Dental models, dental kits, and methods

Abstract

The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch includes a first member including a plurality of first openings therethrough and a second member including a plurality of second openings extending therethrough. The plurality of first openings of the first member and the plurality of second openings of the second member are aligned with one another in a one-to-one correspondence. Each model tooth of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. The tooth portion of each model tooth is at least partially and slidably received within a respective first opening of the plurality of first openings. The connecting portion of each model tooth is at least partially received within a respective second opening of the plurality of second openings and removably retained within a respective second opening.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to dental models, dental kits, and methods of using dental models. [Background technology]

[0002] Dental models are typically used for practicing dental treatments. In particular, a dentist or dental professional may practice dental treatments on a dental model before performing the dental treatment on a patient. The dental model may include one or more model teeth representing the corresponding teeth of the patient. Conventional dental models cannot simulate the realistic movement of human teeth during an in vivo procedure. Thus, such conventional dental models may not be suitable for practicing complex dental treatments. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Generally, the present disclosure relates to a dental model. The present disclosure further relates to a dental kit including the dental model, and a method of using the dental model.

[0004] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a dental model. The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch includes a first member representing a human dental arch. The first member includes a plurality of first openings extending therethrough. Each of the plurality of first openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The first member further includes a first material having a first modulus of elasticity. The model dental arch further includes a second member at least partially received within the first member. The second member includes a plurality of second openings extending therethrough. The plurality of first openings of the first member and the plurality of second openings of the second member are aligned with one another in a one-to-one correspondence. The second member includes a second material having a second modulus of elasticity. The plurality of model teeth correspond to the plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth of the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. a tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is at least partially and slidably received within a respective first opening of the plurality of first openings, a connection portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is at least partially received within a respective second opening of the plurality of second openings and is removably retained within the respective second opening, a tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of a surface of the first member forming a respective first opening define a clearance therebetween such that, when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth laterally deflects by at least about 50 microns to at most about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and / or The first material has a first elastic modulus of about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0005] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a dental model. The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch represents a human dental arch. The model dental arch includes a plurality of openings therethrough. Each of the plurality of openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The model dental arch further includes a material having an elastic modulus. The plurality of model teeth correspond to a plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth of the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. The tooth portion and connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth are at least partially and slidably received within a respective opening of the plurality of openings. The connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is releasably retained within a respective opening. A clearance is defined between a tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of a surface of the model dental arch forming the respective opening, such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth laterally deflects by at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, or a clearance is defined between a tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of a surface of the model dental arch forming the respective opening, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 750 MPa to about 20,000 MPa, or the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa. Or a clearance is defined between a tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of a surface of the model dental arch forming the respective opening, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0006] In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a dental kit for practicing composite dental restorations, the kit including the dental model of the first aspect, the kit further including one or more dental matrices configured to mate with at least one of the plurality of model teeth to form a mold cavity surrounding at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth.

[0007] In a fourth aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of using the dental model of the first aspect. The method includes obtaining a three-dimensional representation of a patient's oral cavity. The method further includes additively manufacturing a model dental arch based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes additively manufacturing a plurality of model teeth based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes removably coupling the plurality of model teeth to the model dental arch to form a dental model. The method further includes practicing a composite dental restoration using one or more dental matrices on the dental model. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0008] Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be more fully understood by consideration of the following Detailed Description in conjunction with the following figures. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Like numbers used in the figures indicate like components. However, it will be understood that the use of a number to indicate a component in a given figure is not intended to limit the component in another figure that is indicated with the same number.

[0009] [Figure 1] 1 shows a schematic perspective view of an exemplary human dental arch of a patient; [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 shows a schematic perspective view of a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2B] 2B shows an exploded view of the dental model of FIG. 2A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3A] FIG. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a first part of a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3B] 3B shows a schematic top view of the first member of FIG. 3A. [Figure 3C] 3B shows a schematic bottom view of the first member of FIG. 3A. [Figure 3D] FIG. 3B shows a schematic block diagram illustrating one or more coatings on the first member of FIG. 3A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4A] FIG. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a second part of a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4B] 4B shows a schematic bottom view of the second member of FIG. 4A. [Figure 4C] 4B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the second member of FIG. 4A. [Figure 4D] FIG. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a second part of a dental model according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4E] FIG. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a second part of a dental model according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5A] FIG. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a number of model teeth according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5B] FIG. 2 shows a schematic side view of a model tooth of a plurality of model teeth according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5C] FIG. 13 shows a schematic perspective view of a model tooth of a plurality of model teeth according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6A] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a model tooth received within a model dental arch according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6B] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a model tooth received within a model dental arch according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7A] FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of a model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B shows a bottom view of the model dental arch of FIG. 7A. [Figure 8A] FIG. 2 shows a schematic perspective view of a dental model according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B illustrates an exploded perspective view of the dental model of FIG. 8A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 9A] 8B shows a schematic top view of the model dental arch of FIG. 8A. [Figure 9B] FIG. 8B shows a schematic bottom view of the model dental arch of FIG. 8A. [Figure 9C] 8B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the model dental arch of FIG. 8A. [Figure 9D] FIG. 8B shows a schematic block diagram illustrating one or more coatings on the model dental arch of FIG. 8A, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10A]8B shows a schematic top view of the model dental arch of FIG. 8A, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10B] 8B shows a schematic perspective view of the model dental arch of FIG. 8A, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 11A] 13A-13C show schematic cross-sectional views of model teeth received within a model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; [Figure 11B] 13A-13C show schematic cross-sectional views of model teeth received within a model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; [Figure 12A] FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of a model dental arch according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 12B] FIG. 12B illustrates a bottom view of the model dental arch of FIG. 12A according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a dental kit according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates a dental matrix bonded with model teeth according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 15] 1 illustrates a flowchart of a method of using a dental model according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16A] 1A-1D show schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16B] 1A-1D show schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16C] 1A-1D show schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16D] 1A-1D show schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16E] 1A-1D show schematic diagrams of various steps of using a dental model according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which various embodiments are shown by way of illustration. It is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense.

[0011] In the disclosure that follows, the following definitions apply:

[0012] All numbers recited herein are intended to be modified by the term "about." As used herein, "a," "an," "the," "at least one," and "one or more" are used interchangeably.

[0013] As used herein as a modifier to a characteristic or attribute, the term "generally" means, unless otherwise specified, that the characteristic or attribute is one that would be readily recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art, but does not require absolute precision or perfect agreement (e.g., within ±20% for quantifiable characteristics).

[0014] The term "substantially" means, unless otherwise specified, to a close degree of approximation (e.g., within ±10% for quantifiable characteristics), but again does not require absolute precision or perfect agreement.

[0015] The term "about," unless otherwise specified, means a high degree of approximation (e.g., within ±5% for quantifiable properties), but again does not require absolute precision or exact correspondence.

[0016] Terms such as identical, equal, uniform, constant, exactly, etc. are understood not to require absolute precision or perfect correspondence, but rather within normal tolerances or measurement errors applicable to a particular situation.

[0017] As used herein, the terms "first" and "second" are used as identifiers. Thus, such terms should not be interpreted as limiting the present disclosure. When used in conjunction with features or elements, the terms "first" and "second" can be interchanged throughout the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0018] As used herein, when a first material is said to be "similar" to a second material, at least 90% by weight of the first and second materials are identical, and if there is a variation between the first and second materials, the variation is less than about 10% by weight of each of the first and second materials.

[0019] As used herein, "at least one of A and B" should be understood to mean "A only, B only, or both A and B."

[0020] As used herein, the term "dental restorative material" refers to a material or means for restoring function to a missing tooth structure. Dental restorative materials may include dental filling materials. Dental restorative materials may be used, for example, to restore missing tooth structure following trauma or as part of the restorative treatment of tooth decay, i.e. caries.

[0021] As used herein, the term "composite dental restoration" refers to a procedure in which a composite material is placed and molded onto the surface of a patient's tooth or into a prepared tooth to restore the function of the tooth or improve its aesthetics. The composite material can be applied to the tooth and then hardened to achieve aesthetic and functional properties similar to tooth enamel and / or dentin. Composite dental restorations may include synthetic materials that combine a polymer matrix with particles of glass, mineral, ceramic, or resin fillers and / or dispersions of short fibers. The performance of these materials can be enhanced by coupling agents to optimize the handling properties of the composite and to strengthen the chemical bond between the filler and the resin. Composite restorative materials may include glass ionomers and may be hardened by light and / or chemical initiators.

[0022] As used herein, the term "direct dental restoration" refers to a procedure in which a soft or malleable dental filling material is placed and shaped onto a patient's tooth or into a prepared tooth to restore function to the missing tooth structure. Chemical etching and / or application of a dental adhesive may precede placement of a composite. The soft or malleable dental filling material is placed directly onto the prepared tooth. The soft or malleable dental filling material is allowed to harden after being applied to the prepared tooth, thereby restoring function to the missing tooth structure.

