High energy efficiency and high clean environment system

Abstract

To provide a high energy efficiency and high clean environment system that can establish the core technologies of a CO2 push-pull agricultural system as a closed air system.SOLUTION: Provided is a high energy efficiency and high clean environment system comprising a gas exchange unit and a fan filter unit, the gas exchange unit being disposed at least partially between the gas in a room or closed space that constitutes an isolated closed system with no gas exchange as an airflow between the outside world and the room or closed space, and the gas in the outside world, and having a gas exchange membrane that exchanges gas molecules according to a concentration gradient between the gas in the room or closed space and the gas in the outside world and substantially not allowing dust particles to pass through; and the fan filter unit being disposed in the room or closed space, and controlling the diffusion process inherent or associated with three parameters of the number of suspended particles in the room or closed space, the gas molecule concentration, and the internal and external heat flows, to grow organisms useful to mankind in the room or closed space.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1A

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This invention relates to a high energy efficiency and high clean environment system, in particular to CO2 reduction in living space and food production. 2 This paper describes a highly energy efficient and highly clean environment system that is a closed airflow system connected by the exchange of heat and air. [Background technology]

[0002] Modern society needs smart agriculture, which can realize a sterile environment without using pesticides, from the perspective of SDGs, etc. The evolution and development of smart agriculture can bring unlimited benefits to human activities and social life.

[0003] In mushroom cultivation, i) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) effective discharge of CO2 and ii) protection of mushrooms from disease-causing bacteria are important issues, and smart agricultural technology development that can achieve both of these independent requirements is required (i.e., in this case, CO2 2 should be pushed out).

[0004] On the other hand, in greenhouse horticulture, the application of carbon dioxide (CO ) significantly improves yields. 2 It is widely known that CO should be pulled in. 2 Gas is supplied by kerosene combustion, LPG combustion, liquefied carbon dioxide gas, etc., and it is difficult to say that these methods are necessarily environmentally friendly or sustainable. In other words, ambitious efforts to take advantage of carbon dioxide generation have not necessarily led to zero emissions.

[0005] The inventor has realized a clean environment by using a closed air system (Patent Documents 1 to 3), and by applying this to the agricultural field, the need for prevention such as sterilization and disinfection can be minimized, and the use of pesticides can be avoided as much as possible. Furthermore, a system is constructed in which excess carbon dioxide for fungi such as mushrooms is discharged by gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide, and this carbon dioxide is supplied to vegetable and fruit cultivation rooms, and as a result, a new solution is proposed, which is a push-pull environmental technology for carbon dioxide. This makes it possible to expand agriculture not only in large cities, which have been incompatible with agriculture until now, but also in the sea (deep sea) and outer space. The closed air system of the present invention is compatible with closed spaces, so it can be used effectively to revitalize local areas, such as vacant houses and vacant rooms in so-called shuttered streets, which have become a problem in recent years.

[0006] In particular, mushroom cultivation has become popular in recent years, but there have been reported cases of fatal accidents occurring if sufficient care is not taken (Non-Patent Document 1). In particular, the fatal cases at mushroom cultivation factories in Canada and Thailand show that such accidents are dangerous situations that can occur regardless of whether the country is developed or not, and that there is an extremely large need.

[0007] In the area of ​​biomass industry promotion, opinions were exchanged regarding the current situation and issues of promoting the growth of greenhouse vegetables using carbon dioxide generated from incinerators. Because there is a difference in the amount of carbon dioxide generated, there is still a long way to go before we can achieve stable system operation toward zero emissions. There are challenges in agriculture, including the gap between the ideal and reality, such as organic farming and pesticide-free farming often becoming "overgrown with grass." There is a need to avoid using pesticides as much as possible, but at the same time, there is the difficulty of doing so. From the perspective of raising animals and plants as food resources for humans, in addition to the above-mentioned plant-related issues (agriculture), there are also major animal-related issues. For example, when avian influenza occurs in poultry, an effective eradication method is said to be the immediate detection and culling of chickens and other birds within a 5-10 km radius of the outbreak site (Non-Patent Document 2). This is a great tragedy, not only from the perspective of economic burden but also from the perspective of protecting the dignity of life, even though it is to prevent adverse effects on humans. The same issue can be raised as a challenge in dealing with pigs and cows when foot-and-mouth disease occurs, for example. Foot-and-mouth disease is transmitted through the air by dust with pathogens attached to all tissues, secretions, and feces of infected animals. It is said that viruses released when blisters burst or in feces can travel up to 65 km on land and more than 250 km at sea by being carried by the wind along with dust (Non-Patent Document 3). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0008] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Pat. No. 1,067,7483 [Patent Document 2] International Publication No. 2014 / 0084086 [Patent Document 3] Patent No. 6292563 [Non-patent literature]

[0009] [Non-Patent Document 1] Bangkok Post, PRASIT TANGPRASERT, July 11, 2021, Internet <https: / / www.bangkokpost.com / thailand / general / 2146967 / 3-founddead-in-mushroom-cultivation-nursery> [Non-Patent Document 2] Avian flu, May 27, 2023, Internet <https: / / ja.wikipedia.org / wiki / %E9%B3%A5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6> [Non-Patent Document 3] Foot and Mouth Disease, May 27, 2023, Internet<https: / / ja.wikipedia.org / wiki / %E5%8F%A3%E8%B9%84%E7%96%AB> [Non-Patent Document 4] Temperature and Photosynthesis, April 28, 2023, Internet<http: / / www.biology.tohoku.ac.jp / lab-www / hikosaka_lab / hikosaka / temp-short.html> Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] The problem this invention aims to solve is to realize a highly efficient energy and environment integrated system. Towards the goal of improving QOL and achieving the SDGs, particularly the universal goal of realizing smart agriculture that supports a stable supply and demand of food, three pillars (three items) will be realized in a closed space: 1. high cleanliness (by controlling the number of suspended particles [dust and bacteria count] in the air), 2. high air quality (by controlling the concentration of gas molecules [in the air, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide]), and 3. highly efficient heat management (by controlling the heat flow in and out of the room). In terms of increasing the efficiency of the energy and environment system, first, in terms of the environment, a diffusion ventilation system will be constructed as a new and efficient ventilation system to replace the conventional ventilation system that uses airflow, and based on this, a CO2 reduction system as a closed air system will be developed. 2 The objective of this project is to provide an air purification system that can establish the elemental technology of the push-pull agricultural system. 2 Mushrooms will be selected as an example of a generator, and a combination of vegetable and fruit cultivation will be carried out to demonstrate the operation of a test plant. CO as a closed air system 2 CO in push-pull farming systems 2 As another example of a generator, it is also possible to establish elemental technologies for chicken and pig farming. 2 Because of its origins, the push-pull agricultural system is compatible with standalone closed systems, we will be able to identify the core technologies necessary to be the first to industrialize agriculture in space, the ultimate closed space, and provide a groundbreaking, highly energy-efficient, highly clean environment system that will make space agriculture possible, especially in Japan, which has a small land area.

[0011] Another problem that this invention aims to solve is, in terms of energy in a highly efficient energy and environmental system, to provide a highly energy-efficient, highly clean environment system that utilizes sunlight in a room or closed space that allows the introduction of sunlight, such as a greenhouse, by using the red and blue light components of sunlight for photosynthesis and using the green light component for solar power generation and storing the electricity, thereby enabling it to be used as electricity for cultivation using artificial light (LED light) at night or as a supplementary light source.

[0012] Furthermore, another problem that this invention aims to solve is to realize a new energy-environmental system by combining the above-mentioned environmental and energy aspects, and to provide next-generation agriculture based on energy-saving, energy-efficient, and highly clean environments, as well as a highly energy-efficient, highly clean environmental system that will enable sustainable human activities and life in closed environments such as underwater or in outer space. [Means for solving the problem]

[0013] The Clean Unit System Platform (CUSP) developed by the inventor constitutes a 100% circulation system that returns all of the discharged air from the fan filter unit (FFU) used to the intake air side, forming an isolated and closed system with no air flow inside or outside. It is a sustainable high-purity system with minimal filter clogging, and by applying it to indoor agriculture for the first time in the world, it can reduce the need for sterilization to the utmost and minimize the use of pesticides. Furthermore, the present invention can sterilize any two-dimensional surface inside a room by taking advantage of the minimal amount of dust floating in the air due to the CUSP mechanism. The CUSP / GEU system can exhaust the carbon dioxide emitted by mushrooms through diffusion ventilation without relying on conventional mechanical ventilation, realizing a closed air system with no air flow between the inside and outside, leaving no room for bacteria to get in. By exhausting (pushing) carbon dioxide from the closed mushroom cultivation room to the outside, and then drawing (pulling) this exhausted carbon dioxide into the cultivation room for growing vegetables and fruits that undergo photosynthesis, the yield is increased and the CO 2 This brings us closer to zero-emission agriculture. In other words, this system makes it possible to reuse and recycle carbon dioxide as a resource.

[0014] This air purification system is an isolated and closed system, and the internal air passes through the filter many times, resulting in a high level of cleanliness (see Figure 1B below), and since it operates without load after purification, the filter has a long lifespan and maintenance costs are low. It can achieve more than 10 times the cleanliness of conventional clean rooms at one-tenth the price. It achieves high performance, achieving US209D Class 100 cleanliness (total number of particles with a diameter of 0.5 μm or more is less than 100 per cubic foot) in a short time. It is capable of suppressing not only PM2.5 but also the number of suspended dust particles containing bacteria, so it is expected to be of great help in reducing the use of pesticides, etc.

[0015] By utilizing the isolation and closed nature of the CUSP, it is possible to detect (gas and volatile) molecules emitted from the inside and surface of living organisms (animals, plants, fungi) stored in the CUSP in a non-contact and non-invasive manner, and quantitatively monitor and analyze them. This will enable high added value comprehensive agriculture, livestock and poultry farming (smart agriculture, livestock farming, poultry farming, edible insect farming) that maintains a high level of internal cleanliness, dust-freeness and sterility while also adding information on the above-mentioned externally emitted molecules (gas and volatile molecules), making possible next-generation primary industry as well as secondary and tertiary industry agriculture (agribusiness) that takes the SDGs into consideration.

[0016] Furthermore, from the viewpoint of heat flow control, the closed airflow system has a much better thermal efficiency than the conventional open airflow system, which expels the heated or cooled air outside as an air current. In particular, in mushroom cultivation where humidity and temperature are controlled, it is important to note that releasing the air outside is an energy loss, and that the air released outside through ventilation is replaced by outside air, which poses a high risk in terms of pest control. It has been discovered that the closed airflow system of the present invention can solve all of the above problems and realize a highly efficient gas exchange unit (counterflow GEU).

[0017] That is, in order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides the following aspects. [1] A gas exchange unit and a fan filter unit are provided. The gas exchange unit is disposed at least partially between a gas in a room or closed space constituting an isolated closed system having no gas exchange as an airflow with the outside world and the gas in the outside world, and has a gas exchange membrane that exchanges gas molecules based on a concentration gradient between the gas in the room or closed space and the gas in the outside world and is substantially impermeable to dust particles; The fan filter unit is disposed in the room or enclosed space, A highly energy-efficient and highly clean environmental system that grows beneficial organisms for humankind in a room or closed space by controlling the diffusion processes inherent or associated with the three parameters of the number of suspended particles, gas molecule concentration, and inlet / outlet heat flow in the room or closed space.

