HEAT PUMP BASED WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF

Abstract

Described herein are water harvesting systems and methods of making and using such systems for capturing water from ambient air using designs that reduce the overall energy costs of the system and improve water harvesting cycle efficiency. The systems and methods use sorbent materials, such as metal-organic frameworks, to adsorb water from the air. The systems and methods desorb this water in the form of water vapor, which is condensed into liquid water and collected. The liquid water is suitable for use as drinking water.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This International Patent Cooperation Treaty patent application is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional Patent Application No. 17 / 726,996, filed April 22, 2022, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 180,590, filed April 27, 2021, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] (Technical field) FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to water harvesting, and more particularly to a water harvester for harvesting water from ambient air, and methods of making and using the water harvester. [Background technology]

[0003] (background) Conventionally, the process of harvesting water from air using adsorbents comprises a water harvesting cycle that includes three energy-intensive stages: adsorption of water vapor from the air onto the adsorbent, desorption of water vapor from the adsorbent, and condensation of the desorbed water vapor into liquid water. For example, during the adsorption stage, high humidity ambient air can be blown across the desorbed (activated) adsorbent bed. Water molecules can diffuse through the porous interior of the adsorbent bed and become adsorbed by the adsorbent. The adsorption stage is completed when the adsorbent bed becomes fully saturated with water. Following the adsorption stage, a desorption stage can be initiated by directly or indirectly heating the adsorbent bed and releasing water vapor. The desorption stage is completed when the water in the adsorbent bed becomes desaturated. During the condensation stage, the water vapor generated during the desorption stage can be directed to a condensation chamber where it is cooled and condenses into liquid water. Through repeated cycles of adsorption, desorption, and condensation, sorbent-based water harvesting can provide a method for producing water from air.

[0004] Generally, there are two heating methods for releasing water from a saturated adsorbent bed: first, direct heating, which involves direct heat transfer from a heat source to the surface of the adsorbent bed support structure, the adsorbent bed, or the adsorbent; and second, indirect heating, which involves heating the air surrounding the adsorbent bed support structure, the adsorbent bed, or the adsorbent. Both direct and indirect heating can be achieved using resistive heating. Desorption typically requires significant energy, including a latent heat portion associated with the desorption energy to convert the water associated with the adsorbent to water vapor, and a sensible heat energy portion associated with heating one or more of the adsorbent bed support structure, the adsorbent bed, or the adsorbent. Potentially, the energy expended in desorption can be recovered during the condensation step and then reintroduced into the system for desorption. Generally, resistive heating does not provide recovery of the energy expended in desorption.

[0005] What is desired in the art is a commercially viable water harvesting system for harvesting water from ambient air that reduces energy costs during the water harvesting cycle and / or improves efficiency in water production as compared to conventional water harvesting systems. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] DISCLOSURE OF THEINVENTION Provided herein is a heat pump-based water harvesting system that can reduce the overall energy costs in the water harvesting cycle and / or improve the efficiency in water production during the water harvesting cycle.

[0007] A broad objective of embodiments of the present invention may be to provide an atmospheric water harvesting system comprising one or more of a heat pump system, an adsorption unit, a desorption chamber, a transfer mechanism, and a condensation chamber. In certain embodiments, the heat pump system may comprise one or more of a compressor, an expansion valve, and a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger having a hot side (typically a "condenser") and a cold side (typically an "evaporator"). In certain embodiments, the adsorption unit comprises at least one adsorbent module, the at least one adsorbent module containing one or more adsorbents, and the adsorption unit may, but need not, be physically separated from the heat pump system. In some embodiments, the desorption chamber may be connected to or positioned in close proximity to the hot side of the heat exchanger and may be configured to operate at an average desorption temperature. In certain embodiments, the transfer mechanism may be configured to (i) transfer the adsorbent module at least partially saturated with water from the adsorption unit into the desorption chamber, and (ii) transfer the adsorbent module at least partially desorbed in the desorption chamber back to the adsorption unit. In certain embodiments, the condensation chamber can encompass or be located in close proximity to the cold side of the heat exchanger and can be configured to operate at the average condensation temperature. In certain variations of the foregoing, the water harvesting system can be configured to operate at the average desorption and condensation temperatures for the system to (i) achieve a minimum energy per liter of water produced using one or more sorbents, or (ii) maintain the desorption temperature high enough to sustain the target desorption rate, and combinations thereof.

[0008] Another broad object of the present invention may be a method of harvesting water from ambient air, comprising using any one or combination of the atmospheric water harvesting systems described herein. In certain embodiments, the method includes: a) drawing ambient air into at least one sorbent module, which may be positioned within the adsorption unit, where the at least one sorbent module adsorbs water from the ambient air; b) transferring the at least one sorbent module to the desorption chamber, which may be accomplished using a transfer mechanism to move the sorbent module from the adsorption unit to the desorption chamber, once the at least one sorbent module is at least partially saturated or saturated to a target level of water and / or adsorption rate; and c) transferring at least one sorbent module positioned within the desorption chamber. and blowing air or an air / water mixture across the hot side of the heat pump through at least one of the sorbent modules to facilitate water desorption; d) transferring the hot water vapor from the desorption chamber to the cold side of the heat pump, which may be coordinated with the desorption chamber achieving a target water concentration; e) optionally repeating steps c) and d) until at least one of the sorbent modules in the desorption chamber is depleted of adsorbed water; and f) transferring at least one of the sorbent modules from the desorption chamber after desorption, which may be coordinated using a transfer mechanism to move the sorbent module from the desorption chamber to an adsorption unit. In certain variations of the foregoing, the method is performed at an average desorption temperature or average condensation temperature or combinations thereof for the water harvesting system, and may be performed to (i) achieve a minimum energy per liter of water produced using one or more sorbents, or (ii) maintain the desorption temperature high enough to sustain a target desorption rate, and combinations thereof. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] The present application may be best understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures included herein.

[0010] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of an exemplary heat pump-based water harvesting system.

[0011] [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A depicts an exemplary heat pump-based water harvesting system including a rotating carousel configured to continuously move fully saturated MOF modules into the desorption chamber of the desorption / condensation unit for desorption.

[0012] [Figure 2B] FIG. 2 depicts another exemplary heat pump-based water harvesting system that includes a multi-axis robotic arm configured to switch MOF modules between the adsorption rack and the desorption chamber.