[0023] As used herein, the term "three-dimensional representation", unless otherwise expressly provided or clear from the context, refers to any three-dimensional surface map of an object, such as a point cloud of surface data, a set of two-dimensional polygons, or any other data representing all or a portion of the surface of an object, such as may be obtained through the capture and / or processing of three-dimensional scan data. "Three-dimensional representation", unless otherwise expressly provided or clear from the context, may include volumetric representations and other representations.

[0024] As used herein, the term "tooth ankylosis" refers to the fusion between the alveolar bone and the cementum of a tooth. Tooth ankylosis can be caused by genetic predisposition, local metabolic changes, dental trauma, or reimplantation of an avulsed tooth.

[0025] As used herein, the term "periodontitis" refers to a severe gum infection that can lead to tooth loss and other serious health complications. Periodontitis can cause damage to the gum tissue and, if untreated, can damage the alveolar bone.

[0026] As used herein, the term "gingival sulcus" refers to the space between a tooth and the gum tissue surrounding the tooth.

[0027] As used herein, the term "dental matrix" refers to a set of non-custom or custom tools from which the clinician selects the appropriate size / shape for the tooth to be restored. The custom tool is inserted into the gingival sulcus of the patient's tooth to isolate the tooth from blood and saliva and allow the composite dental restoration to be formed near or across the gum line. The dental matrix can be placed around at least a portion of the tooth to be restored. The dental matrix can be a metal or plastic strip, and when the dental matrix is ​​placed around at least a portion of the tooth to be restored, the dental matrix can act as a mold for the desired shape of the tooth to be restored. The dental matrix can create a separation between the mutual proximal surfaces of the tooth to be restored and the mutual proximal surfaces of a second tooth adjacent to the tooth to be restored. The dental matrix can also allow composite dental restoration of multiple teeth at once.

[0028] The present disclosure provides a dental model, a dental kit including the dental model, and a method of using the dental model. The dental model, dental kit, and method can be used to practice a dental procedure before an in vivo dental procedure. In other words, the dental model can be used to practice dental treatment and / or orthodontics. The dental model can further be used for training of a dental procedure. The dental model can also be used for demonstration purposes, for example, demonstration of a commercially available dental product.

[0029] The dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch includes a first member and a second member. The model dental arch includes a first member, the first member representing a human dental arch and including a plurality of first openings therethrough. Each of the plurality of first openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The first member includes a first material having a first modulus of elasticity. The model dental arch further includes a second member at least partially received within the first member. The second member includes a plurality of second openings therethrough. The plurality of first openings of the first member and the plurality of second openings of the second member are aligned with one another in a one-to-one correspondence. The second member includes a second material having a second modulus of elasticity. The plurality of model teeth correspond to a plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth of the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. A tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is at least partially and slidably received within a respective first opening of the plurality of first openings. A connection portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is at least partially received within a respective second opening of the plurality of second openings and removably retained within the respective second opening. A tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of a surface of the first member forming the respective first opening define a clearance therebetween, such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth laterally deflects at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and / or a first elastic modulus of the first material is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa.

[0030] In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a dental model includes a model dental arch and a plurality of model teeth. The model dental arch represents a human dental arch and includes a plurality of openings therethrough. Each of the plurality of openings extends along a longitudinal axis. The model dental arch includes a material having an elastic modulus. The plurality of model teeth correspond to a plurality of human teeth. Each of the plurality of model teeth includes a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth of the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion. The tooth portion and connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth are at least partially and slidably received within a respective opening of the plurality of openings. The connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth is releasably retained within a respective opening. A clearance is defined between each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming the respective openings, such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth laterally deflects by at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, or a clearance is defined between each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming the respective openings, and the elastic modulus of the material is about 750 MPa to about 20,000 MPa, or the elastic modulus of the material is about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa.

[0031] A dental kit of the present disclosure includes a dental model and one or more dental matrices configured to bond with at least one of the plurality of model teeth to form a mold cavity surrounding at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth.

[0032] The disclosed method includes obtaining a three-dimensional representation of a patient's intraoral cavity. The method further includes additively manufacturing a model dental arch based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes additively manufacturing a plurality of model teeth based on at least the three-dimensional representation. The method further includes removably coupling the plurality of model teeth to the model dental arch to form a dental model. The method further includes practicing a composite dental restoration using one or more dental matrices on the dental model.

[0033] A composite dental restorative procedure may involve cutting a tooth to remove portions of the tooth (commonly referred to as "preparing" the tooth). In some cases, a composite dental restorative procedure may involve cutting away carious or structurally unsound portions. The removed portions of the tooth may be filled with a composite dental restorative material.

[0034] Composite dental restorative procedures typically utilize a conventional dental matrix. A dentist can select an appropriate shape and size of the conventional dental matrix depending on the tooth surface of the patient's tooth to be restored. The dental matrix can be inserted into the gingival sulcus of the patient's tooth to isolate the tooth from blood and saliva. Additionally, in some cases, a wedge can be inserted between the patient's adjacent teeth to increase the separation between the adjacent teeth by at least the thickness of the dental matrix.

[0035] Alternatively, a custom dental matrix may allow multiple teeth of a patient to be restored at once. Unlike conventional dental matrices, a custom dental matrix may not require wedging between adjacent teeth to enlarge the gingival sulcus. Instead, a custom dental matrix can be digitally designed to be precisely placed around the patient's teeth for a composite dental restoration.

[0036] The dental model may include model teeth to simulate the patient's dental arch. Realistic simulation of a composite dental restoration on the dental model may require careful management of lateral deflections of the model teeth when lateral loads are applied to the model teeth (e.g., to wedge the model teeth).

[0037] The conventional dental model may include conventional model teeth coupled to the conventional dental model by thread connections. The thread connections may be inaccessible without disassembling components of the conventional dental model. Thus, replacing the conventional model teeth may be time consuming. Furthermore, after replacing the conventional model teeth, additional assembly of components of the conventional dental model may be required. This may further consume the user's time.

[0038] Typically, conventional dental models cannot simulate a human dental arch. In particular, the model teeth of conventional dental models cannot simulate the realistic movement of human teeth during in vivo procedures. As mentioned above, the model teeth may be fixedly held in the conventional dental model by a thread connection or any other conventional attachment mechanism. Therefore, the model teeth of the conventional dental model may cause interference with the placement of the dental matrix. Furthermore, the conventional model teeth may have unrealistic movement during the placement of the dental matrix. The mobility and movement of the conventional model teeth of the conventional dental model may not be suitable for realistic simulation of a composite dental restoration, since the mobility of the conventional model teeth needs to be adjusted by the user in the conventional dental model. Furthermore, the simulation becomes very variable and highly dependent on the operator using the typodont.

[0039] The dental models, dental kits, and methods may allow a dentist to practice certain dental procedures on the dental model before performing an in vivo procedure on a patient. The dental model may have a number of model teeth constructed from a material that allows for drilling to open cavities. The number of model teeth may further allow for filling the cavities with dental restorative materials such as amalgam or composite materials. In some cases, the dental model may also allow a dentist to practice indirect restorations such as crowns and bridges. Furthermore, the dental model according to the present disclosure may provide a realistic simulation of a human dental arch. Thus, the dental model of the present disclosure may allow for a realistic simulation of a composite dental restoration for an in vivo procedure. In particular, the dental model may simulate realistic movement of a number of human teeth.

[0040] The dental model and dental kit of the present disclosure may further be customizable. In some cases, the dental model and dental kit may be patient-specific. Furthermore, the dental kit may include one or more dental matrices for practicing composite dental restorations. As described above, the dental model may provide a realistic simulation of a human dental arch. Thus, the one or more dental matrices may be precisely positioned and precisely aligned with the fine features of the dental model. This may prevent leakage of dental restoration material and damage to the one or more dental matrices during the practice of the composite dental restoration. The first member of the model dental arch of the dental model may be made of a material having a low elastic modulus, simulating the soft tissue of human gums and simulating realistic movement of human teeth in the human dental arch. Furthermore, the flexibility, retention, and mobility of each of the plurality of model teeth may be adjusted by changing the geometry of the first and second members of the model dental arch and / or the geometry of each of the plurality of model teeth. Unlike conventional dental models, the movement of the model teeth is built into the dental model. Furthermore, each of the multiple model teeth of the dental model can be made from a material having a high elastic modulus to simulate a human tooth.

[0041] The dental model, dental kit and method according to the present disclosure can further reduce the time taken to assemble and disassemble the dental model. In other words, each of the model teeth can be quickly removed from the model dental arch as needed. For example, each of the model teeth can be snapped into the first and second members of the model dental arch to facilitate quick attachment and removal of the model teeth. Furthermore, one or more coatings may be applied onto the model dental arch to facilitate removal of excess hardened composite from the model dental arch and mimic in vivo behavior. Furthermore, the one or more coatings can prevent excess hardened composite from adhering to the dental model upon hardening. Thus, the dental model is reusable and can simulate in vivo procedures.

