Golf shoe with traction elements

Abstract

To provide a golf shoe with an upper and a sole assembly connected to the upper.SOLUTION: The sole assembly includes a midsole and an outsole. The outsole includes one or more traction elements for engaging with a plurality of different ground surfaces. In some embodiments, the traction elements comprise a first feature element for mechanically interlocking with a deformable ground surface, and a second feature element for frictionally engaging with the deformable ground surface.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6B

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] The sport of golf involves a variety of movements that a subject (e.g., a golfer) can perform, such as swinging a golf club, walking a golf course, and / or crouching to line up a putt. The equipment used to play golf affects how well a golfer can perform the movements and actions associated with golf.

[0002] A golf shoe is one example of equipment that can affect performance. As a golfer performs golf-related movements, many forces are applied to the sole assembly of the golf shoe and / or the ground beneath the golf shoe. In some cases, the forces applied during golf-related movements can cause the shoe to move unintentionally or undesirably relative to the ground, negatively affecting performance. To minimize undesirable or unintended movement of the shoe, some golf shoes utilize traction elements (also referred to as traction elements) that physically or mechanically engage the ground. DISCLOSURE OF THEINVENTION

[0003] Various shortcomings and disadvantages of the design and configuration of traction elements for conventional shoes and golf shoes are now recognized. Many conventional shoes utilize traction elements that are designed or configured to minimize slip and fall scenarios (e.g., by maximizing the coefficient of friction between the traction elements and various off-course surfaces). However, conventional traction element designs and configurations that attempt to maximize the coefficient of friction solely to reduce slips and falls do not always achieve the optimal traction characteristics desired or required to enhance the golf game of both casual and avid golfers alike.

[0004] The present disclosure addresses the above-mentioned shortcomings of shoes with conventional traction element designs and configurations by providing various embodiments of golf shoes with traction elements that optimize the traction stiffness of the shoe on a course surface. The golf shoes of the present disclosure may utilize traction elements that are (1) optimally sized and shaped, and / or (2) collectively arranged in an optimal layout on the outsole of the shoe to minimize the amount of movement of the golf shoe relative to the ground surface during golf-related movements and movements. The size, shape, and / or location (e.g., location and / or orientation) of each traction element may be optimized based on (i) the biomechanical characteristics of the subject's golf swing and / or (ii) the anatomical or physiological characteristics of the subject's body. The traction elements may be individually and collectively configured to provide optimal traction stiffness to different select regions of the shoe, thereby minimizing the movement of the shoe relative to the on-course ground during golf-related movements or movements, ultimately maximizing performance by (i) maximizing consistency by, for example, tightening ball dispersion, and / or (ii) enabling longer distances.

[0005] The design and configuration of the traction elements described herein can provide many benefits in addition to maximizing consistency and performance. For example, the traction elements can be designed and configured to protect and minimize damage to the course surface. As described in more detail below, the size and / or shape of the individual traction elements can be optimized to maintain a quality or characteristic of the course surface over a greater number of golf-related actions or movements and for a longer period of time as compared to the traction elements of a conventional, typical golf shoe. The quality or characteristic can relate to the rolling distance of a golf ball across the course surface, or the smoothness or roughness of the course surface. Preserving the on-course surface can minimize the maintenance required to maintain the condition of the on-course surface constant over time or number of rounds. The traction elements of the present disclosure can reduce the need for routine maintenance, which is both time-consuming and labor-intensive, and ensure that the condition of the course surface is maintained within acceptable tolerances or thresholds during, during, or after one or more golf-related actions or movements associated with physical or mechanical interactions between the on-course surface and the traction elements of the present disclosure.

[0006] In a related aspect, the present disclosure provides various embodiments of golf shoes with adaptive traction elements that can be designed or configured for both on-course and off-course use. Unlike conventional golf shoe traction elements that are generally uncomfortable or impractical for off-course use, the design and configuration of the adaptive traction elements referenced herein can provide a flexible solution for both on-course and off-course traction by utilizing traction elements that adapt or transform to provide 1) a first horizontal and / or vertical cross-sectional area or dimension optimized for on-course surfaces, and (2) a second horizontal and / or vertical cross-sectional area or dimension optimized for off-course surfaces. The adaptability of the traction elements of the present disclosure allows a subject to wear a pair of golf shoes that are comfortable both on and off the golf course without sacrificing comfort, fit, or performance on a variety of surfaces.

[0007] The present disclosure also provides various examples of configurations and arrangements of traction elements to enhance or fine-tune the local traction characteristics of a golf shoe (e.g., along the perimeter or edges of the outsole of the golf shoe). Optimal arrangements of both directional and omnidirectional traction elements according to the present disclosure can provide a golf shoe with a level of customizability and flexibility with respect to local traction performance that cannot be practically achieved using other conventional configurations or arrangements of traction elements, which may not provide the full range of traction performance characteristics required for a high performance golf shoe.

[0008] In some embodiments, the traction elements described herein are configured to optimally direct loads on the sole assembly to selected locations or areas on the ground during golf-related movements and effectively minimize movement of the shoe relative to the ground during golf-related movements, and to control, guide, and / or manage (i) the movement of the subject's foot during golf-related movements, (ii) the distribution of one or more forces throughout the shoe to facilitate or perform golf-related movements, and / or (iii) the direction or magnitude of one or more forces applied to (a) the shoe or any component thereof, or (b) the ground beneath the shoe. In some embodiments, the traction elements may be configured or positioned based on (1) the unique anatomical or biomechanical characteristics of the subject wearing the shoe, and / or (2) the unique characteristics or features of the subject's swing. In some embodiments, the traction elements may be configured or positioned in an optimal manner for a particular subject based on the swing type, swing speed, anatomy, or biomechanical characteristics of the subject.

[0009] In some embodiments, the traction elements may be configured to optimally direct loads and minimize motion of the shoe relative to the ground during golf-related movements, even when the movements are performed in a manner that is not optimal for the subject given the subject's swing type, swing speed, anatomy, or biomechanical characteristics. In some cases, non-optimal performance of golf-related movements may involve deviations of the subject's actual movements from an optimal movement that can provide (i) maximum consistency (e.g., improved ball distribution) and / or (ii) maximum performance (e.g., increased carry distance). Actual or optimal movements may include, for example, movements of the subject's arms or wrists, rotation of the subject's body (e.g., hips, waist), changes in the distribution of weight on the subject's feet, or pivoting of the subject's feet during a golf swing. In some cases, non-optimal performance of golf-related movements may involve deviations between the subject's actual posture and an optimal posture that can provide (i) maximum consistency and / or (ii) maximum performance. The actual or optimal posture may include, for example, a position or orientation of the subject's foot relative to a golf ball or the ground, and / or a position or orientation relative to the subject's first and second body parts. In some non-limiting examples, non-optimal performance of a golf-related motion may be associated with a non-optimal loading profile on the midsole of the shoe or the ground beneath the shoe. In some cases, the non-optimal loading profile may involve non-optimal application or exertion of pressure on the midsole or the ground before, during, and / or after the golf-related motion. In some cases, the non-optimal loading profile may include non-optimal changes in application or exertion of pressure to various portions of the ground or the midsole over a period of time. In some cases, the non-optimal loading profile may include non-optimal application or exertion of pressure to one or more portions or regions of the midsole before, during, and / or after the golf-related motion.Sub-optimal application or exertion of pressure may include applying or exerting one or more forces (at different regions of the midsole or at different times during a selected period of time) with a magnitude or direction that deviates from the optimal magnitude or direction that can result in or facilitate golf-related movements with (i) maximal consistency and / or (ii) maximal performance.

[0010] In some embodiments, the traction elements disclosed herein may be configured to optimally direct loads and control the motion of the shoe relative to the ground in a predictable manner to assist a subject's golf swing, regardless of any deviation between the subject's actual motion or posture and the motion or posture that is believed to be optimal for the subject given the subject's swing type, swing speed, anatomy, or biomechanical characteristics. In some embodiments, the traction elements may be configured to optimally direct loads and control the motion of the shoe relative to the ground to assist a plurality of subjects' golf swings, regardless of any differences or variations in each subject's swing type, swing speed, anatomy, biomechanical characteristics, or personal preferences regarding golf-related movements and postures.

[0011] In any of the embodiments described herein, the design and configuration of the traction elements may provide different traction characteristics in or along different zones or regions of the outsole. The traction characteristics may be related, for example, to the traction stiffness of the various zones or regions, or the directional bias of one or more traction elements or sets of traction elements. In some cases, the traction characteristics of the different zones or regions can be optimized based on the subject's physical characteristics (weight, height, foot shape or profile, center of gravity or mass, etc.) and / or the subject's comfort, fit, and / or performance preferences. In some cases, the traction characteristics of the different zones or regions can be optimized for a variety of subjects or ranges of subjects with different physical characteristics or comfort, fit, and / or performance preferences.

[0012] In any embodiment described herein, the design and configuration of the traction elements may provide or impart a desired set of properties or characteristics to the shoe. The desired set of properties or characteristics may include, for example, traction stiffness in a particular zone or region, or directional bias of one or more traction elements. In some non-limiting embodiments, the traction elements may be directionally biased in various regions of the outsole. In some non-limiting embodiments, the traction elements may be biased in different directions. In some non-limiting embodiments, the traction elements may be omnidirectional or directionally neutral (i.e., not biased in a particular direction, or may be biased equally in two or more different directions).

[0013] In any of the embodiments described herein, the design and configuration of the traction elements can assist a golfer's particular and / or unique swing characteristics, (1) realign the golfer's swing to an optimal swing path or trajectory, (2) align the golfer's body or motion to an optimal posture and / or optimal set of movements in or along one or more optimal axes or planes in three-dimensional space, and / or (3) compensate for deviations or variations between (a) the golfer's actual posture or movements and (b) an optimal posture or optimal set of movements for the golfer. In any of the embodiments described herein, the design and configuration of the traction elements can be implemented to reduce the occurrence or likelihood of undesirable shot trajectories (e.g., pulls, pushes, hooks, and / or slices) that may result from a particular golfer's actual movements or postures (whether desired or unintended).

[0014] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a golf shoe including a sole assembly including an upper, an outsole attached to the upper, and a plurality of traction elements arranged around a central region of the outsole. In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements includes (i) a first set of traction elements arranged in a first spatial configuration along a perimeter or edge of the shoe that corresponds to a shape or profile of the perimeter or edge of the shoe, and (ii) a second set of traction elements nested between the first set of traction elements and a third set of traction elements. In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements is arranged in a second spatial configuration that corresponds to the shape or profile of the first spatial configuration.

[0015] In some embodiments, the first spatial configuration defines a first enclosed shape around a central region of the outsole and the second spatial configuration defines a second enclosed shape around the central region of the outsole, hi some embodiments, the second enclosed shape is nested within the first enclosed shape.

[0016] In some embodiments, the first and second sets of traction elements include (i) one or more directional traction elements and (ii) one or more omnidirectional traction elements. In some embodiments, the one or more directional traction elements are disposed on a medial side or a lateral side of the outsole. In some embodiments, the one or more omnidirectional traction elements are disposed on a front side or a rear side of the outsole. In some embodiments, the one or more omnidirectional traction elements comprise a set of directional traction elements that collectively provide an omnidirectional traction characteristic or response to the shoe.

[0017] In some embodiments, the first and second sets of traction elements include (i) one or more traction elements disposed along the front and rear sides of the outsole and (ii) one or more traction elements disposed along the medial and lateral sides of the outsole, In some embodiments, the front or rear side of the outsole has a higher density of traction elements than the medial or lateral sides of the outsole.

[0018] In some embodiments, the first and second traction element sets each have a series of spaced apart traction elements arranged in a first or second spatial configuration, hi some embodiments, the first and second traction element sets are staggered relative to one another in a non-channeling and non-trenching configuration.

[0019] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements includes two or more traction elements having different sizes and / or different shapes. In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements includes two or more traction elements oriented in different directions. In some embodiments, the size, shape, orientation, or directional bias of the plurality of traction elements varies or varies along a medial or lateral side of the shoe. In some embodiments, the size, shape, orientation, or directional bias of the plurality of traction elements varies or varies gradually between (i) a medial or lateral side of the shoe and (ii) a front or rear side of the shoe.

[0020] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements are disposed about a central region of the outsole, exposing an interior region or component of the sole assembly. In some embodiments, the interior region or component of the sole assembly comprises a midsole of a golf shoe. In some embodiments, the interior region or component of the sole assembly comprises a functional insert disposed (i) within the midsole, or (ii) between the midsole and the outsole.

[0021] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements comprises one or more adaptive traction elements disposed on the outsole. In some embodiments, the adaptive traction elements include a tip configured to (i) penetrate a first type of ground to provide grip or traction and (ii) flatten toward the outsole while in contact with a second type of ground that is harder than the first type of ground. In some embodiments, the first type of ground comprises grass, turf, dirt, or sand. In some embodiments, the second type of ground comprises cement, concrete, asphalt, tile, or wood. In some embodiments, the one or more adaptive traction elements comprise a half-moon or fanged profile.

[0022] In some embodiments, the outsole has one or more openings, hi some embodiments, the one or more adaptive traction elements are configured to move through the one or more openings so as to lie flat against the outsole of the golf shoe.

[0023] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a golf shoe optimized for on-course and / or off-course surfaces. In some embodiments, the golf shoe may include an upper, a sole assembly (including an outsole) attached to the upper, and a number of traction elements disposed on the outsole to enhance traction, grip, and stability of the shoe on a number of different surface types. In some embodiments, the traction elements have a depth-to-height ratio of 5:3. In some embodiments, the traction elements include a first feature for mechanically engaging a deformable ground surface. In some embodiments, the first feature includes a first material having a modulus of elasticity in a range of about 1 Megapascal (MPa) to at least about 1 Gigapascal (GPa). In some embodiments, the traction elements include a second feature having a second material for frictionally engaging a deformable ground surface.

[0024] In some embodiments, the traction elements provide a traction stiffness in a range of about 60 N / mm to at least about 80 N / mm in a medial-lateral direction of the deformable surface. In some embodiments, the traction elements are configured to provide a traction stiffness in a range of about 80 N / mm to at least about 120 N / mm in a fore-aft direction of the deformable surface. In some embodiments, the deformable surface may comprise an on-course surface including at least one of grass, turf, dirt, soil, or sand.

[0025] In some embodiments, the coefficient of friction between the traction elements and the off-course surface is at least about 0.4 to about 0.6, In some embodiments, the off-course surface may comprise cement, concrete, asphalt, tile, or wood.

[0026] In some embodiments, the first feature or the second feature comprises a textured surface, an elongated rib, a groove, a ridge, a line, a depression, a fin, or a blade. In some embodiments, the first feature and / or the second feature are positioned and oriented along a direction of one or more ground reaction forces exerted on the golf shoe. In some embodiments, the one or more ground reaction forces are associated with a golf-related motion or movement.

[0027] In some embodiments, the first feature or the second feature comprises one or more particles configured to increase the wear resistance of the traction element against off-course wear. In some embodiments, the one or more particles can comprise carbon, titanium, diamond, silicon, or glass. In some embodiments, the first feature or the second feature comprises one or more nanoparticles configured to increase frictional engagement between the traction element and the deformable ground. In some embodiments, a particle size of the one or more nanoparticles is at most about 100 nanometers (nm).