[0013] [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary schematic diagram of the thermal coupling between the “condenser” hot-side heat exchanger in the desorption chamber and the MOF module.

[0014] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 depicts an example schematic for water vapor condensation and liquid water collection.

[0015] [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 depicts a portion of an exemplary heat pump-based water harvesting system in which values ​​of temperature, humidity, and velocity of circulating air are measured. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0016] (Mode for carrying out the invention) The following description describes illustrative examples of a heat pump-based water harvesting system (1), methods of making the heat pump-based water harvesting system (also referred to as the "system"), and methods of using the heat pump-based water harvesting system. However, it should be recognized that the examples of the heat pump-based water harvesting system (1) provided by the description are not intended to limit the scope or scope of the description, but instead to provide examples sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the full scope and scope of the invention.

[0017] Referring now primarily to FIGS. 1-5 , provided is a sorbent-based water harvesting system (1) including a heat pump (2) for effectively recovering condensation energy and using it for desorption. In one aspect, provided is a method of using any of the sorbent-based water harvesting systems (1) described herein. In some embodiments, the system (1) includes an adsorption unit (3), such as an adsorption rack, that holds one or more sorbent modules (4) containing at least one sorbent material (5). Air (6) can flow across the one or more sorbent modules (4), leading to adsorption of water (7) from the ambient air (6) by the sorbent material (5) therein. The system (1) includes a transport mechanism (8), which in certain embodiments can be a carousel (8a) (as shown in the example of FIG. 2A ) or a robotic arm (8b) (as shown in the example of FIG. 2B ). Once one or more of the sorbent modules (4) reach a target level and / or target adsorption rate, a transfer mechanism (8) can move the one or more sorbent modules (4) containing the adsorbed water from the adsorption unit (3) to a desorption chamber (9) of the system (1). In some embodiments, the desorption chamber (9) includes a recirculation fan (10) that blows air or an air / water mixture (11) through the one or more sorbent modules (4) and across the hot side (12) of the heat pump (2) to facilitate desorption. Once the target water concentration is achieved in the desorption chamber (9), in certain embodiments, the system (1) can turn on a desorber-condenser recirculation fan (13) present in the desorption chamber (9) to transfer the hot water vapor (14) from the desorption chamber (9) to the cold side (15) of the heat pump (2) contained within or located in close proximity to the condensation chamber (16). In some variations, the optimal average desorption temperature and / or average condensation temperature for the system (1) can be configured to achieve the lowest energy per liter of water (7) produced using the adsorbent material (5), while keeping the desorption temperature high enough to sustain a target desorption rate.Upon depletion of the sorbent modules (4), the transfer mechanism (8) can remove one or more sorbent modules (4) from the desorption chamber (9) and place the one or more sorbent modules (4) back into the adsorption unit (3). Embodiments of the sorbent-based water harvesting system (1) can achieve increased water adsorption and continuous desorption and condensation at elevated temperatures.

[0018] In certain embodiments, as depicted in FIG. 2A, the exemplary system (1) utilizes a carousel (8a) that rotates one or more sorbent modules (4). While one or more sorbent modules (4) are being desorbed, the remaining sorbent modules (4) may be in the adsorption stage exposed to high humidity ambient air (6). In certain embodiments, as depicted in FIG. 2B, a robotic arm (8b) is utilized to transfer one or more sorbent modules (4) from the adsorption rack (17) to the desorption chamber (9). Referring again to FIG. 1, in certain embodiments, the heat pump (2) includes a heat exchanger (18) having a hot side (12) and a cold side (15). In some variations, the heat pump (2) may include a compressor (19), an expansion valve (20), a primary "condenser" or hot side heat exchanger (21), a secondary hot side heat exchanger (22), and an "evaporator" or cold side heat exchanger (23), and other control components designed to operate at high temperatures. For example, in certain embodiments, the "condenser" or hot side of the heat exchanger (21) can be set to operate at temperatures in the range of about 90°C to about 160°C, and the "evaporator" or cold side heat exchanger (23) can be set to operate at temperatures in the range of about 40°C to about 95°C.

[0019] 1, the "condenser" or hot side of the heat exchanger (21) in the desorption chamber (9) and the "evaporator" or cold side heat exchanger (23) in the condensation chamber (16) can each be coupled to a heat sink (24a, 24b) to provide near-constant or constant temperature operation as the adsorbent module (4) moves in and out of the desorption chamber (9). The heat sink (24a, 24b) can be a metal block or any other material of high thermal mass in both the desorption chamber (9) and the condensation chamber (16). It can also be liquid water (7) in the condensation chamber (16).

[0020] The performance of the heat pump (2) in the system (1) can generally be modeled by the following equation:

number

[0021] In an embodiment, the system (1) and methods for using the system (1) can be devised to ensure effective thermal coupling between the hot-side heat exchanger (21) and the desorbing adsorbent module (4). The hot water vapor (14) generated during desorption can be directed to a condensation chamber (16), which contains an "evaporator" or cold-side heat exchanger (23), where the vapor can be condensed into water (6). The liquid water (6) can then be collected in a water tank (25). The remaining saturated, relatively cold water vapor (7b) can be recirculated back into the desorption chamber (9) to avoid excessive water loss in the environment.

[0022] In some variations, the system (1) may further include a computer (26) coupled to one or more ambient air temperature sensors (27) and / or ambient air humidity sensors (28) located outside the desorption chamber (9) and the condensation chamber (16) adapted or configured to measure the ambient air temperature and / or ambient air humidity of the environment surrounding the system (1). The computer (26) may be individually coupled to one or more temperature sensors (29a, 29b) and / or one or more humidity sensors (30a, 30b) and / or one or more airflow sensors (31a, 31b) that may be individually located inside the desorption chamber (9) and / or the condensation chamber (16) to measure the individual desorption chamber temperatures and / or humidity and / or the condensation chamber temperatures and / or humidity. Temperature and / or humidity measurements based on readings from the desorption chamber and condensation chamber sensors (29a, 29b, 30a, 30b) and environmental temperature and / or humidity measurements based on readings from the ambient temperature and humidity sensors (27, 28) can be used under the control of a computer (26) implementing a water harvesting algorithm (31) to adjust the operating parameters of the system (1), for example to modify the performance of the system (1) in terms of energy use, water production, and heat pump operation.