[0018] [2] The volume of the room or closed space is V, and the gas molecular diffusion coefficient of the gas of interest in the gas exchange membrane is D. i , (i=1, ..N), when the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is L, the volume V and the area A of the gas exchange membrane are scaled by {(V / A) / (D / L)} to design, The consumption or generation consumption rate of the gas of interest in the room or closed space is Bi, and the volume of the gas of interest when the room or closed space is in equilibrium with the outside world and there is no consumption or generation of the gas of interest in the room or closed space is V. i , the target concentration of the gas of interest in the room or closed space is η i The high energy efficiency and high clean environment system according to the above [1], wherein the area A of the gas exchange membrane is set so as to satisfy the following formula (3):

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[0019] [3] A gas exchange unit and a fan filter unit are provided, The plurality of gas exchange units are disposed at least partially between a gas in a plurality of rooms or closed spaces constituting an isolated closed system having no gas exchange as an airflow with the outside world and the gas in the outside world, and have a plurality of first gas exchange membranes that exchange gas molecules based on a concentration gradient between the gas in the plurality of rooms or closed spaces and the gas in the outside world and that are substantially impermeable to dust particles; The plurality of fan filter units are disposed in the plurality of rooms or enclosed spaces, CO 2 Species that emit CO 2 -pusher) in the plurality of rooms or closed spaces, and CO 2 Species that absorb CO2 -puller) is adjacent to the air in the multiple rooms or closed spaces through at least one second gas exchange membrane that exchanges gas molecules with the gas in the multiple rooms or closed spaces and is substantially impermeable to dust particles, A highly energy-efficient and highly clean environment system which grows organisms useful to mankind in said multiple rooms or closed spaces by controlling the diffusion processes inherent or associated with the three parameters of the number of suspended particles, gas molecule concentration, and inlet / outlet heat flow in said multiple rooms or closed spaces.

[0020] [4] A high energy efficiency, high clean environment system according to the above [1] or [3], comprising a gas exchange unit having a blower for blowing internal gas of the room or closed space in a first direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane, and a blower for blowing the external gas in a second direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane, wherein in the gas exchange unit, the gas flowing in the first direction and the gas flowing in the second direction form counter flows that are approximately anti-parallel, and the following formula (37) is satisfied when the diffusion coefficient of a gas of interest in the gas exchange unit is D, the length of the gas exchange membrane in the gas flow direction is l, the surface spacing of the integrated gas exchange membranes is d, the gas flow velocity is v, and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is L.

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[0021] [5] The above CO 2 -The pusher is a fungus, 2 The energy-efficient and clean environment system according to the above-mentioned [3], wherein the puller is a photosynthetic organism.

[0022] [6] The above CO 2 - the pusher is an animal, 2 The energy-efficient and clean environment system according to the above-mentioned [3], wherein the puller is a photosynthetic organism.

[0023] [7] The above CO 2 - the pusher is a human,2 The energy-efficient and clean environment system according to the above [3], wherein the puller is a photosynthetic organism.

[0024] [8] The above CO 2 -puller is a photosynthetic organism, The high energy efficiency and high clean environment system described in [3] above, wherein a two-dimensional separated photovoltaic receiving and generating (2DPRCS) photovoltaic power generation system is provided on at least a portion of the wall of the room or closed space in which the photosynthesizer is located. Effect of the Invention

[0025] The high energy efficiency and high clean environment system of the present invention can achieve the following: (a) The use of a closed airflow system allows the cultivation of fungi such as mushrooms, as well as vegetables, fruits and other plants, with minimal use of pesticides; (b) Using a closed airflow system to control the cultivation environment and reduce electricity consumption for air conditioning; (c) Using a closed airflow system reduces CO 2 (hereinafter, "CO 2 -push) food production and CO 2 (hereinafter, "CO 2 By combining food production with CO2 emissions from agriculture (also known as "greenhouse gas-pulling"), 2 Reduce output; (d) CO in agriculture 2 Establishing the elemental technologies for zero emissions; and (e) Identify and establish core and elemental technologies for future space agriculture by deploying a closed airflow system.

[0026] By utilizing a closed airflow system, we will establish a standard for next-generation agriculture, a global standard. The ultimate closed airflow system can be considered as human activities, life, and food production in outer space (which is almost a vacuum), so this project will have a macroeconomic effect on a scale of several decades. (The consortium's nickname is Keiko Shunju, which is a play on the proverb, and although it is a short phrase, it represents the precious time that has passed by as a cicada, and the spring and autumn as the long-term perspective and deep consideration on a scale of several decades.)

[0027] In addition, by utilizing a closed airflow system, all CO 2 CO2 emissions requiring elimination 2 -push process and CO 2 CO seeking the provision of 2 This allows for efficient coupling of the CO-pull process. 2 The -push process can be deployed from food production (fungi [mushrooms, natto, yeast fermentation], insects, chicken farming, pig farming) to human space living activities. 2 The -pull process involves food production (vegetables, fruits) and the combination of the two can lead to increased productivity and ultimately to space agriculture.

[0028] CO 2 As an example of food production in the -push, mushroom cultivation (especially black maitake mushrooms, which are a high-value-added product) is taken up, 2 As for food production in the -pull region, lettuce and other vegetables can be taken into consideration, and production efficiency and stability can be improved using CUSP / GEU technology. 2 In -push food production, shimeji mushrooms, king oyster mushrooms, and other fungi are used to 2 -pull food production can be expanded to strawberries, cabbage, etc.

[0029] In addition, CO 2 -The push side is used for the fermentation process of natto and the yeast fermentation process of bread. 2The -pull side can also be deployed to microalgae such as Euglena and photosynthetic green algae. 2 -pushAs a food production process, it can also be expanded to produce edible insects, which are expected to be a protein source in the near future, or to reduce the amount of pesticides used in the production of edible insects.

[0030] CO 2 -push In food production, we will develop a closed airflow system to reduce the use of antibiotics in poultry and pig farming, and develop a way to use compost such as manure without the risk of the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thereby establishing the elemental technologies for next-generation organic agriculture. 2 By taking human activity itself as a push process and combining it with the closed airflow system developed above, it will be possible to support human activity in the ultimate closed environments of the deep sea and space, as well as to develop core technologies for agriculture in the deep sea and in space. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0031] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view showing an example in which a highly energy-efficient and highly clean environment system according to a first embodiment of the present invention is applied to a closed space. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B is a plot showing the particle size dependence of the total dust collection efficiency and the transmittance of the dust collection efficiency as a system provided by the medium-performance filter used in the first embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an example in which the energy-efficient and highly clean environment system according to the second embodiment of the present invention is applied to a plurality of closed spaces. [Figure 3A] FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of the gas exchange unit in FIG. [Figure 3B] 13 is a graph showing calculation results of oxygen concentration in the case of parallel flow. [Figure 3C] 13 is a graph showing calculation results of oxygen concentration in the case of anti-parallel flows. [Figure 4]FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a two-dimensional separated photovoltaic receiver / generator (2DPRCS) photovoltaic power generation system that utilizes the glass panels of a greenhouse for growing vegetables. [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A is a partially enlarged schematic diagram showing the configuration of a glass plate when the scatterers are arranged in a horizontal bar configuration in the arrangement of sunlight travel in FIG. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is a partially enlarged schematic diagram showing the configuration of the glass plate in the scatterer arrangement of FIG. 5A when viewed from the X-axis direction. [Figure 5C] Figure 5C is a calculation result showing the relative transmission efficiency as a function of wavelength normalized by the longitudinal length (rod length) of the scatterer when the scatterer is arranged as a horizontal rod (Figure 5A) and when it is arranged as a vertical rod (Figure 5B) for light traveling through a glass or resin plate that constitutes the side wall of a greenhouse. [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A is a diagram showing the results of plotting the amount of carbon dioxide produced by various mushrooms, which are CO2 pushers. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B shows the results of plotting the amount of carbon dioxide produced, which is the reverse process, as an indicator of the oxygen consumption process of various vegetables and fruits, which are CO2 pullers. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of optimizing the pairing of mushrooms and vegetables. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a highly energy-efficient and highly clean environment system according to the third embodiment. [Figure 9A] FIG. 9A is a diagram showing the change over time of particles when the mist is generated inside one of the booths of the high energy efficiency and high cleanliness environment system of FIG. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B is a diagram showing the change over time of particles when the mist is generated inside the other booth of the high energy efficiency and high cleanliness environment system of FIG. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the change over time of particles when the mist is generated inside the high energy efficiency and high clean environment system of FIG. [Figure 11A]FIG. 11A shows the results of changes in CO2 concentration and temperature over time when an experiment was conducted using a mini-model mushroom to which the Clean Unit System Platform (CUSP) was applied. [Figure 11B] FIG. 11B is a diagram showing the results of the change in particle count over time when an experiment was conducted using a mini-model mushroom to which the Clean Unit System Platform (CUSP) was applied. [Figure 11C] FIG. 11C shows the results of changes in humidity over time when an experiment was conducted using a mini-model mushroom to which the Clean Unit System Platform (CUSP) was applied. [Figure 11D] FIG. 11D is a side view image showing an example of a highly clean environment system with disinfection function applied to a small rectangular CUSP-configured box with a gas exchange membrane on the back. [Figure 11E] FIG. 11E is an oblique image showing an example of a highly clean environment system with disinfection function applied to a small rectangular CUSP-configured box with a gas exchange membrane on the back. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a diagram showing plots of the results of calculating the amount of carbon dioxide generated by Bunashimeji. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 shows the concentrations of each substance detected in the metabolic analysis of mushrooms. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 shows the changes over time in gas molecule concentration, humidity, and temperature inside the CUSP box of FIG. 11 when alcohol is burned inside the box. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 shows the changes over time in gas molecule concentration, humidity, and temperature inside the CUSP box of FIG. 11 when alcohol is burned inside the box. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0032] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings as appropriate. Note that the drawings used in the following description may show characteristic parts in an enlarged scale for the sake of convenience in order to make the characteristics easier to understand, and the dimensional ratios of each component may differ from the actual ones. In addition, the materials, dimensions, etc. exemplified in the following description are merely examples, and the present invention is not limited thereto, and may be modified as appropriate within the scope of the effects of the present invention.

[0033] FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view showing an example in which a highly energy-efficient and highly clean environment system (hereinafter, simply referred to as a "clean environment system") according to a first embodiment of the present invention is applied to a closed space. In FIG. 1, the clean environment system 100 includes a gas exchange unit 20 and a fan filter unit 30. The gas exchange unit 20 and the fan filter unit 30 are arranged in a closed space 10. The closed space 10 means a space closed by a wall or a partition member such as a prefabricated building, a warehouse, a tent, or a vinyl house. The clean environment system 100 has resolved the spatial functional degeneracy of both the filtering function (removal of dust particles) and the fresh air introduction function (intake of oxygen and exhaust of carbon dioxide). That is, the filtering function is realized by the fan filter unit 30 placed in the closed space 10 (inside 11 of the closed space 10), and the fresh air introduction function is realized by the gas exchange unit 20 that separates the closed space 10 and the outside world 12 with a membrane (gas exchange membrane) that does not substantially allow dust particles to pass between the closed space 10 and the outside world 12 but allows gas molecules to pass between the closed space 10 and the outside world 12. As a result, the filtering function and the fresh air introduction function are realized in separate locations that are physically separated from each other. The closed space 10 to which the clean environment system 100 is applied is an isolated closed system (closed airflow system) with no gas exchange as airflow between the inside 11 and the outside 12, but there is some exchange of molecules. In terms of molecular conduction, it is an open system (i.e., an open molecular diffusion system), and is therefore a system that is distinct from conventional ventilation. The closed space 10 may have windows and doors. In this embodiment, the isolated closed system (closed airflow system) is a system in which, with the windows and doors closed, there is no gas flow between the inside 11 and the outside 12, but the gas flow can be allowed to flow in and out through a gas exchange membrane or gas exchange unit.

[0034] Here, conventional ventilation refers to ventilation stipulated by laws and regulations such as the Building Standards Act. The Building Standards Act requires that the ventilation rate be at least 0.5 times / h for residential rooms, and at least 0.3 times / h for other areas (non-residential areas, etc.). The ventilation rate is the number of times the air in a room is replaced per hour. In addition, the Act on Ensuring Sanitary Environments in Buildings (Building Management Act) requires that the carbon dioxide concentration be set at 1000 ppm or less to ensure an appropriate amount of ventilation in rooms. In addition, the School Environmental Sanitation Standards require that the carbon dioxide concentration be 1500 ppm or less as a ventilation standard.