[0028] In some embodiments, a first subset of traction elements has a first characteristic and a second subset of traction elements has a second characteristic. In some embodiments, the first and second subsets of traction elements are interspersed along the outsole. In some embodiments, the first subset of traction elements has a higher height or aspect ratio than the second subset of traction elements. In some embodiments, the second subset of traction elements corresponds to a base surface of the outsole. In some embodiments, the second subset of traction elements is disposed on or provided along the base surface of the outsole.

[0029] In some embodiments, the first feature comprises a core of the traction element and the second feature comprises a material coating on or around the core, hi some embodiments, the first feature comprises a body of the traction element and the second feature comprises a surface of the traction element.

[0030] In some embodiments, the first material has a higher hardness or modulus of elasticity than the second material, hi some embodiments, the coefficient of friction between the second material and the deformable ground is greater than the coefficient of friction between the first material and the deformable ground.

[0031] In some embodiments, the first material or the second material comprises a rubber material. In some embodiments, the first material or the second material comprises a thermoplastic elastomer or a thermoplastic polyurethane material.

[0032] In some embodiments, the traction elements can be pyramidal or quadrilateral frustoconical in shape. In some embodiments, the traction elements can have a taper ranging from about 1 / 6 to about 2 / 3.

[0033] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a golf shoe optimized to protect on-course and / or off-course surfaces. In some embodiments, the golf shoe may include an upper, a sole assembly having an outsole attached to the upper, and a number of traction elements disposed on the outsole to enhance traction, grip, and stability of the shoe on a number of different surface types. In some embodiments, the traction elements are configured to reduce or minimize an amount of damage to a first surface when a subject wearing the golf shoe performs a golf-related motion on the first surface.

[0034] In some embodiments, the golf related motion includes a golf swing. In some embodiments, the golf related motion includes walking, running, or crouching. In some embodiments, the golf related motion includes translational and / or rotational motion of the traction element relative to the first surface. In some embodiments, the golf related motion includes one or more ground reaction forces in a range of at least about 100 Newtons (N) to at least about 1000 N.

[0035] In some embodiments, the traction elements are configured to maintain a quality or characteristic of the first surface over a plurality of golf-related movements performed over a period of time. In some embodiments, the quality or characteristic of the first surface includes a ball roll distance of a golf ball across the first surface. In some embodiments, the quality or characteristic of the first surface includes a smoothness or roughness of the first surface. In some embodiments, the traction elements provide the golf shoe with a surface maintenance metric ranging from about 0% to about 100%.

[0036] Further aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which illustrates only exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As will be understood, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modification in various obvious respects, without departing from the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not restrictive. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0037] Non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples and embodiments of the present disclosure are described with reference to and generally illustrated in the following figures. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary golf shoe, according to some embodiments. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary golf shoe with a forefoot region, a midfoot region, and a rearfoot region, according to some embodiments. [Figure 3A] FIG. 3A illustrates generally a central axis extending through the forefoot, midfoot, and / or rearfoot regions of an exemplary golf shoe to divide the golf shoe into medial and lateral sides, according to some embodiments. [Figure 3B]FIG. 3B illustrates generally a central axis extending through the forefoot, midfoot, and / or rearfoot regions of an exemplary golf shoe to divide the golf shoe into medial and lateral sides, according to some embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 illustrates various exemplary configurations of traction elements optimized for golf shoes, according to some embodiments. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 illustrates various exemplary configurations of traction elements optimized for a golf shoe, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A illustrates various examples of golf shoe outsoles with one or more tracks or channels that extend continuously around a central region of the outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B illustrates various examples of golf shoe outsoles with one or more tracks or channels that extend continuously around a central region of the outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6C] FIG. 6C illustrates various examples of golf shoe outsoles with one or more tracks or channels that extend continuously around a central region of the outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6D] FIG. 6D illustrates a schematic diagram of an example of an outsole having multiple tracks or paths with at least one discontinuity, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6E] FIG. 6E is a schematic diagram illustrating various different track configurations for a shoe outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6F] FIG. 6F is a schematic diagram illustrating various different track configurations for a shoe outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6G] FIG. 6G is a schematic diagram illustrating various different track configurations for a shoe outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6H] FIG. 6H is a schematic diagram illustrating various different track configurations for a shoe outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 6I]FIG. 6I is a schematic diagram illustrating various different track configurations for a shoe outsole, according to some embodiments. [Figure 7A-B] FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram illustrating a close-up view of an outsole having a track configuration for disposing multiple traction elements, according to some embodiments. [Figure 7C] FIG. 7C is a schematic diagram of a golf shoe outsole having multiple directional and omni-directional traction elements, according to some embodiments. [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A illustrates a schematic diagram of a vertical cross section of an example traction element, according to some embodiments. [Figure 8B] 8A-8B are schematic diagrams illustrating various side views of a traction element, according to some embodiments. [Figure 8C] 8A-8C are schematic diagrams illustrating various side views of a traction element, according to some embodiments. [Figure 8D] FIG. 8D illustrates generally various examples of three-dimensional shapes that can be used to define or approximate the geometry of the half-moon or fang-like contours of the adaptive traction elements described herein. [Figure 9A] FIG. 9A illustrates generally another exemplary cross-sectional profile that may be used for the adaptive traction elements of the present disclosure. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B illustrates generally another exemplary cross-sectional profile that may be used for the adaptive traction elements of the present disclosure. [Figure 10A] FIG. 10A illustrates a schematic side view of an exemplary set of adaptive traction elements for a golf shoe, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10B] FIG. 10B illustrates generally the applicability of the traction elements of the present disclosure to both on-course and off-course surfaces. [Figure 10C] FIG. 10C illustrates generally the applicability of the traction elements of the present disclosure to both on-course and off-course surfaces. [Figure 10D] FIG. 10D is a schematic illustrating the deformation of adaptive traction elements on an off-course surface, according to some embodiments. [Figure 11A] FIG. 11A illustrates generally various adaptable profiles of traction elements configured for both on-course and off-course use. [Figure 11B] FIG. 11B illustrates generally various adaptable profiles of traction elements configured for both on-course and off-course use. [Figure 12A] FIG. 12A is a schematic diagram of an outsole of a golf shoe with one or more adaptive traction elements, according to some embodiments. [Figure 12B] FIG. 12B illustrates generally the deformability of the adaptive traction elements disclosed herein. [Figure 13A] FIG. 13A is a schematic diagram illustrating a top view of a set of adaptive traction elements, according to some embodiments. [Figure 13B] FIG. 13B illustrates a schematic side view of an exemplary golf shoe outsole having the adaptive traction elements shown in FIG. 13A. [Figure 13C] FIG. 13C is a schematic diagram illustrating one or more adaptive traction elements movable through a portion of an outsole of a shoe, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0038] The present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to the attached drawings, in which various non-limiting examples are shown. However, the present disclosure should not be construed as being limited to the examples described herein. In the drawings, like numbers refer to like elements throughout. The thickness and dimensions of some components may be exaggerated for clarity. It is understood that the illustrations shown in the attached drawings may correspond to a right shoe, and in some cases, the components of the left shoe may be mirror images of the right shoe. It is also understood that shoes can be made in various sizes, and thus the size of the components or features of the shoe (e.g., traction elements) can be adjusted according to the size of the shoe.

[0039] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing various embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms (corresponding to "a", "an", and "the") are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0040] When an element is referred to as being "attached," "coupled," or "connected" to another element, it will be understood that the element may be directly attached, coupled, or connected to the other element (with or without any intervening elements). In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly attached," "directly coupled," or "directly connected" to another element, there need not be, and need not be, an intervening element.

[0041] It should be noted that any one or more aspects or features described with respect to one embodiment can be incorporated into a different embodiment. That is, all embodiments and / or features of any embodiment can be combined in any manner and / or in any order. The applicant reserves the right to amend the originally filed claims or to submit new claims accordingly. This includes the right to amend the originally filed claims to rely on and / or incorporate features of other claims, even if they were not originally so claimed. Various aspects and features of the present disclosure are described in further detail in the specification set forth below.

[0042] [overview] From a performance standpoint, a golf shoe must provide sufficient traction to enable a subject wearing the golf shoe to perform a variety of different golf-specific movements (e.g., walking the golf course, addressing a golf ball, swinging a golf club, crouching to position for a shot) on a variety of different surfaces and / or in a variety of different climates and environmental conditions. Traction is particularly important in golf because many of the movements associated with golf can subject the sole assembly to significant pressure and twisting through a complex series of biomechanical events. In some cases, the applied pressure and twisting can cause the shoe to move intentionally or undesirably relative to the ground, which can impair the subject's balance, stability, posture, or weight distribution, negatively impacting performance and consistency.

[0043] In some cases, the traction elements described herein may be optimized in both form and function to effectively minimize the amount of shoe or foot movement or displacement during golf-related movements (e.g., a golf swing). Minimizing shoe movement relative to the on-course ground surface can help casual and avid golfers maximize performance by (i) maximizing stability, e.g., by providing tighter ball dispersion, and / or (ii) enabling longer hit distances, for example.

[0044] In some cases, the traction elements described herein may be positioned to enhance or fine-tune the local traction characteristics of the golf shoe along the perimeter or edge of the outsole of the golf shoe. Optimal placement of both directional and omnidirectional traction elements can provide casual and performance golf shoes with localized traction performance that cannot be practically achieved using other conventional configurations or placements of traction elements.

[0045] In some cases, the traction elements of the present disclosure can be designed or configured for both on-course and off-course use, and the adaptability of the traction elements allows a subject to wear one pair of golf shoes that is comfortable both on and off the golf course without sacrificing comfort, fit, or performance on a variety of different types of surfaces.

[0046] In some cases, the traction elements disclosed herein may be designed and configured to protect or minimize damage on the course surface, and in some cases, the size and / or shape of the individual traction elements may be optimized to maintain the quality or characteristics of the course surface over a longer period of time across more golf-related movements as compared to the traction elements of traditional or conventional golf shoes.

[0047] [Golf shoes] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a golf shoe. The golf shoe may include an article of footwear (e.g., a shoe) that a subject can wear to assist in a physical activity such as golf or any other physical activity that includes one or more movements or motions that can be used in the sport of golf. The golf shoe may include one or more traction elements configured to enhance traction, grip, and stability of the shoe on a number of different surface types, as described in more detail below.

[0048] The golf shoe may be worn by a subject. The subject may be, for example, an athlete or a golfer. When worn by the subject, the golf shoe provides an optimal balance of comfort and control, allowing the subject to focus on their game and maximize their performance. The golf shoe may be sized, shaped, and configured to: (i) provide comfort; (ii) provide stability; and / or (iii) support the subject's feet and / or control the subject's foot movement during golf-related movements to improve the subject's stance, swing, stability, or overall performance (e.g., accuracy and precision).

[0049] 1 illustrates an exemplary golf shoe 100, also referred to generally herein as shoe 100. In some embodiments, shoe 100 may include a shoe upper 110 and a sole assembly 120. In some cases, upper 110 may include an insole. The insole may include insole components such as an insole footbed and / or an insole board. In some cases, sole assembly 120 may include a midsole and / or an outsole. In some embodiments, sole assembly 120 may be connected to upper 110.

[0050] [Foot Subregion] In any of the embodiments described herein, the upper 110 and / or sole assembly 120 and / or any components thereof (e.g., an insole footbed, an insole board, a midsole, and / or an outsole of a shoe) may include a forefoot region, a midfoot region, and a rearfoot region. Each of the forefoot region, midfoot region, and rearfoot region may correspond to the anatomical structures of the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot, respectively, of a subject's foot. Generally, the anatomical structure of the human foot can be divided into three bone regions. The rearfoot region of the foot may include the bones of the ankle (talus) and heel (calcaneus). The midfoot region of the foot may include the cuboid, cuneiform, and navicular bones that form the longitudinal arch of the foot. The forefoot region of the foot may include the metatarsals and toes. The shoe, and thus the components of the upper and / or sole assembly (e.g., insole footbed, insole board, midsole, and / or outsole), may have a rearfoot region corresponding to the rearfoot and / or heel region, a midfoot region corresponding to the midfoot, and a forefoot region corresponding to the forefoot and / or toe region. In some cases, the rearfoot region (and heel region) may correspond to the rear end of the shoe. In some cases, the forefoot region, including the toe region, may correspond to the front end of the shoe.

[0051] In addition to having a rearfoot region, a midfoot region, and a forefoot region, the shoe, and accordingly the components of the upper and / or sole assembly (e.g., the insole footbed, the insole board, the midsole, and / or the outsole), may also have opposing medial and lateral sides. The medial side may generally correspond to the medial region of the wearer's foot and the surface facing the wearer's other foot. The lateral side may generally correspond to the lateral region of the wearer's foot and the surface facing away from the wearer's other foot. The lateral and medial sides may extend through each of the rearfoot region, the midfoot region, and the forefoot region. In some cases, the medial and lateral sides may extend around or around the circumference of the shoe.

[0052] FIG. 2 illustrates various regions of an exemplary left and right sole assembly 120. The sole assembly 120 may have a forefoot region, a midfoot region, and / or a rearfoot region. The forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot regions may extend laterally along a first dimension (e.g., width) of the sole assembly 120. The forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot regions may extend laterally between a medial side and a lateral side of the sole assembly, as described above. The forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot regions may extend laterally along different portions or sections of a second dimension (e.g., length) of the sole assembly 120. The forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot regions may extend between a rear end and a front end of the sole assembly 120, as described above.

[0053] 2, 3A, and 3B diagrammatically illustrate a central axis 200 of sole assembly 120. Central axis 200 can extend from a rearmost portion of the rearfoot region toward the midfoot region and / or forefoot region of sole assembly 120. In some embodiments, central axis 200 can extend in a perpendicular or vertical direction to an axis tangent to a rearmost portion of the rearfoot region of sole assembly 120.

[0054] 3A, in some embodiments, a portion of the central axis 200 (e.g., a portion extending through at least the rearfoot region and / or midfoot region of the sole assembly 120) may divide or bisect the sole assembly 120 into the medial and lateral sides as described above. In some cases, a portion of the central axis 200 (e.g., a portion extending from the midfoot region of the sole assembly 120 to the forefoot region of the sole assembly 120) may not exactly divide or bisect the sole assembly 120 into the medial and lateral sides. As shown in FIG. 3B, in some embodiments, the medial side (1) and the lateral side (2) of the forefoot region of the sole assembly may be divided along a curved axis 201 that deviates from the central axis 200. References herein to the medial or lateral side of an insole, midsole, or outsole may be intended to delineate the central axis 200 of the insole footbed, insole board, midsole, or outsole and / or the medial and lateral sides along the curved axis 201 as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

[0055] [upper] In some embodiments, golf shoe 100 may include an upper 110. In some cases, upper 110 may include a vamp to cover at least a forefoot region of a subject's foot. In some cases, upper 110 may include a quarter to cover and / or support one or more sides or rear portions of a subject's foot (e.g., the areas adjacent, around, and / or below the Achilles tendon, behind the heel, and / or the talus and calcaneus).

[0056] In some embodiments, the heel region of the quarter may include a heel cup. In some embodiments, the heel cup may include a molded heel cup. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the quarter may form part of the molded heel cup. In some embodiments, the quarter may include multiple layers that may be molded together to form the heel cup.