[0042] Referring now to the drawings, Figure 1 shows a schematic perspective view of a human dental arch 10 of a patient undergoing dental treatment. The human dental arch 10 includes a plurality of human teeth 30. The plurality of human teeth 30 may include one or more of central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, premolars, first molars, second molars, and third molars. The human dental arch 10 shown in Figure 1 is the patient's mandibular dental arch. However, the plurality of human teeth 30 may be from the patient's mandibular dental arch and / or maxillary dental arch.

[0043] 2A and 2B show a dental model 100 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The dental model 100 defines mutually orthogonal X1, Y1, and Z1 axes. The X1 and Y1 axes are in-plane axes of the dental model 100, while the Z1 axis is a transverse axis disposed along the thickness of the dental model 100. In other words, the X1 and Y2 axes are disposed along the plane of the dental model 100, while the Z1 axis is perpendicular to the plane of the dental model 100.

[0044] The dental model 100 may represent a patient's human dental arch 10 (shown in FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments, the dental model 100 may represent only a portion of the human dental arch 10, such as a quadrant of the human dental arch 10. Thus, the dental model 100 may provide important information regarding one or more human teeth 30 of a patient to aid in planning dental treatments, such as intraoral surgery, dental restorations, and the like. The dental model 100 may be fabricated using a suitable process depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the dental model 100 is patient-specific and additively manufactured. In some other embodiments, the dental model 100 may be fabricated using injection molding. That is, in some embodiments, the dental model 100 is injection molded. The dental model 100 may also be used for dental treatment training. The dental model may also be used for demonstration purposes, such as demonstration of commercially available dental products.

[0045] 2A and 2B, dental model 100 includes a model dental arch 110. Model dental arch 110 may have an arch shape. In particular, model dental arch 110 may have an arch shape that corresponds to a patient's human dental arch 10 (shown in FIG. 1). In some embodiments, model dental arch 110 may have an arch shape that corresponds to a portion of the human dental arch 10 represented by dental model 100.

[0046] In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 2A and 2B, the model dental arch 110 includes a first member 120 and a second member 140 (shown in FIG. 2B). The first member 120 represents the human dental arch 10 (shown in FIG. 1). Furthermore, the second member 140 is at least partially received within the first member 120. In some embodiments, the first member 120 and the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 are formed as a single, integral piece. However, in some other embodiments, the first member 120 and the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 are formed separately. In some embodiments, the first member 120 and the second member 140 are slidably coupled to one another.

[0047] The dental model 100 further includes a plurality of model teeth 170 corresponding to the plurality of human teeth 30 (shown in FIG. 1 ). Each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may represent a corresponding human tooth among the plurality of human teeth 30. The plurality of model teeth 170 may be removably received in each of the first member 120 and the second member 140.

[0048] In some embodiments, the dental model 100 further includes a bridge member 150 connected to two or more spaced apart locations 112 on the model dental arch 110. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 2A and 2B, the bridge member 150 is connected to two or more spaced apart locations 112 on the model dental arch 110. The bridge member 150 may be connected to two or more spaced apart locations 112 on the model dental arch 110 to provide increased stability and rigidity to the model dental arch 110. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, the bridge member 150 is connected to two or more spaced apart locations 112 of the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110. In some other embodiments, the bridge member 150 may be connected to two or more spaced apart locations on the first member 120 of the model dental arch 110.

[0049] 3A, 3B, and 3C show a perspective view, a top view, and a bottom view, respectively, of a first member 120 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The first member 120 includes an outer surface 121. With reference to FIGS. 3A-3C, the first member 120 includes a plurality of first openings 122 extending through the first member 120. Each of the plurality of first openings 122 extends along the longitudinal axis 102. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of first openings 122 may extend substantially along the Z1 axis. In other words, the longitudinal axis 102 may be substantially parallel to the Z1 axis. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 3B and 3C, at least a portion of each of the plurality of first openings 122 has a substantially circular shape. Furthermore, the shape of each of the first openings 122 may vary along the respective longitudinal axis 102. However, each of the plurality of first openings 122 may have any suitable shape, such as a semicircular, triangular, rectangular, square, polygonal, elliptical, oval, a shape corresponding to the contour of a natural tooth, an irregular shape, etc.

[0050] First member 120 further includes a plurality of surfaces 126 corresponding to the plurality of first openings 122. Each surface 126 of the plurality of surfaces 126 defines a respective first opening 122 of the plurality of first openings 122. In other words, each first opening 122 is defined by a corresponding surface 126. In some embodiments, outer surface 121 of first member 120 includes the plurality of surfaces 126.

[0051] As shown in Figure 3C, in some embodiments, the first member 120 defines a plurality of bonding channels 128. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of bonding channels 128 is configured to at least partially receive a bridge member 150 (shown in Figures 2A and 2B) therein. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of bonding channels 128 corresponds to two or more spaced apart locations 112 (shown in Figure 2B) of the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 and may at least partially receive a bridge member 150 therein.

[0052] In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ) further includes a bottom surface 130. Specifically, the first member 120 may further include a bottom surface 130. In some embodiments, the bottom surface 130 of the first member 120 may be substantially parallel to a plane perpendicular to the Z1 axis. In other words, the bottom surface 130 of the first member 120 may be substantially disposed in the X1-Y1 plane.

[0053] The first member 120 further includes a first material having a first elastic modulus. In some embodiments, the first material may simulate the soft tissue of human gums. The first elastic modulus of the first material is between about 0.1 megapascals (MPa) and about 5 MPa. In some embodiments, the first elastic modulus of the first material may be less than about 5 MPa and greater than 0.1 MPa, greater than 0.2 MPa, greater than 0.3 MPa, or greater than 0.4 MPa. In some embodiments, the first elastic modulus of the first material may be less than 5 MPa, less than 4 MPa, less than 3 MPa, or less than 2 MPa.

[0054] FIG. 3D shows a schematic block diagram illustrating one or more coatings 900 disposed on the first member 120, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the dental model 100 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B) further includes one or more coatings 900 disposed at least partially on the outer surface 121 of the first member 120. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 3D, the one or more coatings 900 include a first coating 901, a second coating 902, and a third coating 903. The first coating 901, the second coating 902, and the third coating 903 may be similar or different from each other. The one or more coatings 900 may include, for example, a resin. In some embodiments, the one or more coatings 900 can facilitate cleaning of the first member 120. Thus, the one or more coatings 900 can facilitate preparation of the first member 120 for reuse. Thus, the dental model 100 can be reusable. In some embodiments, one or more coatings 900 may be at least partially disposed on the exterior surface 121 of the first member 120 to improve the surface characteristics of the exterior surface 121 (e.g., reducing surface roughness and reducing flaking). In some embodiments, the one or more coatings 900 may enable removal of dental restorative material that may harden on the exterior surface 121 of the first member 120.

[0055] 4A and 4B show perspective and top views, respectively, of a second member 140 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0056] 4A and 4B, the second member 140 includes a plurality of second openings 142 extending therethrough. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second openings 142 may extend substantially along the Z1 axis. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4B, each of the plurality of second openings 142 has a circular shape. However, each of the plurality of second openings 142 may have any suitable shape, such as a semicircular, triangular, rectangular, square, polygonal, elliptical, oval, shape based on the anatomy of natural teeth, etc., depending on desired application attributes.

[0057] The plurality of first openings 122 (shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C ) of the first member 120 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C ) and the plurality of second openings 142 of the second member 140 are aligned with one another in a one-to-one correspondence. In other words, each first opening 122 of the first member 120 may be aligned with a respective second opening 142 of the second member 140. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second openings 142 may have a shape corresponding to the shape of at least a portion of the respective first opening 122.

[0058] In some embodiments, the second member 140 further includes a plurality of tubular segments 146 corresponding to the plurality of second openings 142. Each tubular segment 146 can at least partially define a corresponding second opening 142. Each tubular segment 146 is at least partially received within a respective first opening 122 (shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C ) of the plurality of first openings 122. Each of the plurality of tubular segments 146 can extend substantially along the Z1 axis. In some embodiments, the plurality of tubular segments 146 can have a shape corresponding to a shape of at least a portion of a respective first opening 122 of the plurality of first openings 122.

[0059] As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the dental model 100 includes the bridge member 150. Specifically, in some embodiments, the second member 140 of the dental model 100 further includes the bridge member 150. In some embodiments, the bridge member 150 has an elongated rectangular shape. However, in some embodiments, the bridge member 150 may have any suitable shape depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the bridge member 150 may extend substantially along the X1 axis. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the bridge member 150 and the second member 140 are formed as a single integral part. However, in some other embodiments, the second member 140 and the bridge member 150 may be formed as two separate parts that are bonded together. In such embodiments, the second member 140 and the bridge member 150 may be bonded together using a snap fit, a slidable bond, bolts, adhesives, etc. In other words, the second member 140 and the bridge member 150 may be snap-fitted together, slidably coupled to one another, bolted to one another, or glued to one another.