[0023] Any suitable sorbent material (5) can be used in the embodiments of the system (1) and method described herein. In certain embodiments, the sorbent material (5) can include one or more metal-organic frameworks ("MOFs"). Generally, MOFs provide unique properties that are desirable for harvesting water (7) from air (6). See, for example, H. Furukawa et al., "Water Adsorption in Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks and Related Materials," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 11, 4369-4381. MOFs can be characterized by high water absorption rates and step-like characteristics regarding water absorption rate versus relative humidity ("RH"). In some variations, suitable sorbent materials (5) including MOFs have such isotherm steps that they can be adjusted to various climates. See, for example, WO2020112899. The step isotherm is typically a weak function of temperature due to hydrogen bonding between the interior of the MOF pores and water molecules. The step isotherm allows for water capture and release by MOFs in a very narrow range of relative humidity (~3 to ~5% RH).

[0024] In some variations, the MOF may be MOF-303, i.e., Al(OH)(HPDC), where HPDC is 1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate; CAU-10, i.e., Al(OH)(IPA), where IPA is isophthalic acid; MOF-801, i.e., Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (Fumaric acid) 6 , MOF-841, i.e., Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (MTB) 6 (HCOO) 4 (H 2 O) 2, aluminum fumarate, i.e., Al(OH)(fumaric acid), MIL-160, i.e., Al(OH)(FDA) where FDA is 2,5-furandicarboxylate, MIL-53, i.e., Al(OH)(TPA) where TPA is terephthalic acid, or aluminum phosphate, i.e., AlPO4-LTA. In some variations, the MOF has a pore size in the range of about 0.5 nm to about 1 nm or about 0.7 nm to about 0.9 nm. In some variations, the MOF has a hydrophilic pore structure. In some variations, the MOF has a hydrophilic pore structure consisting of acid and / or amine functional groups. In some variations, the MOF has one-dimensional channels that allow reversible water adsorption. Any combination of the MOFs described herein, or other MOFs, or adsorbents capable of water adsorption / desorption may also be used. In some embodiments, the MOF can be mixed with a binder to improve its properties for adhesion to a substrate or support.

[0025] In other variations, other adsorbents (5) having the high water uptake capacity and isotherm steps described above may be used in the systems and methods described herein. Other suitable adsorbents (5) may include, for example, certain molecular sieves (one example being the microporous zeolite SAPO-34 (CAS number 1318-02-1)) and certain zeolites having the properties described above.

[0026] The water desorption rate in the adsorbent material (5) (including MOFs as described above) and the value of the saturation vapor pressure in air increase exponentially with temperature. On the other hand, the specific desorption energy decreases with temperature. All these three factors favor the design of a desorption process at high temperatures. However, a higher desorption temperature incurs a higher sensible heat penalty from the adsorbent material (5), the water (7) inside the adsorbent material (5), the support structure, the recirculating air (7), and the water vapor. The condensation temperature needs to be below the dew point of the desorbed hot water vapor (14). More water (7) can be condensed in a single pass through the cold-side heat exchanger (23) with a lower condensation temperature, but the COP value of the heat pump will be higher than the Th -T c Increase in and T c As a result, the desorption and condensation temperatures for the water collection system (1) can be adjusted to achieve the lowest energy per liter of water produced with a given sorbent material (5).

[0027] Referring again primarily to FIG. 2A, another embodiment of the system (1) is depicted in which a rotating carousel (8a) continuously moves fully saturated MOF-containing sorbent modules (4) into the desorption chamber (9) for desorption. Once the MOF sorbent module (4) moves into the desorption chamber (9), it is heated and releases water (7) as high temperature water vapor (14). At the same time, the other MOF sorbent modules (4) are exposed to humid air (6) blown across them and can begin adsorption. Upon completion of desorption, a motor (32) with positioning control rotates the carousel (8a) to move the desorbed sorbent module or MOF sorbent module (4) out of the desorption chamber (9) and allows the saturated MOF sorbent module (4) to enter the desorption chamber (9).

[0028] Referring to FIG. 2B, another embodiment of the system (1) is depicted in which a multi-axis robotic arm (8b) (or other automated mechanism) handles the switching of the MOF sorbent module (4) between the adsorption rack (17) and the desorption chamber (9). Once the MOF sorbent module (4) is sufficiently desorbed in the desorption chamber (9), it can be removed by the robotic arm (8b) and placed back into the adsorption rack (17). A new fully adsorbed MOF sorbent module (4) can be loaded by the robotic arm (8b) and placed into the desorption chamber (9). A computer and water collection algorithm (31) can be used to track the desorption and adsorption status of each module.

[0029] Referring now primarily to FIG. 3, a schematic diagram illustrates the thermal coupling between the "condenser" hot-side heat exchanger (21) and the MOF sorbent module (4) in the desorption chamber (9). The desorption chamber (9) is thermally isolated from the environment using an insulated wall (32). A recirculation fan (10) blows air (6) across the hot-side heat exchanger (21) to raise the temperature once the fully loaded MOF sorbent module (4) is placed in the desorption chamber (9). This air (6), heated by being blown across the hot-side heat exchanger (21), can then be blown across the MOF sorbent module (4) to raise the temperature of the MOF sorbent module (4) and release the adsorbed water (7). A portion of the hot water vapor (14) released from the MOF sorbent module (4) can then be circulated back to the hot side main heat exchanger (21) by the recirculation fan (10) to continue raising the temperature of the at least one MOF sorbent material (5) to the desired operating desorption temperature. A portion of the hot water vapor (14) from the MOF sorbent module (4) can be directed to the condensation chamber (16) for condensation. Depending on the steam conditions (RH and temperature values) at the outlet of the MOF sorbent module (4), the recirculation and desorption rates can be adjusted with a variable speed recirculation fan (10) airflow using a predefined algorithm (31). The goal is to achieve a constant energy load of the heat exchanger and maintain a high moisture content of the water vapor for a more efficient condensation yield. The thermal coupling between the hot side heat exchanger (21) and the MOF sorbent module (4) can also be improved by physical contact of the heat exchanger and the MOF sorbent module (4).