[0057] In some embodiments, the vamp and quarters may comprise separate pieces of material that are mechanically, chemically, thermally or adhesively connected or fused together. In some cases, the upper material may comprise various materials that are sewn or bonded together to form the upper structure.

[0058] In some embodiments, the upper 110 may include a continuous piece of material for the vamp and quarter. In some cases, the continuous piece of material may include a single material that includes multiple regions, each having different material properties. In other cases, the continuous piece of material may include multiple materials having different material properties. Material properties associated with multiple regions or multiple materials may include, for example, density, porosity, water absorption / repellency, strength, flexibility, elasticity, softness, durability, chemical resistance, thermal conductivity, etc.

[0059] In some cases, upper 110 may include, for example, natural leather, synthetic leather, knit, nonwoven materials, natural fabrics, and / or synthetic fabrics. In other cases, upper 110 may include breathable mesh and / or synthetic woven fabrics made from materials such as nylon, polyester, polyolefin, polyurethane, rubber, foam, or any combination thereof. The materials for upper 110 may be selected and / or optimized based on desired properties, such as breathability, durability, flexibility, comfort, and / or water resistance.

[0060] In some embodiments, shoe 100 may be waterproof. In some cases, at least the forefoot, midfoot, and / or rearfoot regions of the upper may be constructed of one or more materials or layers (e.g., membranes) that are water resistant. Additional features (e.g., non-porous or semi-porous membranes that allow the selective movement or passage of moisture) may be applied in manufacturing shoe 100 to provide additional waterproofing capabilities.

[0061] In some embodiments, upper 110 can have an instep region with an opening for inserting a subject's foot. In some cases, the instep region can include a tongue for covering the top of the subject's foot.

[0062] In some embodiments, the upper 110 can include a heel collar that extends around at least a portion of the opening. In some embodiments, the heel collar can be configured to enhance comfort and fit around a subject's foot or leg (e.g., an ankle region of the subject's foot or leg).

[0063] In some embodiments, the upper 110 may include an insole component (e.g., an insole footbed or an insole board). In some cases, the insole component may be designed to support the subject's foot (e.g., when the subject exerts force on the insole while walking, running, kneeling, crouching, or swinging). The insole component may be flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid. In some cases, the insole component may be a removable insert that can be placed within the shoe 100. In some examples, the insole component may be designed to be worn inside the shoe 100 and provide cushioning or support to the subject wearer while wearing the shoe 100.

[0064] In some embodiments, the forefoot region of the upper 110 can include an eyestay attached to the vamp. In some cases, the eyestay can cover at least a portion of the tongue member. In some cases, the eyestay can include one or more eyelets through which one or more laces can be threaded.

[0065] In some embodiments, a tightening system can be used to tighten the shoe around the contours of the foot. For example, shoe laces of various types of materials (e.g., natural or synthetic fibers, metal cables) can be included in the tightening system. In some cases, the shoe can utilize a cable-based tightening assembly that includes a dial, a spool, a housing, and a locking mechanism to lock the cable in place.

[0066] [Sole Assembly] In some embodiments, the golf shoe 100 may include a sole assembly 120. The sole assembly 120 may include a midsole and / or an outsole. In some cases, the sole assembly 120 may be connected to the upper 110.

[0067] [Midsole] In some embodiments, the sole assembly 120 may include a midsole. The midsole may include a relatively lightweight material configured to provide cushioning and / or support to the shoe 100. In some embodiments, the midsole may be made of one or more midsole materials, such as, for example, a foam material. In some cases, the foam material may include a material that is foamed using a foaming agent (e.g., a molding agent). In some cases, the foam material may include a material that includes a foam or foam-like structure. In some cases, the foam material may include an open-cell foam that includes one or more open or partially open cells. In other cases, the foam material may include a closed-cell foam that includes one or more closed or partially closed cells. In some non-limiting embodiments, the foam material may include an elastic foam. An example of an elastic foam is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), which is an elastic closed-cell foam that has rubber-like softness and flexibility. In other non-limiting embodiments, the foam material may include a viscous foam. Viscous foams may include, for example, polyurethane foam, polyethylene foam, and the like. In some alternative embodiments, the foam material may include a viscoelastic foam. Viscoelastic foam may have the elastic properties of an elastic foam and the viscous properties of a viscous foam. In some cases, the viscoelastic foam may include a shape memory foam or a shape memory foam-like material. In some embodiments, the midsole may include a plurality of different foam materials. The plurality of different foam materials may include, for example, an expanded ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and / or an expanded polyurethane composition.

[0068] [Outsole] In some embodiments, the sole assembly 120 may include an outsole. The outsole may be designed to provide support and traction to the shoe. In some embodiments, the outsole may be integrated with the midsole. For example, the midsole may be fused to the outsole or otherwise attached to the outsole (e.g., using an adhesive or as part of the manufacturing process of the midsole and / or outsole). In some cases, the midsole may be molded as a separate piece and then joined to the top surface of the outsole by stitching, adhesive, or other suitable means. For example, the midsole may be heat pressed and glued to the top surface of the outsole. In some examples, the midsole and outsole may be molded using a "two-shot" molding process. In any of the embodiments described herein, the midsole may be positioned over the outsole such that at least a portion of the midsole is between the subject's foot and the outsole.

[0069] In some embodiments, the outsole may include an outsole material. In some cases, at least a portion of the outsole material may be configured to grip or otherwise engage the ground beneath the shoe (e.g., during golf-related actions or movements). In some embodiments, the outsole material may include a thermoplastic, such as, for example, nylon, polyester, polyether, polyolefin, and / or polyurethane. In some non-limiting embodiments, the outsole material may include a polyurethane composition, such as, for example, Estane™ TRX Thermoplastic Polyurethane. In some embodiments, the outsole material may include a rubber material or a thermoplastic rubber material, such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene propylene rubber ("EPR"), ethylene propylene diene ("EPDM") rubber, and / or styrene butadiene rubber. In some embodiments, the outsole material may include a plastic material, a thermoplastic material, a thermoset plastic material, or any combination thereof. In some non-limiting examples, the outsole material may include acrylic, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).

[0070] In some embodiments, the outsole may have a plurality of strands or fiber materials aligned unidirectionally along one or more selected directions. In some cases, the one or more selected directions may correspond to a direction in which one or more forces are exerted on the outsole or a traction element of the outsole during a golf-related action or movement. In some cases, the plurality of strands or fiber materials may have a directional grip. In some cases, the plurality of strands or fiber materials may be oriented to provide traction in one or more selected or predefined directions. In some cases, the plurality of strands or fiber materials may not be oriented or need not be oriented in one or more selected or predefined directions. In some cases, the plurality of strands or fiber materials may be oriented to provide traction or grip along a first direction but not along a second direction. In some cases, the outsole material may include a mohair fabric or yarn that includes a keratin-based material obtained from a living organism (e.g., an Angora goat).

[0071] In some embodiments, the outsole material may comprise a carbon-based material. In some cases, the carbon-based material may be provided in a particulate form and dispersed along or throughout the surface or volume of the outsole material. In some cases, the carbon-based material may comprise a composite material (e.g., a carbon fiber composite).

[0072] In some embodiments, the outsole material may be configured to reduce or minimize interlock with the ground beyond a certain depth (e.g., to protect on-course and / or off-course surfaces). In some cases, the outsole material is not, or need not be, positioned to promote deep mechanical interlock between the traction elements of the shoe and the ground beneath the shoe.

[0073] [Traction Elements] In some embodiments, the bottom surface of the outsole may include a plurality of traction elements that may be configured to provide and enhance traction between the shoe and various surfaces.

[0074] In some non-limiting examples, the traction elements may include spikes (e.g., hard spikes or soft spikes) that may have protrusions configured to at least partially penetrate the ground or to physically interface or contact the ground.

[0075] In other non-limiting examples, the traction elements may not include spikes or may not need to include spikes. For example, the traction elements may include features configured to reduce lateral or translational movement of the shoe relative to the ground when a force is applied to the shoe. The features may include spikeless features. In some examples, the features may have a higher coefficient of friction (static and / or kinetic coefficient of friction) than other portions of the outsole. In some examples, the features may include projections, dimples, or grooved or textured surfaces or materials provided on or integrated with the outsole.

[0076] In some embodiments, at least one of the traction elements may be permanently integrated, attached, or coupled to the outsole or another portion of the sole assembly, hi some embodiments, at least one of the traction elements may be removable or detachable from the outsole.

[0077] [Traction Mechanics] In some embodiments, the traction elements disclosed herein may be configured to enhance and / or promote a particular traction mechanism specific to a course surface. The traction mechanisms of golf-related actions or movements include a number of different traction modes, each of which involves a different factor or combination of factors that may affect traction.

[0078] In some cases, the traction elements may be optimized to maximize turf traction (i.e., traction on a grass surface found on a golf course or driving range or other equivalent on-course ground surface), which may represent the ability to resist movement of a golf shoe relative to the turf due to forces applied to the turf (e.g., during golf-related movements).

[0079] In some embodiments, the movement of a golf shoe or a traction element of a golf shoe relative to the ground may be subject to a number of different traction / movement modes that may collectively characterize the complex physical interactions between the traction element and the ground during golf-related movements or actions. In some cases, the different traction / movement modes may include (i) a mechanical coupling between the traction element and the ground, and / or (ii) a frictional engagement between the traction element material and the ground. In some cases, the different traction / movement modes may include (i) a mechanical coupling between the traction element and the ground, and / or (ii) a frictional engagement between the traction element material and the ground.

[0080] To accommodate various motion / traction modes and maximize traction stiffness on deformable turf surfaces to limit or restrict shoe movement during golf-related movements, the presently disclosed traction elements can be optimally dimensioned, as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, the shape and / or material properties of the traction elements can be optimized to account for different types of interactions or different engagement modes between the traction elements and the turf surface, including, for example, frictional engagement and / or mechanical interlocking. In some embodiments, the shape of the traction elements can include dimensions of the traction elements (e.g., height, width, depth, taper, etc.) or ratios between dimensions of the traction elements. In some embodiments, the material properties of the traction elements can include material composition or bending stiffness of the traction elements. In some embodiments, the material properties of the traction elements can correspond to a coefficient of friction between the traction elements and the ground surface contacting the traction elements.

[0081] [Traction stiffness] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements may include one or more traction elements that optimize the traction stiffness of the shoe relative to on-course and / or off-course ground surfaces. In some embodiments, the golf shoe may utilize traction elements that are (1) optimally sized and shaped, and (2) collectively arranged in an optimal layout on the outsole of the shoe, to minimize the amount of movement of the golf shoe relative to the ground surface during golf-related motions or movements. The traction elements may be individually and collectively configured to provide optimal traction stiffness to various select regions of the shoe, thereby minimizing the movement of the shoe relative to the on-course ground during golf-related motions or movements, which ultimately helps to improve or maximize (i) consistency (e.g., tighter ball dispersion) and / or (ii) performance (e.g., longer carry distance).

[0082] The traction elements of the present disclosure may be configured to provide an optimal traction stiffness for a golf shoe. As used herein, the term "traction stiffness" may refer to the ability of the traction element to resist movement relative to the ground when the traction element is engaged with the ground (e.g., an on-course surface) (e.g., by frictional engagement and / or by penetrating the ground to form a mechanical interlock). The mechanical interlock may involve contact between a portion of the ground (e.g., soil or blades of grass) and one or more side portions of the traction element. In some cases, a portion of the ground that is in mechanical interlock with one or more side portions of the traction element may at least partially inhibit or limit movement of the traction element relative to the ground during a golf-related motion. The traction stiffness referred to herein may measure how firmly the traction element grips the on-course surface (e.g., grass) either by frictional engagement and / or mechanical interlock. A traction element that produces a greater traction stiffness will move less across the ground in response to a generated ground reaction force. In some cases, the amount of frictional engagement and / or mechanical interlock may dynamically change or vary during a golf-related motion or movement.

[0083] The traction elements described herein may be configured to provide an optimal traction stiffness to the golf shoe across a wide variety of environmental and / or turf conditions. In some cases, the traction elements may provide an optimal traction stiffness on the on-course ground surface when the temperature of the surrounding environment is in the range of about 0° C. to about 40° C. or higher. In some cases, the traction elements may provide an optimal traction stiffness on the on-course ground surface when the humidity of the surrounding environment is in the range of about 0% to about 100%. In some cases, the traction elements may provide an optimal traction stiffness on the on-course ground surface when the compression of the ground surface is in the range of about 0.400 to about 0.800. In some cases, the traction elements may provide an optimal traction stiffness on the on-course ground surface when the moisture of the ground surface is in the range of about 10% to about 30%.

[0084] In some embodiments, the golf shoe may have a traction stiffness ranging from about 50 Newtons per millimeter (N / mm) to about 150 N / mm or more. In some embodiments, the golf shoe may have a traction stiffness greater than about 150 N / mm. In some embodiments, the golf shoe may have a traction stiffness of at least about 150 N / mm, 160 N / mm, 170 N / mm, 180 N / mm, 190 N / mm, 200 N / mm, or more.

[0085] In some embodiments, the traction elements can be configured to provide a first traction stiffness in a range of about 50 N / mm to about 150 N / mm at the first surface. In some embodiments, the traction elements can be configured to provide a second traction stiffness in a range of about 50 N / mm to about 150 N / mm at the second surface. In some embodiments, the first surface can include an on-course ground surface. In some embodiments, the on-course ground surface can include, for example, grass, turf, dirt, soil, sand, or other types of ground surfaces found on a golf course. In some embodiments, the second surface can include an off-course ground surface. In some embodiments, the off-course ground surface can include, for example, cement, concrete, asphalt, tile, wood, or other materials that can be processed and formed into a ground surface (or elements thereof) by a human or machine.

[0086] In some embodiments, when used on a course, the traction elements of the present disclosure may have a fore-aft traction stiffness ranging from about 80 N / mm to about 120 N / mm, depending on the turf type and turf conditions. In some embodiments, when used on a course, the traction elements of the present disclosure may have a medial-lateral traction stiffness ranging from about 60 N / mm to about 80 N / mm.

[0087] In some embodiments, the placement and / or configuration of the traction elements may be adjusted or varied to provide an optimal traction stiffness for different individual golfers. In some cases, the optimal traction stiffness may be selected or determined based on (i) the biomechanical characteristics of the subject's golf swing and / or (ii) the anatomical or physiological characteristics of the subject's body. In some cases, the optimal traction stiffness may be based on the preferences or performance needs of various individual golfers.

[0088] 4 and 5 generally illustrate various perspective views of exemplary traction elements that may be used in a golf shoe. In some non-limiting examples, the traction elements may have a pyramidal or quadrilateral frustum shape.

[0089] In some embodiments, the traction element may include a base surface 501 that is attached or secured to an outsole of a shoe. In some embodiments, the traction element may include a free end 502 disposed opposite the base surface 501. In some cases, the free end 502 may be configured to contact and interact with the ground. In some cases, the free end 502 may be embedded in the ground (e.g., grass). In some cases, the free end 502 may be configured to penetrate the ground and mechanically interface with a portion of the ground. In some embodiments, when the free end 502 mechanically interfaces with the ground and a subject performs a golf-related motion that moves the traction element in the direction of travel 503, the initial mechanical interface between the traction element and the ground may cause the ground to push the traction element in an opposing direction. In some cases, the reaction of the ground to the movement of the traction element may result in a distributed load across the vertical projected area (VPA) of the traction element. In some cases, distributed loads exerted by the ground may reduce or minimize the amount that the traction elements move during golf-related movements that include one or more forces exerted along the direction of movement 503.

