Method and system for energy management

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a method for determining a schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of a battery storage system 100 comprising receiving, in a first operation, an estimate for

Description

Field This relates to a method and system for energy management of a battery storage system. The battery storage system is electrically connected to an electrical load, which is also supplied electrical power by a generative component and an electrical utility. Background In systems where the electrical power demanded by an electrical load (e.g., a building and / or electric vehicle charging station) is supplied by a generative component (such as photovoltaic or wind or fuel cell, etc.), an electrical utility, and a battery storage system, it is important that the charging and discharging of batteries of the battery storage system is efficient and not wasteful. Inefficient or sub-optimal charging and / or discharging of batteries can result in overreliance on electrical power supplied by the electrical utility. Moreover, inefficient charging and / or discharging can result in wasting the electrical power generated by the generative component. Over-reliance on the electrical utility and the wasting of electrical power generated can contribute to increased carbon emissions and decreased resilience to interruptions in power supplied by the electrical utility. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a method which dynamically and efficiently schedules the charge and / or discharge of the battery. Summary Described herein is a method for determining a schedule for the charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of a battery storage system. A system which is configured to perform the described method is also disclosed herein. A method for determining and outputting data indicative of a schedule for the charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of a battery storage system is provided. The method comprises receiving, in a first operation, an estimate for electrical power demanded by a load, an estimate for electrical power supplied by a generative component, an estimate for a (currently) available capacity of a battery storage system, an estimate for a current charging status of the battery storage system, and an estimate of electrical power capacity provided by an electrical utility. The available capacity can also be expressed as the state of charge (SOC) of the battery storage system, where the SoC is defined as the available energy stored in the battery storage system divided by the total / maximum capacity of the battery storage system (usually expressed as a percentage). The current charging status defines whether the battery is actively charging or discharging, or neither. The battery storage system is electrically connected to the load, the generative component, and the electrical utility. The method also comprises receiving a set of user parameters and selecting, based on the set of user parameters, an ordered sequence of operations for determining a schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system. The method further comprises performing the selected operations in the order defined by the ordered sequence to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system. The method comprises providing an output indicative of the determined schedule. The method provides a dynamic approach to determining the charge / discharge schedule, which may be more responsive to, for example, changes in the electrical power demanded by the load and / or supplied by the generative component. The schedule provides prioritised decision-making based on user preferences (regarding e.g., system resilience and / or carbon emissions) and enhances battery utilisation efficiency. In some implementations, each battery of the battery storage system is configured to charge and / or discharge independently of the charge and / or discharge of any other battery in the battery storage system. In some implementations, the method further comprises operating the battery storage system in accordance with the determined schedule for charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. In this way, the battery can be more efficiently operated. In some implementations, the method further comprises determining, based on the determined schedule for charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system, a required battery size for each of the one or more batteries. Advantageously, the method can allow for improved design of the battery storage systems, for example in terms of the number and capacity of each of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. The more informed design of the battery storage system can result in a more reliable supply of electrical power to the electrical load, and may also reduce the power supplied by the electrical utility and so reduce the quantity of carbon emissions. Moreover, the improved design may avoid overestimating the required battery size, and therefore reduce the overall consumption of materials (over-sized battery capacity can therefore be avoided, reducing material wastage). The cost of the battery storage system may also be reduced. In some implementations, the load comprises one or more electric vehicle charge stations and / or an electrical infrastructure of a building. In some implementations, the generative component comprises at least one of: one or more photovoltaic cells, one or more generators, optionally diesel / gas generator(s), one or more gensets, one or more wind turbines, or one or more fuel cells, and / or any other power generation equipment. In some implementations, the ordered sequence of operations further comprises a second operation. The second operation comprises determining if the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility is greater than a pre-defined maximum value. In response to determining that the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility is greater than the pre-defined maximum value, the second operation comprises determining, based on the current charging status and the available capacity of the battery storage system, if the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than a pre-set lower value or if the available capacity of the battery storage system is less than a pre-set upper value. The second operation further comprises scheduling, based on the current charging status and if the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than the pre-set lower value or is less than the preset upper value, the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system to reduce the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility. In some implementations, the second operation further comprises calculating a net change in the available capacity of the battery storage system. Advantageously, the second operation of the method can reduce the maximum amount of power supplied by the electrical utility to the electrical load. The method therefore may allow for a reduced dependence on the electrical utility and may consequently improve resilience and reduce the overall quantity of carbon emissions. In some implementations, the ordered sequence of operations further comprises a third operation. The third operation comprises receiving an initial, user defined, schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system, a maximum available capacity (and / or a maximum state of charge) of the battery storage system and a minimum available capacity (and / or a minimum state of charge) of the battery storage system. The third operation also comprises scheduling, based on the maximum available capacity and the minimum available capacity of the battery storage system and the initial schedule, the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Advantageously, the third operation can provide the user with a further degree of control over the schedule of the charge and / or discharge of the battery I batteries, while still ensuring that the battery storage system has sufficient capacity. In this way, a user can ensure a consistent supply of power during critical times, for example, and / or use the battery storage system as a priority power source at specific times. Moreover, a directed charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries may aide in the gathering of diagnostic data of the condition of the one or batteries of the battery storage system. The diagnostic data may improve the ease of maintenance of the battery storage system and therefore improve overall safety. In some implementations, the ordered sequence of operations comprises a fourth operation. The fourth operation comprises receiving an estimate of a tariff for the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility. The fourth operation further