[0035] The gas exchange unit 20 (GEU) includes a gas exchange membrane 25. The gas exchange membrane 25 is disposed at least partially on the boundary surface between the inside 11 of the closed space 10 and the outside world 12, i.e., between the gas in the closed space 10 (inside air 1a) and the gas in the outside world 12 (outside air 2a). The gas exchange membrane 25 exchanges gas molecules according to the concentration gradient between the gas in the closed space 10 (inside air 1a) and the gas in the outside world 12 (outside air 2a). When oxygen is consumed in the inside 11 of the closed space 10 to reduce the oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide is discharged to increase the carbon dioxide concentration, the gas exchange membrane 25 introduces fresh air by moving oxygen from the outside air 2a to the inside air 1a and moving carbon dioxide from the inside air 1a to the outside air 2a. The gas exchange unit 20 has an inside air inlet for taking in the inside air 1a and a fresh air outlet for discharging the fresh air 1b generated by the gas exchange membrane 25. The gas exchange unit 20 also has an outside air inlet for taking in the outside air 2a and an exhaust gas outlet for discharging the exhaust gas 2b, which has a low oxygen concentration and a high carbon dioxide concentration and is generated by the gas exchange membrane 25. The gas exchange unit 20 is equipped with an outside air blower (not shown) for blowing the outside air 2a in a direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25 on the outside 12 side, and an inside air blower (not shown) for blowing the gas in the inside 11 in a direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25 on the inside 11 side. Nitrogen, which occupies about 78% by volume of air, has no or very little difference in concentration between the inside 11 and the outside 12 of the closed space 10. For this reason, in the gas exchange unit 20, nitrogen does not move between the inside air 1a and the outside air 2a, or moves very little if at all. The gas molecules exchanged between the inside 11 of the closed space 10 and the outside 12 are almost all oxygen and carbon dioxide. For this reason, heat diffusion accompanying the exchange of gas molecules between the closed space 10 and the outside 12 is unlikely to occur. In addition, the inside air 1a and the outside air 2a flow symmetrically in opposite directions along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25, and the pressure difference on both sides of the gas exchange membrane is almost zero, so there is no airflow for the dust particles in the air moving on the air current to cross the gas exchange membrane. Furthermore, the dust particles in the inside air 1a and the outside air 2a (including viruses such as the new coronavirus that float in the air as aerosols) are orders of magnitude larger than the constituent molecules of air, and the probability that these particles will cross the extremely fine-meshed gas exchange membrane made of nonwoven fabric or the like by a particle diffusion process involving Brownian motion is also almost zero.In this way, it is possible to almost ignore the diffusion of dust particles (including viruses such as the novel coronavirus suspended in the air as aerosols) in the thickness direction of the gas exchange membrane 25. In other words, the gas exchange membrane 25 does not substantially allow the passage of dust particles.

[0036] For example, nonwoven fabric or Japanese paper can be used as the gas exchange membrane 25. In particular, nonwoven fabrics having a porous structure, in which the air layer occupies a relatively large proportion in the direction perpendicular to the gas exchange membrane surface, nonwoven fabric fibers extending exclusively in the direction parallel to the gas exchange membrane surface, and phonons traveling along the fibers propagate mainly horizontally, not perpendicularly, to the gas exchange membrane surface, are effective for improving thermal insulation (the structure in FIG. 3A can be regarded as one extreme example of this).

[0037] The gas exchange unit 20 used in the clean environment system 100 controls molecular diffusion and thermal diffusion independently. Next, conventional ventilation and the gas exchange unit 20 will be described from the viewpoints of molecular diffusion and thermal diffusion.

[0038] Conventional ventilation, when the temperature is T out The outside air at is blown into the closed space at a volume of F (unit: m 3 The internal temperature of the room at time t+δt is T(t+δt), and the internal volume of the closed space is V (unit: m 3 ), and the density of air is ρ (unit: kg / m 3 ), specific heat is C p (Unit: J / (kg K)), the amount of heat inside the closed space at time t+δt is ρVC p T(t+δt) (unit: J) is represented by the following formula (I).

[0039]

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[0040] From formula (I), the following formula (II) is obtained.

[0041]

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[0042] Furthermore, from formula (II), the following formula (III) is obtained.

[0043]

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[0044] In contrast, it is assumed that in a closed space 10 to which a gas exchange unit 20 is applied, there is a person inside 11, consuming oxygen and emitting carbon dioxide. The insulating properties of the structural parts of the closed space 10 that come into contact with the outside world 12, such as the walls and windows (not shown), are sufficiently high, and the flow of heat in and out through these can be considered to be zero. In addition, with regard to the gas exchange unit 20, the insulating properties of parts other than the gas exchange membrane, i.e., the casing, duct joints, etc., are also sufficiently high, and the flow of heat in and out through these can be considered to be approximately zero. In this case, the flow of heat in and out is through the gas exchange membrane 25, and the density of the gas exchange membrane 25 is ρ M , the specific heat of the gas exchange membrane 25 is C M Considering the increase and decrease in the amount of heat due to the thermal conduction of the gas exchange membrane 25 and the inflow and outflow of gas molecules, the amount of heat in the closed space at time t + δt is ρVC p T(t+δt) (unit: J) is expressed by the following formula (IV) (if, for example, a person is active inside, oxygen molecules flow in and carbon dioxide molecules flow out via the gas exchange membrane 25).

[0045]

number

[0046] In the formula (IV), V is the volume of the interior 11 of the closed space 10 (unit: m 3 ), T(t) is the temperature inside the closed space at time t (unit: K), A is the area of ​​the gas exchange membrane 25 (unit: m 2 ), D T is the thermal diffusion coefficient of the gas exchange membrane 25 (unit: m 2 / s), J iis the flux (unit: 1 / (m 2 Even if there is a finite amount of heat conduction remaining between the room (closed space) and the outside world through parts other than the gas exchange membrane of the gas exchange unit, such as the housing or duct joints, the heat conduction from these parts is added to the heat conduction through the gas exchange membrane, and the heat conduction in the entire gas exchange unit is calculated as D T By defining it as such, the following analytical formula holds as it is. The second term on the right side represents the flow of heat by thermal conduction through the gas exchange membrane 25, and the third term represents the flow of heat accompanying the molecules moving in and out of the closed space 10, assuming that each molecule carries thermal energy of the order of 1 kT (ε i is -1 when a molecule flows out, and +1 when a molecule flows in. Here, the temperature T i is the temperature of the source of the molecule of molecular species i, that is, the temperature inside the closed space when the molecule flows out, T in , when the water flows in, the external temperature T out The concentration of nitrogen, which is not related to human activity, is the same inside 11 of closed space 10 and outside 12, and usually, oxygen and carbon dioxide should be considered, so formula (IV) can be simplified as shown in formula (V) below.

[0047]

number

[0048] In the formula (V), J O2 is the oxygen flux (unit: 1 / (m 2 ·s)), J CO2 is the carbon dioxide flux (unit: 1 / (m 2 δT / δs) is expressed as a function of the diffusion coefficients, as shown in the following formula (VI): xWhen considering the above equation, the inner and outer interfaces are taken as the origin of the position coordinates, with the outside taken as positive and the inside as negative. The third and fourth terms on the right-hand side represent the inflow and outflow of heat associated with the movement (diffusion) of oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules, respectively, through the gas exchange membrane 25. For example, if the generation of moisture associated with the growth of fungi and plants and human respiration is also strictly taken into consideration, a water vapor flux term, also with a negative sign, may be added after the carbon dioxide term in the above equation.

[0049]

number

[0050] In the formula (VI), φ is the number of gas molecules per unit volume of the inside 11 of the closed space 10 (unit: 1 / m 3 ), D is the gas molecular diffusion coefficient (unit: m 2 / s), and when the direction perpendicular to the gas exchange membrane 25 is the x-axis, ∇ is the differential operator in the x-axis direction.

[0051] From formula (V), the following formula (VII-a) and general formula (VII-b), which takes into account gas molecules other than oxygen and carbon dioxide, can be obtained.

[0052]

number

[0053]

number

[0054] As can be seen from the previous discussion, in the above formula (VII-a) and formula (VII-b), the first term on the right side is a term due to the thermal conduction of the gas exchange membrane, and the second term on the right side is a term due to the thermal conduction due to the gas molecular exchange. It has been shown what is the dominant factor in the heat transfer (temperature change) during gas exchange. In other words, it has been analytically clarified that the dominant factors in the heat flow are the contribution of the thermal conduction of the gas exchange membrane and the contribution of the thermal conduction due to the gas molecular exchange (assuming that the thermal insulation of the entire room and the gas exchange unit GEU housing is guaranteed). In addition, the second and third terms can be controlled independently (there can be an infinite number of nonwoven fabrics with different conductivities while having the same gas exchange capacity). Furthermore, in the present invention, the existence of these two terms is explicitly shown and clearly distinguished, so that the technical idea can be embodied toward optimizing energy efficiency. That is, the amount of heat carried by the molecules accompanying gas exchange (the second term on the right side of the above formula VII-b) must be accepted as the minimum heat transfer, but the contribution of heat conduction through the gas exchange membrane (the first term on the right side of the same formula) is independent of the molecular transfer in the second term (the area A, thickness L, and density ρ M , the specific heat of the gas exchange membrane C M , the thermal diffusion coefficient D of the gas exchange membrane T (By appropriately setting, this can be appropriately controlled (see related equations (X) and (1) below). This makes it possible to control the amount of heat that crosses the gas exchange membrane by conduction, i.e., the inward / outward heat flow, and makes it possible to reduce the amount of heat lost in the ventilation of the present invention with good controllability compared to the amount of heat lost in the ventilation when conventional ventilation is applied, thereby realizing a highly energy-efficient and highly clean environment system.

[0055] As can be seen from the value of the respiratory quotient, the ratio of the change in oxygen and carbon dioxide due to respiration or combustion can be considered to be 1 as a good approximation, so when we take the limit of δt → 0, we obtain equation (VIII-a) and the general form of equation (VIII-b) from equation (VII-a) and the general form of equation (VII-b). (Note that the technical concept of the present invention using a closed airflow system makes it possible to realize high-level carbon dioxide push-pull smart agriculture that further improves accuracy and distinguishes between the differences in respiratory quotients for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.)

[0056]

number

[0057]

number

[0058] Since the thickness L of the gas exchange membrane 25 is smaller than the size of the closed space 10 by two or more orders of magnitude, ΔT / Δ x A good approximation is to replace it with the difference shown in the following equation (IX):

[0059]

number

[0060] Comparing equation (II) for heat inflow in conventional ventilation with equation (VIII-a) for heat inflow in diffusive ventilation using a gas exchange unit 20, taking equation (IX) into account, the following equation (X) is obtained.

[0061]

number

[0062] In addition, by comparing equation (II) for heat inflow in conventional ventilation with equation (VIII-b) for heat inflow in diffusion ventilation using a gas exchange unit 20, and also taking equation (IX) into account, the following equation (1) is obtained.

[0063]

number

[0064] The thermal diffusion coefficient D of the gas exchange membrane (or the entire gas exchange unit described in paragraph 0052) is determined so as to satisfy the above formula (X) or formula (1). T The gas exchange unit 20 having the above structure can reduce temperature changes compared to conventional ventilation, and can reduce the power consumption of air conditioning.

[0065] Here, formula (X) can be further transformed into the following formula (XI) by the same transformation as that performed when connecting formulas (XIV) and (XV) described below.