[0030] Although Figures 2A, 2B, and 3 depict a particular embodiment of the MOF sorbent module (4) in system (1), it should be understood that other suitable sorbent modules (4) may be used in other variations of system (1) described herein.

[0031] Reference is now made primarily to FIG. 4, which depicts an illustrative schematic diagram of water vapor (14) condensation and liquid water (7) collection. In such an embodiment, the condensation chamber (16) can be enclosed within a thermally insulated wall (32) (or other form of condensation chamber insulation). Hot water vapor (14) can be piped from the desorption chamber (9) and passed through an “evaporator” cold-side heat exchanger (23) to cool the hot water vapor (14) and allow water (7) to condense in response to reaching its dew point. Exhaust air carries the cooler air / water mixture (11) back into the desorption chamber (9). A heat sink (24b) can be thermally coupled to the cold-side heat exchanger (23) to maintain a desired operating temperature for water condensation. Liquid water (7) can drip off the fins of the cold-side heat exchanger (23) and be collected in a water collection tank (25) below. A desorption-condenser recirculation fan (13) can be used to control and recirculate the hot water vapor (14) and the exhausted cooler air / water mixture (11) between the desorption chamber (9) and the condensation chamber (16).

[0032] Reference is now primarily made to FIG. 5, which depicts components of an illustrative example of a particular embodiment of the system (1) in which the values ​​of temperature, humidity, and velocity of the circulating air may be measured, as described above. The temperatures of the hot side heat exchanger (21) and the cold side heat exchanger (23) may also be measured. Based on these measurements, the computer (26) may assess the energy load for each heat exchanger (21, 22, 23) by executing a water harvesting algorithm (31). In some variations, the computer (26) in the system (1) may be programmed to adjust the air flow rate by varying the fan speeds of the recirculation fans (10, 13) to maintain a substantially constant energy load for each heat exchanger (21, 22, or 23) contained within the system (1) and achieve the desired temperatures for the desorption and condensation processes.

[0033] Compressor Power Input

number

number

number

number

[0034] The compressor work input is constant based on the compressor design and operating conditions. In some variations, to recycle most of the condensation heat recovered for desorption, the system is configured to set:

number

[0035] Therefore, the energy load of the hot side heat exchanger (21) is equal to that of the cold side heat exchanger (23). A portion of the power input can be dissipated to the environment by the secondary hot side heat exchanger (22).

[0036] The hot side heat exchanger (21) configuration can be modeled by considering the energy "gain" due to the incoming and outgoing air flows, which should be equal to the energy dissipated by the hot side heat exchanger.

number

number

number

number

[0037] The energy balance for the secondary hot side heat exchanger (22) can be expressed as follows:

number

[0038] Both the sensible and latent heat portions of the energy load in the cold side heat exchanger need to be considered for the condensation process.

number

number

number

number

number

[0039] In some variations, the system (1) adjusts the desorption-condensation recirculation fan (13) speed to maintain a constant energy duty on the cold side heat exchanger (23) as the temperature and humidity values ​​of the incoming and outgoing air / water vapor mixture change.

[0040] Referring again primarily to FIG. 5, a method of using certain embodiments of the present invention includes drawing ambient air (6) into at least one adsorbent module (4) positioned within an adsorption unit (3), where the at least one adsorbent module (4) adsorbs water (7) from the ambient air (6), and once the at least one adsorbent module (4) is saturated to a target level of water (7) and / or adsorption rate, transferring the at least one adsorbent module (4) to the adsorption unit (3) using a transfer mechanism (8, 8a, 8b). ) to a desorption chamber (9); moving the air / water mixture (11) across the hot side (12) of the heat pump (2) through at least one adsorbent module (4) positioned in the desorption chamber (9) to facilitate water desorption; and optionally repeating the method until the at least one adsorbent module (4) in the desorption chamber (9) is depleted of adsorbed water; and transferring the at least one adsorbent module in the desorption chamber after desorption using a transfer mechanism to an adsorption unit.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the method can further include performing the method at an average desorption temperature and an average condensation temperature for the system to (i) achieve a minimum energy per liter of water produced using one or more adsorbents, and (ii) maintain the desorption temperature high enough to sustain the target desorption rate.

[0042] In certain embodiments, the method may further include one or more of transferring high temperature steam (14) from the desorption chamber (9) to a cold side (15) of the heat pump (2), condensing water from the high temperature steam, and collecting the condensed water from the high temperature steam.

[0043] (Example) The presently disclosed subject matter will be better understood by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration of embodiments of the invention, and not by way of limitation.

[0044] Example 1 (Desorption and condensation temperatures) The example illustrates the desorption and condensation temperatures used in the water harvesting system (1). The model used an iterative procedure. First, the model set the initial desorption and condensation temperatures of the system (1). Based on the isotherm step of the adsorbent, the absolute humidity in the desorption chamber was known at a given desorption temperature. The condensation yield can be calculated for a given condensation temperature if the relative humidity and temperature of the water vapor in the desorption chamber are known. The efficiency of the heat pump (2) can be calculated using Equation 2 assuming f=0.6, and the work input is then calculated using Equation 1. In addition to the desorption and condensation energy, the model also considered the sensible heat required to heat the adsorbent, the water inside the adsorbent, the air, and the steam. The model also considered the temperature of the recycled water vapor (11) and the defined total water harvesting yield of the system. Thus, the system energy consumption per liter of water harvested (7) was approximated as a function of the desorption and condensation temperatures with a given MOF adsorbent material (5). The operating conditions can be obtained by varying two variables: desorption and condensation temperature, see Table 1 below. [Table 1]

[0045] Table 1 shows the desorption and condensation temperatures for three types of MOF adsorbent materials (5). A water harvester containing dry type MOFs with an isotherm step of 20% relative humidity (RH) at 25° C. can operate at a desorption temperature of about 136° C. and a condensation temperature of about 90° C. A medium MOF with an isotherm step of RH 40% requires desorption and condensation temperatures of about 117° C. and about 91° C., respectively, while a high humidity MOF with an isotherm step of RH 60% requires desorption and condensation temperatures at about 107° C. and about 92° C., respectively.

[0046] Table 1 shows that utilization of a high temperature heat pump (2) may be required to achieve a minimum energy consumption per liter of harvester water (7), assuming the high temperature heat pump operates at about 90°C to about 160°C for the high temperature side heat exchanger (21) and about 40°C to about 95°C for the low temperature side heat exchanger (23).