[0090] In some embodiments, the traction element may be sized to provide optimal traction stiffness when the traction element engages the on-course surface (e.g., turf). In some embodiments, the traction element may comprise a height. The height may range from a base surface 501 of the traction element to a free end 502 of the traction element. In some embodiments, the height may range from about 3 millimeters (mm) to about 6 mm. In some embodiments, the traction element may comprise a width. The width may correspond to a width of the free end 502 of the traction element. The width of the free end 502 of the traction element may be approximately perpendicular or orthogonal to a direction of movement 503 of the traction element during a golf-related movement. In some embodiments, the width may range from about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the traction element may comprise a depth. The depth may correspond to a depth of the free end 502 of the traction element. The depth of the traction element free end 502 may be approximately parallel to the direction of movement 503 of the traction element during golf-related movements. In some cases, the depth may range from about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the traction element may include a taper. The taper extends from the traction element base surface 501 to the traction element free end 502 and may represent the ratio of (i) the horizontal run of the traction element surface in the direction of movement 503 to (ii) the vertical rise of the traction element surface along the height of the traction element. In some cases, the taper may range from about 1 / 6 to about 2 / 3.

[0091] In some embodiments, the taper of the traction element can be increased to further increase the traction stiffness of the shoe. In some cases, the taper of the traction element can be optimized by increasing the cross-sectional area of ​​the fixed base of the traction element relative to the cross-sectional area of ​​the free end of the traction element, or by decreasing the cross-sectional area of ​​the free end relative to the cross-sectional area of ​​the fixed base. In either case, since the bending moment of the traction element when subjected to a shear force is greatest at the fixed base (i.e., where the traction element interfaces with the outsole of the shoe), the cross-sectional area of ​​the fixed base can be greater than the cross-sectional area of ​​the free end to achieve the greatest bending stiffness for the amount of material used.

[0092] In some embodiments, the traction elements can be oriented to maximize the area moment of inertia and minimize the amount of bending the traction elements undergo when loaded, thereby allowing the traction elements to resist bending to a greater extent and maintain a larger load vertical projected area (VPA) in the turf to minimize undesirable sliding motion. In some cases, the area moment of inertia can be maximized by orienting the traction elements parallel to the direction of the load. When so oriented, the depth of the traction elements is parallel to the direction of the load and the width of the traction elements is perpendicular to the depth of the traction elements or the direction of the load. In some cases, the traction stiffness of the shoe can be further increased by increasing the depth of the traction elements relative to the width of the traction elements or decreasing the width of the traction elements relative to the depth of the traction elements. In some cases, the depth of the traction elements can be greater than the width of the traction elements. In other cases, the width of the traction elements can be greater than the depth of the traction elements. Orienting and dimensioning the traction elements as described herein increases the area moment of inertia of the traction elements, minimizing the amount of bending the traction elements undergo under load, ultimately increasing traction stiffness.

[0093] In some embodiments, the dimensions of the traction elements can vary spatially across the outsole, further optimizing the role of mechanical interlock and friction in various traction modes. In some cases, the dimensions of the traction elements can include, for example, the length, width, height, depth, or taper of the traction elements. In some cases, the dimensions of the traction elements can include a ratio between two or more dimensions of the traction elements.

[0094] In some embodiments, traction stiffness can be increased by proportionally increasing the height and depth. In other embodiments, traction stiffness can be increased by proportionally decreasing the height and depth. In some cases (e.g., for traction elements having a pyramidal frustum shape or profile), the optimal depth to height ratio for maximizing traction stiffness may be about 5:3. In some cases, ratios below the optimal 5:3 ratio may result in traction elements that are too thin, with a small area moment of inertia (I) and a large height (H), which may easily bend, break away, or wipe off the surface, rather than penetrating the turf and dragging it through the turf to maintain traction. In some cases, traction elements with dimensional ratios above the optimal 5:3 ratio may result in traction elements that are too large in horizontal projected area (HPA) to fully penetrate the turf and may slide across the surface.

[0095] In some embodiments, traction stiffness can be increased by increasing the taper of the traction element. In some embodiments, the taper of the traction element can correspond to the ratio of (a) the horizontal run of the traction element surface in the direction of travel to (b) the vertical rise of the traction element surface along the height of the traction element. In some embodiments, traction stiffness can be increased by increasing the taper and decreasing the height of the traction element. If a TPU material is used for at least a portion of the traction element, traction stiffness can be increased by increasing the taper of the traction element. If a rubber material is used for at least a portion of the traction element, traction stiffness can be increased by increasing both the taper and the width of the traction element.

[0096] In some non-limiting examples, the traction element may have a shape or profile other than a truncated cone. In these non-limiting examples, the traction element may have a first dimension corresponding to a length of the traction element, a second dimension corresponding to a width of the traction element, and a third dimension corresponding to a height of the traction element. The first dimension may extend between a lateral side and a medial side of the shoe, or between a front end and a rear end of the shoe. The second dimension may extend between a front end and a rear end of the shoe, or between a lateral side and a medial side of the shoe. The third dimension may extend from a bottom end of the traction element (e.g., an end of the traction element directly adjacent to the ground surface to which the shoe is worn) to a top end of the traction element (e.g., an end of the traction element directly adjacent to a portion of the sole to which the traction element is attached or integrated).

[0097] In some non-limiting embodiments, the ratio of the first dimension to the second dimension can range from about 1:10 to about 10: 1. In some non-limiting embodiments, the ratio of the first dimension to the third dimension can range from about 1:10 to about 10: 1. In some non-limiting embodiments, the ratio of the second dimension to the third dimension can range from about 1:10 to about 10.1.

[0098] In some embodiments, one or more traction elements may have one or more cross sections. In some cases, the cross sections may include transverse cross sections along a plane that extends through a portion of the traction element. In some cases, the cross sections may include transverse cross sections along a plane that extends vertically or horizontally through the traction element. In any of the embodiments described herein, the plane may be oriented at an angle relative to a surface of the traction element. In some cases, the angle may range from about 1 degree to about 179 degrees. In some non-limiting embodiments, the plane may be normal, perpendicular, or perpendicular to a surface of one or more traction elements.

[0099] In some embodiments, one or more cross sections of the traction element may comprise a cross-sectional shape. The cross-sectional shape may correspond to a lateral or vertical cross section of the traction element. In some cases, the cross-sectional shape may be circular or polygonal. In some cases, the cross-sectional shape may be, for example, a circle, an ellipse, a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a parallelogram, or any polygon with three or more sides. The cross-sectional shape may comprise a regular shape (e.g., a shape having two or more sides of the same length) or an irregular shape (e.g., a shape having two or more sides of different lengths). In some cases, the cross-sectional shape may comprise at least one straight portion or section. In some cases, the cross-sectional shape may comprise at least one curved or non-straight portion or section. In some cases, the cross-sectional shape may comprise at least one straight portion or section and at least one curved or non-straight portion or section.

[0100] In some embodiments, one or more traction elements can have a cross-sectional shape that varies along a dimension of the traction element. In some cases, the dimension of the cross-sectional shape can vary along a portion of the traction element. The dimension can include, for example, the length, width, and / or height of the cross-sectional shape.

[0101] [Friction-based traction] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a high performance friction-based traction outsole for use on deformable surfaces that may exacerbate slipping motions. The golf shoes described herein may utilize materials that enhance friction-based traction performance on deformable surfaces that may induce slipping during golf-related motions, such as, for example, any type of natural grass and / or wet artificial grass surfaces. In some cases, the traction outsole may utilize only a minimal number of traction elements while still enhancing the on-course traction of the golf shoe.

[0102] The traction outsoles disclosed herein can be configured to provide enhanced traction on deformable on-course surfaces, such as turf, as compared to conventional traction outsoles. The traction outsoles described herein can be configured to provide sufficient traction when engaged with an on-course surface, even in situations or scenarios where a conventional outsole would slip or slide along or across the course surface.

[0103] Despite the possibility that golf shoes may slip or slide on grass surfaces during golf-related movements, many conventional traction solutions still use highly elastic materials, such as TPU or polyamides, for on-course traction, which have a low coefficient of friction and tend to be slippery on grass playing surfaces, especially in wet conditions. To reduce the possibility of slipping or sliding on soft ground or in wet conditions, conventional traction solutions typically use high aspect ratio geometric configurations (e.g., long or tall spikes or cleats). However, as the ground dries and hardens, the effectiveness of high aspect ratio traction elements may decrease, making the shoes less comfortable to wear. From a surface protection perspective, high aspect ratio traction elements can damage greens (e.g., picking up and retaining grass or soil) and accelerate wear on the course surface, negatively impacting the overall quality of the course.

[0104] The traction outsoles described herein can be configured to minimize slipping and sliding on turf surfaces by using high friction materials that can contact the ground to enhance traction, especially in scenarios where mechanical interlock is reduced or absent. In some embodiments, the traction outsoles can use relatively soft outsole materials that are comfortable for on-course and / or off-course use. The relatively soft outsole materials can enhance grip between the outsole and the on-course or off-course surface, especially in traction modes where the shoe may move laterally on the surface during golf-related movements. In some embodiments, the traction outsoles can have a relatively soft, sticky outsole material applied to the entire plantar surface of the traction outsole. In some embodiments, the outsole material can be soft, supple, and conformable to the ground. In some embodiments, the relatively soft, sticky outsole material can include one or more thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). In some embodiments, the relatively soft, sticky outsole material can be optimized for traction on on-course and / or off-course surfaces.

[0105] In some embodiments, the outsole geometry can be simplified by using high friction materials and / or relatively soft and sticky materials in the outsole. In some embodiments, the geometry of the traction elements can be reduced in complexity and / or size to increase the surface area of ​​the traction outsole that contacts the turf. Increasing the surface area of ​​the traction outsole that contacts the turf can help facilitate the role of surface friction in providing traction as the shoe slides or slides along a deformable surface. In some cases, the simplified traction outsole geometry, combined with a relatively soft outsole material with high friction characteristics, can improve overall on-course and off-course traction performance and comfort. The simplified traction outsole geometry can also improve the green affinity of the traction outsole, as the simplified traction outsole geometry may not require or require the use of high aspect ratio structures that may damage the ground.

[0106] In some embodiments, the presently disclosed traction outsoles may include simplified outsole geometries that maintain or enhance on-course traction performance and slip resistance without compromising shoe comfort or excessively damaging the green. In some embodiments, the outsole may have a minimal or simplified geometry that increases the amount of surface area of ​​the outsole material that contacts the blades of grass on the on-course surface. In some cases, the geometry may include soft or subtle texturing of the outsole surface. In some cases, the geometry may include (i) the contours of the shoe's outsole and / or (ii) very fine texturing of the outsole material with features (e.g., elongated ribs, grooves, depressions, bumps, ridges, lines, etc.) that are appropriately positioned and / or oriented relative to the ground reaction forces exerted on the shoe during golf-related actions or movements. In some cases, the outsole geometry may include short, narrow fins or blades that work seamlessly against the grass or turf, like the toe pads of a gecko.

[0107] In some embodiments, the traction outsole may include various other materials or geometric features to further enhance abrasion resistance and improve off-course traction. For example, in some embodiments, one or more particles may be added to the base polymer of the traction outsole. The one or more particles may include, for example, carbon, titanium, diamond, silicon, or glass particles. In some embodiments, the one or more particles may be configured to improve grip with turf surfaces and significantly improve the abrasion resistance of the traction outsole for off-course use.

[0108] In some embodiments, a traction outsole can include a polymeric material with fillers added or dispersed therein to enhance the traction characteristics and durability of the traction outsole. In some cases, the fillers can include nanofillers having particle sizes of about 100 nanometers (nm) or less. In some cases, the fillers can include nanoparticles, nanofibers, or nanoplates. In some cases, the fillers can include graphene nanofillers.

[0109] In some embodiments, the amount of filler added to the traction outsole material may depend on the coefficient of friction between the polymer base material and a smooth surface. In some cases, the amount of filler added on a mass or volume basis may be adjusted based on the frictional properties of the polymer base material. In some cases, the texture, arrangement, and / or spatial arrangement of the filler material in, on, or within the polymer base material may be altered to further enhance the frictional grip provided by the base material.

[0110] In some embodiments, the traction outsole may have a coefficient of friction of about 0.4 to about 0.6 or more when used off course. In other embodiments, the traction outsole may have a coefficient of friction of about 0.4 to about 0.7 or more when used off course. In some alternative embodiments, the traction outsole may have a coefficient of friction of about 0.4 to about 0.8 or more when used off course.

[0111] [Multimodal Traction] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides various examples and embodiments of traction elements optimized for both mechanical interlock and friction-based traction performance on soft deformable surfaces that induce slippage, such as any type of natural grass and / or wet artificial grass surfaces. In some embodiments, the traction elements may have a material with a relatively high modulus of elasticity to minimize deformation of the outsole under load during golf-related motions. In some embodiments, the traction elements may have a material with a relatively high coefficient of friction to minimize slippage along a deformable surface, such as grass. The modulus of elasticity and coefficient of friction of the traction element material may collectively enhance grip during various traction modes that may occur on a deformable surface, such as grass.

[0112] Many conventional shoes use high modulus materials such as TPU or polyamide, which have a low coefficient of friction and tend to be slippery on most turf playing surfaces, especially in wet conditions. These conventional shoes typically feature high aspect ratio cleats or spikes for use on soft surfaces or in wet conditions, which further complement and enhance the frictional and traction properties of the high modulus materials.

[0113] Unlike other conventional shoes, the present invention provides various examples and embodiments of traction elements that include at least one high modulus material for bending resistance and at least one high friction material for slip resistance. These types of materials can be used in combination to provide a multi-material solution for enhancing grip between the outsole and various playing surfaces, which is extremely beneficial in the game of golf where even small, visually unnoticeable relative movements between the outsole and playing surface can have a significant effect on the flight of the golf ball.

[0114] [example] In some embodiments, the traction elements may include at least one high modulus material that can be used to reduce bending of the traction elements and at least one low modulus material that can increase friction between the outsole material and the turf surface. Various examples of high performance traction solutions utilizing multi-material designs to enhance traction performance through mechanical interlock and friction are described below. It should be noted that these embodiments may be implemented individually and / or in combination with each other to best suit the traction needs of a particular golfer and / or a variety of golfers.

[0115] In some embodiments, the traction elements may individually comprise either a high modulus material or a low modulus material. For example, a first set of traction elements may include a high modulus material that reduces bending of the traction elements, and a second set of traction elements may include a low modulus material that increases friction between the outsole material and the turf surface. The first and second sets of traction elements may be strategically positioned on the outsole to increase traction stiffness when the subject performs a golf-related motion (e.g., swinging a golf club) or when the subject walks on or off course.

[0116] In some embodiments, the traction elements can include a first set of traction elements that resist bending and provide a mechanical interlock, and a second set of traction elements that enhance friction. In some cases, the first set of traction elements can have a higher height and / or aspect ratio than the second set of traction elements. In some cases, the second set of traction elements can be wider, longer, and / or flatter than the first set of traction elements. In some cases, the first and second sets of traction elements can be interspersed along the outsole of the shoe.