[0066]

number

[0067] Furthermore, formula (XI) can be represented by the following formula (XII):

[0068]

number

[0069] As can be seen from the above transformations and discussions, in formula (XII), the first term on the left side is due to the thermal conduction of the gas exchange membrane, and the second term on the left side is due to the thermal conduction caused by the exchange of gas molecules. The first term on the left side of formula (XII) due to the thermal conduction of the gas exchange membrane is D T On the other hand, the second term on the left side, kN A is the gas constant R(=8.314 Jmol -1 K -1 ) where C is the volume per mole of gas, 22.4 L / mol is a good approximation. ρ is the density of the gas, 1.3 Kg / m for air. 3 (Carbon dioxide is of roughly the same order of magnitude, 1.9 kg / m 3 ) Specific heat C p About 1000JKg in air -1 K -1 (Carbon dioxide is about 837JKg -1 K -1 ) Therefore, KN in formula (XVIII) A / CρC p is 8.314 Jmol -1 K -1 / (22.4L / mol 1.9Kg / m 3 8370JKg -1 K -1) = 0.233 ~ O(1), which is a number on the order of 1. CO2 / L is equal to or slightly larger than the required ventilation airflow rate of the conventional system (i.e., F on the right side of formula (XII)) due to the requirement for ventilation performance of the clean unit system platform (CUSP), but in any case, it is an amount of the order of F. On the other hand, η in -η out is the increment from the background carbon dioxide inside 11 of the closed space 10 (or the carbon dioxide concentration in the outside world 12), and is required by laws and regulations to be 1000 or 1500 ppm, and is usually no more than a few thousand ppm, with anything exceeding 10,000 ppm (1%) being strictly avoided from the standpoint of maintaining health. Therefore, the second term on the left side of equation (XII), which is caused by heat conduction due to gas molecule exchange, is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than the right side, and (coupled with the first term on the left side of equation (XII) mentioned above, which can be made sufficiently small) quantitatively demonstrates the effectiveness of diffusion ventilation based on GEU, which exchanges an overwhelmingly smaller total amount of gas molecules between the inside of a room and the outside world compared to mechanical ventilation. Note that η in -η out When the amount of the cation is 10,000 ppm, the formula (XII) is expressed by the following formula (2).

[0070]

number

[0071] From the above formulas (XII) and (2), it can be seen that the transfer of heat quantity accompanying the molecular movement that realizes gas exchange, that is, the magnitude of the second term on the left side, can be reduced to one percent or less in the case of diffusion ventilation, which is the technical idea of ​​the present invention, compared to conventional ventilation that replaces all the indoor air. It can be seen that in order to minimize the total heat loss, it is effective to minimize the heat conduction through the gas exchange membrane 25, as indicated by the first term on the left side of formulas (XII) and (2). As mentioned above, this can be achieved by doubling the thin gas exchange membrane 25 with an air layer between them, using a porous nonwoven fabric, or using a nonwoven fabric with long fibers running in the direction of the membrane surface of the gas exchange membrane to suppress phonon conduction perpendicular to the surface. As a result, the inequality in formula (XII) is established, and the heat loss associated with ventilation can be reduced compared to conventional ventilation (contributing to the realization of SDGs, etc.).

[0072] The gas exchange unit 20 is disposed at least partially between the gas in the closed space 10, which constitutes an isolated closed system with no gas exchange as an airflow between the closed space 10 and the outside world 12, and has a gas exchange membrane 25 which exchanges gas molecules based on the concentration gradient between the gas in the closed space 10 and the gas in the outside world, and which is substantially impermeable to dust particles, and the amount of heat which crosses the gas exchange membrane 25 by conduction is sufficiently smaller than the amount of heat lost by ventilation when conventional ventilation methods are applied.

[0073] The gas exchange unit 20 is also disposed at least partially between the gas in the closed space 10, which constitutes an isolated closed system with no gas exchange as an airflow between the closed space 10 and the outside world 12, and has a gas exchange membrane 25 that exchanges gas molecules based on a concentration gradient between the gas in the closed space 10 and the gas in the outside world, and is substantially impermeable to dust particles. The area of ​​the gas exchange membrane 25 is A (unit: m 2 ), the thickness of the gas exchange membrane 25 is L (unit: m), and the density of the gas exchange membrane 25 is ρ M (Unit: kg / m 3 ) and the specific heat of the gas exchange membrane 25 is C M (unit: J / (kg K)), and the thermal diffusion coefficient of the gas exchange membrane 25 is D T (Unit: m 2 / s), k is the Boltzmann constant, and the specific heat of air is C p(unit: J / (kg K)), and air density ρ (unit: kg / m 3 ), the diffusion coefficient of molecular species i is D i (Unit: m 2 / s), the number of molecular species i in the air per unit volume is φ i (Unit: 1 / m 3 ), and the differential operator in the direction across the gas exchange membrane 25 is δ / δ x , the required ventilation air volume when conventional ventilation is applied to the closed space 10 is F (unit: m 3 / s), the above formula (1) is satisfied.

[0074] The gas exchange unit 20 also has a temperature of 0.25° C. A The gas volume per mole at the pressure in the system is C (unit: m 3 ), the thermal diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide is D CO2 (Unit: m 2 / s), the above formula (2) is satisfied.

[0075] Next, a description will be given of the gas molecule concentration in the interior 11 of the closed space 10. The gas molecule concentration η(t) in the interior 11 of the closed space 10 satisfies the following differential equation (XIII).

[0076]

number

[0077] In the formula (XIII), A is the area of ​​the gas exchange membrane 25 (unit: m 2 ), L is the thickness of the gas exchange membrane 25 (unit: m), D is the diffusion coefficient (unit: m) of the gas molecule of interest (oxygen molecule, etc.) in the gas exchange membrane 25. 2 / s), B is the rate of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide generation due to breathing etc. inside 11 of the closed space 10 (the oxygen consumed is a positive value, and the carbon dioxide and other gases released outside the body are negative values) (unit: m 3 / s), η 0 is the gas molecule concentration (unit: dimensionless) in the external environment 12 of the closed space 10.

[0078] In the interior 11 of the closed space 10 that constitutes an isolated closed system, the Avogadro number is N A The gas volume per mole at the pressure in the system (up to 1 atm) is expressed in C (unit: m 3 ), and the flux of the gas of interest (oxygen, etc.) introduced into the interior 11 of the closed space 10 through the gas exchange membrane 25 is j (unit: 1 / (m 2 s), the volume Vη(t+δt) of the gas at time t+δt is expressed by the following equation (XIV) using the volume Vη(t) of the gas at time t.

[0079]

number

[0080] In the inside 11 of the closed space 10, the air in the closed space 10 is stirred up sufficiently quickly by the airflow generated by the fan filter unit 30, and spatially uniformed sufficiently quickly, so that the spatial coordinate dependency of the gas molecule concentration constituting the air in the inside 11 of the closed space 10 can be ignored with good approximation. The third term on the right side of the above formula (XIV) is the number of molecules of the gas that flow in due to the concentration difference (concentration gradient) of the gas on both sides of the gas exchange membrane 25 (i.e., the inside 11 of the closed space 10 and the outside world 12) (the gas enters the inside 11 of the closed space 10 not as an airflow but as molecular diffusion). In formula (XIV), j is given by the above formula (VI). In formula (XIII), L is the thickness of the gas exchange membrane 25, which is on the order of 100 μm, and is extremely thin, and is about three orders of magnitude smaller than the span of the closed space 10 (several meters to several tens of meters). For this reason, formula (XIV) can be approximated with high accuracy to the following formula (XV).

[0081]

number

[0082] The boundary condition is that the concentration η(0) at t=0 is the external concentration η 0and similarly to equations (XIII) and (XIV), when the gas in question is oxygen (or carbon dioxide), it is typically around 20.9% (or 440 ppm). From equation (XIV), the differential equation of equation (XVI) can be derived:

[0083]

number

[0084] The exact solution of formula (V) is expressed by the following formula (XVII).

[0085]

number

[0086] If we set exp(-[AD / L]t / V) = 0 on the right-hand side, the concentration of the gas (e.g., oxygen concentration) at time t is expressed by the following equation (XVIII) (which is the same as when t → ∞ in equation (XVII)).

[0087]

number

[0088] For example, in equation (XVIII), in the case of a gas such as oxygen that is consumed by a person staying inside 11 of closed space 10, B is positive, but in the case of a gas that is produced within the closed space, such as carbon dioxide, B is negative.

[0089] From formula (XVIII), the mechanical ventilation air volume F (unit: m 3 / s) in the case of diffusion ventilation, the amount of airflow is AD / L [dimension analysis shows that m 2 m 2 / s 1 / m=m 3 / s, which corresponds to the dimension of air volume, and the relationship F=AD / L holds. The diffusion occurs in the direction of increasing entropy according to the second law of thermodynamics, due to thermal energy kT corresponding to room temperature T, and in principle does not require electricity. Diffusion ventilation consumes far less electricity than mechanical ventilation.

[0090] That is, in the gas exchange unit 20 of the clean environment system 100 shown in FIG. 1, the gas molecule concentration in the inside 11 of the closed space 10 constituting an isolated closed system can be controlled through molecular diffusion using a gas exchange membrane 25 in a part of the closed space 10 constituting the isolated closed system. In the gas exchange unit 20, by using a gas exchange membrane 25 having an area A, a thickness L, and a molecular diffusion coefficient D in at least a part thereof, ventilation equivalent to the mechanical ventilation air volume F can be realized according to the above-mentioned scaling principle of F=AD / L. The gas molecule concentration can be controlled by focusing only on the molecules that need to be addressed, without relying on the inflow and outflow of air flow. In contrast to conventional mechanical ventilation, which replaces nitrogen and water vapor components contained in the indoor air once, in the present invention, nitrogen, which is an environmentally neutral component, is not moved (and the water vapor component of the indoor air is replaced only by the difference depending on the indoor and outdoor water molecule concentration), and diffusion is caused by the thermal motion of the gas molecules that make up the air, so no additional power is required, making it an important technology with a very large energy-saving effect.

[0091] In the gas exchange unit 20, the volume of the closed space 10 is V, and the gas molecular diffusion coefficient of the gas of interest in the gas exchange membrane 25 is D. i , (i=1,..N) (unit: m 2 / s) and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane 25 is L (unit: m), the above volume V and the area A (unit: m) of the gas exchange membrane 25 are 2 ) is scaled by {(V / A) / (D / L)}, and the consumption or generation consumption rate of the gas of interest in the closed space is Bi (unit: m 3 / s), and the volume of the gas in the closed space 10 when it is in equilibrium with the outside world 12 and there is no consumption or generation of the gas in question is V i (Unit: m 3), and the target concentration of the gas of interest in the closed space 10 is η i (unit: dimensionless), the area A of the gas exchange membrane 25 is set so as to satisfy the following formula (3).

[0092]

number

[0093] As an example of the gas, oxygen gas will be taken into consideration. In this case, the gas exchange unit 20 has a volume of the interior 11 of the closed space 10 defined as V (unit: m3), a diffusion coefficient of oxygen in the gas exchange membrane 25 defined as D (unit: m 2 / s) and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane 25 is L (unit: m), the volume V and the area A (unit: m) of the gas exchange membrane 25 are 2 ) is scaled by {(V / A) / (D / L)}, and the oxygen consumption rate (unit: m 3 / s) is B, and the volume of oxygen inside 11 of closed space 10 in equilibrium with the outside world 12 when there is no oxygen consumption is V O2 (Unit: m 3 ), and the target oxygen concentration (unit: dimensionless) in the closed space 10 is η (η>0.18), the area A of the gas exchange membrane 25 is set so as to satisfy the following equation (4).

[0094]

number

[0095] The fan filter unit 30 has an opening for sucking in the inside air 1a of the closed space 10, and an outlet for purifying the sucked inside air 1a in terms of both particle number density and molecular concentration, and then returning the entire amount of the inside air 1a as clean air 1c to the inside 11 of the closed space 10 again. The dust collection efficiency γ is 0<γ<1. A fan filter unit (FFU) using a medium-performance filter can be used as the fan filter unit 30. The fan filter unit 30 takes in the inside air 1a of the closed space 10, collects dust particles in the inside air 1a, and introduces clean air 1c with a reduced dust particle concentration into the inside 11 of the closed space 10. Here, the dust particles include general particles including microorganisms (viruses and bacteria) and dust (dust containing mites, pollen, radioactive materials, etc.) floating in the inside 11 of the closed space 10.

