Method for converting thermal energy into electrical energy based on a counterclockwise thermal regeneration cycle combined with thermal acceleration and its application

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for converting thermal energy into electrical energy based on a counterclockwise thermal regeneration cycle combined with thermal acceleration and its application, which can be used primarily in the energy industry. Energy demand is growing worldwide, and according to prior art, fossil energy sources are primarily burned for transportation and power generation, increasing anthropogenic stress on the climate and environment. This generation is based exclusively on a clockwise thermal power generation cycle. Secondary effects are waste heat and exhaust gases. The problem addressed by the present invention is to reduce anthropogenic stress on the climate and environment in a new way. In a counterclockwise refrigeration cycle, the compression work of the propulsion unit is required, but the cooling required for condensation occurs at a higher temperature and pressure level than evaporation, so it can be thermally regenerated. If the volume increase of the phase change is used to increase the fluid velocity across the flow cross section (thermal acceleration), more removable flow energy can be utilized in the power generation process than the amount required for internal circulation. Counterclockwise thermal power generation process.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a process for converting thermal energy into electrical energy based on a counterclockwise heat regeneration cycle combined with thermal acceleration and its applications, which are mainly applicable in the field of energy management. [Background technology]

[0002] Increasing global energy demand increases the anthropogenic burden on the climate and the environment, as the most advanced thermal cycle processes used for transportation and power generation mainly burn fossil energy sources, further affecting the atmospheric mixture with exhaust gases.

[0003] In a thermal cycle, a working fluid passes through a series of process steps involving various pressure, volume, and temperature changes until it reaches an initial state in a cyclical fashion. Systematically, heating causes cooling, and compression causes expansion to return to the initial state. When compression occurs at a working fluid state smaller in volume than expansion, these are essentially clockwise thermo-mechanical processes, such as those used in gas turbines, steam, or combined cycle power plants, diesel, or gasoline engines. The compression work and thermal energy for heating supplied increase the pressure and temperature state of the working fluid, thereby increasing its specific volume. When the expansion work or the mechanical and thermal energy for cooling are removed, the pressure, temperature, and specific volume return to their initial states, and a new cycle begins.

[0004] The ratio of the gain (expansion work minus compression work) to the input (thermal energy supplied) represents the efficiency of a thermo-power process. According to the zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat is transferred from high to low temperature, and then the dissipated thermal energy is released only to the environment for cooling. In addition to the desired amount of power or mechanical energy, waste heat is also generated from the supplied thermal energy. This becomes unusable in the cycle process and is mathematically reflected in the Carnot coefficient. This is based on the basic processes of small-volume compression, heating, large-volume expansion, and cooling. It is independent of internal circuit variations such as exhaust gas recovery, intercooling, feedwater preheating, intercooling, and turbocharging. It depends only on the absolute value of the process boundary temperature and represents the unattainable theoretical maximum efficiency of a thermo-power process. To achieve high efficiency, these processes require high temperatures, usually high pressures, achieved primarily by combustion, and low ambient temperatures for waste heat, which results in anthropogenic costs for the climate and the environment.

[0005] According to the state of the art, there is another thermal cycle process, which increases the temperature level of the thermal energy supplied in the process for a useful purpose by work input, which is known as a counterclockwise refrigeration or heat pump process, or generally as a work-heat process, depending on the target size. The basic process involves heating, large volume compression, cooling small, small It is based on volume expansion, corresponding to the heat output process, but in the counter-flow direction. Depending on the target variables, the benefit-to-effort ratio provides the coefficient of performance, which is the multiple of the compression work provided. The mathematical derivation of the theoretical maximum in terms of the absolute value of the process boundary temperature is (T max T max T min ), which cannot be increased arbitrarily. The smaller the temperature difference between the input and output thermal energy, the higher the coefficient of performance and the less work required for compression.

[0006] In a clockwise thermoelectric process, after expansion, the waste heat causes the working fluid to reach its initial state, but in the next cycle there is a volume deficiency, which increases the input of thermal energy. This is an irrevocable necessity associated with clockwise electrical processes, which is the cause of the thermoelectric conversion deficiency named after Carnot.

[0007] According to the state of the art, a thermal counterclockwise operating process cannot be used to generate electricity, since the amount of compression energy supplied is equal to the amount of expansion energy dissipated in the return flow only if it is reversible. Under practical conditions, to raise the temperature level for power generation, it is necessary to supply more driving energy than can be supplied by regeneration.