[0047] As can be readily appreciated from the foregoing, the basic concepts of the present invention may be embodied in a variety of ways. The present invention involves numerous and varied embodiments of the water harvesting system (1) and methods for making and using such a water harvesting system, including the best mode.

[0048] Thus, the particular embodiments or elements of the invention disclosed by the description or shown in the figures or tables accompanying this application are not intended to be limiting, but rather illustrative of the numerous and various embodiments encompassed by the invention generally, or equivalents encompassed with respect to any particular element thereof. In addition, a specific description of a single embodiment or element of the invention may not explicitly describe every possible embodiment or element, many alternatives being implicitly disclosed by the description and figures.

[0049] It is understood that each element of the apparatus or each step of the method may be described by apparatus or method terms. Such terms may be substituted, if desired, to make explicit the implicitly broad scope enjoyed by the present invention. It is understood, as an example, that every step of the method may be disclosed as an action, a means for performing that action, or an element that causes that action. Similarly, each element of the apparatus may be disclosed as a physical element or an action that the physical element facilitates. As an example, a disclosure of a "water harvester" should be understood to encompass a disclosure of the act of "water harvesting" whether or not it is explicitly discussed, and conversely, if there is a disclosure of the act of "water harvesting", such disclosure should be understood to encompass a disclosure of a "water harvester" and even a "means for water harvesting". Such alternative terms for each element or step are to be understood to be expressly included in the description.

[0050] In addition, with respect to each term used, it should be understood that the common dictionary definition should be understood to be included in the description of each term as contained in the Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, second edition (each definition is incorporated herein by reference), unless its usage in this application is inconsistent with such interpretation.

[0051] All numerical values ​​herein are assumed to be modified by the term "about", whether or not expressly indicated. For purposes of the present invention, ranges may be expressed as "about" one particular value to "about" another particular value. When such ranges are expressed, another embodiment includes the one particular value to the other particular value. The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numerical values ​​subsumed within that range. A numerical range from 1 to 5, for example, includes the numerical values ​​1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc. It is further understood that each endpoint of the range is significant both in relation to the other endpoint and independently of the other endpoint. When values ​​are expressed as approximations by use of the antecedent "about", it is understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. The term "about" generally refers to a range of numerical values ​​that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited numerical values ​​or to have the same function or result. Similarly, the antecedent "substantially" means roughly, but not entirely, in the same form, manner, or degree, and that particular elements will have a range of configurations that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider to have the same function or result. When certain elements are expressed as approximations through use of the antecedent "substantially," it will be understood that the particular elements form another embodiment.

[0052] Also, for purposes of the present invention, the term "a" or "an" entity refers to one or more of that entity, unless otherwise limited. Thus, the terms "a" or "an," "one or more," and "at least one" can be used interchangeably herein.

[0053] Additionally, for purposes of the present invention, the term "coupled" or derivatives thereof can mean indirectly coupled, coupled, directly coupled, connected, directly connected, or integrated, depending on the embodiment.

[0054] Additionally, for purposes of the present invention, the term "integrated" when referring to two or more components means that the components (i) can be integrated to provide a unitary, monolithic, or unified whole, or (ii) can be formed as a unitary, monolithic, or unified whole. In other words, the components can be integrally formed and connected together so as to constitute or cooperate as a single integral part or unit, and cannot be readily disassembled without destroying the integrity of the parts or units.

[0055] Accordingly, Applicant should be understood to claim at least: i) each of the water harvesters disclosed and described herein; ii) related methods disclosed and described; iii) similar, equivalent, and even implicit variations of each of these devices and methods; iv) alternative embodiments thereof that perform each of the functions shown, disclosed, or described; v) alternative designs and methods thereof that perform each of the functions shown as implicitly performing those disclosed and described; vi) each feature, component, and step shown as a separate and independent invention; vii) uses enhanced by the various systems or components disclosed; viii) resulting products produced by such systems or components; ix) methods and apparatus substantially as described herein above and with reference to any of the accompanying examples; and x) various combinations and permutations of each of the foregoing elements disclosed.

[0056] The Background section of this patent application provides, where applicable, a statement of the field of business to which the present invention pertains. This section may also incorporate or contain restates of certain U.S. patents, patent applications, publications, or subject matter of the claimed invention that are useful in relating information, problems, or concerns about the state of the art to which the present invention is directed. It is not intended that any U.S. patents, patent applications, publications, statements, or other information cited or incorporated herein be read, construed, or deemed to be admitted as prior art with respect to the present invention.

[0057] The claims set forth herein are hereby incorporated by reference, where applicable, as part of this description of the invention, and Applicant expressly reserves the right to use all or a portion of such incorporated content of such claims as additional description in support of any or all of the claims or any elements or components thereof, and Applicant further expressly reserves the right, as appropriate, to move any portion or all of the incorporated content of such claims or any elements or components thereof from the description to the claims (or vice versa), to define the matter for which protection is sought by this application or by any subsequent application or continuation, divisional, or continuation-in-part application thereof, or to obtain any benefit of, or to comply with, any patent laws, rules, or regulations of any country or treaty, and such content incorporated by reference shall survive the entire pendency of this application, including any subsequent continuation, divisional, or continuation-in-part application thereof, or any reissue or extension thereof. Elements following an open-ended transitional phrase, such as "comprising," may alternatively be claimed using a restrictive transitional phrase, such as "consisting essentially of" or "consisting of," whether or not expressly set forth in the description portion of this specification.

[0058] In addition, the claims set forth herein, if applicable, are further intended to describe the boundaries and limitations of a limited number of preferred embodiments of the invention, and are not to be construed as the broadest embodiment of the invention or as a complete recitation of embodiments of the invention that may be claimed. Applicant does not waive any rights to develop additional claims as part of any continuation, division, or continuation-in-part application, or similar application, based on the description set forth above.