[0096] The number density n(t) of dust particles in the interior 11 of a closed space 10 in which at least a part of the inner and outer boundary surfaces is formed by a gas exchange membrane 25 as shown in FIG. 1 is expressed by the following differential equation (XIX).

[0097]

number

[0098] In the formula (XIX), V is the internal volume of the closed space 10 (unit: m 3 ), S is the sum of the external surface area of ​​the user's clothes and furniture, etc. and the internal surface area of ​​the closed space 10 (unit: m 2 ), σ is the amount of dust particles generated per unit area and unit time (unit: 1 / (m 2 ·science fiction c is the air volume of the fan filter unit (unit: m 3 / s), and γ is the dust particle collection efficiency of the fan filter unit (unit: dimensionless).

[0099] By solving equation (XIX), we obtain the following equation (XX).

[0100]

number

[0101] In formula (XX), the number density of dust particles at t = 0 is n(0) = N 0 The number density n(∞) of dust particles at t=∞ is expressed by the following equation (XXI).

[0102]

number

[0103] In contrast to the HEPA filters and ULPA filters used in conventional cleanroom filtration, which have a γ value very close to 1 and are prone to clogging, and which inevitably result in large pressure loss, in the system of this embodiment, as can be seen from formula (XXI), it is not necessarily important that γ is close to 1. In fact, as shown in Fig. 1B, the total dust collection efficiency of a fan-fill unit (FFU) equipped with a filter (medium-performance filter) with a dust collection efficiency of approximately 95% (used in the experiments shown in Fig. 9A or 10 described later) in the closed airflow system of the present invention can exhibit high performance that is comparable to or better than HEPA and ULPA filters. In Figure 1B, the reason why the collection efficiency increases where the particle size is large is due to the size effect, which means that the larger the particle size, the easier it is to collect, and the reason why the collection efficiency increases where the particle size is very small is because the amplitude of Brownian motion caused by collisions between the fine particles and the molecules that make up the air becomes larger (the spatial diffusion of the fine particles becomes relatively large due to collisions and scattering, and the fine particles penetrate the nonwoven fibers of the filter first and are collected). Although the dust collection efficiency per pass is inferior to HEPA and ULPA because the inside air repeatedly passes through the FFU, this system is a closed airflow system, and the same air passes through the FFU many times, so the total number of dust particles in this system is proportional to the sum of an infinite series that decreases with a common ratio of 1-γ, and the convergence value is proportional to 1 / {1-(1-γ)}=1 / γ, which exactly matches the γ-dependence of equation (XXI) obtained above. For example, if we assume for simplicity that the filter is a medium-performance filter with γ=0.9, then 1 / γ=1 / 0.9=1.11, and compared to the ideal case of γ=1 (which is actually impossible from the perspective of clogging resistance), the cleanliness level only deteriorates by 11%, but thanks to the relative "coarseness" of the filter, the pressure loss is greatly reduced, quietness is achieved, and power consumption is extremely low. Furthermore, in reality, when sufficient time has passed since the fan filter unit started operating (t>10V / γF c) essentially gives the ultimate dust particle number density of formula (XXI). In other words, it was found that highly efficient control of the number of airborne particles is possible. This also allows for the realization of a quiet and clean space with minimal filter clogging and minimal damage, and extremely low power consumption in controlling the number of airborne dust particles (including airborne bacteria and bacteria-containing aerosols), one of the three important parameters, which contributes greatly to the SDGs. In addition to this fact, in the control of the inlet and outlet heat flow, which is the other of the three parameters mentioned in paragraph 0054, extremely low thermal energy loss can be achieved, and further, in the control of the gas molecule concentration, which is the remaining one of the three parameters mentioned in paragraph 0090, molecular diffusion is achieved by thermal energy kT at room temperature (no extra power such as fan drive power in conventional mechanical ventilation is required), and the synergistic effect of these three factors allows for high cleanliness, high air quality, and highly efficient heat management to be achieved with ultra-low power consumption. As mentioned above, these three important items all have diffusion processes inherent or associated with them, and the realization of the dramatic improvements in the three items in this invention is largely due to the inventor's realization of control of the diffusion processes inherent or associated with the three parameters of the number of suspended particles, high air quality, and internal / external heat flow. In other words, this invention makes it possible to realize a highly energy-efficient and highly clean environment system that simultaneously controls the diffusion processes inherent or associated with the three parameters of the number of suspended particles, gas molecule concentration, and internal / external heat flow in the closed space in a seamless manner. As a control of the diffusion process inherent or associated with the above three parameters, based on (in the order of the above three parameters) "Equations (XIX) to (XXI) and the results shown in FIG. 1B", "Equations (XIII) to (XVIII) and Equation (3)", and "Equations (IV) to (XII) or Equations (1) and Equation (2)", the clean environment system 100 is equipped with various sensors, for example, a suspended particle measuring instrument, a gas molecule concentration measuring instrument, and a humidity / temperature measuring instrument (controller), and a computer electrically connected to the fan filter unit, and can control the operation of one or more fan filter units based on input signals from the above multiple sensors.In addition to the above input signals, the clean environment system 100 may also control the operation of one or more fan filter units based on input signals from one or more other devices and sensors, such as the environmental monitoring device shown in Figure 2 and the measuring instruments for measuring the amounts of each substance shown in Figures 14 and 15.

[0104] Since the clean environment system 100 is a closed airflow system, the entire amount of clean air 1c introduced from the fan filter unit 30 is returned as inside air 1a to the air intake port of the fan filter unit 30. Therefore, by continuously operating the fan filter unit 30 and repeatedly passing the inside air 1a through the fan filter unit 30, a high filtering effect can be obtained.

[0105] In the clean environment system 100 of this embodiment, useful organisms for humankind are grown in the closed space 10 in which the fan filter unit 30 is arranged. Useful organisms for humankind refer to organisms such as fungi, plants, and animals that can be useful to humankind. Examples of fungi include mushrooms, and examples of plants include vegetables and fruits. The term "humankind" typically refers to humans. This makes it possible to realize the following: (1)CO 2 As for food production for the -pull, we will take the cultivation of vegetables and fruits that undergo photosynthesis and combine this with the above CO 2 By combining this with push food production, it is possible to achieve both more efficient mushroom cultivation and increased yields through increased photosynthesis. (2) CO as a resource 2 We will establish a system for reuse and recycling. (3) Shift to a sustainable production system that is compatible with high productivity, and establish a new system. (4) By streamlining processing and distribution through the use of data and AI, we can reduce CO 2 -push food production, CO 2 -Optimize each of the pull food productions as well as their associated systems. (5) By incorporating a closed airflow system into greenhouse agriculture that utilizes data and AI, food production will be industrialized and sustainable consumption will be expanded, including reducing food waste. (6) Realize next-generation organic agriculture by utilizing compost such as feces without the risk of the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (7) Next-generation CO2 mitigates the risk of disease, such as avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease. 2 -Push agriculture and CO 2 -Pull together food production. (8) By deploying the above-mentioned elemental technologies, Japan, a small country with a small land area, will establish the elemental technologies necessary to be the first to put space agriculture into practical use in the future.

[0106] By utilizing the isolated and closed nature of the Clean Unit System Platform (CUSP), gases or volatile molecules emitted from the inside or surface of the organisms (animals, plants, fungi) stored in the CUSP can be detected in a non-contact and non-invasive manner, and quantitatively monitored and analyzed. For example, a clean environment system like the one shown in Figure 2 can be used to realize carbon dioxide push-pull agriculture, which combines the cultivation of organisms that emit carbon dioxide (mushrooms, etc.) and those that take in carbon dioxide (vegetables, fruits) while maintaining high internal cleanliness, dust-freeness, and sterility.

[0107] FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an example in which the clean environment system according to the second embodiment of the present invention is applied to a plurality of closed spaces. As shown in Fig. 2, the clean environment system 200 includes gas exchange units 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20D, and fan filter units 30A, 30B, 30C, and 30D. The gas exchange units 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20D, and the fan filter units 30A, 30B, 30C, and 30D are disposed in rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D, respectively. Each of the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D means a space enclosed by a wall or a partition member.

[0108] Each of the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D is adjacent to a passage 62 via a door 61. A front room 63 is provided between each of the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D and the outside, and each of the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D is also adjacent to the front room 63 via a door 64. A door 65 is provided between the front room 63 and the outside. A fan filter unit 66 is provided in the passage 62, and a fan filter unit 67 is provided in the front room 63.

[0109] The gas exchange units 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20D are disposed at least partially between the gas in the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D that constitute an isolated closed system with no gas exchange as an airflow between the outside world and the gas in the outside world, and have gas exchange membranes 25A, 25B, 25C, and 25D (first gas exchange membranes) that exchange gas molecules according to the concentration gradient between the gas in the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D and the gas in the outside world and do not allow dust particles to pass through. The fan filter units 30A, 30B, 30C, and 30D are disposed in the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D, respectively.

[0110] The clean environment system 200 further includes gas exchange units 20E and 20F. The gas exchange unit 20E is disposed at least partially between the gas in the room 10A and the gas in the room 10B, and has a gas exchange membrane 26A (second gas exchange membrane) that exchanges gas molecules according to a concentration gradient between the gas in the room 10A and the gas in the room 10B and does not allow dust particles to pass through. The gas exchange unit 20F is disposed at least partially between the gas in the room 10C and the gas in the room 10D, and has a gas exchange membrane 26B (second gas exchange membrane) that exchanges gas molecules according to a concentration gradient between the gas in the room 10C and the gas in the room 10D and does not allow dust particles to pass through. The gas exchange unit 20E may have an opening that communicates or blocks the room 10A and the room 10B. The gas exchange unit 20F may have an opening that communicates or blocks the room 10C and the room 10D. And CO 2 Species that emit CO 2pusher), for example, the air in rooms 10B and 10D where mushrooms are present, and CO 2 Species that absorb CO 2 The air in the rooms 10A and 10C in which the vegetables are present is adjacent to the air in the rooms 10A and 10C via gas exchange membranes 26A and 26B.

[0111] Fig. 3A is a schematic diagram of the gas exchange unit 20A in Fig. 2. The configuration of the gas exchange unit 20A is basically the same as the configuration of the gas exchange unit 20 of the first embodiment, except that the inside air 1a and the outside air 2a flow in parallel in a direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25. The configurations of the gas exchange units 20B, 20C, and 20D are the same as that of the gas exchange unit 20A.

[0112] In gas exchange unit 20E (FIG. 2), the air in room 10A and the air in room 10B may flow in parallel in a direction along the surface of gas exchange membrane 26A, or may flow symmetrically in opposite directions along the surface of gas exchange membrane 26A. Similarly, in gas exchange unit 20F, the air in room 10C and the air in room 10D may flow in parallel in a direction along the surface of gas exchange membrane 26B, or may flow symmetrically in opposite directions along the surface of gas exchange membrane 26B.

[0113] At least one of the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D is a space enclosed by a transparent member to allow sunlight to be introduced. For example, the rooms 10A and 10C among the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D are typically defined by glass panels and are greenhouses that house photosynthetic organisms such as vegetables.

[0114] The clean environment system 200 includes glass plates 41A and 42A that define the room 10A and configure an optical waveguide, and solar cells 43A and 44A that are optically connected to the glass plates 41A and 42A, respectively, and receive some light components of sunlight from the glass plates 41A and 41B. The clean environment system 200 includes glass plates 41C and 42C that define the room 10C and configure an optical waveguide, and solar cells 43C and 44C that are optically connected to the glass plates 41C and 42C, respectively, and receive some light components of sunlight from the glass plates 41C and 42C.