comprises determining if the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component is greater than the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load. In response to determining that the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component is greater than the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load and determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system is less than a pre-set upper value, the fourth operation comprises scheduling the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Alternatively, in response to determining that the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component is less than the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load, the fourth operation comprises determining if the tariff is less than a pre-defined value. In response to determining that the tariff is less than the pre-defined value, and determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system is less than the pre-set upper value, the fourth operation comprises scheduling the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Alternatively, in response to determining that the tariff is greater than the pre-defined value, and determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than a pre-set lower value, the fourth operation further comprises scheduling the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Advantageously, the fourth operation can avoid an over-dependence on the electrical utility for providing electrical power. This may reduce the cost associated with power supplied by the electrical utility and allow the benefits of having a generative component to be better realised. Moreover, the dynamic scheduling of the charging of the battery may improve the reliability of the system. In some implementations, the ordered sequence of operations comprises a fifth operation. The fifth operation comprises receiving an estimated value for a quantity of carbon emissions, wherein the estimated value is based on the estimated electrical power supplied by the electrical utility. The fifth operation further comprises determining that the estimated value for the quantity of carbon emissions is above a threshold, that the electrical power demanded by the load is in part supplied by the electrical utility, and that the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than a pre-set lower value. In response, the fifth operation further comprises scheduling, based on the estimated quantity of emissions and the available capacity of the battery storage system, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Advantageously, the fifth operation may reduce the quantity of carbon emissions and improve sustainability. This can be of particular importance in arrangements where the generative component is a renewable energy source. In some implementations, the ordered sequence of operations comprises a sixth operation. The sixth operation comprises determining that there is an interruption to the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility, and that the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than a pre-set lower value. In response, the sixth operation further comprises determining an estimated critical electrical power required by the load and scheduling, based on the estimated critical power required by the load, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Advantageously, the sixth operation of the method may improve resilience to interruptions in the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility. Moreover, by determining a critical electrical power, which for example may comprise power for emergency lighting or power for essential safety equipment, the method may improve overall safety by maintaining these critical loads. In some implementations, the set of user parameters comprises: a first weight, a second weight, and a third weight. In some implementations, the first weight indicates a weighting for sustainability, the second weight indicates a weighting for resilience, and the third weight indicates a weighting for economy. In some implementations, the operation selected first in the ordered sequence of operations is the fifth operation, if the first weight has the largest value. In other implementations, the operation selected first in the ordered sequence of operations is the sixth operation, if the second weight has the largest value. In other implementations, the operation selected first in the ordered sequence of operations is the second operation, if the third weight has the largest value. This can allow resiliency and sustainability to be prioritised, for example. In some implementations, the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load and / or the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component is based at least in part on one or more of: a date, a time of day, and a location of the load and / or the generative component. Advantageously, this allows the method to provide a more dynamic, and therefore more efficient, schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. In particular, location and date / time specific variables affecting the generative component can be accounted for. In the case where the generative component comprises photovoltaic cells, the location and date / time can affect the orientation of the sun, and thus the generative capacity of the cells. Moreover, basing the estimates in this way may improve the design of the battery storage system and the generative component, for example in terms of the number and capacity of each of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system or in terms of the number, size, position, or orientation of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component. This can provide a more reliable supply of electrical power to the electrical load and may also reduce the power supplied by the electrical utility and so reduce the quantity of carbon emissions. The improved design may also avoid overestimating the required battery size or, for example, the number of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component, and therefore reduce the overall consumption of materials and may also reduce the cost of the battery storage system. In some implementations, the method further comprises determining, based on the set of user parameters, if a priority mode is selected. In response to determining that the priority mode is selected, the method further comprises overriding the charge and / or discharge schedule and discharging, based on the estimated electrical power demanded by the load and the estimated electrical power supplied by the generative component, the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Advantageously, the priority mode can ensure that the one or more batteries are discharged as much as possible, within the pre-set limits. This reduces the overall dependence on electrical power supplied by the electrical utility, and therefore reduces the quantity of carbon emissions. The priority mode can be implemented in addition to the initial schedule, and can act as a user override function. In some implementations, the method further comprises receiving an updated estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load, an updated estimate for the electrical power supplied by a generative component, and an updated estimate for the electrical power provided by the electrical utility. The method comprises determining, based on the charge / discharge schedule, an updated estimate for the available capacity of the battery storage system and an updated estimate for the current charging status of the battery. The method further comprises determining, based on a date and / or a time of day, whether or not to perform a further set of operations. The further set of operations comprises in response to determining that the updated estimate for the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than a preset threshold value, scheduling, based on the updated estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load and the updated estimate for the electrical power provided by the electrical utility, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Alternatively, in response to determining that the updated estimate for the available capacity of the battery storage system is equal to the pre-set threshold, the further set of operations comprises turning off schedule. Alternatively, in response to determining that the updated estimate for the available capacity of the battery storage system is less than the pre-set threshold value, the further set of operations comprises scheduling, based on the updated estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load and the updated estimate for the electrical power provided by the electrical utility, the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Advantageously, the