLEDs could be used to provide ambient or decorative lighting while simultaneously functioning as photovoltaic cells to generate the electricity from the sunlight. In an example, said integration provides energy-efficient lighting solutions, especially in building-integrated applications. The term "Perovskite photovoltaic" as used herein refers to a class of solar cells that use perovskite-structured materials as the light-absorbing layer. It will be appreciated that implementing the Perovskite photovoltaics in the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement increases energy conversion efficiency compared to traditional solar cells. The term "Perovskite tight-emitting diodes (PLED)" as used herein refers to a class of light-emitting devices that utilize perovskite materials to emit light when an electric current is applied. It will be appreciated that implementing the PLEDs within the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement could create multifunctional devices that not only generate electricity but also emit light. In an example, said integration could find applications in smart windows or surfaces that generate electricity during the day and provide lighting at night. Optionally, the method further comprises a material coating applied at least partially on the photovoltaic module, wherein the material coating is selected from at least one of: a dielectric material coating, a barrier material coating. Herein, the term "dielectric material coating" refers to a layer of material applied to the surface of the photovoltaic module or other electronic devices. The dielectric material coating possesses insulating properties and is often used to electrically isolate different components, prevent electrical shorts, and enhance the overall performance and safety of the electronic devices. Herein, the term "barrier material coating" refers to a layer of material that is applied to the surface of a photovoltaic module or other electronic devices with the primary purpose of providing protection against external environmental factors. Optionally, the barrier coatings act as a barrier to prevent moisture, oxygen, contaminants, or other potentially harmful substances from reaching sensitive electronic components. It will be appreciated that both the dielectric material coating and the barrier material coating provide longevity of the photovoltaic module by shielding it from environmental stressors and potential damage, which can help reduce maintenance and replacement costs. Optionally, the dielectric material coating is selected from any of: silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, tantalum pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, barium titanate, polymers. In this regard, the inclusion of the dielectric material coating from the aforementioned materials serves as protective layers that enhances the photovoltaic module's performance and longevity. Optionally, the aforementioned dielectric material coating provides electrical insulation, reduces surface defects, and improve the durability of the photovoltaic cells. Additionally, the aforementioned dielectric material coating minimizes leakage currents, thereby increasing the photovoltaic module's energy conversion efficiency and reliability. Optionally, a height of the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement is in a range of ±2-30% higher or lower than the electrode arrangement. Optionally, the height is in the range of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 21%, 24% or 29% up to 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 21%, 24%, 26% or 30%. Optionally, the height is in the range of -2%, -1%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 21%, 24% or 29% up to -1%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 21%, 24%, 26% or 30%. Optionally, the adjustment of the height of the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement relative to the electrode arrangement provides precise control over the photovoltaic module's design and performance. In an example, fine-tuning the height can impact factors such as light trapping, reflection, and the interaction between the photovoltaic cells and incident light. Optionally, the at least one substrate is implemented as a first substrate and a second substrate for hermetically sealing the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement therebetween, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are at least partially transmissive for light of visible wavelengths, and wherein, when in operation, the first substrate receives input light radiation. In this regard, the first substrate and the second substrate are implemented with transparency to visible light to create an enclosed environment that allows light to pass through while protecting the internal components of the photovoltaic module. Moreover, the first substrate serves as the entry point for incoming light radiation, which is crucial for the operation of the photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, the first substrate and the second substrate provide protection against environmental factors, such as moisture, dust, and contaminants, which can degrade the performance and lifespan of the photovoltaic cells. The present disclosure also relates to the method for manufacturing the electrode arrangement for the photovoltaic module of the aforementioned claims as described above. Various embodiments and variants disclosed above, with respect to the aforementioned electrode arrangement for the photovoltaic module and the aforementioned