[0115] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining a two-dimensional light receiving / power generating separated type (2DPRCS) photovoltaic power generation using a glass plate 41A of a greenhouse for growing vegetables, FIG. 5A is a partially enlarged schematic diagram showing a case where the scatterers are arranged as horizontal bars in the arrangement of sunlight progression in FIG. 4, and FIG. 5B is a partially enlarged schematic diagram showing the configuration of the glass plate 41A viewed from the X-axis direction in the scatterer arrangement in FIG. 5A. As a representative, a two-dimensional light receiving / power generating separated type (2DPRCS) photovoltaic power generation provided on one side of the room 10A will be explained. In this embodiment, a two-dimensional light receiving / power generating separated type (2DPRCS) photovoltaic power generation having the same configuration as above is also provided on one side of the room 10C. As shown in FIG. 4, a glass plate 41A defining a room 10A is made of, for example, SiO 2 The glass plate 41A has a base material 411A mainly composed of , and a long-sized scatterer 412A that is contained in the base material 411A and is anisotropically distributed (FIGS. 5A and 5B). In this embodiment, the longitudinal direction of the scatterer 412A is oriented along the X-axis direction. The material of the scatterer 412A is, for example, air bubbles as an efficient scatterer. As a method for forming the glass plate 41A, for example, a spindle-shaped or rod-shaped structure can be formed along the stretching direction by stretching the glass from the spherical air bubbles present in the base material precursor. The member that defines the room 10A is not limited to the glass plate 41A, but may be a resin plate. In addition, the scatterer in the glass plate or resin plate is not limited to air bubbles, and a substance having a different refractive index (as close as possible to transparent to the light of the wavelength range to be considered) from the glass or resin that is the base material of the waveguide may be added to the base material.

[0116] FIG. 5C is a diagram showing the relative transmission efficiency as a function of wavelength normalized by the longitudinal length (rod length) of the scatterer for light traveling through a glass plate or resin plate constituting a side wall of a greenhouse when the scatterer is arranged as a horizontal bar (FIG. 5A) and when the scatterer is arranged as a vertical bar (FIG. 5B). From FIG. 5C, it can be seen that when the bubbles are arranged as horizontal bars, scattering is relatively increased for light wavelengths in the green band compared to red and blue, but when the bubbles are arranged as vertical bars, scattering is less independent of wavelength (color). When sunlight is incident on the main surface of glass plate 41A, the green light component of the sunlight travels in the orientation direction of scatterer 412A within glass plate 41A, that is, along the in-plane direction (X-axis direction) of glass plate 41A, due to scatterer 412A. In this way, glass plate 41A forms a two-dimensional waveguide that transmits red and blue light components of sunlight and guides the green light component through glass plate 41A toward the end face. The red and blue light components are used to grow plants in the greenhouse, and the green light component is guided through the glass plate 41A and converted into electricity by the photoelectric conversion element of the solar cell arranged on the end face of the glass plate 41A. This configuration has almost no effect on the growth of vegetables in the rooms 10A and 10C, and uses the green light component of the sunlight to generate two-dimensional separated photodetector / generator (2DPRCS) photovoltaic power using a two-dimensional waveguide, and by storing this power, it is possible to cover part of the power required for artificial cultivation using LED light at night.

[0117] In this embodiment, it is assumed that sunlight and artificial light are used in combination. When sunlight is used, red and blue light components are transmitted into the greenhouse, but the green light component, which is not used much in photosynthesis as can be seen from the fact that chlorophyll is green, is guided to the end face of the glass plate as a waveguide of the 2DPRCS using the glass surface itself as a waveguide, and converted into electricity by a solar cell installed on the end face of the glass plate and stored, so that it can be used as part of the electricity for vegetable cultivation using artificial light at night. This provides a core and innovative technology that allows solar power generation and agriculture to be carried out simultaneously and in the same place. Since planned production of both mushrooms and vegetables is possible, food waste is reduced, and coupled with price stabilization, it can lead to the expansion of sustainable consumption. Furthermore, it realizes high-added-value comprehensive agriculture, livestock farming, and poultry farming (smart agriculture, livestock farming, poultry farming, and edible insect farming), and ultimately, it is possible to use space CO2, which is compatible with the CUSP closed environment. 2 Achieve zero-emission agriculture.

[0118] The clean environment system 200 may also include environmental monitoring devices 50A, 50B, 50C, and 50D arranged in the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D, respectively. A user can monitor one or more biological species present in each of the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D by the environmental monitoring devices 50A, 50B, 50C, and 50D in a remote environment control and monitoring room 51 installed outside. The clean environment system 200 may also include humidity and temperature controllers 52A, 52B, 52C, and 52D installed in correspondence with the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D, respectively. This allows the humidity and / or temperature of the rooms 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D to be controlled.

[0119] The gas exchange unit 20 (hereinafter, simply referred to as GEU) shown in FIG. 1 has the following structure. In order to maximize the gas exchange capacity of the GEU, the following theoretical considerations were carried out and useful results were obtained. Now, consider ventilation (gas exchange between indoor air and outdoor air) by molecular diffusion in the GEU. The above equation (XIV),

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[0121] First, in the case of parallel flow, in the section (x, x+dx), the oxygen concentration changes between the outside air side and the inside air side due to diffusion of gas molecules. However, for the outside air, when the position changes from x to x+dx, the oxygen concentration at that point is lower because the oxygen concentration on the inside air side is relatively lower than that of the outside air. Therefore, oxygen molecules diffuse to the inside air side according to the concentration difference, and the oxygen concentration decreases accordingly. The oxygen concentration at x=x+dx is

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[0124] Here, the area spanned by the section (x, x+dx) and unit length in the depth (y) direction is A, and the volume of the space spanned by the length in the z direction (the distance d between the gas exchange membrane and the housing wall in Figure 3A) is V, so this can be replaced by A / V = 1 / d. In the above equation (6), by transferring the first term on the right side to the left side, dividing by δx, and taking the limit as δx → 0, two differential equations are obtained. In the outside air passage of the GEU,

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[0129] First, equation (9) can be easily integrated, C 1 is the integral constant,

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[0142] Next, we consider the case where the inside air and the outside air in the GEU are anti-parallel flows. The outside air is introduced at x=0, just like in the parallel flow case, and the inside air is turned 180 degrees from the parallel flow case and flows from x=l toward x=0, forming an anti-parallel flow. In the above anti-parallel flow setting, as in the parallel flow case, when the position of the outside air changes from x to x+dx, the oxygen concentration at that point changes. Since the oxygen concentration in the inside air is relatively lower than that of the outside air, oxygen molecules diffuse to the inside air side according to the concentration difference between the two. Therefore, the oxygen concentration at x=x+dx is exactly the same as equation (5).

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[0144] On the other hand, for the inside air, the gas flows in a direction 180 degrees different from that in the parallel flow case, so by replacing v with -v in equation (6),

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[0159] In light of the above, the gas exchange unit 20 of the first embodiment can be optimized. The gas exchange unit 20 has a blower that flows the internal gas (internal air 1a) of the closed space 10 in a first direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25, and a blower that flows the external gas (external air 2a) in a second direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25. In the gas exchange unit 20, the gas flowing in the first direction and the gas flowing in the second direction form countercurrent flows that are approximately anti-parallel (preferably anti-parallel). When the diffusion coefficient of the gas of interest in the gas exchange unit 20 is D, the length of the gas exchange membrane in the gas flow direction is l, the inter-face spacing of the integrated gas exchange membranes is d, the gas flow velocity is v, and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is L, it is preferable that the following equation (37) is satisfied.

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[0161] The gas exchange unit 20A of the second embodiment can also be optimized. Specifically, the gas exchange unit 20A has a blower that flows the internal gas (internal air 1a) in the room 10A in a first direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25A, and a blower that flows the external gas (outside air 2a) in a second direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane 25A, and in the gas exchange unit 20A, the gas flowing in the first direction and the gas flowing in the second direction form countercurrent flows that are approximately anti-parallel (preferably anti-parallel), and it is preferable that equation (37) is satisfied when the diffusion coefficient of the gas of interest in the gas exchange unit 20A is D, the length of the gas exchange membrane in the gas flow direction is l, the inter-face spacing of the integrated gas exchange membranes is d, the gas flow velocity is v, and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is L. Similarly to the gas exchange unit 20A, the gas exchange units 20B, 20C, and 20D each have a blower that flows the internal gas (internal air 1a) of the rooms 10B, 10C, and 10D in a first direction along the surface of the gas exchange membranes 25B, 25C, and 25D, and a blower that flows the external gas (external air 2a) in a second direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane, and are preferably configured such that in the gas exchange units 20B, 20C, and 20D, the gas flowing in the first direction and the gas flowing in the second direction form countercurrents that are approximately anti-parallel (preferably anti-parallel) and satisfy equation (37).

[0162] Next, CO 2 The elemental technologies of the push-pull agricultural system are explained below. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted per unit weight by various mushrooms at 5℃, 10℃, and 20℃ has been reported by Seiko Freshness Preservation Laboratory. Based on this data, the amount of carbon dioxide produced was converted to absolute temperature and plotted as a function of its inverse, as shown in Figure 6A. These mushrooms produce carbon dioxide, so CO 2 -pusher. Now, these CO 2 The inclination of the eringi mushrooms and the log-grown shiitake mushrooms as -pusher is large, suggesting that they have a larger activation energy than other mushrooms such as maitake and shimeji. Next, plants and fruits that are more efficient at photosynthesis when the concentration of carbon dioxide is high are those that are more efficient at CO 2 -puller. Now, CO 2 As an example of a -puller, let us consider photosynthesis in vegetables. The photochemical reaction in photosynthesis shows almost no temperature dependency (Non-Patent Document 4), so plant respiration and photosynthesis are the inverse process (= time-reversed process) of the same chemical reaction formula, and the only difference is the presence or absence of light (as mentioned above, photochemical reactions show almost no temperature dependency), so it can be considered that, with a good approximation, the plant respiration process and photosynthesis have the same activation energy. Therefore, the CO 2 -pull process, i.e., the amount of oxygen produced as a result of photosynthesis, and the reverse process (CO 2By considering the amount of β-amino acid produced by the fungus, the activation energy can be estimated with a good approximation. By plotting the same as in Figure 6A for plants and fruit groups, Figure 6B is obtained. From Figures 6A and 6B, it can be seen that the slope of the Arrhenius plot differs depending on the mushroom species and plant species, but roughly speaking, there are two slopes: one that is slightly larger and one that is slightly smaller.

[0163] CO with equal slope 2 -Pusher and CO 2 By combining the CO-puller and cultivating them side by side, mushrooms / vegetables can be cultivated without disrupting the balance of supply and demand even when the temperature changes. 2 The results of optimizing the pairing of mushrooms and vegetables are shown in Figure 7. In addition, by selecting mushrooms / vegetables with the same slope from Figures 6A and 6B, various other pairings are possible. By selecting a combination of mushrooms and vegetables with the same or similar activation energy, we aim to combine stable mushroom harvests with increased vegetable (fruit) yields. As shown in Figure 7, the activation energy of Maitake and Bunashimeji is smaller than that of King Oyster Mushroom and is almost equal to that of lettuce, so Bunashimeji / lettuce, or Maitake / lettuce, are preferable for pairing. It is also possible to determine the optimal pairing of mushrooms and vegetables by comparing the activation energies of the oxygen production amounts mentioned above. In other words, by taking advantage of the characteristics of the closed airflow system provided by CUSP·GEM, it is possible to reduce CO 2 Identify the elemental technologies of the push-pull agricultural system based on the experimental results. Measure the number of suspended dust particles by size as a function of time in a mushroom metabolism measurement experiment using CUSP. Even in the presence of mushrooms, it reaches a high level of purification of class 1000 or less within a few minutes.

[0164] Taking advantage of the characteristics of the closed airflow system provided by CUSP·GEM, we can calculate the activation energy of mushrooms, especially black maitake mushrooms, and realize a model production system for black maitake mushrooms in a highly purified environment. In addition, we can set up a model production system for vegetables (fruits) based on the closed airflow system provided by CUSP·GEM, and estimate the O2 production of vegetables. 2 The activation energy of the mushroom was calculated. 2 In combination with the developmental activation energy, the optimal pairing can be selected.