method can dynamically adapt the charge and / or discharge of the battery storage system to changes in the electrical power demanded by the electrical load. Moreover, by basing the further set of operations on the time and / or date, the approach described herein is, for example, able to ensure that available capacity of the battery storage system is at a certain level (e.g., maximum) at a particular time (such as midnight or 09:00 am), which may improve reliability and reduce the overall quantity of carbon emissions. In some implementations, the method further comprises receiving an updated estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load, an updated estimate for the electrical power supplied by a generative component, and an updated estimate for the electrical power provided by the electrical utility. The method comprises determining, based on the charge / discharge schedule, an updated estimated for the available capacity of the battery storage system and an updated estimate for the current charging status of the battery. The method also comprises calculating, based on the updated estimates, the net change in the available capacity of the battery storage system, a net electrical power provided by the electrical utility, and a net electrical power supplied by the generative component to the electrical utility. The method further comprises determining an export supply of the generative component. Advantageously, the method can allow for improved design of the generative component, for example in terms of the number, size, position, or orientation of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component. For example, by determining an export supply of the generative component, the design of the component can be optimised. This can provide a more reliable supply of electrical power to the electrical load and may also reduce the power supplied by the electrical utility and so reduce the quantity of carbon emissions. The improved design may also avoid over-estimating, for example, the required number of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component, and therefore reduce the overall consumption of materials, reduce the cost of the generative component, or reduce the time taken to install or maintain the generative component. In some implementations, the method comprises receiving a set of user-defined investment parameters. The method further comprises performing, based on the set of user-defined investment parameters and the calculated net change in the available capacity of the battery storage system, the net electrical power provided by the electrical utility, the export supply of the generative component, a set of calculations to determine a set of financial parameters. The method further comprises providing an output comprising the calculated set of financial parameters. The calculated set of financial parameters may provide useful information for the design of the battery storage system and / or the generative component and therefore may also reduce the overall costs associated with purchase and installation of the battery storage system and / or generative component. Also described herein is a system comprising a load, a generative component, and a battery storage system. The battery storage system comprises one or more batteries. The battery storage system is electrically connected to the load, the generative component, and configured to be electrically connected to an electrical utility. The system also comprises one or more processors, which are configured to perform the method described herein. Also described herein is a non-transitory computer storage media storing instructions and one or more processors. The instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the processor(s) to perform the method described herein. List of figures Figures 1A and IB are schematic illustrations of example battery storage systems, which are electrically connected to an electrical load, and which are also supplied electrical power by a generative component and an electrical utility. Figure 2 is a flow chart illustrating an example method for determining the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of a battery storage system. Figure 3 (comprising Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D) illustrates an example method for determining and outputting a schedule for the charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of a battery storage system. The example method commences at Figure 3A and continues in Figure 3B. Optionally, the steps of the example method in Figure 3C or 3D may continue from Figure 3B. Optionally, the steps of the example method of Figure 3D may continue from the steps of the example method of Figure 3C. Figure 4 illustrates an example of the second operation which may be comprised by the ordered sequence of operations and by the determined schedule. Figure 5 illustrates an example of the third operation which may be comprised by the ordered sequence of operations and by the determined schedule. Figure 6 illustrates an example of the fourth operation which may be comprised by the ordered sequence of operations and by the determined schedule. Figure 7 illustrates an example of the fifth operation which may be comprised by the ordered sequence of operations and by the determined schedule. Figure 8 illustrates an example of the sixth operation which may be comprised by the ordered sequence of operations and by the determined schedule. Figure 9 illustrates an example financial calculation method, which may be further comprised by the example method of Figure 3D. Detailed description A method and system for energy management of a battery storage system is described with reference to Figures 1A, IB and 2. Figure 1 (e.g. 1A and IB) shows an example schematic illustration of a system 100, in which a battery storage system 106 is electrically connected to an electrical load 102, which is also supplied electrical power by a generative component 104 and an electrical utility 108. The system 100 comprises the electrical load 102, the generative component 104, and the battery storage system 106 (which comprises one or more batteries). The battery storage system 106 is electrically connected to the electrical load 102, the generative component 104, and the electrical utility 108. The electrical load 102 is electrically connected to the generative component 104, the electrical utility 108, and the generative component 104. The generative component 104 is electrically connected to the electrical load 102, the battery storage system, and the electrical utility 108. The electrical connections are illustrated in Figure 1, in which the arrows represent the electrical power supplied by one element or component to another element or component. The specific interconnection of the electrical load 102, the generative component 104, the battery storage system 106, and the electrical utility 108, depicted in Figure 1 is an example illustration of one example arrangement. Other configurations of the interconnection between elements of Figure 1 may be made. Arrows 140, 142, and 144 depict the electrical power supplied by the generative component 104 to the electrical load 102, the battery storage system, and the electrical utility 108, respectively. Arrows 180 and 182 each depict the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility 108 to the electrical load 102 and the battery storage system 106, respectively. Arrows 160 and 162 depict the electrical power supplied by the battery storage system 106 to the electrical load 102 and the electrical utility 108, respectively. Electrical power 160, 162 is supplied by the battery storage system 106 by discharging the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Electrical power 142, 182 supplied to the battery storage system 106 charges the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. In some examples, each of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106 may be configured to charge and / or discharge independently of the charge and / or discharge of any other battery in the battery storage system 106. In some examples, the generative component 104 may comprise at least one of: one or more photovoltaic cells, one or more generators (optionally diesel / gas generator(s)), one or more gensets, one or more wind turbines, or one or more fuel cells, and / or any other power generation equipment. A genset is a combination of at least one generator and at least one engine. Any suitable component for generating electrical power can be used as part of the generative component 104. Implementations in which the generative component 104 is a renewable energy source (such as a photovoltaic cell or wind turbine) may be of particular importance for reducing the quantity of carbon emissions and improving sustainability. In some examples, the