[0059] (Item 1) 1. An air water sampling system comprising: A heat pump including a compressor, an expansion valve, and a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger having a hot side and a cold side; an adsorption unit comprising at least one adsorbent module, the at least one adsorbent module containing one or more adsorbents, the adsorption unit being physically separated from the heat pump; a desorption chamber connected to or positioned in close proximity to the hot side of the heat exchanger, the desorption chamber configured to operate at an average desorption temperature; a transfer mechanism configured to (i) transfer an at least partially water-saturated sorbent module from the adsorption unit into the desorption chamber, and (ii) transfer the at least partially desorbed sorbent module in the desorption chamber back to the adsorption unit; a condensation chamber encompassing or positioned in close proximity to the cold side of the heat exchanger, the condensation chamber configured to operate at an average condensing temperature; Equipped with An atmospheric water collection system, the system configured to operate at the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature to (i) achieve a minimum energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents, and (ii) maintain the desorption temperature sufficiently high to sustain a target desorption rate. (Item 2) 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber to (i) transfer heat from the hot side of the heat exchanger to the adsorbent module disposed within the desorption chamber, and (ii) drive desorption and result in a higher concentration of water vapor in the desorption chamber. (Item 3) 3. The system of any one of claims 1 or 2, further comprising at least one desorption-condenser recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber to (i) transfer hot steam from the desorption chamber to the condensation chamber and (ii) recirculate moisture remaining in the condensation chamber back into the desorption chamber. (Item 4) 3. The system of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the transfer mechanism comprises a rotating carousel or a robotic arm. (Item 5) 3. The system of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the heat pump system further comprises a secondary hot side heat exchanger. (Item 6) 3. The system of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the heat pump system further comprises one or more control components. (Item 7) 3. The system of any one of claims 1 or 2, further comprising a water collection tank. (Item 8) 3. The system of any one of items 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the sorbent modules contains at least one metal-organic framework. (Item 9) 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 20% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 10) 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the system is configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 130°C to about 140°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 11) 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 40% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 12) Item 12. The system of item 11, wherein the system is configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 115°C to about 125°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 13) 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 60% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 14) Item 14. The system of item 13, wherein the system is configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 100°C to about 110°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 15) 3. The system of any one of items 1 or 2, further comprising an adsorption chiller connected to or positioned in proximity to the water collection tank, configured to recover sensible heat from the hot water and cool the surrounding air. (Item 16) 1. A method of making an atmospheric water sampling system, comprising: A heat pump comprising a compressor, an expansion valve, and a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger having a hot side and a cold side; disposing an adsorption unit physically separate from the heat pump system, the adsorption unit including at least one adsorbent module, the at least one adsorbent module containing one or more adsorbents; connecting or positioning a desorption chamber to the hot side of the heat exchanger, the desorption chamber configured to operate at an average desorption temperature; Configuring a transfer mechanism to (i) transfer an at least partially water saturated sorbent module from the adsorption unit into the desorption chamber, and (ii) transfer the at least partially desorbed sorbent module in the desorption chamber back to the adsorption unit; containing or positioning a condensation chamber in close proximity to the cold side of the heat exchanger, the condensation chamber configured to operate at an average condensing temperature; Including, The method, wherein the system operates at the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature for the system and is configured to (i) achieve a minimum energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents, and (ii) maintain the desorption temperature high enough to sustain a target desorption rate. (Item 17) 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising configuring at least one recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber to (i) transfer heat from a hot side of the heat exchanger to the adsorbent module present in the desorption chamber, and (ii) drive desorption, resulting in a higher concentration of water vapor in the desorption chamber. (Item 18) 18. The method of any one of claims 16 or 17, further comprising configuring at least one desorber-condenser recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber to (i) bring hot steam from the desorption chamber to the condensation chamber, and (ii) recirculate remaining moisture in the condensation chamber back into the desorption chamber. (Item 19) 18. The method of any one of items 16 or 17, further comprising configuring the transfer mechanism as a rotating carousel or a robotic arm. (Item 20) 18. The method of any one of claims 16 or 17, further comprising providing a secondary hot side heat exchanger within the heat pump. (Item 21) 18. The method of any one of claims 16 or 17, further comprising connecting one or more control components to the heat pump system. (Item 22) 18. The method of any one of items 16 or 17, further comprising connecting a water collection tank to said collection chamber. (Item 23) 18. The method of any one of items 16 or 17, further comprising including at least one metal-organic framework in at least one of the sorbent modules. (Item 24) 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 20% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 25) 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising configuring the system to operate at a desorption temperature of about 130°C to about 140°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 26) 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 40% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 27) 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising configuring the system to operate at a desorption temperature of about 115°C to about 125°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 28) 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 60% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 29) Item 29. The method according to item 28, wherein the system is configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 100°C to about 110°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 30) 18. The method of any one of items 16 or 17, further comprising connecting an adsorption chiller to or positioning the adsorption chiller in proximity to the water collection tank, the adsorption chiller configured to recover sensible heat from the hot water and cool the surrounding air. (Item 31) 1. A method for harvesting water from ambient air using an atmospheric water harvesting system, comprising: drawing ambient air through at least one adsorbent module positioned within an adsorption unit, the at least one adsorbent module adsorbing water from the ambient air; once the at least one sorbent module is saturated to a target level of water and / or adsorption rate, transferring the at least one sorbent module from the adsorption unit to the desorption chamber using the transfer mechanism; moving an air / water mixture across the hot side of the heat pump through the at least one adsorbent module positioned within the desorption chamber to facilitate water desorption; once the desorption chamber achieves a target water concentration, transferring high temperature water vapor from the desorption chamber to the cold side of the heat pump; Optionally, repeating the method until the at least one sorbent module in the desorption chamber is depleted of adsorbed water. A method comprising: (Item 32) 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising using the transfer mechanism to transfer the at least one adsorbent module in the desorption chamber after desorption to the adsorption unit. (Item 33) 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising: (i) achieving a minimum energy per liter of water produced with the one or more adsorbents; and (ii) conducting the method at an average desorption and condensation temperature for the system to maintain the desorption temperature high enough to sustain a target desorption rate. (Item 34) 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising moving high temperature steam across the cold side of the heat pump and condensing water from the high temperature steam. (Item 35) 35. The method of claim 34, further comprising collecting the water condensed from the high temperature steam. (Item 36) 1. An air water sampling system comprising: a heat pump having a hot side and a cold side; an adsorption unit comprising at least one adsorbent module containing one or more adsorbents, said adsorption unit being physically separated from said heat pump; a desorption chamber connected to or positioned in close proximity to the hot side of the heat exchanger; a condensation chamber encompassing or positioned in close proximity to the cold side of the heat exchanger; a transfer mechanism configured to (i) transfer an at least partially water-saturated sorbent module from the adsorption unit into the desorption chamber, and (ii) transfer the sorbent module at least partially desorbed in the desorption chamber back to the adsorption unit; An atmospheric water sampling system comprising: (Item 37) 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the desorption chamber, connected to or positioned in close proximity to the hot side of the heat exchanger, transfers heat from the hot side of the heat pump to the adsorbent module disposed within the desorption chamber to desorb water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. (Item 38) 38. The system of claim 37, wherein the condensation chamber, encompassing or positioned in close proximity to the cold side of the heat exchanger, condenses water from the desorbed water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. (Item 39) Item 38. The system of item 37, wherein the desorption chamber is configured to operate at an average desorption temperature. (Item 40) 40. The system of claim 39, wherein the condensation chamber is configured to operate at an average condensation temperature. (Item 41) 41. The system of any one of claims 39 or 40, wherein the average desorption temperature maintains a desorption temperature sufficiently high to sustain a target desorption rate of water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. (Item 42) 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the system is configured to operate at the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature to (i) achieve a minimum energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents. (Item 43) 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the system is configured to operate at the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature to (i) achieve a minimum energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents, and (ii) maintain a desorption temperature high enough to sustain a target desorption rate. (Item 44) Item 39. The system of item 38, further comprising at least one recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber to drive desorption of water vapor from the one or more adsorbents and result in a higher concentration of water vapor in the desorption chamber. (Item 45) Item 45. The system of item 44, further comprising at least one desorption-condenser recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber for (i) transferring hot steam from the desorption chamber to the condensation chamber and (ii) recirculating moisture remaining in the condensation chamber back into the desorption chamber. (Item 46) 37. The system of claim 36, wherein at least one of the sorbent modules contains at least one metal-organic framework. (Item 47) Item 47. The system of item 46, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 20% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 48) Item 48. The system of item 47, wherein the system is configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 130°C to about 140°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 49) Item 47. The system of item 46, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 40% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 50) 50. The system of claim 49, wherein the system is configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 115°C to about 125°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 51) Item 47. The system of item 46, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step of about 60% relative humidity at about 25° C. (Item 52) Item 52. The system of item 51, wherein the system is configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 100°C to about 110°C and a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. (Item 53) Item 37. The system of item 36, wherein the transfer mechanism comprises a rotating carousel or a robotic arm. (Item 54) Item 37. The system of item 36, further comprising a water collection tank disposed proximate to the condensation chamber. (Item 55) Item 37. The system of item 36, further comprising a computer coupled to one or more ambient air sensors or one or more ambient air humidity sensors located outside the desorption chamber, the computer configured to measure ambient air temperature or ambient air humidity, or a combination thereof, of the environment surrounding the system. (Item 56) Item 56. The system of item 55, wherein the computer is further coupled to one or more temperature sensors, or one or more humidity sensors, or one or more airflow sensors located inside the desorption chamber, and the computer is configured to measure air temperature, or air humidity, or airflow, or a combination thereof, inside the desorption chamber. (Item 57) Item 57. The system of item 56, wherein the computer is further coupled to one or more temperature sensors, or one or more humidity sensors, or one or more airflow sensors located inside the condensation chamber, and the computer is configured to measure air temperature, or air humidity, or airflow, or a combination thereof, inside the condensation chamber. (Item 58) The computer further comprises: i) measurements of one or more of the air temperature and the air humidity inside the desorption chamber and the condensation chamber; ii) one or more measurements of said ambient air temperature and said ambient air humidity; Item 58. The system of item 57, comprising a water sampling algorithm executable to adjust operating parameters of the system based on the water sampling algorithm.