[0008] The present invention is based on the task of reducing the anthropogenic burden on the climate and the environment by means of new fundamental processes. Summary of the Invention

[0009] According to the present invention, this problem is essentially solved by characterizing the features of claims 1 to 13. According to the state of the art, in principle there is a separation of tasks, with counterclockwise heat transfer due to pressure rise caused by waste heat from the thermal energy supply in addition to the supply of work or clockwise power.

[0010] In a counterclockwise cold vapor process, compression work is required for propulsion, but since the cooling required for condensation of the working fluid occurs at a higher pressure and temperature than the heating required for evaporation, this can in principle be thermally regenerated. Since only the heat of compression generated during compression needs to be dissipated, this circuit variant has not made sense until now. This is a detailed confirmation of the heat work equivalent, known since 1842 as electrically operated radiators.

[0011] For example, during the phase change from liquid to gas, water increases its volume by a factor of 1,624 at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 99.6°C. This corresponds to the work of volume change of 169.24 kJ / kg. This amount must be supplied thermally during evaporation in specially designed heat exchangers, when the fluid velocity accelerates with an increase in the volumetric flow rate across the cross section of the flow. This converts thermal energy into kinetic energy, providing compression work for the regenerated link process on the one hand, and downstream work on the other. constant pressure It drives a turbine to generate electricity.

[0012] During evaporation, the process step heating cycles, resulting in more available volume change work due to thermal acceleration than is required for compression work to maintain the internal cycle. Generate This is possible, so by combining it with a thermally regenerated counterclockwise cold steam process at a low pressure difference between condensation and evaporation, a new basic thermo-power process is created. The remaining kinetic energy that can be separated through the constant-pressure turbine corresponds exactly to the amount of energy thermally supplied. Therefore, the counterclockwise heat transfer work process becomes a new counterclockwise heat power process in that the amount of thermal energy circulates internally in a cycle with no waste heat.

[0013] The new fundamental thermoelectric process is Cooling by the first heat exchanger (2) (hereinafter referred to as " Heat exchanger cooling (2) ") The thermal energy recovered from , heating by the first heat exchanger (4) (hereinafter referred to as " Heat Exchanger Heating (4) ") Achieved and large volume Gases displayed as Compression (1) and small volume Liquids that are displayed as The expansion (3) of the heat exchanger needs to maintain only the pressure and temperature difference necessary for the heat transfer from the cooling heat exchanger (2) to the heating heat exchanger (4). ,heat In addition to the evaporation process in the heating exchanger (4), Between the entrance and exit The increase in volume is additionally used to increase the flow energy for thermal acceleration; heat Energy supply (7) Thermal acceleration by the second heat exchanger (5) (hereinafter referred to as Heat Exchanger Thermal Acceleration (5) ")The heat transfer to the flowing working fluid is accelerated by the heat exchanger (5). undertake The large volume compression (1) uses part of the flow energy, the turbine (6) drives the generator (8) with the main part of the flow energy, the current discharge (9) performs the export of electrical energy from the process, and the working fluid passes through the main process steps: condensation (10) with heat transfer to evaporation, first heating for thermal acceleration, then expansion. 、 or in the reverse order (11), evaporation by regenerative heat transfer from condensation combined with thermal acceleration (12), first slowing down in the turbine, then compression. 、 or reverse order (13), characterized by the fact that it passes through cyclically and

[0014] The problem is thus solved. The most important advantage of the present invention is the elimination of heat dissipation to the environment, which not only improves efficiency but also means that there is no longer any limit due to the ambient temperature. Flow Depending on the specific material data, the condensation and evaporation processes can be carried out independently at lower temperatures, and the temperature level of the supplied heat energy is reduced accordingly. For example, at a pressure of 1 bar, propane evaporates at -42.4 °C. The required inlet temperature for the heat exchanger's thermal acceleration (5) is approximately -24 °C to make the total volumetric work energetically available. Other working fluids at the same internal pressure of 1 bar, such as ethane (T = -70 °C), xenon (T = -82 °C), and krypton (T = -134 °C), reach even lower temperatures. This means that both natural energy sources, such as ambient air or the world's oceans, and technically determined waste heat sources from process cooling or air conditioning can, in principle, be used to generate electricity without combustion.