photovoltaic module, apply mutatis mutandis to the method for manufacturing the electrode arrangement for the photovoltaic module of the aforementioned claims. Optionally, the method comprises vertically arranging the anode and the cathode in an interdigitated manner, wherein the anode and the cathode in an interdigitated anode and cathode pair are arranged in a closely spaced, alternating pattern. Optionally, the method further comprises employing adhesion lithography for manufacturing of the electrode arrangement. The term "adhesion lithography" as used herein refers to a manufacturing technique that involves the selective removal or deposition of materials to create specific patterns or structures on a substrate. It relies on the differential adhesion properties of materials to control their placement. Optionally, to employ the adhesion lithography for manufacturing the electrode arrangement, the following steps may be involved. Optionally, the steps include preparing the substrate where the electrode arrangement will be fabricated. This may involve cleaning and coating the substrate to ensure proper adhesion of the materials. Optionally, the steps include applying the relevant materials for the anode, cathode, and the corresponding interface layers using the adhesion lithography techniques. The adhesion lithography techniques may include selective material removal (etching) or deposition (printing). Optionally, the steps include designing the desired patterns for the electrode arrangement, ensuring that they align with the vertical arrangement. Optionally, the adhesion lithography is used to selectively remove or deposit the materials according to the designed patterns. Optionally, the adhesion lithography is used to perform quality control checks to verify the accuracy and integrity of the electrode arrangement. Optionally, the method further comprises manufacturing the lightabsorbing photovoltaic material arrangement using deposition from a liquid solution or a liquid suspension. The term "light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement" as used herein refers to the layer or layers within the photovoltaic module that are responsible for capturing and converting incident light (sunlight) into the electricity. Optionally, the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement contains the photovoltaic cells or materials designed to absorb photons from the sunlight and generate the electrical current as a result of the photovoltaic effect. Optionally, manufacturing the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement using deposition from the liquid solution or the liquid suspension involves the steps such as solution or suspension preparation, applying the prepared solution or suspension onto the substrate, utilizing deposition techniques to evenly spread the solution or suspension over the substrate. Optionally, the steps include allowing the solvent (liquid component) to evaporate, leaving behind a thin film of the light-absorbing material and then forming a thin, uniform film on the substrate. Moreover, after the formation of the light-absorbing layer, the vertically arranged anode and the cathode are integrated with their respective interface layers. Optionally, deposition technique employs at least one of: thermal evaporation technique, atomic layer deposition technique, powder spraying technique, liquid spraying technique, dip-coating technique, spin-coating technique, curtain coating technique, casting technique, or printing technique. The term "atomic layer deposition technique" as used herein refers to a process in which a material is heated until it vaporizes and then condensed onto the substrate to form a thin film. Optionally, the thermal evaporation technique is performed under vacuum conditions. It will be appreciated that the thermal evaporation technique provides precise control over the thickness and composition of the deposited material, making it suitable for high-quality thin film production. The term "atomic layer deposition technique" as used herein refers to a thin-film deposition technique that relies on the sequential exposure of reactants to a substrate's surface, resulting in atomic layer-by-layer growth. Beneficially, the atomic layer deposition technique provides control over film thickness at the atomic scale, enabling the deposition of uniform, conformal, and high-quality films. The term "powder spraying technique" as used herein refers to a technique that involves projecting fine powder particles onto the substrate's surface, where they adhere and form a coating. The term "liquid spraying technique" as used herein refers to a liquid solution or suspension onto a substrate, which forms a film as the solvent evaporates. Beneficially, the liquid spraying technique provides versatility and cost-effectiveness, making it suitable for both small and large-scale production. The term "dip-coating technique" as used herein refers to a substrate that is immersed into the liquid solution or the liquid suspension, and as it is withdrawn, a thin film forms on its surface. Beneficially, the dip-coating technique allows for the creation of uniform and controlled thin films. The term "spin-coating technique" as used herein refers to a process in which a substrate is coated with the liquid solution, which is then spun rapidly to spread the solution evenly, forming a thin film. Optionally, the spin coating provides excellent uniformity and control over film thickness. The term "curtain-coating technique" as used herein refers to a process that involves flowing the liquid solution