[0060] The second member 140 includes a second material having a second elastic modulus. In some embodiments, the second elastic modulus is approximately equal to the first elastic modulus. In some embodiments, the second elastic modulus of the second material is between about 750 MPa and about 20,000 MPa. In some embodiments, the second elastic modulus of the second material may be greater than 300 MPa, greater than 500 MPa, greater than 750 MPa, greater than 1000 MPa, or greater than 1250 MPa. In some embodiments, the second elastic modulus of the second material may be greater than about 300 MPa and less than 20,000 MPa, less than 18,000 MPa, less than 16,000 MPa, or less than 14,000 MPa. In some embodiments, the second elastic modulus of the second material may be between about 1000 MPa and about 16,000 MPa.

[0061] 4C illustrates a perspective cross-sectional view of the second member 140 taken generally along line 1-1 of FIG. 4B. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second openings 142 includes a first portion 152 having a first width 154. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of second openings 142 further includes a second portion 156 disposed adjacent the first portion 152 and having a second width 158. In some embodiments, the second width 158 of the second portion 156 is greater than the first width 154 of the first portion 152. Additionally, in some embodiments, the second member 140 further includes a plurality of retaining surfaces 160 corresponding to the plurality of second openings 142. Additionally, each retaining surface 160 extends between the first portion 152 and the second portion 156 of the corresponding second opening 142.

[0062] 4C , each tubular segment 146 includes a narrow portion 162 that defines a first portion 152 of a respective one of the plurality of second openings 142. Each tubular segment 146 further includes a wide portion 164 that defines a second portion 156 of a respective one of the second openings 142.

[0063] 3A-4C, in some embodiments, the second modulus of elasticity of the second material may be substantially equal to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material. In some other embodiments, the ratio of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is at least about 10. In some embodiments, the ratio of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material may be at least about 150, at least about 200, or at least about 250. In some embodiments, the ratio of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is from about 150 to about 200,000.

[0064] FIG. 4D illustrates a second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4D , the second member 140 includes a bridge member 300. The bridge member 300 may be substantially similar to the bridge member 150 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B . However, the bridge member 300 further includes one or more indicia 302 for identifying the dental model 100 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ). In some cases, the dental model 100 may be patient-specific. Thus, the one or more indicia 302 may be used to identify a dental model 100 that is made specifically for a patient. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 302 may be used to indicate the configuration of the model teeth 170 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ) of a non-custom or prefabricated dental model. For example, the one or more indicia 302 may be used to mark the type of gums or the configuration of the model teeth 170 to match a corresponding dental matrix. The one or more indicia 302 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. The one or more indicia 302 may be printed and / or embossed on the bridge member 300. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 302 may include grooves and / or ridges.

[0065] FIG. 4E illustrates the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ) according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the dental model 100 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ) further includes a labeling plate 402. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4E , the second member 140 includes a bridge member 400. The labeling plate 402 can be removably coupled to the bridge member 400. The bridge member 400 may be substantially similar to the bridge member 150 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B . However, the bridge member 400 includes one or more bonding extensions 401 for removably coupling the labeling plate 402 to the bridge member 400. Specifically, in some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 includes an opening 403, and the one or more bonding extensions 401 of the bridge member 400 are snap-fitted into the opening 403 of the labeling plate 402. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 may be slidably coupled to the bridge member 400. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 may be adhesively attached to the bridge member 400.

[0066] In some embodiments, the bridge member 400 further includes one or more third openings 404 for removably coupling the labeling plate 402 to the bridge member 400. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 402 may include one or more protrusions (not shown) that may snap into the one or more third openings 404. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4E, the labeling plate 402 further includes one or more indicia 406 for identifying the dental model 100 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B). In some cases, the dental model 100 may be patient-specific. Thus, the one or more indicia 406 may be used to identify a dental model 100 made specifically for a patient. In some cases, the one or more indicia 406 may be used to label separate configurations of the dental model 100. The one or more indicia 406 may include, for example, a shape, a pattern, a design, a letter, a group of letters, a number, and combinations thereof. The one or more indicia 406 may be printed and / or embossed on the labeling plate 402. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 406 may include grooves and / or ridges. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 406 may be formed of a colored material that is different from the material of the labeling plate 402.

[0067] Fig. 5A shows a schematic perspective view of a plurality of model teeth 170 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. 5B shows a schematic side view of one of the plurality of model teeth 170 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0068] 5A and 5B, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 includes a tooth portion 174 that represents a corresponding one of the plurality of human teeth 30 (shown in FIG. 1). The tooth portion 174 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 includes an outer surface 176. Each of the plurality of model teeth 170 further includes a connecting portion 178 extending from the tooth portion 174. As shown in FIG. 5B, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 includes a length 171. The length 171 may be defined as a maximum length of the respective model tooth 170. The length 171 may be measured substantially along a Z1 axis.

[0069] Further, the connecting portion 178 includes a length 180. The length 180 may be defined as a maximum length of the connecting portion 178 of each model tooth 170. The length 180 may be measured substantially along the Z1 axis. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B, the length 180 of the connecting portion 178 is about 40% of the length 171 of the model tooth 170. However, in some other embodiments, the length 180 of the connecting portion 178 may be at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, or at least about 60% of the length 171 of the model tooth 170. Each connecting portion 178 of the model tooth 170 further includes a maximum width 181. The maximum width 181 may be measured substantially perpendicular to the Z1 axis.

[0070] In some embodiments, the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 includes a pair of retaining legs 182. The pair of retaining legs 182 defines a slot 184 therebetween. In some embodiments, the slot 184 may be empty, i.e., filled with air. In some other embodiments, the slot 184 may be filled with a low modulus material. Additionally, each retaining leg 182 includes a length 186. The length 186 may be measured substantially along the Z1 axis. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B, the length 186 of each retaining leg 182 is about 80% of the length 180 of the connecting portion 178. However, in some other embodiments, the length 186 of each retaining leg 182 may be greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, or greater than about 99% of the length 180 of the connecting portion 178.

[0071] In some embodiments, each of the pair of retention legs 182 further includes at least one protrusion 188. In some embodiments, the at least one protrusion 188 further includes an entrance end 190 and a retention end 194. The entrance end 190 defines a width 192, and the retention end 194 defines a width 196. The widths 192, 196 may be measured substantially perpendicular to the Z1 axis. In some embodiments, the width 196 of the retention end 194 is greater than the width 192 of the entrance end 190.

[0072] In some embodiments, the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 includes one or more grooves (not shown). The one or more grooves may ensure proper positioning of each model tooth 170 relative to the first member 120 and the second member 140 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4E). In particular, the one or more grooves may allow each of the plurality of model teeth 170 to at least partially rotate when received within the first member 120 and the second member 140, and may ensure proper positioning of each model tooth 170 within its respective first opening 122 and second opening 142 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4E). In some embodiments, first member 120 and second member 140 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4E) may include one or more protrusions (not shown) corresponding to one or more grooves to ensure proper positioning of each model tooth 170 within its respective first opening 122 and second opening 142 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4E).

[0073] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 includes a third material having a third modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the third modulus of elasticity is equal to the second modulus of elasticity. In some cases, the second member 140 (shown in FIGS. 4A-4C) and each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may be made of the same material. However, in some other cases, the second member 140 and each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may be made of different materials having the same modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the second material of the second member 140 and the third material of the plurality of model teeth 170 may include a highly elastic photopolymer. The third material may enable drilling to open cavities in the plurality of model teeth 170.

[0074] In some embodiments, each of the first material, second material, and third material of the first member 120 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C), second member 140, and plurality of model teeth 170 may comprise organic resins with various functionalities, such as acrylic resins, silicone resins, urethane resins, and epoxy resins, each having different elastic moduli. In some embodiments, the first, second, and third materials may comprise poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mixed with methyl methacrylate. Each of the first material, second material, and third material may be available in powder and liquid form. The resins may be filled with organic fillers, inorganic fillers, and / or composite fillers.

[0075] FIG. 5C illustrates one model tooth 170 of the plurality of model teeth 170 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5C, the connecting portion 178 includes one or more indicia 800 for identifying the model tooth 170. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may include one or more indicia 800. As described above, the plurality of model teeth 170 may represent a plurality of human teeth 30 (shown in FIG. 1 ) and thus may be patient-specific. Thus, the one or more indicia 800 may be used to identify the plurality of model teeth 170 that are made specifically for the patient. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 800 may be used to identify the plurality of model teeth 170 that are configured to be at least partially and slidably received within the respective first and second openings 122, 142 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4E). In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 800 may be used to identify a dental matrix suitable for configuration of the model tooth 170. The one or more indicia 800 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. The one or more indicia 800 may be printed and / or embossed on the connecting portion 178 of the model tooth 170. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 800 may include grooves and / or ridges.