[0165] It is also possible to expand this to other fungi and animals. For example, 2 -push crops (CO 2 It is also possible to select natto, koji, baker's yeast, etc. as CO2 sources and apply them to the fermentation process, and even to animals (especially insects, chickens, and pigs). In particular, in this case, the closed airflow system of this system means that it is not affected by the outside world, so it is possible to avoid the need to kill animals as mentioned above, which is extremely significant from the standpoint of bioethics and in terms of preventing economic losses. In addition, 2 -pull crops (CO 2 These CO2 assimilation crops can be expanded to include Euglena and other photosynthetic green algae. 2 -Pusher and CO 2 By identifying the elements for the -puller combination system and taking advantage of the characteristics of the clean space, we will lay the foundation for combining chicken and pig farming, which requires less antibiotic use, with vegetable cultivation. The manure from animals raised in this way can be used for organic farming, as there is no need to worry about the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, if we are successful in increasing the yield of photosynthetic green algae, it will pave the way for them to be used as fuel material. Furthermore, we will be able to develop a system for the CO2 reduction shown in Figure 2. 2 By giving the push-pull structure high airtightness that can withstand pressure and reduced pressure, this structure can be repurposed for deployment in closed spaces such as underwater (deep sea) or in space (space agriculture). 2By considering the pusher animal as "human," we can create a highly clean living space for humans when they advance into the ocean (deep sea) or outer space in the near future, and secure food through efficient cultivation of vegetables and fruits that can simultaneously reduce the carbon dioxide produced by human activities and replenish the oxygen consumed, that is, lay the foundation for closed space (underwater, space) agriculture. 2 From the perspective of push·pull mutually beneficial coexistence in biological systems, as shown in Figure 7, the amount of carbon dioxide produced by humans is between the line of Bunashimeji and the line of Maitake. 2 It can be seen that it can be naturally incorporated into the push-pull system. 2 -Pusher and CO 2 The combination of -pullers is not particularly limited and can be selected according to the environment and needs in which the clean environment system according to this embodiment is installed.

[0166] It is also possible to realize environmental monitoring in a closed airflow system. Conventionally, cultivation while monitoring was theoretically impossible, but this is possible with the present invention, and efficient cultivation of high-quality mushrooms and vegetables (fruits) is possible while providing feedback based on the information obtained by the environmental monitoring device. Furthermore, it is also possible to accumulate big data on cultivation using the information obtained by the environmental monitoring device.

[0167] CO using a closed airflow system 2 There is no equivalent technology for establishing the elemental technology of the push-pull agricultural system. However, the CO 2 The push-pull food production device can increase vegetable yields while reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the air.

[0168] Furthermore, the clean environment system of the present invention is a technology based on a closed airflow system, that is, a 100% circulation feedback system in which all of the discharged air is returned to the air intake of the FFU when an air filtration device (fan filter unit: FFU) placed in a closed space is used, and the introduction of fresh air is achieved not by airflow but by the diffusion of gas molecules (the inventor has obtained more than 20 patents in Japan and overseas).This time, the technical concept of the present invention will be applied to mushroom cultivation and vegetable (fruit) cultivation, as well as to a combined cultivation system of these.

[0169] Furthermore, by utilizing the CUSP mechanism, which has very little dust floating in the air, it is possible to sterilize all two-dimensional surfaces inside the room. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a clean environment system according to a third embodiment. The clean environment system 300 has fan filter units 302A and 302B arranged in the booths 301A and 301B, respectively, and a gas exchange membrane 303 provided in the partition between the booths 301A and 301B. The clean environment system 300 is a push-pull connected CUSP booth, and the booth 301A is a CO 2 -Pusher for mushrooms, CUSP, booth 301B, CO 2 The booth 301A is equipped with particle counters 304A and 304B, respectively.

[0170] When a mist of a liquid containing useful components such as an on-demand type aqueous solution of chlorite ions (MA-T) is generated and the mist is generated inside the clean environment system 300, the change in particles over time is shown in Figures 9A, 9B, and 10. The FFUs used in this experiment were the Panasonic F-PDF35 and the Hitachi air purifier EP-JZ30, and it was found that both provide approximately the same level of cleanliness in the closed airflow system that is the technical concept of the present invention. From the results of this experiment, it can be seen that the mist particle size distribution can be suppressed while the spray amount can be quantitatively monitored. It has been found that the larger the particle size of pure water, the higher the long-distance reach rate, and that the particle size dependency of the long-distance reach rate is small for mist containing chemical substances. Therefore, it is expected to be effective for sterilization and disinfection of all two-dimensional surfaces such as mushroom culture medium and the inner surface of a cultivation room. Since the CUSP mechanism can be used to control three-dimensional space, the research, development, and improvement of carbon dioxide push-pull agriculture in this project can be carried out in both two and three dimensions.

[0171] 11A to 11C are diagrams showing the results of an experiment using a model box for mushroom cultivation to which the Clean Unit System Platform (CUSP) is applied. The mini-model incubator is approximately 30 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm in size and has a gas exchange membrane and a fan filter unit. This incubator is housed in a closed space and is configured to enable monitoring of the growth status and metabolism of mushrooms. In FIG. 11A, the vertical axis represents the carbon dioxide concentration and the horizontal axis represents time, in FIG. 11B, the vertical axis represents the number of particles and the horizontal axis represents time, and in FIG. 11C, the vertical axis represents the humidity in the closed space and the vertical axis represents time. Up until time t=600 minutes, the growth condition is at a temperature of approximately 22.5 degrees C, and from Figure 11A, it can be seen that at this temperature, the carbon dioxide concentration saturates at approximately 3700 ppm. After t=600 minutes, the temperature drops at midnight, and from t=800 minutes onwards the temperature remains almost constant at 18 degrees C, and the carbon dioxide concentration stops decreasing at approximately 1800 ppm. It was also found that it is possible to identify parameters useful for monitoring mushroom cultivation, such as carbon monoxide (CO), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), temperature, and humidity.

[0172] This model box can incorporate a clean environment system with disinfection function, and can be applied to the cultivation or growth of various cultivated organisms, particularly mushrooms and useful foods (edible plants, edible insects, etc.). Figures 11D and 11E are images showing an example of a high-clean environment system with disinfection function applied to a small rectangular CUSP box with a gas exchange membrane 13a measuring 20 cm x 10 cm on the back, according to the scaling law shown by the γF / V term in formula (XX) and the AD / LV term in formula (XVII). This CUSP box has a rectangular floor measuring approximately 30 cm x 40 cm, and a height of approximately 30 cm. In this CUSP box, the CUSP is configured using a small FFU installed on the floor. A bactericidal mist generator, a particle measuring instrument, a CO 2 , O 2 Gas concentration measuring instruments (Riken Keiki Co., Ltd., pocketable multi-gas monitors: GX-2009 and GX-3R) that measure the concentration of various gases such as CO, VOC (volatile organic compounds), etc., a carbon dioxide measuring instrument (LUTRON Co., Ltd.), and a thermohygrometer (ORION Co., Ltd., Dew Point Monitor MG40) that can measure temperature and humidity were installed. The organisms to be cultivated are placed on the floor of the CUSP box. To control the pedestal values ​​of temperature and humidity, a heater, humidifier, thermometer, and hygrometer are installed inside and outside the CUSP box (box installation environment). Here, a thermohygrometer (CEM Co., Ltd., DT3321) was used on the outside. Then, the FFU in the CUSP box was operated to reduce the number of suspended dust particles, and then a germicidal mist such as MA-T was generated by a germicidal mist generator to disinfect all two-dimensional surfaces in the box. After that, a Shimeji mushroom weighing about 350 to 500 g was placed in a paper container placed on the floor of the box as an example of a cultivated organism, and various environmental values ​​in the CUSP box were monitored. Figures 11A to 11C show the experimental results. In this experiment, 600 minutes after the start, the air conditioning in the room where the CUSP box was placed was stopped, and the outside temperature was lowered for a while while the CO2 in the box was monitored. 2The concentration, temperature and dust particle count were measured. MetOne HHPC3+ was used to measure the dust particle count. At the start of the experiment, t=0, the ambient temperature of the CUSP box was about 21°C, but the temperature inside the box was about 22.5°C, about 2°C higher than the outside temperature, due to the biological activity of the shimeji mushrooms. As shown in Figure 11B, the number of suspended dust particles inside the CUSP box decreased to about one thousandth of the outside temperature in a few minutes, and the cleanliness level increased rapidly (it became almost sterile). After that, the number of dust particles increased once, and then the cleanliness level slowly increased over about 10 hours, and it was found that a high cleanliness level of US FED 209D Class 20 was achieved 800 minutes after the start of the experiment. CO 2 After the experiment started, the concentration increased, reflecting the biological activity of the shimeji mushrooms, but it was found to be saturated. 2 This shows that the gas exchange membrane (the white membrane on the left side of the CUSP box in Figure 11E) functions according to the concentration difference. In particular, when the air conditioning in the room where the CUSP box was installed was turned off and the indoor temperature began to decrease (eventually dropping to about 16°C), the metabolism of the shimeji mushrooms also decreased, and the CO 2 It can be seen that the CO concentration decreases to about 1800 ppm as shown at the right end of FIG. 11A. From equations (42) and (46) below, 2 Generation amount (and O 2 Concentration [O 2 It is possible to calculate the metabolic rate of Shimeji mushrooms from the amount of nutrient lost (amount of nutrient lost), demonstrating that it is possible to cultivate Shimeji mushrooms while monitoring their metabolism.

[0173] That is, the carbon dioxide concentration at time t in a room with volume V is η (t) Then, the amount of carbon dioxide generated per unit time by the metabolism of mushrooms is m 3 / s, the amount of carbon dioxide in the room at time t+δt is given by the amount at time t as follows:

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[0181] The area A of the gas exchange membrane used in the CUSP box is 10cm x 20cm = 200cm^2, and the gas exchange membrane thickness L is approximately 160um. It is also known that D is approximately 1E-7m^2 / s (Reference 1). On the other hand, from Figure 11A, it can be seen that at the CUSP box installation temperature T = 23°C, the carbon dioxide concentration is nearly saturated at t = 580 minutes, with an increment of approximately 3000ppm. Substituting these values ​​into the formula,

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[0183] Next, we analyze the latter half of the experiment shown in FIG. 11A (after t=600 minutes). This part can be analyzed as the case where the system reaches equilibrium with the initial carbon dioxide concentration of 3500 ppm at an atmospheric temperature of 18° C. (which is smaller than that at 23° C.). The differential equation that the system follows is Equation (41):

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[0187] If normalized per kg as above, The result is B' = 400mg / hour for 1kg Bunashimeji. This is plotted in Figure 12. In Figure 12, the data indicated by the white circles is Bunashimeji. This shows a fairly good agreement with the straight line of the Shimeji data, demonstrating the versatility and superiority of this technological concept, which is a closed airflow system.

[0188] In this way, it was demonstrated that it is possible to cultivate mushrooms such as shimeji in a clean environment. In particular, as shown after 1000 minutes in Figure 11B, after the minimum number of dust particles was reached at about t = 800 minutes, the number of dust particles increased at each particle size, and the number was finally independent of the particle size, confirming the activity of shimeji. In addition, when the humidity of the installation environment was 25 to 27%, it was found that the inside of the CUSP box, which is a closed airflow system but is molecularly conductive with the outside world through a gas exchange membrane, was typically about 80%, as shown in Figure 11C, a value several tens of percent higher than the outside (from this result, the amount of water molecules generated inside can be quantitatively grasped based on formula (42) [where B has the opposite sign to that of oxygen, as in the case of carbon dioxide]). When the CUSP box was opened to the indoor air after 1400 minutes, the number of particles with diameters of 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm rose to a value equal to the number of dust particles in the outside world (the indoor CUSP installation environment), and the number of particles with diameters of 2 μm decreased, as shown in the intermittent portion between t = 1300 and 1700 minutes in Figure 11B. After this state continued for a while, the CUSP box was closed again at t = 1700 minutes and the system was operated. Due to the CUSP mechanism, the particles with diameters of 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm immediately decreased at the rate of decrease immediately after the start of the experiment at t = 0, but during this time, the particles with diameters of 2 μm increased, and the number of dust particles was again observed regardless of particle size. In this way, it was shown that the unique activity of Shimeji mushrooms in this situation could be monitored with high accuracy. Until now, the internal environment was improved by replacing the air (especially CO 2 In contrast to conventional methods, where the CO concentration is controlled, and the temperature and humidity are lost, and there is a risk of bacteria entering from the outside, the present invention uses the CO concentration to reduce the number of floating dust particles and bacteria inside the tank, and is therefore exposed to the risk of temperature and humidity loss and the inflow of bacteria from the outside. 2It was shown that it is possible to cultivate and grow useful organisms such as mushrooms and other fungi, as well as useful plants and organisms, by properly controlling environmental parameters such as concentration to specified values. The clean environment minimizes the use of pesticides, and the closed airflow system allows for quantitative understanding of the internal gas concentration, making it possible to quantitatively monitor the growth of various crops, including mushrooms, and is expected to become the basis for smart agriculture in the near future.