battery storage system 106 may further comprise an AC to DC converter and / or a DC to AC inverter. In some examples, the generative component 104 may further comprise an AC to DC converter and / or a DC to AC inverter. Optionally, the AC to DC converter may be one or more rectifiers. The skilled person would understand that any required AC / DC co nverter / in verier can be provided, in any suitable arrangement or configuration, to facilitate the transfer of power described herein. In Figure 1A, the system 100 also comprises one or more processors 110. In Figure IB, the one or more processors 110 are remote from the system 100. The one or more processors 110, when either comprised within or remote from the system 100, are configured to perform a method for energy management of the battery storage system 106, which will be described below. The method for energy management determines and outputs a schedule for the charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of a battery storage system 106. In the example in which the one or processors 110 are remote from the system 100, the one or more processors 110 may be configured to communicate with the battery storage system 106 and / or system 100 via any suitable wireless communication protocol, including but not limited to, any cellular connection (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G), a Wi-Fi connection, a Bluetooth connection, a Bluetooth Low Energy BLE connection, a Zigbee connection, or the like. Additionally, or alternatively, a wired connection could be used. When the processor(s) 110 are part of system 100, any suitable wireless / wired connection can be used to control the battery storage system 106. Figure 2 is a flow chart illustrating an example method 200 for determining the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of a battery storage system 106. Figure 3 illustrates a more detailed description of example method 200. Figure 3 is composed of Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D. The example method of Figure 3A continues in Figure 3B. Optionally, the steps of the example method in Figure 3C or 3D may continue from Figure 3B. Optionally, the steps of the example method of Figure 3D may continue from the steps of the example method of Figure 3C. Figure 3 is labelled with the steps of method 200 illustrated in Figure 2. The method 200 comprises receiving 202, in a first operation an estimate for a set of power parameters. The power parameters may be an estimate for electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102, an estimate for electrical power 140, 142, 144 supplied by the generative component 104, an estimate for a (currently) available capacity of the battery storage system 106, an estimate for a current charging status of the battery storage system, and an estimate of electrical power 180, 182 provided by the electrical utility 108. Figures 3A and 3B illustrate receiving the estimates for the power parameters as the initial step 202 of the method. In some examples, the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 can also be expressed as the state of charge (SOC) of the battery storage system, where the SoC is defined as the available energy stored in each battery storage system divided by the total / maximum capacity of the battery storage system. The available energy stored in battery storage system is sum of available energy in each of one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Similarly, the total / maximum capacity of the battery storage system is sum of capacity of each of one or more batteries of the battery storage system. In some examples, the method may also comprise receiving data indicative of the time of day and / or date. The time and / or date may be used in further calculations using the estimated electrical power supplied and / or demanded by the elements shown in Figure 1. Step 204 of method 200 comprises receiving a set of user parameters. Step 206 of method 200 comprises selecting, based on the set of user parameters, an ordered sequence of operations for determining a schedule. The example method of Figure 3B (continuing from Figure 3A) further describes operational steps for receiving 204 a set of user parameters and selecting 206, based on the set of user parameters, an ordered sequence of operations for determining a schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Each of the operations (a second operation, a third operation, a fourth operation, a fifth operation, and a sixth operation) which comprise the ordered sequence of operations will be described below in more detail with reference to Figures 4 to 9. Step 208 of method 200 comprises performing the selected operations in the order defined by the ordered sequence to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Step 210 comprises providing an output indicative of the determined schedule. The example method of Figure 3B provide descriptions of the operational steps for performing 208 the selected operations in the order defined by the ordered sequence to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. The method illustrated in Figure 3B also describes providing 210 an output indicative of the determined schedule. In some examples, the one or more processors 110 of the system 100 (or remote from the system 100) are configured to use the data indicative of the schedule provided in step 208 (depicted in Figures 2 and 3B) to operate the battery storage system 106 in accordance with the schedule for charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. In some examples, the data indicative of the schedule may be used to determine a required battery size for each of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Advantageously, the method 200 can allow for improved design of the battery storage systems 106, for example in terms of the number and capacity of each of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. The more informed design of the battery storage system 106 can result in a more reliable supply of electrical power 140, 160, 180 to the electrical load 102, and may also reduce the power 180, 182 supplied by the electrical utility 108 and so reduce the quantity of carbon emissions (for example by allowing more efficient use of the power from a renewal generative component 104). Moreover, the improved design may avoid over-estimating the required battery size, and therefore reduce the overall consumption of materials (over-sized battery capacity can therefore be avoided, reducing material wastage). The cost of the battery storage system 106 may also be reduced. In some examples, the set of user parameters comprises: a first weight, a second weight, and a third weight. In some examples, the first weight indicates a weighting for sustainability, the second weight indicates a weighting for resilience, and the third weight indicates a weighting for economy. An example of the set of user parameters comprising three weights (resilience, economy, sustainability) is illustrated in the example method shown in Figure 3B. In some examples, the operation selected first in the ordered sequence of operations is the fifth operation, if the first weight has the largest value. In other examples, the operation selected first in the ordered sequence of operations is the sixth operation, if the second weight has the largest value. In another example, the operation selected first in the ordered sequence of operations is the second operation, if the third weight has the largest value. This can allow resiliency and sustainability to be prioritised, for example. In some examples, the ordered sequence of operations is selected, and the schedule determined, in consultation with a predetermined set of relationships. These relationships can be stored in any suitable form, including but not limited to a table. Table 1 (see sheet 1 / 1 annexed to description) illustrates an example of one such table. Table 1 depicts three user parameters as the three weights (R. - resiliency, E -economy, S - sustainability). In the example given in Table 1, the three user parameters have a numerical value. The value of each user parameter and / or a set of relations between the three user parameters determines which of the ordered sequence of operations is selected. For example, when the user parameters have the values, R = 0, E = 0.5, S = 1.5, then by consulting Table 1, the selected ordered sequence of operations, denoted by S. No. (Sequence Number) in Table 1, is: 5, 3, 2, then 4. Step 208 of method 200 illustrated in Figure 2 therefore comprises performing operation 5, then operation 3, then operation 2, then operation 4 in the ordered sequence of operations. In some examples, the estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102 and / or the estimate for the electrical powerl40, 142, 144 supplied by the generative component 