[0076] 6A and 6B show schematic cross-sectional views of a model tooth 170 received in the first opening 122 and the second opening 142 of the first member 120 and the second member 140, respectively. In some embodiments, a tooth portion 174 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least partially and slidably received in a respective first opening 122 of the plurality of first openings 122. Further, a connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least partially received in a respective second opening 142 of the plurality of second openings 142 and removably retained in the respective second opening 142. In some embodiments, a shape of the surface 126 of the first member 120 forming each first opening 122 is at least partially similar to a shape of an outer surface 176 of the tooth portion 174.

[0077] As described above, in some embodiments, the pair of retention legs 182 define a slot 184 therebetween. Specifically, in some embodiments, the pair of retention legs 182 define a slot 184 therebetween such that when the pair of retention legs 182 are inserted into the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142, the pair of retention legs 182 can resiliently move toward one another. In other words, when the connecting portion 178 is inserted into the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142, the pair of retention legs 182 can resiliently flex toward one another. The pair of retention legs 182 can resiliently move toward one another until at least one protrusion 188 is received within the second portion 156 of the respective second opening 142.

[0078] As described above, in some embodiments, the pair of retention legs 182 further includes at least one protrusion 188. Specifically, in some embodiments, the pair of retention legs 182 further includes at least one protrusion 188, where the at least one protrusion 188 is adapted to engage with the retention surface 160 of the respective second opening 142. Specifically, the at least one protrusion 188 includes an entrance end 190 configured to be received within the second portion 156 of the respective second opening 142 and a retention end 194 configured to engage with the retention surface 160. Additionally, the pair of retention legs 182 are at least partially deflectable such that the at least one protrusion 188 is retained within the second portion 156 of the respective second opening 142 by the engagement between the retention surface 160 and the retention end 194.

[0079] In some embodiments, to remove the plurality of model teeth 170 from the model dental arch 110, the pair of retention legs 182 can be resiliently moved toward one another such that the retention end 194 of the at least one projection 188 can pass through the first portion 152 of each second opening 142. In some embodiments, the plurality of model teeth 170 can be removed from the model dental arch 110 using a suitable tool (not shown).

[0080] Thus, the dental model 100 can reduce the time it takes to assemble and disassemble the dental model 100. In other words, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 can be quickly removed from the model dental arch 110 as needed. For example, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 can be snap-fitted to the first member 120 and the second member 140 of the model dental arch 110, facilitating quick attachment and removal of the plurality of model teeth 170.

[0081] In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 (shown in FIG. 5B ) of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least about 95% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least about 96%, or at least about 98%, of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during snap-fit ​​engagement and disengagement of the model tooth 170 with the dental model 100 may be reduced.

[0082] In some other embodiments, the maximum width 181 (shown in FIG. 5B ) of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at most about 75% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at most about 50%, at most about 60%, or at most about 70% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during engagement and disengagement of the model tooth 170 with respect to the dental model 100 may be relatively large.

[0083] 6A and 6B , in some cases, the tooth portion 174 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 and at least a portion 125 of the surface 126 of the first member 120 forming the respective first opening 122 define a clearance 198 therebetween such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth 170 in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 laterally deflects in the direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102 by at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns. In some embodiments, the clearance 198 is at least about 50 microns. In some other embodiments, the clearance 198 may be at least about 55 microns, at least about 60 microns, at least about 65 microns, or at least about 70 microns.

[0084] In some embodiments, the dental model 100 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ) further includes a low modulus material (not shown) that at least partially fills the clearance 198. In some embodiments, the low modulus material may include an elastomeric silicone. The low modulus material has a modulus of elasticity that is at most about 20% of the second modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the low modulus material may be at most about 15%, at most about 10%, or at most about 5% of the second elastomeric material.

[0085] In some other cases, the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth 170 in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 deflects laterally in the direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102 by at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns. That is, in some embodiments, the first modulus of elasticity of the first material may be less than each of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material of the second member 140 and the third modulus of elasticity of the third material of the plurality of model teeth 170.

[0086] In some other cases, a clearance 198 is defined between the tooth portion 174 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 and at least a portion 125 of the surface 126 of the first member 120 forming the respective first opening 122, such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth 170 in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 deflects laterally in the direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102 by at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns, and the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa.

[0087] In other words, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 within the respective first opening 122 and second opening 142 exhibits a lateral deflection 106 of at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction 104 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 102. Thus, the lateral deflection 106 can be designed to simulate the movement of human teeth 30 (shown in FIG. 1 ) in the human dental arch 10 (shown in FIG. 1 ).

[0088] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may have low mobility relative to the model dental arch 110 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ). Such embodiments may be used to simulate a case of odontopathy, where the model teeth 170 may be configured to have low mobility, similar to the human teeth 30 of a human dental arch 10 having a case of odontopathy.

[0089] In some other embodiments, the mobility of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may be relatively high. Such embodiments may be used to simulate a case of periodontitis, and the model teeth 170 may be configured to have a high degree of mobility, similar to the human teeth 30 of a human dental arch 10 having a case of periodontitis.

[0090] Thus, the dental model 100 can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch 10 for in vivo procedures. In particular, the dental model 100 can simulate realistic movement of a plurality of human teeth 30.

[0091] 7A and 7B show schematic side and bottom views, respectively, of model dental arch 110. As discussed above, in some embodiments, model dental arch 110 includes bottom surface 130. Specifically, in some embodiments, model dental arch 110 includes bottom surface 130 distal to tooth portion 174 (shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B ) of each of a plurality of model teeth 170. In some embodiments, bottom surface 130 defines a plurality of channels 131.

[0092] Further, in the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 7A and 7B , each of the plurality of channels 131 passes through at least one of the plurality of first openings 122. In some cases, each of the plurality of channels 131 may be equidistant from one another. In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 may be additively manufactured starting from the bottom surface 130 to the front surface 126. In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 may be additively manufactured in an inverted manner. In some embodiments, the plurality of channels 131 may allow ventilation during the additive manufacturing process of the model dental arch 110. In particular, the plurality of channels 131 may prevent the plurality of first openings 122 from collapsing due to suction pressure generated during the additive manufacturing process. Thus, the plurality of channels 131 may improve the efficiency of the additive manufacturing process and prevent manufacturing defects.

[0093] 8A and 8B show a dental model 200 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The dental model 200 defines mutually orthogonal X2, Y2, and Z2 axes. The X2 and Y2 axes are in-plane axes of the dental model 200, while the Z2 axis is a transverse axis disposed along the thickness of the dental model 200. In other words, the X2 and Y2 axes are disposed along the plane of the dental model 200, while the Z2 axis is perpendicular to the plane of the dental model 200.

[0094] 8A and 8B, the dental model 200 includes a model dental arch 210. The model dental arch 210 represents the patient's human dental arch 10 (shown in FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the model dental arch 210 may have an arch shape that corresponds to a portion of the human dental arch 10 represented by the dental model 200. The dental model 200 further includes a plurality of model teeth 170 that correspond to a plurality of human teeth 30 (shown in FIG. 1). The dental model 200 can provide important information regarding one or more human teeth 30 of a patient to aid in planning dental treatments such as intraoral surgery, dental restorations, etc. The dental model 200 may be fabricated using a suitable process depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 is patient-specific and additively manufactured. In some other embodiments, the dental model 200 may be fabricated in whole or in part using injection molding. That is, in some embodiments, the dental model 200 is injection molded.

[0095] 8A and 8B, the dental model 200 further includes a bridge member 250 connected to two or more spaced apart locations 212 on the model dental arch 210. The bridge member 250 may be connected to two or more spaced apart locations 212 on the model dental arch 110 to provide increased stability and rigidity to the model dental arch 110.

[0096] In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 8B, model dental arch 210 has a single-piece construction, as opposed to the two-piece construction of model dental arch 110 shown in FIG. 2B.

[0097] 9A and 9B show a model dental arch 210 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIGS. 9A and 9B show top and bottom views of the model dental arch 210, respectively. FIG. 9C shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the model dental arch 210 taken generally along line 2-2 of FIG. 9B. The model dental arch 210 includes an outer surface 221. The dental arch 210 includes a plurality of openings 222 therethrough. Each of the plurality of openings 222 extends along the longitudinal axis 202 (shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B). In some embodiments, each of the plurality of openings 222 may extend substantially along the Z2 axis. In other words, the longitudinal axis 202 may be substantially parallel to the Z2 axis. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 9A and 9B, at least a portion of each of the plurality of openings 222 has a substantially circular shape. However, each of the plurality of openings 222 may have any suitable shape, such as a semicircle, a triangle, a rectangle, a square, a polygon, an ellipse, an oval, a shape based on natural tooth structure, an irregular shape, etc. As shown in Figures 9B and 9C, in some embodiments, the model dental arch 210 further includes a plurality of retention surfaces 260 corresponding to the plurality of openings 222.