Claims

1. An atmospheric water collection system, a heat pump including a heat exchanger having a high temperature side and a low temperature side, an adsorption unit comprising at least one adsorbent module containing one or more adsorbents, the adsorption unit being physically separated from the heat pump, a desorption chamber connected to the high temperature side of the heat exchanger or positioned in close proximity to the high temperature side of the heat exchanger, a condensation chamber encompassing the low temperature side of the heat exchanger or positioned in close proximity to the low temperature side of the heat exchanger, a transfer mechanism configured to (i) transfer an adsorbent module at least partially saturated with water from the adsorption unit into the desorption chamber and (ii) transfer the adsorbent module at least partially desorbed within the desorption chamber back to the adsorption unit A system comprising.

2. The desorption chamber connected to the high temperature side of the heat exchanger or positioned in close proximity to the high temperature side of the heat exchanger transfers heat to the adsorbent module disposed within the desorption chamber from the high temperature side of the heat pump and desorbs water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. The system according to claim 1.

3. The condensation chamber encompassing the low temperature side of the heat exchanger or positioned in close proximity to the low temperature side of the heat exchanger condenses water from the desorbed water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. The system according to claim 2.

4. The desorption chamber is configured to operate at an average desorption temperature. The system according to claim 2.

5. The condensation chamber is configured to operate at an average condensation temperature. The system according to claim 4.

6. The average desorption temperature maintains the desorption temperature high enough to sustain the target desorption rate of water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. The system according to any one of claims 4 or 5.

7. The system operates at the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature and is configured to (i) achieve the minimum energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents. The system according to claim 6.

8. The system of claim 6, which operates at the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature, is configured to (i) achieve the lowest energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents, and (ii) maintain the desorption temperature high enough to sustain a target desorption rate.

9. The system of claim 3, further comprising at least one recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber to drive the desorption of water vapor from the one or more adsorbents and result in a higher concentration of water vapor in the desorption chamber.

10. The system of claim 9, further comprising at least one desorption-condenser recirculation fan associated with the desorption chamber to (i) transfer high-temperature vapor from the desorption chamber to the condensation chamber and (ii) recirculate the moisture remaining in the condensation chamber back into the desorption chamber.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the adsorbent modules contains at least one metal-organic framework.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step at about 25 °C and about 20% relative humidity.

13. The system of claim 12, configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 130 °C to about 140 °C and a condensation temperature of about 85 °C to about 95 °C.