104 is based at least in part on one or more of: a date, a time of day, and a location of the load 102 and / or the generative component 104. Advantageously, this allows the method to provide a more dynamic, and therefore more efficient, schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. In particular, location and date / time specific variables affecting the generative component 104 can be accounted for. In the case where the generative component 104 comprises photovoltaic cells, the location and date / time can affect the orientation of the sun, and thus the generative capacity of the cells. Moreover, basing the estimates for the power parameters on the date, time, and / or location the load 102 and / or the generative component 104, may improve the design of the battery storage system 106 and the generative component 104, for example in terms of the number and capacity of each of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106 or in terms of the number, size, position, or orientation of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component 104. This can provide a more reliable supply of electrical power 140, 160 to the electrical load 102 and may also reduce the power 180, 182 supplied by the electrical utility 108 and so reduce the quantity of carbon emissions. The improved design may also avoid over-estimating the required battery size or, for example, the number of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component 104, and therefore reduce the overall consumption of materials and may also reduce the cost of the battery storage system 106. In some examples, after determining the schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106 and providing data indicative of the determined schedule (the method of Figures 3A and 3B), the method may continue with the method of Figure 3C (continue to operation B). In the example method illustrated in Figure 3C, the method further comprises determining, based on the set of user parameters, if a priority mode is selected. In response to determining that the priority mode is selected, the method further comprises overriding the charge and / or discharge schedule and discharging, based on the estimated electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102 and the estimated electrical power 140, 142, 144 supplied by the generative component 140, the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 160. Otherwise, if it is determined that the priority mode is not selected, the overriding steps are not performed. The method of Figure 3C may then further comprise determining, based on the charge / discharge schedule, an updated estimated for the available capacity of the battery storage system 160 and an updated estimate for the current charging status of the battery. Advantageously, the priority mode can ensure that the one or more batteries are discharged as much as possible, within the pre-set limits. This reduces the overall dependence on electrical power supplied by the electrical utility, and therefore reduces the quantity of carbon emissions. The priority mode can be implemented in addition to the initial schedule and can act as a user override function. In some examples, after determining the schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106 and providing data indicative of the determined schedule (the method of Figures 3A and 3B), the method may continue with the method of Figure 3D (continue to operation C). In some examples, the method of Figure 3D may continue on from the method of Figure 3B instead. In the example method of Figure 3D, the example method may comprise receiving an updated estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102, an updated estimate for the electrical power 140, 142, 144 supplied by a generative component 104, and an updated estimate for the electrical power 180, 182 provided by the electrical utility 108. The method comprises determining, based on the charge / discharge schedule, an updated estimated for the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 and an updated estimate for the current charging status of the battery 106. The method illustrated in Figure 3D further comprises determining, based on a date and / or a time of day, whether or not to perform a further set of operations. The further set of operations comprises in response to determining that the updated estimate for the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than a pre-set threshold value, scheduling, based on the updated estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102 and the updated estimate for the electrical power 180, 182 provided by the electrical utility 108, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Alternatively, in response to determining that the updated estimate for the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is equal to the pre-set threshold, the further set of operations comprises turning off schedule. Alternatively, in response to determining that the updated estimate for the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is less than the pre-set threshold value, the further set of operations comprises scheduling, based on the updated estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102 and the updated estimate for the electrical power 180, 182 provided by the electrical utility 108, the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Advantageously, the method can dynamically adapt the charge and / or discharge of the battery storage system 106 to changes in the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the electrical load 102. Moreover, by basing the further set of operations on the time and / or date, the approach described herein is, for example, able to ensure that available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is at a certain level (e.g., maximum) at a particular time (such as midnight or 09:00 am), which may improve reliability and reduce the overall quantity of carbon emissions. In some examples, the example method of Figure 3D may further comprise receiving an updated estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102, an updated estimate for the electrical power 140, 144 supplied by a generative component 104, and an updated estimate for the electrical power 180, 182 provided by the electrical utility 108. The method comprises determining, based on the charge / discharge schedule, an updated estimated for the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 and an updated estimate for the current charging status of the battery. The method also comprises calculating, based on the updated estimates, the net change in the available capacity of the battery storage system 106, a net electrical power provided by the electrical utility 108, and a net electrical power 144 supplied by the generative component 104 to the electrical utility 108. The method further comprises determining an export supply of the generative component 104. Advantageously, the method can allow for improved design of the generative component 104, for example in terms of the number, size, position, or orientation of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component. For example, by determining an export supply of the generative component 104, the design of the component can be optimised. This can provide a more reliable supply of electrical power to the electrical load 102 and may also reduce the power supplied by the electrical utility 108 and so reduce the quantity of carbon emissions. The improved design may also avoid over-estimating, for example, the required number of photovoltaic cells comprising the generative component 104, and therefore reduce the overall consumption of materials, reduce the cost of the generative component 104, or reduce the time taken to install or maintain the generative component 104. In some examples, the method of Figure 3D may further comprise a financial calculation. A more detailed description of the calculations performed will be provided below with reference to Figure 9. As discussed above, method 200 comprises step 206, in which an ordered sequence of operations for determining a schedule are selected based on the set of user parameters. The ordered sequence can be determined from e.g., a table or other data structure containing one or more predefined relationships between the user parameters and the operations. Details of the respective operations which can be selected from are now described in more detail with reference to Figures 4 to 8. The ordered sequence of operations may comprise a second operation. Figure 4 illustrates an example method of the second operation, which may form part of the ordered sequence of operations and be used to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. The second operation comprises determining if the electrical power 180, 182 supplied by the electrical utility 