[0015] In contrast to the state-of-the-art clockwise thermal power processes, characterized by high temperatures and pressures during the process, a temperature difference of 10 to 50 K from the evaporation temperature and a pressure difference in the millibar range are sufficient in the new process. By analogy, these parameters are more relevant to meteorology. Wind is generated by complex processes in the atmosphere, primarily driven by solar radiation. Differences in density of various air masses, caused by differences in water load and temperature, create areas of high and low pressure, where cooling of the upper atmosphere causes moisture to condense as rain. The colder, heavier air masses then flow back toward the areas of low pressure. Wind turbines (constant-pressure turbines) use this natural alternating cycle of intensity and direction to generate CO2-free electricity. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0016] [Figure 1] This shows the basic process of converting thermal energy into electrical energy by combining a counterclockwise thermal regeneration cycle with thermal acceleration. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a preferred embodiment and its application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] A preferred embodiment of the present invention and its application is shown in FIG.

[0018] Referring now to the basic process in Figure 1, heat transfer takes place from the cooling heat exchanger (2) to the heating heat exchanger (4) via a coiled tubular heat exchanger (14) placed on a tank (15). Over its entire length, the flowing working fluid condenses cyclically on the outer tube and drips to the bottom of the tank (15). In the inner tube, the condensate that has condensed at the inlet is transferred to the coiled tubular heat exchanger (14). tubular The evaporation occurs over the entire length of the heat exchanger (14) with the same flow cross section until the outlet, so that the fluid velocity accelerates with increasing evaporation. The volume change work (p*ΔV) is calculated by the kinetic energy (Δc 2 / 2). The increase in volume is due to the breaking of molecular bonds from the liquid at a given pressure. This requires heat energy, and the temperature does not increase until all bonds are completely separated. In the case of condensation, this process is reversed. The heat energy required for the phase change is tubular The heat exchanger (14) circulates and determines its length. The design of this heat exchanger promotes wetting of the inner surface of the tubes by centrifuging heavy droplets through constant redirection by a secondary crossflow, which enhances heat transfer and limits their size. This is an important aspect from the perspective of construction work, since for every kW of electricity from the process, approximately 10 kW to 16 kW, depending on the working fluid, must be thermally circulated internally.

[0019] According to the basic process of Figure 1, the additional pump (16) is not absolutely necessary, but it improves practical implementation at the expense of variable target current. container The pipeline (17) between the bottom of the coiled tubular heat exchanger and the swirl nozzle compensates for the pressure loss that occurs during the thermal acceleration (5) of the heat exchanger when transporting the condensate and provides pressure for the swirl formation. The swirl nozzle (17) at the inlet of the coiled tubular heat exchanger (14) corresponds to the process step of small volume expansion (3) in Figure 1.

[0020] If the gaseous partial mass flow passes through the expansion nozzle (19) from the outlet of the diffuser (20) through the bypass (18) to the inlet of the coiled tubular heat exchanger (14), the flow conditions during the internal heat transfer are improved with respect to the pressure difference between condensation and evaporation and the adjustment with the constant pressure turbine (21). mass flow reduces the fluid velocity, but the mass flow This means that kinetic energy is stored in a more usable form.

[0021] At constant flow conditions in the process, the current control unit (22) must always load the constant pressure turbine (21) and convert the current after it has been discharged (9) through the generator (8), so that it is ready for use, providing power to the grid with priority, and returning the excess current to the environment through the electric heating resistor. This also allows the circulation system (23) to control the thermal acceleration of the heat exchanger (5) independently of the heat source input system (24). heat The energy supply (7) is always at a constant temperature with the same mass flow rate. undertake Since the process always operates at maximum design conditions, there is no need to affect the flow of the load control. For this purpose, the heat input system (24) is Tone? Waste heat sources (25) Combining both, using outside air (26) cooling, without combustion. heat A constant supply of energy (7) to the circulation system (23) is required.

[0022] In this way, the process of electricity to This solves the problem of autonomous conversion and covers all load cases up to maximum load. In this case, in principle, all working fluids can be used in the process. CO2-free power conversion is an important contribution to combating climate change.

[0023] Figure 1 shows the basic process of converting thermal energy into electrical energy by combining a counterclockwise heat regeneration cycle with thermal acceleration.