[0117] In some embodiments, the traction element may have multiple layers with different material properties. In some cases, the traction element may have a high modulus core that resists bending and can mechanically interface with the ground. In some cases, the high modulus core may be coated with a high friction material that has a lower modulus than the traction element core.

[0118] In some embodiments, the traction elements may include a high modulus material that resists bending and allows the traction elements to mechanically engage with the ground. In some cases, the base surface of the outsole may include a softer material that has a lower modulus than the high modulus material of the traction elements. In some cases, the softer material may have a high coefficient of friction to enhance grip when sliding on a deformable surface such as grass. In some cases, the base surface of the outsole may include additional shapes or features to further enhance frictional grip between the shoe and the ground. The shapes or features may include, for example, one or more protrusions, ridges, ribs, lines, dimples, depressions, channels, grooves, or other two- or three-dimensional features extending into or from the outsole.

[0119] In some embodiments, the coating applied to the traction elements may vary (in terms of physical configuration and / or material composition) based on location on the outsole to further optimize frictional traction between the shoe and the on-course surface. In some embodiments, the size, shape, and / or dimensions of the traction elements and / or the base surface of the outsole may vary based on location on the outsole to further optimize both mechanical interlock based traction and frictional force based traction.

[0120] [Arrangement of traction elements] The traction elements described herein may be disposed in one or more selected regions of the outsole to enhance traction. In some cases, the one or more selected regions may include the perimeter or edge of the outsole. In some cases, the one or more selected regions may include a central portion of the outsole (e.g., a portion of the outsole that is within the perimeter or edge of the outsole).

[0121] In some embodiments, the one or more selected regions may include one or more tracks that extend around a central region of the outsole. In some cases, the one or more tracks may comprise a physical track formed on the outsole. In other cases, the one or more tracks may not include, or need not include, a track physically formed on or visible on the outsole. For example, the one or more tracks may include an abstract track or path that (i) traces a perimeter or edge of the outsole and / or (ii) encircles a central region of the outsole.

[0122] In some non-limiting examples, one or more tracks or paths may have one or more breaks (i.e., one or more sections or segments of the track or path may be broken or discontinuous). In some cases, the one or more breaks may be configured to provide a localized or specific flex profile along the one or more breaks. In other cases, the one or more breaks may be implemented to expose underlying midsole or outsole material and reduce the weight of the shoe at various selected locations corresponding to the one or more breaks. In some cases, multiple breaks may be used to produce a sole assembly with multiple distinct zones that can move or flex independently of one another. In any of the examples described herein, breaking the track or path may help balance the stiffness of the entire shoe.

[0123] In some cases, one or more traction elements may be arranged along one or more tracks in a spatial configuration that traces the shape of the perimeter or edge of the outsole. In some cases, one or more traction elements may be arranged along one or more tracks that are nested relative to one another. In some cases, the nested tracks may trace or approximate a shape similar to the shape of the perimeter or edge of the outsole.

[0124] In some embodiments, the traction elements may be disposed about one or more central regions of the outsole. The one or more central regions of the outsole may include any region of the outsole that is within the periphery or edge of the outsole. In some embodiments, the one or more central regions may include any region of the outsole that is surrounded by one or more tracks that extend around the periphery of the outsole. In some embodiments, the one or more traction elements may be disposed within one or more central regions of the outsole.

[0125] In any of the embodiments described herein, the traction elements may be located in the forefoot, midfoot, and / or rearfoot regions of the outsole. In any of the embodiments described herein, the traction elements may be located on the medial side and / or lateral side of the outsole. In some non-limiting embodiments, the traction elements may be located along a central axis of the outsole.

[0126] In some embodiments, the traction elements may extend between the medial and lateral sides of the outsole to enhance traction along a lateral axis extending across the width of the shoe, while in other embodiments, the traction elements may extend between the forefoot and rearfoot regions of the outsole to enhance traction along a lateral axis extending across the length of the shoe.

[0127] In some embodiments, one or more traction elements may be located along the lateral and / or medial side of the outsole. Locating one or more traction elements along the lateral and / or medial side of the outsole may improve localized traction performance of the shoe at or near the medial and / or lateral sides of the shoe.

[0128] In some embodiments, the traction elements disposed along the lateral and / or medial sides of the outsole may span the length of the outsole. The length of the outsole may correspond to the distance between the front and rear sides of the outsole. In some embodiments, the traction elements may extend between the forefoot and rearfoot regions of the medial and / or lateral sides of the outsole to enhance traction at the edges of the medial and / or lateral sides of the shoe. In some embodiments, the traction elements may extend between the forefoot and midfoot regions of the medial and / or lateral sides of the outsole to enhance traction at the edges of the medial and / or lateral sides of the shoe. In some embodiments, the traction elements may extend between the midfoot and rearfoot regions of the medial and / or lateral sides of the outsole to enhance traction at the edges of the medial and / or lateral sides of the shoe.

[0129] In some embodiments, one or more traction elements may be located along the front and / or rear edge of the outsole. Locating one or more traction elements along the front and / or rear edge of the outsole may improve localized traction performance of the shoe in or near the front and / or rear regions of the shoe.

[0130] In some embodiments, the traction elements located along the front and / or rear ends of the outsole may span the width of the outsole. The width of the outsole may correspond to the distance between the medial and lateral sides of the outsole. In some embodiments, the traction elements may extend between the medial and lateral sides of the front and / or rear ends of the outsole to enhance traction in the front and / or rear regions of the shoe.

[0131] [Traction Element Density] In some embodiments, the outsole may have at least one traction element per square inch. In some embodiments, the outsole may have at least two or more traction elements per square inch. In some embodiments, the outsole may have at least three or more traction elements per square inch. In some embodiments, the outsole may have at least four or more traction elements per square inch. In some embodiments, the outsole may have at least five or more traction elements per square inch. In some embodiments, the outsole may have at least ten or more traction elements per square inch.

[0132] In some embodiments, an outsole can include a plurality of regions, each region having one or more traction elements disposed within the plurality of regions. In some cases, the plurality of regions can include a first region having a first traction element density and a second region having a second traction element density. The traction element density corresponds to a number of traction elements per unit area. In some cases, the first traction element density can be greater than or equal to the second traction element density. In some cases, the second traction element density can be greater than or equal to the first traction element density.

[0133] In some non-limiting examples, the front or rear side of the outsole may have a higher density of traction elements than the medial or lateral side of the outsole. In other examples, the medial or lateral side of the outsole may have a higher density of traction elements than the front or rear side of the outsole.

[0134] [track] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a golf shoe having a plurality of traction elements arranged in a track configuration around a central region of an outsole of the shoe. The track configuration may include one or more tracks extending around a central region of the outsole of the shoe. The track configuration may include one or more tracks extending along a perimeter or edge of the outsole of the shoe. In some cases, the one or more tracks may extend continuously around the central region of the outsole, and in some cases, the one or more tracks may extend continuously along a path or area that extends along the perimeter or edge of the outsole. The path or area that extends along the perimeter or edge of the outsole may be directly adjacent to the perimeter or edge of the shoe, or may be offset from the perimeter or edge of the shoe by a predetermined distance. In some non-limiting examples, the predetermined distance may range from about 0.1 millimeters (mm) to about 25 millimeters (mm) or more.

[0135] In some embodiments, one or more of the tracks or paths may be split or segmented to provide various performance enhancements. For example, in some cases, a track or path may be split or segmented to increase flexibility of the sole assembly in various selected locations or zones.

[0136] In some embodiments, various groups or subsets of traction elements may be staggered along one or more tracks or paths to enhance performance aspects of the shoe. For example, in some cases, traction elements may be staggered to increase flexibility of the sole assembly without (i) compromising the shape of the track or path, (ii) disrupting the overall flow or curvature of the track or path, or (iii) compromising performance benefits provided by the shape or configuration of the track or path.

[0137] 6A illustrates a schematic of a golf shoe 600 having a number of tracks or paths 601 extending around the outsole of the shoe. The number of tracks or paths 601 may extend around one or more central regions 602 of the outsole. The one or more central regions 602 may or may not include additional traction elements to further enhance the traction of the shoe on and / or off the course.

[0138] 6B is a schematic diagram of a plurality of traction elements 603 that can be arranged along a track or path on an outsole. In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements 603 can include a plurality of sets of traction elements arranged along different tracks or paths. In some cases, the plurality of sets of traction elements can include a first set of traction elements and a second set of traction elements that each include a series of spaced apart traction elements arranged in a first or second spatial configuration.

[0139] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements may include a first set of traction elements arranged along a perimeter or edge of the shoe in a first spatial configuration that corresponds to a shape or profile of the perimeter or edge of the shoe. In some embodiments, the first spatial configuration may define a first enclosed shape about a central region of the outsole. In some embodiments, the first set of traction elements may define a first enclosed shape or profile about a central region of the outsole.

[0140] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements may include a second set of traction elements. In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements may be arranged in a second spatial configuration that corresponds to a shape or profile of the first spatial configuration of the first set of traction elements. In some embodiments, the second spatial configuration may define a second enclosed shape around a central region of the outsole. In some embodiments, the second enclosed shape may be similar to the first enclosed shape defined by the first set of traction elements arranged in the first spatial configuration described above. In some embodiments, the second enclosed shape may be nested within the first enclosed shape. In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements may be nested within the first set of traction elements. In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements may be nested between the first set of traction elements and the central region of the outsole. In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements may be nested between the first set of traction elements and a third set of traction elements.

[0141] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements can include a third set of traction elements. In some examples, the third set of traction elements can be nested between the second set of traction elements and a central portion or region of the outsole. In some examples, the third set of traction elements can be nested between the second set of traction elements and one or more additional sets of traction elements (e.g., a fourth set of traction elements).

[0142] As used herein, the term "nested" may refer to a spatial configuration in which a set of elements or tracks are sequentially offset from one another and positioned within a boundary or perimeter set or defined by adjacent sets of elements or adjacent tracks. The nested elements or tracks may be spatially arranged to form a series of similar shapes positioned inside or around one another. The similar shapes may be generally similar (i.e., there may be some or moderate variation in the exact shapes, but such variation is within an acceptable range). In some cases, the similar shapes may be geometrically similar (i.e., similar in shape but different in size to achieve the nested configuration).

[0143] In some embodiments, the traction elements may be arranged in a track configuration around a central region of the outsole, exposing an interior region or component of the sole assembly. In some cases, the interior region or component of the sole assembly may include or correspond to a midsole of a golf shoe. In some cases, the interior region or component of the sole assembly may include or correspond to a functional insert disposed within (i) the midsole or (ii) between the midsole and the outsole of the shoe. In some non-limiting examples, the functional insert may include, for example, a plate, a torsion bar, an endoskeleton, or any interior structure configured to enhance the suspension or stiffness characteristics of the shoe. In some cases, the functional insert may include a support with an arm or member extending over or through a portion of the sole.

[0144] [Direction] In some embodiments, the first set of traction elements and / or the second set of traction elements may include (i) one or more directional traction elements and (ii) one or more omnidirectional traction elements. As used herein, the term "directional traction element" may refer to a traction element configured to provide traction and reduce or minimize movement of the golf shoe relative to the ground when one or more forces are applied to the traction element in one or more selected directions. In some cases, the directional traction element may not or need not provide the same level of traction performance in response to forces acting on the traction element in other, non-selected directions. As used herein, the term "omnidirectional traction element" may refer to a traction element or set of traction elements configured to provide the same or similar amount of traction and reduce or minimize movement of the golf shoe relative to the ground when one or more forces are applied to the traction element, regardless of the direction of the applied forces. In some cases, the omnidirectional traction element may provide the same or similar level of traction performance in response to forces acting on the traction element from multiple different directions. In some non-limiting examples, the one or more omni-directional traction elements may include a set of directional traction elements that collectively provide the shoe with omni-directional traction characteristics or response.

[0145] In some embodiments, the first set of traction elements can include one or more directional traction elements. In some embodiments, the first set of traction elements can include one or more omnidirectional traction elements. In some embodiments, the first set of traction elements can include a combination of directional and omnidirectional traction elements.

[0146] In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements can include one or more directional traction elements. In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements can include one or more omnidirectional traction elements. In some embodiments, the second set of traction elements can include a combination of directional and omnidirectional traction elements.

[0147] In some embodiments, the first set of traction elements can include an omnidirectional set of traction elements and the second set of traction elements can include a directional set of traction elements. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the first set of traction elements can include a directional set of traction elements and the second set of traction elements can include an omnidirectional set of traction elements.

[0148] [Arrangement of traction elements] In some cases, the first and second sets of traction elements may include (i) one or more traction elements disposed along the front and rear sides of the outsole, and (ii) one or more traction elements disposed along the medial and lateral sides of the outsole. In some cases, the one or more directional traction elements may be disposed on the medial or lateral side of the outsole. In some cases, the one or more omnidirectional traction elements may be disposed on the front or rear side of the outsole.

[0149] In some embodiments, the front or rear side of the outsole may have a higher density of traction elements than the medial or lateral side of the outsole. In other embodiments, the medial or lateral side of the outsole may have a higher density of traction elements than the front or rear side of the outsole.

[0150] [Staggered configuration] In some embodiments, the first and second sets of traction elements can be arranged along adjacent tracks or paths that extend around a central region of the outsole, hi some embodiments, the traction elements disposed along adjacent tracks or paths can be offset with respect to one another.

[0151] In some embodiments, the first and second sets of traction elements can be arranged in a staggered arrangement. A staggered arrangement can include a spatial arrangement of traction elements in adjacent tracks or paths that are offset from a reference axis extending across the adjacent tracks or paths. The reference axis can extend laterally across the adjacent tracks or paths. In some cases, the reference axis can extend horizontally across the adjacent tracks or paths. In some cases, the reference axis can be perpendicular or perpendicular to a surface of the traction elements disposed along the track or path. In some cases, the reference axis can be perpendicular or perpendicular to a portion of the track or path on which the traction elements are disposed. In some cases, the reference axis can be disposed at an angle relative to a horizontal axis extending across the adjacent tracks or paths. In some cases, the angle can range from about 1 degree to about 179 degrees.

[0152] 6B and 6C show various examples in which the traction elements 603 are arranged in a staggered configuration. In some embodiments, the staggered configuration can include a spatial arrangement in which the traction elements in immediately adjacent tracks or paths are offset from a reference axis extending across the adjacent tracks or paths. Additionally or alternatively, the staggered configuration can include a spatial arrangement of the traction elements 603 in two or more immediately adjacent tracks or paths in which the nearest traction elements to each other are positioned at different distances from the bottom 604 of the tracks or paths.

[0153] The staggered arrangement of traction elements can promote a non-channeling or non-grooving traction design by offsetting various traction elements relative to the path that adjacent traction elements travel through the ground during golf-related movements. In some cases, golf-related movements may involve movement of a traction element through or across the ground (e.g., due to compressive or rotational forces acting on the shoe). The traction element creates one or more grooves in the ground that are not sufficient to effectively engage with the traction element. Offsetting a traction element relative to the grooves created by other adjacent traction elements increases the surface area of ​​the ground that can engage with the traction element, thereby enhancing traction during various golf-related movements.