down a vertical substrate, creating a uniform film as excess liquid is collected at the bottom. Optionally, the casting technique involves pouring a liquid material into a mold or onto a substrate, which solidifies to form a desired shape or film. Optionally, the casting technique is used for producing complex shapes and large-area coatings. Optionally, the printing techniques include various methods such as inkjet, screen printing, gravure, and more, where material is selectively deposited onto a substrate. Beneficially, the printing technique provides high precision, flexibility, and scalability, making it suitable for various applications, including electronics and photovoltaics. Optionally, the method further comprises applying a material coating at least partially on the photovoltaic module, the material coating selected from at least one of: a dielectric material coating, a barrier material coating. Optionally, the photovoltaic material coating is selected from any of: silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide. In this regard, the silicon nitride and the titanium dioxide provide optical properties, including high transparency and anti-reflective properties. Optionally, when applied as the photovoltaic material coating, the silicon nitride and the titanium dioxide can enhance the absorption of incident light by the photovoltaic cells, thereby increasing the photovoltaic module's efficiency. Moreover, the indium tin oxide and the zinc oxide provide electrical conductivity while remaining transparent. Optionally, when used as coatings, the indium tin oxide and the zinc oxide can serve as transparent conductive layers, improving the electrical conductivity of the photovoltaic module and facilitating efficient charge collection. Optionally, when applied as the barrier coating, the aluminum oxide provides long-term protection to the photovoltaic module's sensitive components against environmental factors, such as moisture and contaminants. Moreover, the anti-reflective properties of the silicon nitride and the titanium dioxide, reduce the amount of light that is reflected away from the photovoltaic module's surface. This increases the amount of light absorbed by the photovoltaic cells, leading to higher energy conversion efficiency. Optionally, the dielectric material coating is selected from any of: silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, tantalum pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, barium titanate, polymers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Referring to FIGs. 1A and IB, illustrated are illustrations of an electrode arrangement 100 for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1A, a horizontal architecture of the electrode arrangement 100. In this regard, the electrode arrangement 100 comprises an anode 102 and a corresponding anode interface layer 104; and a cathode 106 and a corresponding cathode interface layer 108. It will be appreciated that the anode 102 and the cathode 106 are vertically arranged for providing an electrical output. Moreover, as shown the anode interface layer 104 and the cathode interface layer 108 emerge from edges of corresponding anode 102 and cathode 106, respectively. Furthermore, there is shown a photovoltaic (PV) layer 110. There is also shown at least one substrate 112. As shown in FIG. IB, a side view of the electrode arrangement 100. Referring to FIGs. IC and ID, illustrated are illustrations of an interdigitated structure of the electrode arrangement 100, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the vertically arranged anode 102 and cathode 106 are interdigitated, wherein the anode 102 and the cathode 106 in an interdigitated anode and cathode pair are arranged in a closely spaced, alternating pattern. As shown in FIG. ID, a side view of the interdigitated structure of the electrode arrangement 100. The interdigitation increases the area used on the photovoltaic module and also defines this as an individual photovoltaic cell. Referring to FIGs. 2A and 2B, illustrated are illustrations of electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2A, a circularshaped electrode arrangement 202. The circular-shaped electrode arrangement 202 is a low voltage-high current system. As shown in FIG. 2B, a puzzled-shaped electrode arrangement 204. Referring to FIG. 3, illustrated is an illustration of electrode arrangement 300 for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the electrode arrangement 300 is used for higher voltage or series interconnected system. As shown, the anode 302 and the cathode 304 of adjacent photovoltaic cells are in direct electrical contact. There is shown, a photovoltaic layer 306. Referring to FIG. 4, illustrated is a flowchart depicting steps of a method for manufacturing an electrode arrangement for a photovoltaic module, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. At step 402, an anode, a cathode, a corresponding anode interface layer, and a corresponding cathode interface layer are vertically arranged. At step 404, the vertically arranged anode and cathode with one or more photovoltaic cells of a light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement of the photovoltaic module is contacted, to provide collection of an electrical output from the one or more photovoltaic cells. The aforementioned steps are only illustrative and other alternatives can also be provided where one or more steps are added, one or more steps are removed, or one or more steps are provided in a different sequence without departing from the scope of the claims herein.