[0024] FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the preferred embodiment according to FIG. 1 and its application.

[0025] Reference Symbol List 1. Large volume compression 2. Cooling the heat exchanger 3. Small volume expansion 4. Heat exchanger heating 5. Thermal acceleration of heat exchangers 6. Turbine 7. heat Energy supply 8. Generator 9. Current discharge 10. Condensation by heat transfer to evaporation 11. First heat for thermal acceleration, then expansion 、 or reverse order 12. Evaporation by regenerative heat transfer from condensation combined with thermal acceleration 13. First, the speed is reduced in the turbine, then it is compressed. 、 or reverse order 14. Coiled tubular heat exchanger 15. container 16. Pump 17. Swirl Nozzle 18. Bypass 19. Expansion nozzle 20. Diffuser 21. Equal pressure turbine 22. Flow Control Unit 23. Circulatory System 24. Heat source input system 25. Waste heat sources from cooling and air conditioning 26. Outside Air

Claims

1. A method for converting thermal energy into electrical energy based on a counterclockwise heat regeneration cycle combined with thermal acceleration, comprising the known basic process steps of a cold vapor process, in which a working fluid cyclically passes through a first heat exchanger (2) with condensation (hereinafter referred to as "cooling heat exchanger (2)"), a gas compression (1) denoted as a large volume, a liquid expansion (3) denoted as a small volume, and a first heat exchanger (4) with evaporation (hereinafter referred to as "heating heat exchanger (4)"), a) the thermal energy dissipated from the cooling heat exchanger (2) is transferred to the heating heat exchanger (4); b) the large volume compression (1) and the small volume expansion (3) need only maintain the pressure and temperature difference necessary for heat transfer from the cooling heat exchanger (2) to the heating heat exchanger (4); c) in addition to the evaporation process in the heating of the heat exchanger (4), the increase in volume between the inlet and the outlet is additionally used to increase the flow energy for thermal acceleration; d) the supply of thermal energy (7) is carried out by a second heat exchanger (5) (hereinafter referred to as "heat exchanger (5)"); e) the thermal acceleration (5) of the heat exchanger takes over the heat transfer to the flowing working fluid; f) the large volume compression (1) uses a portion of the flow energy; g) the turbine (6) drives a generator (8) with a major portion of said flow energy; h) outputting said electrical energy from said device by current discharge (9); i) the working fluid is cyclically passed through the main process steps: condensation by heat transfer to evaporation (10), first heating for thermal acceleration and then expansion, or in reverse (11), evaporation by regenerative heat transfer from condensation combined with thermal acceleration (12), first speed reduction in a turbine and then compression, or in reverse (13); A method characterized by:

2. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the heat transfer from the cooling heat exchanger (2) to the heating heat exchanger (4) is carried out by means of a coiled tubular heat exchanger (14) arranged over its entire length in a container (15).

3. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the flowing working fluid condenses cyclically on the outer tube of the coiled tubular heat exchanger (14) and drips as condensate to the bottom of the container (15).

4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the condensate entering the inner tube at the inlet evaporates with the same flow cross section over the entire length of the coiled tubular heat exchanger (14) to the outlet.

5. 5. A method according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that a pump (16) conveys the condensate from the container (15) through the heat exchanger thermal accelerator (5) to a swirl nozzle (17).

6. A method according to any one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that a gaseous partial mass flow of the working fluid passes through a bypass (18) from the outlet of the diffuser (20) via an expansion nozzle (19) to the inlet of the coiled tubular heat exchanger (14).

7. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the current control unit (22) after the current discharge (9) through the generator (8) always loads the constant pressure turbine (21).

8. 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the current control unit (22) converts the current in a usable way, supplies it preferentially to the power grid and feeds back the excess current to the environment in a sliding manner via an electric heating resistor.

9. 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that a circulation system (23) takes over the thermal energy supply (7) to the thermal acceleration (5) of the heat exchanger independently of a heat source input system (24), with the same mass flow rate and always at a constant temperature.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the method always operates at maximum design conditions.

11. The method described in claim 9, characterized in that the heat source input system (24) combines a waste heat source (25) from cooling and air conditioning and uses cooling of outside air (26) to supply the amount of heat energy input (7) to the circulation system (23) without combustion.

12. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the method autonomously converts ambient energy into electricity, thereby covering all load cases up to maximum load.

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