[0098] 9A and 9B , model dental arch 210 further includes a plurality of surfaces 226 corresponding to the plurality of openings 222. Each surface 226 of the plurality of surfaces 226 forms a respective opening 222 of the plurality of openings 222. In other words, each opening 222 is defined by a corresponding surface 226. In some embodiments, outer surface 221 of model dental arch 210 includes a plurality of surfaces 226.

[0099] Additionally, model dental arch 210 further includes a bottom surface 230. In some embodiments, bottom surface 230 of model dental arch 210 may be substantially parallel to a plane perpendicular to the Z2 axis. In other words, bottom surface 230 of model dental arch 210 may be substantially disposed in the X2-Y2 plane.

[0100] In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 9B , the model dental arch 210 further defines a plurality of bonding channels 228. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of bonding channels 228 is configured to at least partially receive the bridge member 250 therein. In some embodiments, the bridge member 250 and the model dental arch 210 may be formed as a single integral piece. However, in some other embodiments, the model dental arch 210 and the bridge member 250 may be formed as two separate pieces that are coupled to each other using at least one of a snap fit, a slidable coupling, a bolt, an adhesive, or the like. In other words, the model dental arch 210 and the bridge member 250 may be snap fit, slidably coupled to each other, bolted to each other, or glued to each other. In some embodiments, the bridge member 250 has an elongated rectangular shape. However, in some other embodiments, the bridge member 250 may include any suitable shape depending on the desired application attributes. In some embodiments, the bridge member 250 may extend substantially along the X2 axis.

[0101] The model dental arch 210 further comprises a material having a modulus of elasticity. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the material is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the material may be less than about 5 MPa and greater than 0.1 MPa, greater than 0.2 MPa, greater than 0.3 MPa, or greater than 0.4 MPa. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the material may be less than 5 MPa, less than 4 MPa, less than 3 MPa, or less than 2 MPa. In some other embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the material is between about 750 MPa and about 20,000 MPa. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the material may be greater than 300 MPa, greater than 500 MPa, greater than 750 MPa, greater than 1000 MPa, or greater than 1250 MPa. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the material may be greater than about 300 MPa and less than 20,000 MPa, less than 18,000 MPa, less than 16,000 MPa, or less than 14,000 MPa. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the material may be between about 1000 MPa and about 16,000 MPa.

[0102] 9C , each of the plurality of openings 222 includes a first portion 252 having a first width 254 and a second portion 256 disposed adjacent the first portion 252 and having a second width 258. In some embodiments, the second width 258 of the second portion 256 is greater than the first width 254 of the first portion 252. Further, in some embodiments, each retention surface 260 extends between the first portion 252 and the second portion 256 of the corresponding opening 222.

[0103] FIG. 9D shows a schematic block diagram illustrating one or more coatings 950 disposed on the model dental arch 210. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 (shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B ) further includes one or more coatings 950 disposed at least partially on the outer surface 221 of the model dental arch 210. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 9D , the one or more coatings 950 include a first coating 951, a second coating 952, and a third coating 953. The first coating 901, the second coating 902, and the third coating 903 may be similar or different from one another. The one or more coatings 950 may include, for example, a resin. The one or more coatings 950 may also include an inorganic layer. In some embodiments, the one or more coatings 950 may be applied on the model dental arch 210 to simulate an in vivo procedure and facilitate removal of excess of the hardened composite from the model dental arch 210. Additionally, the one or more coatings 950 may prevent excess of the hardened composite from adhering to the dental model 200 upon hardening. Thus, the one or more coatings 950 may facilitate preparation of the model dental arch 210 for reuse. Thus, the dental model 200 may be reusable and may simulate an in vivo procedure. In some embodiments, the one or more coatings 950 may be at least partially disposed on the outer surface 221 of the model dental arch 210 to improve the surface characteristics of the outer surface 221 (e.g., reduced surface roughness and reduced flaking). In some embodiments, the one or more coatings 900 may enable removal of dental restorative material that may harden on the outer surface 221 of the model dental arch 210 to further simulate a dental treatment.

[0104] FIG. 10A shows a model dental arch 210 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 10A, the model dental arch 210 includes a bridge member 500. The bridge member 500 may be substantially similar to the bridge member 250 shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. However, the bridge member 500 further includes one or more indicia 502 for identifying the dental model 200 (shown in FIG. 8A). In some cases, the dental model 200 may be patient-specific. Thus, the one or more indicia 502 may be used to identify the dental model 200 that is made specifically for a patient. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 502 may be used to indicate the configuration of the model teeth 170 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B) of a non-custom, i.e., pre-fabricated, dental model. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 502 may be used to mark the type of gums or the configuration of the model teeth 170 to match a corresponding dental matrix. The one or more indicia 502 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. The one or more indicia 502 may be printed and / or embossed onto the bridge member 500. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 502 may include grooves and / or ridges.

[0105] FIG. 10B illustrates a dental model 200 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 further includes a labeling plate 602. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 10B, the model dental arch 210 includes a bridge member 700. The labeling plate 602 may be removably coupled to the bridge member 700. The bridge member 700 may be substantially similar to the bridge member 250 illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B. However, the bridge member 700 includes one or more openings 704 for removably coupling the labeling plate 602 to the bridge member 700. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 may further include one or more protrusions (not shown) that may snap into the one or more openings 704. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 may be slidably coupled to the bridge member 700. In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 may be adhesively attached to the bridge member 700.

[0106] In some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 further includes one or more indicia 606 for identifying the dental model 200. As described above, the dental model 200 may be patient-specific. The one or more indicia 606 may be used to identify the dental model 200 that is made specifically for a patient. The one or more indicia 606 may include shapes, patterns, designs, letters, groups of letters, numbers, and combinations thereof. The one or more indicia 606 may be printed and / or embossed on the labeling plate 602. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 606 may include grooves and / or ridges. In some embodiments, the one or more indicia 606 may be formed of a colored material that is different from the material of the labeling plate 602.

[0107] 10B , the dental model 200 further includes one or more bonding extensions 702 for releasably coupling the labeling plate 602 to the bridge member 700. Specifically, in some embodiments, the labeling plate 602 includes an opening 604, and the one or more bonding extensions 702 of the bridge member 700 snap-fit ​​into the opening 604 of the labeling plate 602.

[0108] 11A and 11B show schematic cross-sectional views of a model tooth 170 received within the opening 222. The tooth portion 174 and connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 are at least partially and slidably received within a respective one of the plurality of openings 222. In some embodiments, the shape of the surface 226 (shown in FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C) of the model dental arch 210 defining each opening 222 is at least partially similar to the shape of the outer surface 176 of the tooth portion 174.

[0109] The connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is removably held within the respective openings 222. Furthermore, the pair of retaining legs 182 of the model teeth 170 define a slot 184 therebetween, such that when the pair of retaining legs 182 are inserted into the first portions 252 of the respective openings 222, the pair of retaining legs 182 can resiliently move toward each other. In other words, when the pair of retaining legs 182 are inserted into the first portions 252 of the respective openings 222, the pair of retaining legs 182 can resiliently bend toward each other. Each of the pair of retaining legs 182 further includes at least one protrusion 188, where the at least one protrusion 188 is adapted to engage with the retaining surface 260 of the respective openings 222. Specifically, the at least one protrusion 188 includes an entrance end 190 configured to be received within the second portion 256 of the respective openings 222 and a retaining end 194 configured to engage with the retaining surface 260. Further, the pair of retaining legs 182 can be at least partially deflected back such that the at least one protrusion 188 is retained in the respective opening 222 by the retaining surface 260 and the retaining end 194. In some embodiments, to remove the plurality of model teeth 170 from the model dental arch 210, the pair of retaining legs 182 can be elastically moved toward each other such that the retaining end 194 of the at least one protrusion 188 can pass through the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222. In some embodiments, the plurality of model teeth 170 can be removed from the model dental arch 210 using a suitable tool (not shown). Thus, the dental model 200 can reduce the time it takes to assemble and disassemble the dental model 200. In other words, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 can be quickly removed from the model dental arch 210 as needed. For example, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 can be snap-fitted to the model dental arch 210 to facilitate the quick attachment and removal of the plurality of model teeth 170.

[0110] In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least about 95% of the first width 254 of the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least about 96%, or at least about 98%, of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during snap-fit ​​engagement and disengagement of the model tooth 170 with the dental model 100 may be reduced.