[0154] In some embodiments, the staggered arrangement of traction elements can include a first set of traction elements spaced apart along a first track or path extending around the periphery of the outsole. In some embodiments, the staggered arrangement of traction elements can include a second set of traction elements spaced apart along a second track or path extending around the periphery of the outsole. The separation distance between the first set of traction elements and the second set of traction elements can be the same. Alternatively, the separation distance between the first set of traction elements and the second set of traction elements can be different.

[0155] In some embodiments, the first and second traction elements may be disposed along a first track or path, and the third and fourth traction elements may be disposed along a second track or path. The first traction element may be disposed a first distance from a bottom of the first track or path, and the second traction element may be disposed a second distance from a bottom of the first track or path. The second distance may be greater than the first distance. The third traction element may be disposed a third distance from the bottom of the first track or path, and the fourth traction element may be disposed a fourth distance from the bottom of the first track or path. The third distance may be greater than the first distance and less than the second distance. The fourth distance may be greater than the first distance, the second distance, and the third distance.

[0156] In some embodiments, the first and second sets of traction elements may be alternated in a groove / trench free configuration to improve traction performance. In some embodiments, the groove / trench free design may increase the affinity of the traction elements to the on-course surface (i.e., the traction elements may be spaced in an optimal manner to maintain the condition or quality of the on-course surface without sacrificing traction performance).

[0157] Returning to FIG. 6C , in some cases, a portion of the outsole, or a portion of a track or path extending around the outsole, may have one or more recessed areas 605. In some cases, the recessed areas 605 may comprise grooves extending into the outsole material. The recessed areas 605 may be configured to facilitate flexing or bending of the traction elements when forces are applied to the traction elements (e.g., during golf-related movements or actions). In some cases, the recessed areas 605 may be located along an outer edge or an inner edge of the track or path. In some cases, the recessed areas 605 may be located along an outer side or an inner side of one or more traction elements 603.

[0158] In some embodiments, the recessed region 605 may have an open window opening. The shape of the open window opening may be configured to further encourage the traction elements to deform flat under the load of a subject wearing the shoe. When worn off-course, the traction elements may flatten and provide better grip on off-course surfaces. When worn on-course, the traction elements may retain a pointed shape or profile to pierce on-course surfaces and increase traction stiffness.

[0159] FIG. 6D illustrates an example shoe outsole having one or more tracks 610. The one or more tracks 610 may extend around the periphery of the outsole, as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the one or more tracks 610 may be split or segmented to increase flexibility of the sole assembly in various selected locations or zones. In some embodiments, the shoe outsole may have one or more break regions 620 configured to split or segment the one or more tracks 610. In some embodiments, the break regions 620 may be configured to expose or expose the underlying midsole or outsole material. In some embodiments, the break regions 620 do not or need not include any traction elements.

[0160] 6E-6I are schematic diagrams illustrating various different track configurations for a shoe outsole. As described in more detail below, the different track configurations can provide different performance characteristics or flexion profiles suitable for different individuals or different use cases or applications.

[0161] 6E shows an example of an outsole having multiple tracks 610 that extend continuously around a central portion of the outsole. In some embodiments, the tracks 610 do not or need not include any discontinuities to provide a progressive forefoot flexion profile. In some embodiments, the tracks 610 can be configured to provide a 360 degree forefoot flexion feel (i.e., a flexion response that is not localized along a single flex point or line).

[0162] 6F illustrates an example of an outsole with multiple tracks 610 and a single break area 620. In some embodiments, the single break area 620 can be configured to extend laterally across the outsole and divide or segment the multiple tracks 610. In some non-limiting embodiments, the single break area 620 can be located in the forefoot region of the shoe. The single break area 620 can be configured to provide a more localized and specific flex profile as compared to the outsole track configuration shown in FIG. 6E.

[0163] FIG. 6G illustrates another example of an outsole having multiple tracks 610 and at least one break area 620. The break areas 620 can be strategically positioned and oriented to reduce the weight of the shoe in one or more selected areas or zones. In some embodiments, the break areas 620 can be located at or near the midfoot region of the outsole. In some embodiments, at least one break area 620 can be located at or near the medial or lateral edge of the outsole. In some embodiments, the break area 620 can have a shape or profile that complements the shape or profile of the track section adjacent to the break area 620. In some embodiments, the break area 620 can have a curvature similar to the curvature of the track section adjacent to the break area 620.

[0164] FIG. 6H illustrates an example outsole including multiple tracks 610 and multiple break regions 620 that divide or segment the multiple tracks 610 to create multiple independent outsole zones configured to move or flex relative to one another. In some embodiments, the break region 620 can extend across the length or width of the outsole (e.g., from the medial edge to the lateral edge of the outsole, or vice versa). In some embodiments, the break region 620 can extend across a selected portion of the outsole, including the track 610, without crossing a central region of the outsole. In some non-limiting embodiments, the multiple break regions 620 can have different dimensions depending on the location of the break region 620 on the outsole. The different dimensions can include, for example, different lengths, widths, and / or depths.

[0165] FIG. 6I illustrates another exemplary outsole having multiple tracks 610 and multiple break areas 620. In some non-limiting embodiments, the multiple break areas 620 can include one or more notches. In some embodiments, the one or more notches can include one or more V-shaped notches located at or near the perimeter or edge of the outsole. In some embodiments, the one or more notches can extend from the perimeter or edge of the outsole toward a central region of the outsole. In some embodiments, the one or more notches can extend across at least a portion of the track 610 to provide a softer flex response in one or more selected regions (e.g., the forefoot region of the shoe).

[0166] In some embodiments, the outsole may further include one or more openings or windows 630 located in front of and / or adjacent to one or more traction elements located along the track 610. In some embodiments, the one or more openings or windows 630 may be configured to provide a 360 degree flex response along the entire length or path of the track 610. In some embodiments, the one or more openings or windows 630 may be located (e.g., spaced and / or staggered) along multiple tracks 610. In any of the embodiments described herein, the one or more openings or windows 630 may be curved or non-linear to match the curvature of the track 610. In some embodiments, the one or more openings or windows 630 may be implemented to reduce the weight of the shoe in one or more selected locations or zones.

[0167] FIG. 7A illustrates a close-up view of an exemplary outsole having a track configuration. The track configuration allows for various traction elements 701 to be staggered around the circumference of the outsole, as described elsewhere herein. FIG. 7B illustrates a close-up view of a traction element 701 that may be provided on an outsole of a golf shoe. The shape or profile of the traction element 701 may be designed or created based on the exemplary shapes and profiles shown in FIGS. 8A-8D, which are described in more detail below. In some cases, the traction element 701 shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B may include adaptive traction elements configured for both on-course and off-course use cases. Additionally, the traction element 701 shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B may not or need not include adaptive traction elements configured for both on-course and off-course use cases.

[0168] [Variations] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements may include two or more traction elements having different sizes and / or different shapes. In some embodiments, the size and / or shape of the traction elements disposed along a first track or path may change or vary along a portion of the first track or path. In some embodiments, the size and / or shape of the traction elements disposed along a second track or path may change or vary along a portion of the second track or path. In some embodiments, the traction elements disposed along a first track or path may have a different size and / or shape than the traction elements disposed along a second track or path.

[0169] In some embodiments, the plurality of traction elements may include two or more traction elements oriented in different directions. In some embodiments, the orientation or directional bias of the plurality of traction elements may change or vary along a medial or lateral side of the shoe. In some embodiments, the orientation or directional bias of the plurality of traction elements may change or vary along a front or rear end of the shoe. In some embodiments, the orientation or directional bias of the plurality of traction elements may gradually change or vary between (i) a medial or lateral side of the shoe and (ii) a front or rear side of the shoe.

[0170] 7C, in some embodiments, a golf shoe may have a hybrid traction configuration that utilizes both directional traction elements 702 and omnidirectional traction elements 703. In some cases, the directional traction elements 702 may be configured to manage lateral displacement of the shoe during golf-related movements (e.g., a golf swing). In some cases, the omnidirectional traction elements 703 may be configured to provide multi-directional grip. The hybrid traction configuration may be implemented to manage multiple force vectors that are oriented in multiple different directions relative to the ground. The multiple force vectors may be managed by different sets or subsets of traction elements within the hybrid traction configuration.

[0171] In some non-limiting examples, the hybrid traction configuration may utilize one or more rubber inserts to further improve off-course comfort and traction performance. In some cases, the one or more rubber inserts may be located along the front or rear edge of the shoe outsole. In some cases, the rubber inserts may have a different size, shape, or material than the directional traction elements 702 and / or the omni-directional traction elements 703. In some examples, the rubber inserts remain in a flat or substantially flat configuration to increase the contact area ratio with the ground, thereby improving off-course grip on certain surfaces, such as smooth surfaces and / or hard cement surfaces.

[0172] [material] In some embodiments, the traction elements may be made of any suitable material, such as rubber, plastic, and / or any combination thereof. In some cases, thermoplastics, such as nylon, polyester, polyolefin, polyurethane, and the like, may be used. In some cases, polymer-based materials (e.g., any material resulting from combining various molecular units or monomers) may be used. Alternatively or additionally, various rubber materials may be used, including, for example, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene propylene rubber ("EPR"), ethylene propylene diene ("EPDM") rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, styrene block copolymer rubber ("SI", "SIS", "SB", "SBS", "SIBS", "SEBS", "SEPS", etc., where "S" is styrene, "I" is isobutylene, "E" is ethylene, "P" is propylene, and "B" is butadiene), polyalkenamers, butyl rubber, and / or nitrile rubber.

[0173] In some embodiments, the traction elements may be constructed from a rigid or semi-rigid material. In some embodiments, the traction elements may be constructed from a deformable or elastic material. In some embodiments, the traction elements may be configured to bend or flex in response to forces applied to the shoe by a subject (e.g., a golfer) during golf-related movements or actions.

[0174] In some embodiments, the traction elements may be comprised of a rubber material. The rubber material may have a modulus of elasticity ranging from about 1 megapascal (MPa) to about 10 MPa. In some examples, the rubber material may provide greater traction stiffness than a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material that has a higher modulus than the rubber material. For example, where coefficient of friction (COF) has a significant effect on traction stiffness, rubber may provide superior traction stiffness compared to other TPU materials, despite having a lower modulus than TPU.

[0175] In some embodiments, the traction element material can be selected based on the material's modulus of elasticity and / or the material's coefficient of friction with the ground. For on-course performance, the traction element material can be selected to have a high modulus of elasticity (E) to minimize bending of the traction element while providing resistance to slipping through a high coefficient of friction (COF). In some embodiments, the traction element can have a modulus of elasticity ranging from about 1 Megapascal (MPa) to at least about 1 Gigapascal (GPa) or more. In some embodiments, the traction element can include a soft material such as natural rubber having a modulus of elasticity of about 2 MPa. In some embodiments, the traction element can include a TPU material having a modulus of elasticity of at least about 2 GPa. In some embodiments, the traction element can include a hard plastic material such as nylon 6 having a modulus of elasticity up to about 3 GPa. In some embodiments, the coefficient of friction between the traction element and the ground off-course can range from about 0.4 to about 0.6. In other embodiments, the coefficient of friction between the traction element and the off-course surface may range from about 0.4 to about 0.7. In some alternative embodiments, the coefficient of friction between the traction element and the off-course surface may range from about 0.4 to about 0.8. When used on-course, the traction elements of the present disclosure may have a fore-aft traction stiffness ranging from about 80 N / mm to about 120 N / mm, depending on the turf type and turf condition. When used on-course, the traction elements of the present disclosure may have a medial-lateral traction stiffness ranging from about 60 N / mm to about 80 N / mm, depending on the turf type and turf condition.

[0176] In some cases, high modulus materials can provide a lower coefficient of friction, especially on wet surfaces. In some cases, the traction elements disclosed herein can be optimized by utilizing a multiple material approach. For example, at least one high modulus material can be used to reduce bending of the traction element, and at least one low modulus material can be used to increase friction between the outsole material and the turf surface.

[0177] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a variety of high performance traction solutions that utilize both mechanical interlocking and friction. In some embodiments, the traction solutions utilize strategically placed traction elements on the outsole that are individually constructed from either high modulus or low modulus materials to provide the ability to swing a golf club, walk on course, and walk off course. In other embodiments, the traction solutions may utilize a distribution of (i) taller, more modulus traction elements that resist bending and provide mechanical interlocking, and (ii) lower, flatter, wider, more modulus traction elements that enhance friction. In some alternative embodiments, the traction solutions may utilize traction elements with a highly elastic core coated with a high friction material. In some optional embodiments, the traction elements are highly elastic and the base surface of the outsole is a softer material with high friction. In some cases, the base surface may have additional features added to further enhance grip. In other optional embodiments, the coatings applied to the traction elements can be spatially varied across the outsole to further optimize mechanical interlock and frictional roles. In any of the embodiments described herein, the traction stiffness provided by the traction elements of the present disclosure can be enhanced by utilizing materials or traction element configurations that optimize the coefficient of friction between the traction elements and the ground surface they engage during one or more traction modes described herein.

[0178] [Material properties] In any of the embodiments described herein, the material properties of the traction elements can be tailored to optimize the traction response upon contact with the ground. Material properties include, for example, the hardness, softness, stiffness, rigidity, and / or tensile strength of the traction elements. In any of the embodiments described herein, various traction elements can have different hardness, softness, stiffness, rigidity, and / or tensile strength to enhance the overall traction performance of the shoes described herein.

[0179] In some embodiments, the hardness of the traction elements may be tailored to optimize traction response when contacting the ground. In some cases, individual traction elements may deform differently when pressed against the ground. For example, a first traction element may have a relatively low hardness that is optimal for maximizing traction on hard, wet surfaces, and a second traction element may have a relatively high hardness that is optimal for maximizing traction on soft, natural grass surfaces.

[0180] In some embodiments, one or more of the traction elements may comprise a relatively hard thermoplastic polyurethane composition having a hardness greater than a threshold hardness. In some embodiments, one or more of the traction elements may comprise a relatively soft thermoplastic polyurethane composition having a hardness less than or equal to a threshold hardness. In some embodiments, the threshold hardness may be up to about 50 Shore A, about 60 Shore A, about 70 Shore A, or about 80 Shore A.

[0181] In any of the embodiments described herein, the material properties of the traction elements may be optimized or tailored to complement or enhance the material properties of various regions of the insole, midsole, and / or outsole, thereby improving the overall performance of the shoes described herein, including, for example, the hardness, stiffness, stiffness, and / or tensile strength of the insole, midsole, and / or outsole.

[0182] In some embodiments, the material properties of the traction element may change or vary depending on the location of the traction element on the outsole of the shoe. In some embodiments, the material properties of the traction element may change or vary depending on the material properties of various sections of the insole, midsole, and / or outsole adjacent or proximate to the traction element. Material properties may include, for example, hardness, stiffness, stiffness, and / or tensile strength of the insole, midsole, and / or outsole.

[0183] In some non-limiting embodiments, the traction element may have a multi-material construction. The multi-material construction may include multiple materials, each having a different density. In some embodiments, the multi-material construction may include a structural core and one or more layers around the structural core. In some embodiments, the material of the structural core may have a higher density than the one or more layers. In some embodiments, the material of the one or more layers may have a lower density than the material of the structural core. In some embodiments, the material of the one or more layers around the structural core may have a higher coefficient of friction when engaging the ground than the material of the structural core.