108 is greater than a pre-defined maximum value. In this example, the pre-defined maximum value is the peak shave limit, or PSL. In response to determining that the electrical power 180, 182 supplied by the electrical utility 108 is greater than the pre-defined maximum value (PSL), the second operation further comprises determining, based on the current charging status and the available capacity of the battery storage system 106, if the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than a pre-set lower value or if the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is less than a pre-set upper value. In this example, the pre-set lower value is the backup state of charge, or backup SOC, and the pre-set upper value is the maximum stage of charge, or Max SOC. The second operation further comprises scheduling, based on the current charging status and if the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than the pre-set lower value or is less than the pre-set upper value, the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106 to reduce the electrical power 180,182 supplied by the electrical utility 108. In some examples, the second operation further comprises calculating a net change in the available capacity of the battery storage system 106. Advantageously, the second operation of the method can reduce the maximum amount of power 180 supplied by the electrical utility 108 to the electrical load 102. The method therefore may allow for a reduced dependence on the electrical utility 102 and may consequently improve resilience and reduce the overall quantity of carbon emissions. The ordered sequence of operations may comprise a third operation. Figure 5 illustrates an example method of the third operation, which may form part of the ordered sequence of operations and be used to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. In some examples, the third operation comprises receiving an initial, user defined, schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106, a maximum available capacity and / or a maximum state of charge of the battery storage system 106 and a minimum available capacity and / or a minimum state of charge of the battery storage system 106. The third operation also comprises scheduling, based on the maximum available capacity and the minimum available capacity of the battery storage system 106 and the initial schedule, the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Advantageously, the third operation can provide the user with a further degree of control over the schedule of the charge and / or discharge of the battery I batteries, while still ensuring that the battery storage system 106 has sufficient available capacity. In this way, a user can ensure a consistent supply of power during critical times, for example, and / or use the battery storage system 106 as a priority power source at specific times. Moreover, a directed charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries may aide in the gathering of diagnostic data of the condition of the one or batteries of the battery storage system 106. The diagnostic data may improve the ease of maintenance of the battery storage system 106 and therefore improve overall safety. In the example method of the third operation illustrated in Figure 5, it is shown that the initial, user defined schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106 allows for two time slots for the charging and two time slots for the discharging. The initial, user defined, schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries if this specific example comprises "battery charging time slot 1", "battery charging time slot 2", "battery discharging time slot 1", and "battery discharging time slot 2". This is an example of the number of time slots defined by the initial, user-defined schedule, and other number of time slots for the charge and / or discharge may be defined. The ordered sequence of operations may comprise a fourth operation. Figure 6 illustrates an example method of the fourth operation, which may form part of the ordered sequence of operations and be used to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. The fourth operation comprises receiving an estimate of a tariff for the electrical power 180, 182 supplied by the electrical utility 108. The fourth operation further comprises determining if the estimate for the electrical power 140, 142, 144 supplied by the generative component 104 is greater than the estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102. In response to determining that the estimate for the electrical power 140, 142, 144 supplied by the generative component 104 is greater than the estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102, the fourth operation further comprises determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is less than a pre-set upper value (Max SOC). In response to determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is less than a pre-set upper value, the fourth operation comprises scheduling the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Alternatively, if it is determined that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is not less than the pre-set upper value, there are no further operations comprised by the fourth operation. Alternatively, in response to determining that the estimate for the electrical power 140, 142, 144 supplied by the generative component 104 is less than the estimate for the electrical power 140, 160, 180 demanded by the load 102, the fourth operation comprises determining if the tariff is less than a pre-defined value. In response to determining that the tariff is less than the pre-defined value, the fourth operation further comprises determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is less than the pre-set upper value. In response to determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is less than a pre-set upper value, the fourth operation comprises scheduling the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Alternatively, in response to determining that the tariff is greater than the pre-defined value, the fourth operation further comprises determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than a pre-set lower value (backup SOC). In response to determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than the pre-set lower value, the fourth operation further comprises scheduling the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system. Alternatively, if it is determined that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is not less than the pre-set upper value, there are no further operations comprised by the fourth operation. Alternatively, if it is determined that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is not greater than the pre-set lower value, there are no further operations comprised by the fourth operation. Advantageously, the fourth operation can avoid an over-dependence on the electrical utility 108 for providing electrical power 180, 182. This may reduce the cost associated with power supplied by the electrical utility 180 and allow the benefits of having a generative component 104 to be better realised. Moreover, the dynamic scheduling of the charging of the battery may improve the reliability of the system. The ordered sequence of operations may comprise a fifth operation. Figure 7 illustrates an example method of the fifth operation, which may form part of the ordered sequence of operations and be used to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. The fifth operation comprises receiving an estimated value for a quantity of carbon emissions, wherein the estimated value is based on the estimated electrical power 180, 182 supplied by the electrical utility 108. The fifth operation further comprises determining if the estimated value for the quantity of carbon emissions is above a threshold (or limit). In response to determining that the estimated value for the quantity of carbon emissions is above a threshold, the fifth operation further comprises determining if the electrical power demanded by the load 102 and / or batteries is in part supplied by the electrical utility 108 (i.e. whether the utility is supplying power 180 and / or 182, as per Figure 1). In response to determining that the electrical power demanded by the load 102 is in part supplied by the electrical utility 108, the fifth operation further comprises determining if the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than a pre-set lower value (backup SOC). Alternatively, in response to determining that the electrical power demanded by the load 102 is not in part supplied by the electrical utility 108, the fifth operation comprises continuing the current charging status of the battery storage system 106. In response to that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than the pre-set