[0111] In some other embodiments, the maximum width 181 of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at most about 75% of the first width 254 of the first portion 252 of the respective opening 222. In some embodiments, the maximum width 181 of the connecting portion 178 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at most about 50%, at most about 60%, or at most about 70% of the first width 154 of the first portion 152 of the respective second opening 142. In such embodiments, the amount of deflection of the connecting portion 178 during snap-fit ​​engagement and disengagement of the model tooth 170 with respect to the dental model 100 can be relatively large.

[0112] 11A and 11B , in some cases, the tooth portion 174 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 and at least a portion 225 of the surface 226 of the model dental arch 210 forming the respective opening 222 define a clearance 298 therebetween such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 laterally deflects in the direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202 by at least about 50 microns and up to about 250 microns. In some embodiments, the clearance 298 is at least about 50 microns. In some other embodiments, the clearance 298 may be at least about 55 microns, at least about 60 microns, at least about 65 microns, or at least about 70 microns.

[0113] In some embodiments, dental model 200 (shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B ) further includes a low modulus material (not shown) that at least partially fills clearance 298. In some embodiments, the low modulus material may include an elastomeric silicone. The low modulus material has a lower modulus of elasticity than the modulus of elasticity of the material of model dental arch 210. In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of the low modulus material may be at most about 50%, at most about 40%, at most about 30%, at most about 20%, at most about 15%, at most about 10%, or at most about 5% of the elastic material of the material of model dental arch 210.

[0114] In some other cases, a clearance 298 is defined between the tooth portion 174 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 and at least a portion 225 of the surface 226 of the model dental arch 210 forming the respective opening 222, such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 deflects laterally in the direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202 by at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns, and the elastic modulus of the material is between about 750 MPa and about 20,000 MPa.

[0115] In some other cases, the elastic modulus of the material of the model dental arch 210 is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 deflects laterally in the direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202 by at least about 50 microns and up to about 250 microns.

[0116] In some other cases, a clearance 298 is defined between the tooth portion 174 of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 and at least a portion 225 of the surface 226 of the model dental arch 210 forming the respective opening 222, such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth 170 in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 deflects laterally at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in the direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202, and the elastic modulus of the material of the model dental arch 210 is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa.

[0117] In other words, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 within the respective openings 222 provides a lateral deflection 206 of at least about 50 microns to a maximum of about 250 microns in a direction 204 substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 202. Thus, the lateral deflection 206 can be designed to simulate the movement of human teeth 30 (shown in FIG. 1 ) in the human dental arch 10 (shown in FIG. 1 ).

[0118] In some embodiments, each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may have low mobility relative to the model dental arch 210. Such an embodiment may be used to simulate a case of odontopathy, where one model tooth 170 of the plurality of model teeth 170 may be configured to have low mobility, similar to a human tooth 30 of a human dental arch 10 (shown in FIG. 1 ) having a case of odontopathy.

[0119] In some other embodiments, the mobility of each of the plurality of model teeth 170 may be relatively high. Such embodiments may be used to simulate a case of periodontitis, where one model tooth 170 of the plurality of model teeth 170 may be configured to have high mobility, similar to a human tooth 30 of a human dental arch 10 having a case of periodontitis.

[0120] Thus, the dental model 200 can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch 10 for an in vivo procedure. In particular, the dental model 200 can simulate realistic movement of a plurality of human teeth 30.

[0121] 12A and 12B show schematic side and bottom views, respectively, of a model dental arch 210. Model dental arch 210 includes a bottom surface 230 distal to tooth portions 174 (shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B ) of each of a plurality of model teeth 170. In some embodiments, bottom surface 230 defines a plurality of channels 231.

[0122] In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B, each of the plurality of channels 231 passes through at least one of the plurality of openings 222. In some cases, each of the plurality of channels 231 may be equidistant from each other. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 may be additively manufactured starting from the bottom surface 230 to the front surface 226. In some embodiments, the dental model 200 may be additively manufactured in an inverted manner. In some embodiments, the plurality of channels 231 may allow ventilation during the additive manufacturing process of the dental model 200. In particular, the plurality of channels 231 may prevent the plurality of openings 222 from collapsing due to suction pressure generated during the additive manufacturing process. Thus, the plurality of channels 231 may improve the efficiency of the additive manufacturing process and may prevent manufacturing defects.

[0123] FIG. 13 shows a schematic block diagram of a dental kit 1000 for practicing composite dental restorations (hereinafter "kit 1000") according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the kit 1000 may be used for practicing direct dental restorations. The kit 1000 includes a dental model 100 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B) and one or more dental matrices 1002. However, in some other embodiments, the kit 1000 may include a dental model 200 (shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B) and one or more dental matrices 1002.

[0124] In some embodiments, the one or more dental matrices 1002 are patient-specific and additively manufactured. In some embodiments, at least one of the dental model 100 and the one or more dental matrices 1002 are injection molded. In some embodiments, the kit 1000 further comprises at least one dental restorative material 1004, an adhesive material 1006, a polishing material 1008, and a cleaning material 1010. In some embodiments, the cleaning material 1010 may comprise an alcohol solution. In some embodiments, the kit 1000 further comprises one or more labeling plates. In some embodiments, the one or more labeling plates 1003 may be substantially similar to the labeling plate 402 (shown in FIG. 4E). The one or more labeling plates 1003 are configured to be removably coupled to the bridge member 400. The one or more labeling plates 1003 may be used to identify or label different configurations of the dental model 100.

[0125] In some embodiments, the dental restorative material 1004 may include, but is not limited to, dental porcelain, zirconia, glass ceramic, composite material, ceramic-composite hybrid material, resin composite material, metal, CADCAM restorative material, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the dental restorative material 1004 may include glass, polycrystalline ceramic material, such as alumina (e.g., Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), partially or fully stabilized zirconia (e.g., yttrium stabilized zirconia), titanium dioxide (TiO2), high strength oxides of main group II, III, IV, and subgroup III, IV elements and mixtures thereof, metals, metal alloys, precious metals, precious metal alloys, or combinations thereof (e.g., cobalt alloys such as cobalt chromium, titanium alloys, gold / platinum / palladium alloys, and the like, and combinations thereof).

[0126] FIG. 14 shows a schematic perspective view of one of the one or more dental matrices 1002 coupled to at least one model tooth 170 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the one or more dental matrices 1002 are configured to couple with at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170 to form a mold cavity 1012 that surrounds at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170. In other words, at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170 of the dental model 100 is surrounded by the one or more dental matrices 1002. As described above, the dental model 100 can provide a realistic simulation of the human dental arch 10. Thus, the one or more dental matrices 1002 can be precisely positioned and precisely aligned with respect to the fine features of the dental model 100. This can prevent leakage of the dental restoration material 1004 and damage to the one or more dental matrices 1002 during the practice of the composite dental restoration.

[0127] The dental matrix 1002 may include a body, including a lingual portion and an occlusal portion as facial portions. The dental matrix 1002 may be bonded to the model tooth 170 to form a mold cavity 1012. The mold cavity 1012 may include the missing tooth structure of the model tooth 170. The missing tooth structure of the model tooth 170 may include, for example, tooth structure removed during preparation of the model tooth 170 to remove a carious lesion (or caries). The missing tooth structure may form a cavity 1014 suitable for receiving dental restorative materials 1004 (shown in hatching). Furthermore, at least one of the dental restorative materials 1004 is configured to be received within the mold cavity 1012. Specifically, by placing one or more dental matrices 1002 over the model tooth 170, the mold cavity 1012 may receive the dental restorative materials 1004 to take the form of the missing tooth structure.

[0128] FIG. 15 illustrates a method 1100 using a dental model 100 (shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 1100 may use a dental model 200 (shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B). The method 1100 is described with reference to the dental model 100 of FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 14. FIGS. 16A-16E illustrate exemplary steps of using the dental model 100. The method 1100 is further described with reference to FIGS. 16A-16E.

[0129] 16A shows a schematic front view of a patient's oral cavity 1202. In some embodiments, the method 1100 may include examining the patient's oral cavity 1202 to determine if the teeth are decayed or deformed by a dentist. The oral cavity 1202 includes a deformed tooth 1204.

[0130] In step 1102, the method 1100 includes acquiring a three-dimensional representation of the patient's oral cavity 1202. In some embodiments, acquiring the three-dimensional representation may further include optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 to obtain scan data representative of a human dental arch (e.g., the human dental arch 10 shown in FIG. 1). In some embodiments, optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 may further include performing an intraoral scan. In some embodiments, optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 may include performing a digital data capture, a computed tomography (CT), or a computer-aided tomography (CAT) scan of the patient's oral cavity 1202. In some other embodiments, optically scanning the oral cavity 1202 may include performing a digital data capture of the patient's oral cavity 1202 indirectly by performing a digital data capture of a plaster model of the patient's oral cavity 1202 or a dental impression of the patient's oral cavity 1202 rather than directly capturing the three-dimensional structure of the patient's oral cavity 1202. If a dental impression is used, the digital data capture can be inverted from a negative volume to a positive volume.