Claims

D CLAIM SET (Clean copy)1. An electrode arrangement (100, 300) for a photovoltaic module, the electrode arrangement comprising:an anode (102, 302) and a corresponding anode interface layer (104); anda cathode (106, 304) and a corresponding cathode interface layer (108), wherein the anode and the cathode are vertically arranged for providing an electrical output, wherein the vertically arranged anode (102, 302) and cathode (106, 304) are interdigitated, wherein the anode and the cathode in an interdigitated anode and cathode pair are arranged in a closely spaced, alternating pattern,LQ and wherein the anode interface layer and the cathode interface layerC\l emerge from edges of corresponding anode and cathode, respectively.

2. An electrode arrangement (100, 300) of claim 1, wherein a gap between each interdigitated anode (102, 302) and cathode (106, 304) pair is in a range of 10 to 500 nanometre.

3. An electrode arrangement (100, 300) of claim 1 or 2, wherein the anode interface layer (104) and the cathode interface layer (108) have a thickness in a range of 2 to 100 nanometre.

4. An electrode arrangement (100, 300) of claim 1, wherein the electrodes are fabricated from a conductive material selected from at least one of: a conductive elemental metal including silver, gold, copper, aluminium; and / or a conductive metal oxide including indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide.

5. An electrode arrangement (100, 300) of claim 1, wherein the anode interface layer (104) and the cathode interface layer (108) are fabricated from a material selected from at least one of: a metal oxide including05 02 25vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, molybdenum oxide; and / or an organic polymer including PEDOT: PSS.

6. A photovoltaic module comprising:at least one substrate (112); anda light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement comprisingone or more photovoltaic cells, wherein the anode (102, 302) and the cathode (106, 304) of adjacent photovoltaic cells are in direct electrical contact;a photoactive layer (110), configured to receive, when in operation, incident light;an electrode arrangement (100, 300) of any of preceding claims 1-5, configured to provide collection of an electrical output from the one or more photovoltaic cells,wherein the anode (102, 302) and the cathode (106, 304) are vertically arranged on the at least one substrate, wherein the vertically arranged anode (102, 302) and cathode (106, 304) are interdigitated, wherein the anode and the cathode in an interdigitated anode and cathode pair are arranged in a closely spaced, alternating pattern, and wherein the anode interface layer (104) and the cathode interface layer (108) emerge from edges of corresponding anode and cathode, respectively.

7. A photovoltaic module of claim 6, wherein the photoactive layer transmits, when in operation, a range of 10% to 99% of the visible light incident on the one or more photovoltaic cells.

8. A photovoltaic module of claim 6, wherein the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement is implemented as at least one of: an organic photovoltaic (OPV), an organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a Perovskite photovoltaic, a Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PLED).

9. A photovoltaic module of claim 6, further comprising a material coating applied at least partially on the photovoltaic module, wherein the material05 02 25coating is selected from at least one of: a dielectric material coating, a barrier material coating.

10. A photovoltaic module of claim 9, wherein the dielectric material coating is selected from any of: silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, tantalum pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, barium titanate, polymers.

11. A photovoltaic module of claim 6, wherein a height of the light absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement is in a range of ±2-30% higher or lower than the electrode arrangement (100, 300).

12. A photovoltaic module of claim 6, wherein the at least one substrate is implemented as a first substrate and a second substrate for hermetically sealing the light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement therebetween, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are at least partially transmissive for light of visible wavelengths, and wherein, when in operation, the first substrate receives input light radiation.

13. A method for manufacturing an electrode arrangement (100, 300) for a photovoltaic module of claims 6-12, the method comprising:vertically arranging an anode (102, 302), a cathode (106, 304), a corresponding anode interface layer (104) and a corresponding cathode interface layer (108);vertically arranging the anode (102, 302) and the cathode (106, 304) in an interdigitated manner, wherein the anode and the cathode in an interdigitated anode and cathode pair are arranged in a closely spaced, alternating pattern; andcontacting the vertically arranged anode and cathode with one or more photovoltaic cells of a light-absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement of the photovoltaic module, to provide collection of an electrical output from the one or more photovoltaic cells.

14. A method of claim 13, further comprising employing adhesion lithography for manufacturing of the electrode arrangement (100, 300).05 02 2515. A method of claim 13, further comprising manufacturing the light absorbing photovoltaic material arrangement using deposition from a liquid solution or a liquid suspension.

16. A method of claim 15, wherein deposition technique employs at least one of: thermal evaporation technique, atomic layer deposition technique, powder spraying technique, liquid spraying technique, dip coating technique, spin-coating technique, curtain coating technique, casting technique, or printing technique.

17. A method of claim 13, further comprising applying a material coating at least partially on the photovoltaic module, the material coating selected from at least one of: a dielectric material coating, a barrier material coating.

18. A method of claim 17, wherein the photovoltaic material coating is selected from any of: silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide.

19. A method of claim 17, wherein the dielectric material coating is selected from any of: silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, tantalum pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, barium titanate, polymers.

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