lower value, the fifth operation further comprises scheduling, based on the estimated quantity of emissions and the available capacity of the battery storage system 106, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Alternatively, in response to determining that the estimated value for the quantity of carbon emissions is below the threshold (or limit), the fifth operation comprises continuing the current charging status of the battery storage system 106. Advantageously, the fifth operation may reduce the quantity of carbon emissions and improve sustainability. This can be of particular importance in arrangements where the generative component 104 is a renewable energy source (such as one or more photovoltaic cells), as the fifth operation can prioritise renewable energy over power from the utility grid. The ordered sequence of operations may comprise a sixth operation. Figure 8 illustrates an example method of the sixth operation, which may form part of the ordered sequence of operations and be used to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. The sixth operation comprises determining if there is an interruption to the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility 108. In response to determining that there is an interruption to the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility 108, the sixth operation further comprises determining if the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than a pre-set lower value (backup SOC). In response to determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is not greater than the pre-set lower value, there are no further operations comprised by the sixth operation. In response to determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system 106 is greater than the pre-set lower value, the sixth operation further comprises determining an estimated critical electrical power required by the load 102 (critical load power). The sixth operation further comprises scheduling, based on the estimated critical power required by the load 102, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system 106. Alternatively, in response to determining that that there is not an interruption to the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility 108, there are no further operations comprised by the sixth operation. Advantageously, the sixth operation of the method may improve resilience to interruptions in the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility. Moreover, by determining a critical electrical power, which for example may comprise power for emergency lighting or power for essential safety equipment, the method may improve overall safety by maintaining these critical loads. In some examples, as discussed above, the method of Figure 3D may further comprise a financial calculation. Figure 9 illustrates an example financial calculation, which may optionally form part of the example method of Figure 3D. The financial calculation comprises receiving a set of user-defined investment parameters, the calculated net change in the available capacity of the battery storage system 106, the net electrical power 180, 182 provided by the electrical utility 108, the export supply of the generative component 104. In some examples, this set of user-defined investment parameters may comprise: the initial total capital available to invest, wherein the initial total capital may comprise capital and debt, an interest rate for any debt that may comprise the initial total capital, a rate of inflation, carbon credits, renewable energy certificates (RECs), power purchase agreements (PPAs), and / or any applicable tax benefits and incentives (such as reduced tax on the purchase of photovoltaic cells). The total capital available to invest may be used in an investment which may comprise any equipment purchased as part of the electrical load 102, the generative component 104, the battery storage system 106, and / or the one or more processors 110, and / or may also comprise any infrastructure required for the equipment (such as electrical wiring, electrical safety equipment, etc.) The financial calculation further comprises determining, based on the user-defined investment parameters, if there are any tax benefits and incentives applicable to the investment. In response to determining that there are tax benefits and incentives, the financial calculation further comprises determining, based on the interest rate on any debt and the initial capital investment, the monthly amount payable to cover a debt taken as part of the investment. The financial calculation further comprises initialising a first mode. In the first mode, the initial total capital comprises capital and debt. Alternatively, in response to that there are not tax benefits and incentives, the financial calculation comprises initialising a second mode. In the second mode, the initial total capital comprises capital and does not comprise debt. The financial calculation, for both the first and second mode, further comprises calculating a set of financial parameters. Calculating the set of financial parameters comprises calculating the operating expense (OPEX) and capital expenditure (CAPEX) of the investment. The OPEX is calculated as the sum of OPEX of the electrical load 102, the generative component 104, and the battery storage system 106. The CAPEX is calculated similarly. Calculating the set of financial parameters further comprises calculating, based on an intended user defined lifetime, a discount rate, and a cashflow, a present value of the investment. Calculating the set of financial parameters further comprises calculating, based on the present value, a net present value. Calculating the set of financial parameters further comprises calculating, based on the present value and the net present value, an internal rate of return of the investment. Calculating the set of financial parameters further comprises calculating, based on the internal rate of return, the CAPEX, and the OPEX, a payback period, wherein the payback period is the time-period after which the cash flow reaches zero and / or becomes a positive value. The financial calculation further comprises providing an output comprising the calculated set of financial parameters. The financial calculation may further comprise determining, based on the set of financial parameters, whether a payback period associated with the first mode is less than or greater than a payback period associated with the second mode. The financial calculation may further comprise providing another output indicative of which of the first or second mode has a lesser payback. The financial calculation and the calculated set of financial parameters may provide useful information for the design of the battery storage system 106 and / or the generative component 104 and therefore may also reduce the overall costs associated with purchase and installation of the battery storage system 106 and / or generative component 104. In some examples, the threshold for the quantity of carbon emissions, the pre-set threshold for the available capacity of the battery storage system 106, pre-set peak shaving limit or PSL threshold value, the pre-set lower value (backup SOC) and / or the pre-set upper value (max SOC) for the available capacity of the battery storage system 106, and / or the pre-defined value for the tariff for the electrical power 180, 182 supplied by the electrical utility 108, may be based at least in part on one or more of: the user-defined weights, a date, a time of day, and a location of at least one of the electrical load 102, the generative component 104, the battery storage system 108. Advantageously, this allows the method to provide a more dynamic, and therefore more efficient, schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system, while also accounting for user inputs. For example, location and date / time specific variables affecting the generative component can be accounted for. In the case where the generative component comprises photovoltaic cells, the location and date / time can affect the orientation of the sun, and thus the generative capacity of the cells. By selecting operations to determine the schedule, and then for example operating 5 battery based on schedule, the method provides a dynamic approach to determining the charge / discharge schedule, which may be more responsive to, for example, changes in the electrical power demanded by the load 102 and / or supplied by the generative component 104. The schedule provides prioritised decision-making based on user preferences (regarding e.g., system resilience and / or carbon emissions) and 10 enhances battery utilisation efficiency. Moreover, the method may allow fora reduced dependence on the electrical utility 102 and may consequently improve resilience and reduce the overall quantity of carbon emissions.