[0131] In some embodiments, the method 1100 may include temporarily restoring the patient's deformed tooth 1204 to a desired final shape of the deformed tooth 1204. In some embodiments, temporarily restoring the decayed or deformed tooth 1204 may include placing a repair (not shown) over the decayed or deformed tooth 1204. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional representation of the oral cavity 1202 is obtained after temporarily restoring the decayed or deformed tooth 1204.

[0132] In some embodiments, obtaining the three-dimensional representation may further include processing the scan data to generate the three-dimensional representation of the intraoral cavity 1202. In some other embodiments, obtaining the three-dimensional representation may further include retrieving the three-dimensional representation of the intraoral cavity 1202 from a database. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the three-dimensional representation may be provided by a set of teeth library or database that may come to replicate at least a portion of the intraoral cavity 1202. Use of a database may be necessary, for example, for severely worn, broken, or completely missing teeth, such as the misshapen tooth 1204. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional representation may be provided by the patient's file history or from a previous digital data capture.

[0133] At step 1104, method 1100 further includes forming a model dental arch 110 (shown in FIG. 16B). In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 16B, method 1100 further includes additively manufacturing model dental arch 110 based at least on the three-dimensional representation. In some embodiments, additively manufacturing model dental arch 110 includes integrally forming first member 120 and second member 140.

[0134] In some other embodiments, additively manufacturing the model dental arch 110 includes separately forming the first member 120 and the second member 140. In such embodiments, the method 1100 further includes slidably coupling the first member 120 and the second member 140.

[0135] However, in some other embodiments, the method 1100 may further include forming the model dental arch 110 using an injection molding process based at least on the three-dimensional representation.

[0136] At step 1106, the method 1100 further includes forming a plurality of model teeth 170 (shown in FIG. 16C ). In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 16C , the method 1100 further includes additively manufacturing the plurality of model teeth 170 based at least on the three-dimensional representation. However, in some embodiments, the method 1100 may further include forming the plurality of model teeth 170 using an injection molding process based at least on the three-dimensional representation.

[0137] In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 16B and 16C , an exemplary additive manufacturing apparatus 1208 is used to form the model dental arch 110 and the plurality of model teeth 170. In some embodiments, the model dental arch 110 and the plurality of model teeth 170 may be additively manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA). Other examples of additive manufacturing techniques include Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), and the like. In SLA, successive layers of material may be laid down by the additive manufacturing apparatus 1208 under the control of a computer (not shown). In some embodiments, the computer may include a display and one or more user input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. In some embodiments, the additive manufacturing apparatus 1208 may also include input or output devices, such as a control input (e.g., a button, touchpad, thumbwheel, etc.) or a display (e.g., an LCD or LED display) to provide status information.

[0138] In some other embodiments, an injection molding apparatus may be used to form the model dental arch 110 and the plurality of model teeth 170.

[0139] In some embodiments, the method 1100 further includes additively manufacturing one or more dental matrices 1002 based at least on the three-dimensional representation.

[0140] In some other embodiments, the method 1100 may further include forming one or more dental matrices 1002 using an injection molding process based at least on the three-dimensional representation.

[0141] At step 1108, the method 1100 further includes removably coupling a plurality of model teeth 170 to the model dental arch 110 (shown in FIG. 16D) to form the dental model 100. Each of the plurality of model teeth 170 is at least partially and slidably received within a first opening 122 and a second opening 142 (shown in FIGS. 3B-3C and 4A-4C) of the first member 120 (shown in FIGS. 3A-3C) and the second member 140 (shown in FIGS. 4A-4C), respectively.

[0142] At step 1110, the method 1100 further includes practicing a composite dental restoration using one or more dental matrices 1002 on the dental model 100 (shown in FIG. 16E).

[0143] In some embodiments, practicing the composite dental restoration using the one or more dental matrices 1002 on the dental model 100 includes bonding the one or more dental matrices 1002 with at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170 to form a mold cavity 1012 surrounding at least a portion of at least one of the plurality of model teeth 170. Further, practicing the composite dental restoration using the one or more dental matrices 1002 on the dental model 100 includes at least partially filling the mold cavity 1012 with a dental restoration material 1004.

[0144] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing feature sizes, quantities and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term "about." Accordingly, unless specifically indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the above specification and appended claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein.

[0145] While specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that the specific embodiments illustrated and described may be replaced by various alternative and / or equivalent embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein. Accordingly, it is intended that the present disclosure be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. 1. A model dental arch, comprising: a first member representing a human dental arch and having a plurality of first openings therethrough, each of the plurality of first openings extending along a longitudinal axis, the first member comprising a first material having a first modulus of elasticity; a second member at least partially received within the first member, the second member including a plurality of second openings extending therethrough, the plurality of first openings of the first member and the plurality of second openings of the second member being aligned with one another in a one-to-one correspondence, the second member comprising a second material having a second modulus of elasticity; a model dental arch comprising: a plurality of model teeth corresponding to a plurality of human teeth, each of the plurality of model teeth comprising a tooth portion representing a corresponding one of the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion, the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth being at least partially and slidably received within a respective first opening of the plurality of first openings, and the connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth being at least partially received within a respective second opening of the plurality of second openings and being removably retained within the respective second opening; Equipped with wherein when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth deflects laterally in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis by at least about 50 microns to at most about 250 microns; the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of a surface of the first member forming the respective first opening define a clearance therebetween; and / or The dental model, wherein the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa.

2. At least one of the following: the second modulus of elasticity of the second material is between about 750 MPa and about 20,000 MPa; each of the plurality of model teeth comprises a third material having a third modulus of elasticity, the third modulus of elasticity being approximately equal to the second modulus of elasticity; the second modulus of elasticity is approximately equal to the first modulus of elasticity; the ratio of the second modulus of elasticity to the first modulus of elasticity is at least 10; and a ratio of the second modulus of elasticity of the second material to the first modulus of elasticity of the first material is from about 150 to about 200,000; The dental model of claim 1 , comprising at least one of:

3. each of the plurality of second openings comprises a first portion having a first width and a second portion disposed adjacent to the first portion and having a second width, the second width of the second portion being greater than the first width of the first portion; the second member comprises a plurality of retention surfaces corresponding to the plurality of second openings, each retention surface extending between the first portion and the second portion of a corresponding one of the second openings; 2. The dental model of claim 1, wherein the second member comprises a plurality of tubular segments corresponding to the plurality of second openings, each tubular segment comprising a narrow portion defining the first portion of a respective one of the plurality of second openings and a wide portion defining the second portion of the respective one of the second openings, each tubular segment being at least partially received within the respective one of the plurality of first openings.

4. the connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth includes a pair of retaining legs, the pair of retaining legs defining a slot therebetween, and the pair of retaining legs are adapted to resiliently move toward each other when the pair of retaining legs are inserted into the first portions of the respective second openings; each of the pair of retention legs further comprising at least one protrusion adapted to engage the retention surface of the respective second opening; 4. The dental model of claim 3, wherein the at least one protrusion comprises an entrance end configured to be received within the second portion of the respective second opening and a retention end configured to engage the retention surface, the retention end having a width greater than a width of the entrance end.

5. a model dental arch representing a human dental arch, the model dental arch having a plurality of openings therethrough, each of the plurality of openings extending along a longitudinal axis, the model dental arch comprising a material having an elastic modulus; a plurality of model teeth corresponding to a plurality of human teeth, each of the plurality of model teeth comprising a tooth portion representing a corresponding human tooth of the plurality of human teeth and a connecting portion extending from the tooth portion, the tooth portion and the connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth being at least partially and slidably received within a respective opening of the plurality of openings; a plurality of model teeth, the connecting portion of each of the plurality of model teeth being removably held within the respective opening; the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and at least a portion of a surface of the model dental arch forming the respective opening define a clearance therebetween, such that when a lateral load is applied to each of the plurality of model teeth in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, each of the plurality of model teeth deflects laterally in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis by at least about 50 microns to at most about 250 microns; or the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and the at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming the respective opening define the clearance therebetween, and the elastic modulus of the material is between about 750 MPa and about 20,000 MPa; or the material has a modulus of elasticity of about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa; or a dental model, wherein the tooth portion of each of the plurality of model teeth and the at least a portion of the surface of the model dental arch forming the respective opening define the clearance therebetween, and the elastic modulus of the material is between about 0.1 MPa and about 5 MPa.

6. 1. A dental kit for practicing composite dental restorations, comprising: A dental model according to claim 1 or claim 5; and one or more dental matrices configured to bond with at least one of the plurality of model teeth to form a mold cavity surrounding at least a portion of the at least one of the plurality of model teeth.

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