14. The system of claim 11, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step at about 25 °C and about 40% relative humidity.

15. The system of claim 14, configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 115 °C to about 125 °C and a condensation temperature of about 85 °C to about 95 °C.

16. The system of claim 11, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step at about 25 °C and about 60% relative humidity.

17. The system of claim 16, configured to operate at a desorption temperature of about 100 °C to about 110 °C and a condensation temperature of about 85 °C to about 95 °C.

18. The system of claim 1, wherein the transfer mechanism comprises a rotating carousel or a robotic arm.

19. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a water collection tank disposed adjacent to the condensation chamber.

20. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a computer coupled to one or more ambient air sensors or one or more ambient air humidity sensors located outside the desorption chamber, the computer configured to measure the ambient air temperature or ambient air humidity of the environment surrounding the system, and combinations thereof.

21. The system according to claim 20, wherein the computer is further coupled to one or more temperature sensors, or one or more humidity sensors, or one or more air flow sensors located inside the desorption chamber, the computer configured to measure the air temperature, or air humidity, or air flow inside the desorption chamber, or combinations thereof.

22. The system according to claim 21, wherein the computer is further coupled to one or more temperature sensors, or one or more humidity sensors, or one or more air flow sensors located inside the condensation chamber, the computer configured to measure the air temperature, or air humidity, or air flow inside the condensation chamber, or combinations thereof.

23. The computer is i) a measured value of one or more of the air temperature and the air humidity inside the desorption chamber and the condensation chamber, and ii) a measured value of one or more of the ambient air temperature and the ambient air humidity The system according to claim 22, further comprising a water collection algorithm executable to adjust the operating parameters of the system based on the above.

24. An atmospheric water collection system, comprising a heat pump having a high temperature side and a low temperature side, a plurality of adsorbent modules, each containing one or more adsorbents, a desorption chamber encompassing the high temperature side of the heat pump, the desorption chamber transferring heat from the high temperature side of the heat pump to at least one of the plurality of adsorbent modules disposed within the desorption chamber to desorb water vapor from the one or more adsorbents, and at least one of the plurality of adsorbent modules outside the desorption chamber simultaneously adsorbing water from the surrounding air. A condensation chamber that includes or is positioned in close proximity to the low-temperature side of the heat pump, wherein the condensation chamber is configured to receive water from the desorbed water vapor from the one or more adsorbents and to condense the water, the condensation chamber; A computer, wherein the computer A desorption chamber temperature sensor positioned inside the desorption chamber, A desorption chamber humidity sensor positioned inside the desorption chamber A computer communicatively coupled to A system comprising. **Claim 25** The system according to claim 24, wherein the desorption chamber is configured to operate at an average desorption temperature to sustain a target desorption rate of the water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. **Claim 26** The system according to claim 25, wherein the condensation chamber is configured to operate at an average condensation temperature to condense the water from the water vapor desorbed from the one or more adsorbents. **Claim 27** The system according to claim 26, wherein the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature are selected to achieve the lowest energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents. **Claim 28** The system according to claim 24, wherein the system is configured to operate at an average desorption temperature and an average condensation temperature to achieve the lowest energy per liter of water produced using the one or more adsorbents. **Claim 29** The system according to claim 28, wherein the average desorption temperature is selected to sustain a target desorption rate of water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. **Claim 30** The system according to claim 24, wherein the desorption chamber operates at a desorption temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 60°C to desorb water vapor from the one or more adsorbents. **Claim 31** The system according to claim 30, wherein the condensation chamber operates at a condensation temperature below the dew point of the water vapor desorbed from the one or more adsorbents to condense water from the one or more adsorbents. **Claim 32** The system according to claim 31, wherein the condensation temperature occurs in the range of about 40°C to about 95°C. **Claim 33** The system according to claim 24, wherein the one or more adsorbents comprise at least one metal-organic framework. **Claim 34**: The system according to claim 33, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step within a range of about 20% relative humidity to about 60% relative humidity at about 25°C. **Claim 35**: The system according to claim 33, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step at about 20% relative humidity at about 25°C. **Claim 36**: The system according to claim 35, wherein the desorption chamber operates at a desorption temperature of about 130°C to about 140°C, and the condensation chamber operates at a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. **Claim 37**: The system according to claim 33, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step at about 40% relative humidity at about 25°C. **Claim 38**: The system according to claim 37, wherein the desorption chamber operates at a desorption temperature of about 115°C to about 125°C, and the condensation chamber operates at a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. **Claim 39**: The system according to claim 33, wherein the at least one metal-organic framework has an isotherm step at about 60% relative humidity at about 25°C. **Claim 40**: The system according to claim 39, wherein the desorption chamber operates at a desorption temperature of about 100°C to about 110°C, and the condensation chamber operates at a condensation temperature of about 85°C to about 95°C. **Claim 41**: The system according to claim 24, wherein the computer is communicatively coupled to one or more ambient air temperature sensors or one or more ambient air humidity sensors, and the computer is configured to measure the ambient air temperature or ambient air humidity of the ambient air surrounding the system, and combinations thereof. **Claim 42**: The system according to claim 24, further comprising a condensation chamber temperature sensor and a condensation chamber humidity sensor located inside the condensation chamber. **Claim 43**: The system according to claim 42, wherein the computer contains a water extraction algorithm executable to adjust the operating parameters of the system based on the measured values of the ambient air temperature or ambient air humidity and combinations thereof. **Claim 44**: The system according to claim 24, wherein the computer contains a water extraction algorithm executable to adjust the operating parameters of the system based on the measured values of the desorption chamber air temperature and desorption chamber air humidity.

45. The system according to claim 44, wherein the computer further contains a water extraction algorithm executable to adjust the operating parameters of the system based on measured values of the condensation chamber air temperature and the condensation chamber air humidity.

46. The system according to claim 24, wherein the computer further contains a water extraction algorithm executable to determine the system energy consumption per liter of water as a function of the desorption chamber temperature and the condensation chamber temperature using the one or more adsorbents.

47. The system according to claim 46, wherein the water extraction algorithm is executable to determine the average desorption temperature and the average condensation temperature so as to achieve the minimum energy consumption per liter of water produced by the system using the one or more adsorbents.

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