Claims

1. A method comprising:receiving (202), in a first operation, an estimate for electrical power (140, 160, 180) demanded by a load (102), an estimate for electrical power (140, 142, 144) supplied by a generative component (104), an estimate for an available capacity of a battery storage system (106), an estimate for a current charging status of the battery storage system, and an estimate of electrical power (180, 182) provided by an electrical utility (108),wherein the battery storage system is electrically connected to the load, the generative component and the electrical utility;receiving (204) a set of user parameters;selecting (206), based on the set of user parameters, an ordered sequence of operations for determining a schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system;performing (208) the selected operations in the order defined by the ordered sequence to determine the schedule for charge and / or discharge of one or more batteries of the battery storage system; andproviding (210) an output indicative of the determined schedule.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising operating the battery storage system (106) in accordance with the determined schedule for charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system.

3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, further comprising determining, based on the determined schedule for charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system (106), a required battery size for each of the one or more batteries.

4. The method of any preceding claim,wherein the load (102) comprises one or more electric vehicle charge stations and / or an electrical infrastructure of a building; andwherein the generative component (104) comprises at least one of: one or more photovoltaic cells, one or more generators, one or more gensets, one or more wind turbines, or one or more fuel cells, and / or any other power generation equipment.

5. The method of any of preceding claim, wherein the ordered sequence of operations comprises a second operation, the second operation comprising:determining if the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility (108) is greater than a pre-defined maximum value;in response to determining that the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility is greater than the pre-defined maximum value, determining, based on the current charging status and the available capacity of the battery storage system (106), if the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than a pre-set lower value or if the available capacity of the battery storage system is less than a pre-set upper value; andscheduling, based on the current charging status and if the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than the pre-set lower value or is less than the pre-set upper value, the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system to reduce the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility; andoptionally, calculating a net change in the available capacity of the battery storage system.

6. The method of any of preceding claim, wherein the ordered sequence of operations comprises a third operation, the third operation comprising:receiving an initial, user defined, schedule for the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system (106), a maximum available capacity of the battery storage system and a minimum available capacity of the battery storage system;scheduling, based on the maximum available capacity and the minimum available capacity of the battery storage system and the initial schedule, the charge and / or discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system.

7. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the ordered sequence of operations comprises a fourth operation, the fourth operation comprising:receiving an estimate of a tariff for the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility (108);determining if the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component (104) is greater than the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load (102); thenin response to determining that the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component is greater than the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load, and determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system (106) is less than a pre-set upper value, schedule the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system; orin response to determining that the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component is less than the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load, determining if the tariff is less than a pre-defined value; then in response to determining that the tariff is less than the pre-definedvalue, and determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system is less than the pre-set upper value, scheduling the charge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system; orin response to determining that the tariff is greater than the pre-defined value, and determining that the available capacity of the battery storage system is greater than a pre-set lower value, scheduling the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system.

8. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the ordered sequence of operations comprises a fifth operation, the fifth operation comprising:receiving an estimated value for a quantity of carbon emissions, wherein the estimated value is based on the estimated electrical power supplied by the electrical utility (108);determining that the estimated value for the quantity of carbon emissions is above a threshold, that the electrical power demanded by the load (102) is in part supplied by the electrical utility, and that the available capacity of the battery storage system (106) is greater than a pre-set lower value; andin response, scheduling, based on the estimated quantity of emissions and the available capacity of the battery storage system, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system.

9. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the ordered sequence of operations comprises a sixth operation, the sixth operation comprising:determining that there is an interruption to the electrical power supplied by the electrical utility (108), and that the available capacity of the battery storage system (106) is greater than a pre-set lower value;in response, determining an estimated critical electrical power required by the load; andscheduling, based on the estimated critical power required by the load, the discharge of the one or more batteries of the battery storage system.

10. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the set of user parameters comprises: a first weight, a second weight, and a third weight.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first weight indicates a weighting for sustainability, the second weight indicates a weighting for resilience, and the third weight indicates a weighting for economy.

12. The method of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the operation selected first in the ordered sequence of operations is the:fifth operation, if the first weight has the largest value;sixth operation, if the second weight has the largest value; second operation, if the third weight has the largest value.

13. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the estimate for the electrical power demanded by the load (102) and / or the estimate for the electrical power supplied by the generative component (104) is based at least in part on one or more of: a date, a time of day, and a location of the load and / or the generative component.

14. A system comprising:a load (102);a generative component (104);a battery storage system (106), wherein the battery storage system is electrically connected to the load, the generative component, and configured to be electrically connected to an electrical utility (108), wherein the battery storage system comprises one or more batteries; andone or more processors (110) configured to perform the method of any of claims 1 to 13.

15. One or more non-transitory computer storage media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors (110), cause the one or more processors to perform the method of any of claims 1 to 13.31

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