[0189] As a direct consequence of the closed airflow system nature of the CUSP·GEU system, in addition to changes in the concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen, carbon monoxide and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) can also be quantitatively detected as a function of time in the metabolic analysis of mushrooms, as shown in Figure 13. In addition, as shown in Figures 14 and 15, it is possible to obtain accurate and quantitative molecular diffusion coefficients and thermal diffusion coefficients for various gases, alcohol, humidity, and temperature changes, as well as various gases, which are necessary for agricultural applications, by using values ​​after subtracting appropriate backgrounds (equilibrium values ​​obtained from extrapolated values). Figures 14 and 15 show the time changes in the gas molecule concentration, humidity, and temperature inside the CUSP box shown in Figure 11 when alcohol is burned inside the box. In particular, the measurement of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) shows that it is possible to measure the emission of chemical substances that plants use for defense against their own growth, as well as ethylene gas, which is known as the "maturity hormone" and "aging hormone," proving the effectiveness of the closed airflow system in agricultural applications (especially in closed systems such as greenhouse cultivation). In addition, the detection of carbon monoxide (CO) is thought to be closely related to reports of fatal accidents during mushroom cultivation (Non-Patent Document 1), and this shows the usefulness of the present technical idea, which can accurately measure gas concentrations by utilizing the closed airflow system, in enabling safer mushroom cultivation. That is, although mushroom cultivation has become popular in recent years, there have been reported cases of fatal accidents occurring if sufficient care is not taken. In particular, the cases of death at mushroom cultivation factories in Canada and Thailand show that such accidents are dangerous situations that can occur regardless of whether the country is developed or not, and the significance of being able to prevent these from happening using the technical idea of ​​the present invention is extremely great.

[0190] In a sterile and dust-free environment, as shown in Figure 11A, monitoring can be performed that allows for stabilization and optimization of crop production based on metabolic analysis by measuring the internal gas molecule concentrations (especially carbon dioxide and oxygen). 2 -pusher and CO 2 -puller) and establish the necessary monitoring parameters, measurement equipment, placement, data sampling, transmission, and data processing (AI, big data utilization). 2 -Pusher and CO 2 -It is possible to build a monitoring system for the puller coupling system.

[0191] In mushroom cultivation, it is necessary to suppress the growth of bacteria that are harmful to mushrooms, but it is known that conventional clean rooms are very inefficient. Figure 11B shows the number of floating dust particles measured inside the room at the same time as the mushroom CUSP experiment in Figure 11A, and it was shown that a high level of cleanliness equivalent to that of an operating room of about class 100 can be achieved even when mushrooms are growing, in other words, a sterile environment. It has been demonstrated that the device can be used as a sterile environment for growing organisms such as mushrooms.

[0192] The CUSP·GEU system (see Figure 11B) provides a sterile and dust-free environment without the use of pest control drugs, which was extremely difficult to achieve until now, and allows planned production of mushrooms and vegetables. Based on this, we have established elemental technologies for smart agriculture with high food safety, smart edible insect cultivation, and smart livestock farming (chicken and pig farming). In addition, CO 2 We will identify the component technologies of the push-pull agricultural system, calculate the activation energy of mushrooms, launch a model production system for black maitake mushrooms, and perform individual production of mushrooms and vegetables using the model production system.

[0193] In addition, by taking advantage of the closed airflow system provided by CUSP·GEM, CO 2By conducting basic experiments on environmental monitoring in a push-pull agricultural system, we were able to identify the elemental technologies. We also introduced measuring equipment and clarified a method and system for executing a data processing scheme (data acquisition, transmission, analysis & feedback). The revolutionary ventilation technology based on diffusion disclosed in this invention, which is a departure from the conventional technology, can be applied to any closed space containing air. Up until now, ventilation has all been open airflow systems performed by airflow, including natural ventilation by convection and mechanical ventilation, and unfortunately ventilation based on the scientific knowledge that gas is made up of molecules has not been realized at all until now. Considering that gas is made up of molecules, diffusion ventilation in a closed airflow system can be realized instead of mechanical ventilation in an open airflow system. The closed airflow system reduces CO 2 Not only can it be used in push-pull agriculture, but it can also provide effective protection against radioactive dust and various infectious diseases, including COVID-19. It enables a non-continuous leap and improvement in energy saving and highly efficient heat management for all spaces and fields related to air. By fundamentally reconstructing next-generation low-power consumption, high-purity environmental technology (using scientific knowledge that gas is made up of molecules, which is so to speak a given, but has never been used in ventilation until now), this invention makes it possible to create a completely new, energy-saving, and sustainable energo-envioronmental system that can essentially contribute to improving environmental resistance and achieving the SDGs.

[0194] Although the embodiment of the present invention has been specifically described above, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment, and various modifications based on the technical concept of the present invention are possible.

[0195] For example, the surface structure of the light receiving part of the 2DPRCS is not limited to a flat type. The surface structure of the light receiving part may be wavy. In addition, the cylindrical side surface can be used to connect the cylindrical side surfaces that protrude upward and downward to form a wavy surface structure while covering the side wall of the building. If weather resistance is ensured, such as being able to withstand rain and dew, the fan filter unit can also be placed outside the room or closed space, i.e., in the outside world. The numerical values, structures, configurations, shapes, arrangements, etc. listed in the above-mentioned embodiments are merely examples, and numerical values, structures, configurations, shapes, arrangements, etc. different from these may be used as necessary. [Explanation of symbols]

[0196] 1a Shy 1b Fresh Air 2a Outside air 2b Exhaust gas 10 Closed space Room 10A Room 10B Room 10C Room 10D 11 Inside 12 Outside world 13a Gas exchange membrane 20 Gas Exchange Unit 20A Gas Exchange Unit 20B Gas exchange unit 20C Gas Exchange Unit 20D Gas Exchange Unit 20E Gas Exchange Unit 20F Gas Exchange Unit 25 Gas exchange membrane 25A Gas exchange membrane 25B Gas exchange membrane 25C Gas exchange membrane 25D Gas exchange membrane 26A Gas exchange membrane 26B Gas exchange membrane 30 Fan filter unit 30A Fan Filter Unit 30B Fan filter unit 30C Fan Filter Unit 30D Fan Filter Unit 41A Glass plate 41B Glass plate 41C Glass plate 42A Glass plate 42C Glass plate 43A solar cell 43C solar cell 44A solar cell 44C solar cell 50A Environmental Monitoring Device 50B Environmental monitoring equipment 50C Environmental monitoring equipment 50D Environmental monitoring equipment 51 Remote Environmental Control and Monitoring Room 52A Humidity and Temperature Controller 52B Humidity and Temperature Controller 52C Humidity and Temperature Controller 52D Humidity and Temperature Controller 61 Door Aisle 62 63 Front room 64 Doors 65 Door 66 Fan filter unit 67 Fan filter unit 100 Clean Environment System 200 Clean Environment System 300 Clean Environment System Booth 301A Booth 301B 302A Fan Filter Unit 302B Fan Filter Unit 303 Gas exchange membrane 304A Particle Counter 304B Particle Counter 411A Base material 412A Scatter material

Claims

1. A gas exchange unit and a fan filter unit are provided. The gas exchange unit is disposed at least partially between a gas in a room or closed space constituting an isolated closed system having no gas exchange as an airflow with the outside world and the gas in the outside world, and has a gas exchange membrane that exchanges gas molecules based on a concentration gradient between the gas in the room or closed space and the gas in the outside world and is substantially impermeable to dust particles; The fan filter unit is disposed in the room or enclosed space, A highly energy-efficient and highly clean environmental system that grows beneficial organisms for humankind in a room or closed space by controlling the diffusion processes inherent or associated with the three parameters of the number of suspended particles, gas molecule concentration, and inlet / outlet heat flow in the room or closed space.

2. The volume of the room or closed space is V, and the gas molecular diffusion coefficient of the gas of interest in the gas exchange membrane is D. ｉ , (i=1, ..N), the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is L, the volume V and the area A of the gas exchange membrane are scaled by {(V / A) / (D / L)} to design, The consumption or generation consumption rate of the gas of interest in the room or closed space is Bi, and the volume of the gas of interest when the gas of interest is in equilibrium with the outside world and there is no consumption or generation of the gas of interest in the room or closed space is V. ｉ , the target concentration of the gas of interest in the room or closed space is η ｉ 2. The high energy efficiency and high clean environment system according to claim 1, wherein the area A of the gas exchange membrane is set to satisfy the following formula (3): [0010]

3. A plurality of gas exchange units and a plurality of fan filter units are provided, The plurality of gas exchange units are disposed at least partially between a gas in a plurality of rooms or closed spaces constituting an isolated closed system having no gas exchange as an airflow with the outside world and the gas in the outside world, and have a plurality of first gas exchange membranes which exchange gas molecules based on a concentration gradient between the gas in the plurality of rooms or closed spaces and the gas in the outside world and which are substantially impermeable to dust particles; The plurality of fan filter units are disposed in the plurality of rooms or enclosed spaces, CO ２ Species that excrete CO ２ -pusher) is present in the air in the rooms or closed spaces; ２ Species that absorb CO ２ and the air in the plurality of rooms or closed spaces in which the dust particles (-puller) are present are adjacent to each other through at least one second gas exchange membrane that exchanges gas molecules due to a concentration gradient between the gas in the plurality of rooms or closed spaces and the gas in the outside world and that is substantially impermeable to dust particles; A highly energy-efficient and highly clean environment system which grows organisms useful to mankind in said multiple rooms or closed spaces by controlling the diffusion processes inherent or associated with the three parameters of the number of suspended particles, gas molecule concentration, and inlet / outlet heat flow in said multiple rooms or closed spaces.

4. 4. The high energy efficiency and high clean environment system according to claim 1 or 3, comprising a gas exchange unit having a blower that flows the internal gas of the room or closed space in a first direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane, and a blower that flows the external gas in a second direction along the surface of the gas exchange membrane, wherein in the gas exchange unit, the gas flowing in the first direction and the gas flowing in the second direction form countercurrents that are approximately anti-parallel, and the following equation (37) is satisfied when the diffusion coefficient of a gas of interest in the gas exchange unit is D, the length of the gas exchange membrane in the gas flow direction is l, the inter-face spacing of the integrated gas exchange membranes is d, the flow velocity of the gas is v, and the thickness of the gas exchange membrane is L. [0025]

5. The CO ２ -The pusher is a fungus, and ２ The energy-efficient and clean environment system of claim 3, wherein the puller is a photosynthesizer.

6. The CO ２ - the pusher is an animal, ２ The energy-efficient and clean environment system of claim 3, wherein the puller is a photosynthesizer.

7. The CO ２ - pusher is a human, ２ The energy-efficient and clean environment system according to claim 3, wherein the puller is a photosynthesizer.

8. The CO ２ -puller is a photosynthetic organism, The energy-efficient and clean environment system of claim 3 , wherein a two-dimensional photovoltaic receiving and generating separated (2DPRCS) photovoltaic power generation system is provided on at least a portion of the wall of the room or closed space in which the photosynthesizer is located.

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