[0184] [Adaptive Traction] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides various examples and embodiments of adaptive traction elements that allow a player to wear a pair of golf shoes that are comfortable both on and off the course without sacrificing comfort, fit, or performance. While conventional golf shoe traction elements are generally uncomfortable or impractical for off-course use, the design and configuration of the adaptive traction elements described herein can provide flexible solutions for both on-course and off-course traction by utilizing traction elements that, unlike conventional golf shoe traction elements, can be adapted or modified to provide (1) a first horizontal and / or vertical cross-sectional area or dimension optimized for on-course surfaces, and (2) a second horizontal and / or vertical cross-sectional area or dimension optimized for off-course surfaces. In some embodiments, the adaptive traction elements can be adapted or modified to provide (1) a first horizontal and / or vertical contact area ratio optimized for on-course surfaces, and (2) a second horizontal and / or vertical contact area ratio optimized for off-course surfaces.

[0185] In a related aspect, the present invention provides a golf shoe having a plurality of adaptive traction elements positionable on an outsole of the golf shoe, which may be used for both on-course and off-course conditions and applications without having to manually change or modify traction elements already incorporated in the golf shoe.

[0186] In some embodiments, the plurality of adaptive traction elements can be used to provide traction when used on a first type of surface and maintain comfort and walkability when used on a second type of surface. In some cases, the first type of surface includes, for example, grass, turf, dirt, soil, or sand. In some cases, the second type of surface includes, for example, cement, concrete, asphalt, tile, or wood.

[0187] In some cases, the adaptive traction elements may be configured to penetrate a first type of terrain and form a mechanical interlock between the first type of terrain and the adaptive traction elements. In such cases, the adaptive traction elements may be configured to resist deformation along one or more selected directions and to provide support or traction forces when one or more forces are applied to the adaptive traction elements along the one or more selected directions. In some cases, the one or more selected directions may be oriented laterally toward a surface of the adaptive traction elements that faces a perimeter or edge of the outsole of the shoe.

[0188] In some cases, the adaptive traction element is not, or need not be, configured to penetrate a second type of ground that is harder than the first type of ground. In such cases, the adaptive traction element may be configured to deform in response to one or more forces (e.g., compressive forces) exerted on the shoe in or along one or more selected directions. In some cases, the one or more selected directions may be directed vertically downward toward the ground. In some cases, deformation of the adaptive traction element includes bending or flexing the traction element to move toward or flatten against (i) the ground and / or (ii) the surface of the outsole on which the traction element is disposed.

[0189] In some cases, the amount or degree of deformation of the adaptive traction elements in response to compressive forces acting on the shoe may be tailored or tuned by selecting a particular midsole material having desirable material properties. Desired material properties may include, for example, the hardness of the midsole material. In some non-limiting examples, the hardness of the midsole material ranges from about 50 Shore A to about 80 Shore A. In some non-limiting examples, a softer midsole material may enhance the amount or degree of deformation of the adaptive traction elements as compared to a harder midsole material.

[0190] In some embodiments, the adaptive traction elements described herein can have directional bending characteristics. For example, the adaptive traction elements can be configured to bend or flex in response to forces acting in a first direction and not bend or flex in response to forces acting in a second direction. The directional bias of the adaptive traction elements can allow the traction elements to react differently to different types of ground surfaces.

[0191] In some cases, the adaptive traction elements are mechanically interlocked with the ground and are unable to bend or flex when a lateral force is applied to the adaptive traction elements (e.g., during a golf swing), whereas in other cases, the adaptive traction elements may bend or flex easily when placed on a hard surface with which they cannot mechanically interlock and are subjected to a perpendicular force to the adaptive traction elements.

[0192] [Traction element shape] [Half-moon shape / fanged profile] In some non-limiting examples, one or more adaptive traction elements may have a half-moon or fanged profile. FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C show various examples of adaptive traction elements having half-moon or fanged profiles. In some examples, the half-moon or fanged profile may have one or more sloping sides extending from a bottom surface of the outsole toward a vertex region. The vertex region may be located between the sloping sides and may be positioned at a greater distance from the outsole than the sloping sides. In some cases, the vertex region may be flat or substantially flat. In other cases, the vertex region may be curved or angled. Alternatively, or optionally, the vertex region may be angled to form a point or edge.

[0193] FIG. 8A shows an example cross-sectional profile of an adaptive traction element having a half-moon or fanged profile. The cross-sectional profile can be formed by dividing the traction element with a plane that passes through the vertical length of the traction element and bisects the traction element. The vertical plane can be, for example, the YZ plane formed by the Y and Z axes, as shown in FIG. 7B. A vertical cross-section of the traction element can show the side profile shown in FIG. 8A. The vertical plane may or may not extend through the apex region of the half-moon or fanged profile.

[0194] In some embodiments, the vertical cross-sectional profile of the traction element can include a circular arc 801. Arc 801 is bounded by two axes (e.g., the Y-axis and the Z-axis, as shown in FIG. 8A) to define the remaining two sides that form the vertical cross-sectional profile of the traction element. In some embodiments, the vertical cross-sectional profile of the traction element can include a flat or substantially flat surface or side 802 that faces the medial or lateral edge of the shoe.

[0195] 8B and 8C, in some cases, a half-moon or fanged profile can be formed by rotating arc 803 about a reference axis that lies on the vertical plane used to divide the traction elements shown in FIG. 7B to reveal the vertical cross-sectional profile shown in FIG. 8A. In some cases, arc 803 can be rotated 90 degrees clockwise and 90 degrees counterclockwise about the reference axis to form the half-moon or fanged profile. In some cases, arc 803 can be rotated 180 degrees about the reference axis. In some cases, the reference axis can be the Z-axis shown in FIG. 7B.

[0196] In some cases, the radius and / or curvature of the arc 803 may change as the arc 803 rotates about the Z axis. In some cases, the radius r of the arc 803 may increase gradually as the absolute value of the rotation angle about the Z axis increases. In other cases, the radius r of the arc 803 may decrease gradually as the absolute value of the rotation angle about the Z axis decreases.

[0197] In some non-limiting examples, the arc 803 may be represented or modeled using a function based on or related to at least one of the following equations:

number

[0198] 8B and 8C show example side views of a half-moon or fanged profile formed when arc 803 is rotated about a reference axis, such as the Z axis shown in FIG. 7B. The side views correspond to a portion of the traction element facing the XZ plane, as shown in FIG. 7B. As mentioned above, in some non-limiting cases, the radius r and / or curvature of arc 803 may change as arc 803 rotates about the Z axis, and thus radii r1 and r2 shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C may differ from radius r shown in FIG. 8A. However, in other non-limiting cases, the radius r and / or curvature of arc 801 may not or need not change as arc 801 rotates about the Z axis, and thus radii r1 and r2 shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C may be equal or approximately equal to radius r shown in FIG. 8A.

[0199] In some embodiments (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8B ), the intersection of the sloping side of the half-moon or fanged profile with the outsole of the shoe (represented by the X-axis) may form an angle θ. In other embodiments (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8C ), the intersection of the sloping side of the half-moon or fanged profile with the outsole of the shoe (represented by the X-axis) may form a curved portion having a curvature that can be modeled as an arc (e.g., an elliptical arc, a parabolic arc, a hyperbolic arc, etc.).

[0200] FIG. 8D provides additional graphical reference for deriving the shape or profile of the adaptive traction elements described herein. In some cases, a half-moon shape or fanged profile may be formed by dividing a sphere, spheroid, or ellipsoid using two or more planes. The spheroid may comprise, for example, an oblate spheroid or a prolate spheroid. The ellipsoid may comprise, for example, a scalene spheroid or a triaxial ellipsoid. In some cases, a sphere, spheroid, or ellipsoid may be divided by two or more planes to generate a half-moon shape or fanged profile.

[0201] The adaptive traction elements having the crescent or fanged profile described above may have a transverse cross-section. The transverse cross-section may be formed by dividing a sphere, spheroid, or ellipsoid using two or more orthogonal planes in three-dimensional space. In some cases, the transverse cross-section may be formed by taking a cross-section along an XY plane and / or a YZ plane of the adaptive traction element. In some cases, the transverse cross-section may be formed by taking a cross-section along an XY plane and / or an XZ plane of the adaptive traction element. In some cases, the transverse cross-section may be formed by taking a cross-section along a YZ plane and / or an XZ plane of the adaptive traction element. In either case, the transverse cross-section may comprise a cross-sectional shape. In some non-limiting examples, the adaptive traction elements may comprise a concave cross-section. In some cases, at least a portion of the concave cross-section may be modeled as a concave arc. In other non-limiting examples, the adaptive traction elements may comprise a convex cross-section. In some cases, at least a portion of the convex cross-section may be modeled as a convex circular arc.

[0202] In some embodiments, the cross-sectional shape of the half-moon or fanged profile may change or vary along the length, width, or height of the adaptive traction element. In some embodiments, the change or variation in the cross-sectional shape may include a change in the curvature or angle of various portions or segments of the cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the change or variation in the cross-sectional shape may include a change in size or dimension of various portions or segments of the cross-sectional shape.

[0203] In some embodiments, various adaptive traction elements disposed along a path or track around the outsole may have different half-moon or fanged profiles depending on the location and / or orientation of the adaptive traction elements. In some cases, the size and / or shape of the half-moon or fanged profile may be different for adaptive traction elements disposed in the same track or path (i.e., elements that are approximately equidistant from adjacent tracks or paths or from a central region of the outsole or a perimeter or edge of the outsole). In some cases, the size and / or shape of the half-moon or fanged profile may be different for adaptive traction elements disposed in different tracks or paths (i.e., traction elements disposed along different adjacent tracks or paths such that different sets or subsets of elements are disposed different distances from a central region of the outsole or a perimeter or edge of the outsole).

[0204] In any embodiment described herein, the adaptive traction element may have a ground contacting surface. The ground contacting surface may be located at or near a distal end of the traction element. The distal end may correspond to a portion of the traction element opposite a base portion of the traction element. In some cases, the distal end may include an end of the traction element furthest from the base portion. The base portion may correspond to a portion of the traction element directly adjacent the outsole.

[0205] In some embodiments, the ground contacting surface of the traction element may have a flat or substantially flat surface. In some cases, the flat or substantially flat surface may be located at or near a peak or plateau of a half-moon or fanged profile as described herein. In some cases, the flat or substantially flat surface may be formed by truncating a distal end of a half-moon or fanged profile as described herein with a lateral plane.

[0206] 9A and 9B show additional examples of cross-sectional profiles that can be used to enhance the adaptability of the presently disclosed traction elements for both on-course and off-course use. As with the other adaptive traction elements described herein, when the traction element 901 shown in FIG. 9A is used on an on-course surface (e.g., a fairway or other soft ground surface), the traction element 901 can penetrate the on-course surface. As with the other embodiments of adaptive traction elements described herein, when the traction element 901 shown in FIG. 9B is used off-course (e.g., a cement or other hard ground surface), the traction element 901 can be configured to flatten under load. In some non-limiting embodiments, one or more strategically located grooves 902 can be provided to further promote or facilitate the traction element 901 to flatten against the outsole of the shoe when the shoe is loaded. The grooves 902 can be located in or on the outsole material toward the medial or lateral side or end of the adaptive traction element 901, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. In some non-limiting embodiments, grooves 902 can be disposed between adjacent traction elements 901 .

[0207] 10A illustrates another example cross-sectional profile of a set of adaptive traction elements 1000 described herein. The cross-sectional profile can be defined by multiple surfaces disposed at various angles relative to one another.

[0208] In some embodiments, the adaptive traction element 1000 may have a first surface 1001 that faces the perimeter or edge of the shoe. In some cases, the first surface 1001 may be flat or substantially flat. In some cases, the first surface 1001 may extend at an angle from the bottom surface of the outsole. In some cases, the angle may be approximately 90 degrees. In some cases, the first surface 1001 may extend vertically or substantially vertically downward from the bottom surface of the outsole.

[0209] In some embodiments, the adaptive traction element 1000 may have a second surface 1002 extending from the first surface (i) toward the bottom surface of the outsole and / or (ii) toward a central region or portion of the shoe. In some cases, the intersection of the first surface 1001 and the second surface 1002 may form a pointed tip that may be configured to penetrate the first type of ground to provide grip or traction. In some cases, the second surface 1002 may be disposed at an angle relative to the first surface 1001. In some cases, the angle may range from about 1 degree up to about 90 degrees. The angle formed between the first surface 1001 and the second surface 1002 may facilitate flexing or bending of the adaptive traction element 1000 when used on a second type of ground that is harder than the first type of ground.

[0210] In some embodiments, the adaptive traction element 1000 can have a third surface 1003 that extends from the second surface 1002 to a bottom surface of the outsole. In some cases, the third surface 1003 can be disposed at an angle relative to the second surface 1002. In some cases, the angle can range from about 90 degrees to about 180 degrees. The angle formed between the second surface 1002 and the third surface 1003 can facilitate flexing or bending of the adaptive traction element 1000 when used on a second type of surface that is harder than the first type of surface.

[0211] In any of the embodiments described herein, the tines formed by the intersection of the first surface 1001 and the second surface 1002 may be configured to penetrate and mechanically couple to the first type of terrain. As shown in FIG. 10B, the first type of terrain may have a softness and / or density that allows the tines to penetrate the ground without causing the adaptive traction elements 1000 to bend or flex toward the outsole due to vertical compressive forces. In some cases, the first type of terrain may have a softness and / or density that allows the tines to penetrate the ground while limiting or reducing the amount or extent to which the adaptive traction elements 1000 bend or flex due to vertical compressive forces.

[0212] In some embodiments, the nibs formed by the intersection of the first surface 1001 and the second surface 1002 may not or need not be configured to penetrate the second type of terrain and mechanically couple with the second type of terrain. As shown in Figures 10C and 10D, the second type of terrain has a hardness and / or density that prevents penetration by the nibs and causes the traction elements 1000 to deform when the shoe is loaded. The deformation of the traction elements 1000 may increase the contact area ratio of the traction elements when the shoe is worn on the second type of terrain, increasing the impact of frictional forces on traction performance. The second type of terrain may have a hardness and / or density that induces the adaptive traction elements 1000 to flex or bend toward the outsole in response to vertical compression forces. In some cases, as the adaptive traction element 1000 flexes or bends toward the outsole, the adaptive traction element 1000 may lie substantially flat against the outsole when in contact with a second type of ground that is harder than the first type of ground.

[0213] 11A and 11B show various cross sections of the adaptive traction element 1101 when used on on-course and off-course surfaces. As shown in FIG. 11A, the traction element 1101 may have a high vertical contact area ratio (VCAR) and a low horizontal contact area ratio (HCAR). As used herein, the term "VCAR" may refer to the ratio of the vertical surface contact area between the ground and the portion of each traction member area that penetrates the ground and is perpendicular to the direction of the horizontal ground reaction force, divided by the total net area of ​​the same particular outsole area portion. As used herein, the term "HCAR" may refer to the ratio of the total horizontal surface contact area between the traction member and a hard flat surface for any particular portion of the outsole area, divided by the total net area of ​​the same particular outsole area portion. In some cases, it may be desirable to maximize the VCAR of a shoe or minimize the HCAR of a shoe. For example, in on-course applications, a shoe may have a high VCAR and a low HCAR to maximize ground penetration while providing increased resistance to lateral movement and displacement during a golf swing. In such cases, the adaptive traction elements 1101 may be configured with a relatively high height and a relatively small cross-sectional area to enhance on-course ground penetration.

[0214] As shown in FIG. 11B, in some cases, it may be desirable to minimize the VCAR of the shoe while maximizing the HCAR of the shoe. For example, for "off-course" applications, the shoe may have a high HCAR and / or a low VCAR to maximize the amount of frictional contact with off-course surfaces. This may help improve the anti-skid properties of the outsole (e.g., on hard or smooth surfaces). In such a case, the adaptive traction elements 1101 may be configured with a relatively large width and a relatively small height to better grip the hard or smooth surfaces. In any of the embodiments described herein, the adaptive traction elements may be configured to seamlessly shift between the two profiles shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B (and / or any intermediate profiles therebetween as shown in the accompanying figures) to provide different traction characteristics based on the type of surface on which the golf shoe is worn. In any of the embodiments described herein, the traction elements may be adapted to different surface types without manual intervention by the subject wearing the golf shoe.

[0215] FIG 12A illustrates a schematic of an exemplary golf shoe outsole 1200 with one or more adaptive traction elements 1201. As shown in FIG 12B, the adaptive traction elements 1201 can be configured to deform under load when used on a hard surface (e.g., an off-course surface, as described elsewhere herein). In some embodiments, when the adaptive traction elements 1201 deform under load (e.g., when a subject performs an action or movement on an off-course surface), the height of the adaptive traction elements 1201 can decrease and the surface area of ​​the traction elements in contact with the ground can increase to maximize friction-based traction forces.

[0216] [Characteristic elements] In some optional embodiments, the outsole surface may include one or more features that aid in deformation (e.g., flexing or bending) of the adaptive traction element when the traction element is used on an off-course surface. Deformation may allow the adaptive traction element to move toward the outsole surface and flatten for a more comfortable off-course experience. The one or more features may include, for example, one or more openings, notches, grooves, channels, or depressions in the outsole material.

[0217] In some embodiments, the one or more features may be disposed adjacent to the adaptive traction element. In some embodiments, the one or more features may directly abut one or more sides or edges of the adaptive traction element. The one or more features may allow one or more sides or edges of the traction element to remain separate from a portion of the outsole material, which may increase the deformability or flexibility of the traction element in response to forces exerted on the shoe.

[0218] In any of the embodiments described herein, the adaptive traction elements may be configured to move relative to one or more features when a force acts on the shoe. In some cases, a portion or section of the adaptive traction elements detached from the outsole material may be configured to move upward toward the outsole in response to various forces acting on the shoe. In some cases, one or more adaptive traction elements may be configured to move through a portion or volume of the outsole material to lie flat against the outsole of the golf shoe. As discussed herein, having the adaptive traction elements lie flat against the outsole of the shoe may improve comfort and wearability of the golf shoe off the course.

[0219] 13A shows an example outsole including one or more features 1301 to enhance the deformability of one or more adaptive traction elements 1302. The one or more features 1301 may comprise openings, notches, grooves, channels, or recesses in the outsole 1303. In some cases, the one or more features 1301 may be disposed around an edge or perimeter of the adaptive traction elements 1302. In some cases, the one or more features 1301 may extend around an edge or perimeter of the adaptive traction elements 1302. In either case, at least one edge or side of the adaptive traction elements 1302 may be directly connected to the outsole 1303.

[0220] 13B shows a side view of multiple adaptive traction elements 1302 disposed on a shoe outsole 1303. In some embodiments, the adaptive traction elements 1302 may be spaced along a track or path, as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, one or more features 1301 may be disposed or interspersed between adjacent or neighboring traction elements 1302.

[0221] FIG. 13C illustrates the ability of the adaptive traction element 1302 shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B to move through a portion of the golf shoe outsole 1303. In some embodiments, one or more features 1301 can reduce the amount of material connecting the adaptive traction element 1302 to the golf shoe outsole 1303. Reducing the amount of material connecting the adaptive traction element 1302 to the golf shoe outsole 1303 can further increase the deformability, flexibility, or bendability of the traction element 1302, allowing the traction element to respond and adapt to various surfaces, including on-course and off-course surfaces. As described elsewhere herein, the adaptive traction element 1302 can penetrate the on-course ground surface to mechanically couple with the on-course ground surface and flatten toward the golf shoe outsole 1303 under load when worn on off-course surfaces that are harder than the on-course surfaces.

[0222] [Additional Examples] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides various examples and embodiments of a golf shoe including one or more traction elements disposed on an outsole of the golf shoe. In some cases, the outsole may include an outsole component from which the one or more traction elements may extend. In some cases, the outsole component may include a surface portion of the outsole. In some cases, the outsole component may include one or more pods disposed on or integrated with a surface of the outsole.

[0223] In some embodiments, one or more pods can be configured to provide a base region from which one or more traction elements can extend. In some cases, the base region can act as an intermediate physical interface between a surface of the outsole and a body of the traction element. In some cases, the base region can be configured to fix the position and / or orientation of the traction element relative to the outsole or ground to facilitate a mechanical coupling between the traction element and the ground.

[0224] In some embodiments, one or more of the pods may include a recess or indentation extending into the outsole material. In some cases, one or more traction elements may be configured to extend from the recess or indentation toward the ground beneath the shoe. In some embodiments, one or more of the pods may include a protrusion extending from a surface of the outsole toward the ground. In some cases, one or more traction elements may be configured to extend from a bottom surface of the protrusion toward the ground.

[0225] In some cases, one or more of the pods can comprise a first material. In some cases, one or more of the traction elements can comprise a second material. In some cases, the first material can have a higher hardness, stiffness, rigidity, or tensile strength than the second material. In some cases, the second material can have a higher coefficient of friction (e.g., when moving or sliding along the on-course surface) than the first material. In some non-limiting examples, the first material can comprise a carbon or carbon-based material (e.g., carbon fiber). In some non-limiting examples, the second material can comprise a rubber material, a plastic material, or a thermoplastic material (e.g., TPU).

[0226] In some embodiments, one or more of the pods may have a relatively high modulus material that can provide additional structural support to the traction element. In some cases, the material of the one or more pods may help reduce bending of the traction element at or near the base of the traction element. As described elsewhere herein, the base of the traction element may refer to a portion of the traction element that is directly adjacent to or in direct contact with the outsole or one or more pods integrated with the outsole. The base of the traction element may be disposed opposite a free end of the traction element, which may be configured to directly contact and interact with the ground. In some embodiments, one or more of the traction elements may be comprised of a material configured to provide slip resistance when a mechanical coupling between the traction element and the ground falls below a certain threshold. In some cases, the material of the traction element may have a high coefficient of friction to enhance grip between the traction element and the ground (e.g., when the mechanical coupling between the traction element and the ground is reduced or lost during golf-related actions or movements).

[0227] In some embodiments, one or more pods may be attached directly to the outsole. In other embodiments, one or more pods may be integrally formed with or formed as part of the outsole. In some cases, one or more pods may be removably coupled to the outsole. In other cases, one or more pods may not or need not be removably coupled to the outsole.

[0228] In some embodiments, one or more traction elements may be directly secured to one or more pods. In other embodiments, one or more traction elements may be integrally formed with one or more pods. In some cases, one or more traction elements may be releasably coupled to one or more pods. In other cases, one or more traction elements may not or need not be releasably coupled to one or more pods.

[0229] [Greens Conservation] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides various examples and embodiments of traction elements configured to reduce or minimize the amount of damage to a ground surface (e.g., an on-course surface) when a subject performs a golf-related motion on the ground surface. Golf-related motions include motions such as walking, running, crouching, or swinging a golf club. In some cases, the golf-related motions include translational and / or rotational motions of the traction element relative to the ground surface. In some cases, the golf-related motions include one or more ground reaction forces of about 100 Newtons (N) to about 1000 N or more.

[0230] In some embodiments, the traction elements may be individually sized and shaped to maintain a quality or characteristic of the ground, as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the traction elements may be collectively arranged, spaced, or staggered according to an optimal spatial configuration, as described herein, to maintain a quality or characteristic of the ground. In some embodiments, the quality or characteristic may include a ball roll distance of a golf ball across the ground. In some embodiments, the quality or characteristic may include a smoothness or roughness of the ground. In some embodiments, the traction elements may be configured to reduce an amount of turf adhering to the outsole or an amount of turf removed from the ground after a subject performs a golf-related action or movement.

[0231] In some embodiments, the traction element configurations described herein may be implemented to maintain the quality or characteristics of a surface over a period of about 1 day to about 7 days or more. In some embodiments, the traction element configurations disclosed herein may be implemented to maintain the quality or characteristics of a surface over the course of at least about 10 or more golf-related movements or actions. In some cases, the traction elements of the present disclosure may be configured to maintain the quality or characteristics of an on-course surface for a longer period of time and over the course of a greater number of golf-related movements or actions as compared to conventional traction element configurations. In some non-limiting examples, the green keep performance of the presently disclosed traction element configurations may exceed the green keep performance of conventional traction element configurations by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500% or more.

[0232] In some embodiments, the traction elements of the present disclosure may be configured to provide a golf shoe with a surface integrity metric ranging from about 0% to about 100%. In some embodiments, the surface integrity metric may be calculated based on one or more factors indicative of (i) the amount of measurable or perceptible damage to the ground over a predetermined period of time or after a predetermined number of golf-related actions or movements are performed on the ground, or (ii) the magnitude of change in the quality or characteristics of the ground after a certain number of golf-related actions or movements are performed on the ground.

[0233] [method] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for designing or configuring traction elements. In some embodiments, the method may include designing or configuring traction elements for a particular subject or class of subjects by adjusting one or more traction parameters. The one or more traction parameters may include, for example, the shape, size, configuration, or arrangement of the one or more traction elements. The one or more traction parameters may be adjusted based on an individual subject's anatomy or biomechanics for golf-related movements to optimize traction stiffness. In some cases, the one or more parameters may include dimensions (e.g., height, width, length, depth, taper, etc.) of the traction elements. In some cases, the one or more parameters may include the location or orientation of the traction elements on the outsole and / or the location or orientation of the traction elements relative to one another.

[0234] In some embodiments, a method may include controlling operation of a machine or system for producing or manufacturing a traction element or a footwear component incorporating a traction element. The footwear component may include, for example, an outsole of a footwear. The operation of the machine or system may be controlled based on one or more traction parameters. The one or more traction parameters may be adjusted or altered based on the anatomy or biomechanics of a particular subject.

[0235] In any of the embodiments described herein, the various traction parameters may be used to control a manufacturing process that produces a set of traction elements that can be positioned on a shoe outsole. In some embodiments, the traction parameters may be used to control the operation of a system or machine that includes a processing unit (e.g., a computer, processor, logic circuit, etc.). In some embodiments, the processing unit may be configured to control or adjust the operation of the machine or system based on one or more traction parameters selected for a particular subject. In some cases, the one or more traction parameters may be set by an operator of the machine or system. In other cases, the one or more traction parameters may be set or determined by an algorithm or an artificial intelligence or machine learning based system.

[0236] Where lower and upper numerical limits are set forth herein, it is intended that any combination of these values ​​be used. Except in the operating examples, or unless expressly stated otherwise, all numerical ranges, amounts, values, and percentages, such as amounts of materials herein, are to be read as if preceded by the word "about," even if the word "about" is not expressly stated in conjunction with the value, amount, or range. Thus, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and appended claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the technology.

[0237] It should also be understood that terms such as "first," "second," "third," "fourth," "fifth," "sixth," "seventh," "eighth," "ninth," "tenth," "eleventh," "twelfth," "upper," "lower," "upper," "lower," "right," "left," "center," "middle," "proximal," "distal," "fore," "rear," "forefoot," "midfoot," "rearfoot," and the like are relative terms used to refer to one location of an element based on one perspective and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the technology.

[0238] All patents, publications, test procedures, and other references cited herein, including priority documents, are fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with the present technology and in all jurisdictions where such incorporation is permitted. It is understood that the shoe materials, designs, structures, shoe components, and shoe assemblies and subassemblies described and illustrated herein represent only some embodiments of the present technology. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and additions can be made to such products and materials without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. All such embodiments are intended to be covered by the appended claims.

Claims

1. In golf shoes, Upper and a sole assembly attached to the upper, the sole assembly having a midsole and an outsole; a plurality of traction elements positioned about a central region of the outsole; The plurality of traction elements include (i) a first set of traction elements arranged in a first spatial configuration about a perimeter or edge of the shoe that corresponds to a shape or profile of the perimeter or edge of the shoe; (ii) a second set of traction elements nested between the first set of traction elements and a third set of traction elements, the second set of traction elements arranged in a second spatial configuration corresponding to a shape or profile of the first spatial configuration; the first and second sets of traction elements are offset relative to one another in a channeling and trenching-free configuration; The first and second sets of traction elements include: (i) one or more directional traction elements; and (ii) one or more omnidirectional traction elements.

2. 2. The golf shoe of claim 1, wherein the first spatial configuration forms a first enclosed shape around the central region of the outsole, and the second spatial configuration forms a second enclosed shape around the central region of the outsole, the second enclosed shape being nested within the first enclosed shape.

3. 2. The golf shoe of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of traction elements include (i) one or more traction elements disposed along the front and rear sides of the outsole, and (ii) one or more traction elements disposed along the medial and lateral sides of the outsole.

4. 4. The golf shoe of claim 3, wherein the front side or the rear side of the outsole has a greater number of traction elements per unit area than the medial side or the lateral side of the outsole.

5. 2. The golf shoe of claim 1, wherein the one or more directional traction elements are disposed on an inner side or a outer side of the outsole, and the one or more omnidirectional traction elements are disposed on a front side or a rear side of the outsole.

6. 2. The golf shoe of claim 1, wherein the size, shape, orientation or directional bias of the plurality of traction elements varies or varies gradually between or along (i) a medial or lateral side of the shoe and (ii) a front or rear side of the shoe.

7. 2. The golf shoe of claim 1, wherein the plurality of traction elements are disposed about the central region of the outsole and expose an interior region or component of the sole assembly, the interior region or component of the sole assembly comprising: (i) a midsole of the golf shoe; or (ii) a functional insert disposed within the midsole or between the midsole and the outsole.

8. The golf shoe of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of traction elements comprises one or more adaptive traction elements disposed on the outsole.

9. 9. The golf shoe of claim 8, wherein the adaptive traction element has a tip configured to (i) penetrate a first type of ground to provide grip or traction and (ii) flatten toward the outsole while in contact with a second type of ground that is harder than the first type of ground, the first type of ground comprising grass, turf, dirt, or sand, and the second type of ground comprising cement, concrete, asphalt, tile, or wood.

10. 9. The golf shoe of claim 8, wherein the one or more adaptive traction elements comprise a half-moon or fanged profile.

11. In golf shoes, Upper and a sole assembly attached to the upper, the sole assembly having an outsole; a plurality of traction elements disposed on the outsole to enhance traction, grip, and stability of the shoe on a plurality of different surface types; the traction element has a depth to height ratio of about 5:3; The traction element has a first feature for mechanically engaging a deformable ground surface, the first feature having a first material having a modulus of elasticity ranging from about 1 Megapascal (MPa) to at least about 1 Gigapascal (GPa); the traction element has a second feature having a second material for frictionally engaging the deformable ground surface; The traction element provides a traction stiffness in a medial-lateral direction on the deformable ground surface in a range of about 60 N / mm to at least about 80 N / mm.

Images