Methods and systems for eye treatment - Patents.com

Abstract

11. A method and system comprising: a first electrode substrate having one or more stimulating electrodes configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of a patient; a plurality of sensor electrodes configured to detect electrical activity from neural cells of the patient during delivery of an electrical stimulation therapy, the plurality of sensor electrodes including a first sensor electrode and a second sensor electrode; a first return electrode configured to be placed at a position on the patient such that a current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode; and a stimulation controller configured to control the current formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the first eye of the patient to deliver the electrical stimulation therapy.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority, including under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 281,558, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EYE TREATMENT,” filed on November 19, 2021 by Marshall T. Masko et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

[0002] This application is U.S. Patent No. 10,391,312, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR OCULAR MICROCURRENT STIMULATION THERAPY,” issued on August 27, 2019 by Mowery et al.; PCT patent application PCT / US2016 / 051550 (published as WO 2017 / 048731), entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR OCULAR MICROCURRENT STIMULATION THERAPY,” filed September 13, 2016 by Mowery et al.; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 283,870, entitled “APPLIANCE FOR MICROCURRENT STIMULATION THERAPY USING A DISPOSABLE MATERIAL AFIXED TO THE UPPER AND LOWER EYE LID & OTHER BODY PARTS,” filed on September 15, 2015 by Mowery et al.; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 283,871, entitled “APPARATUS FOR A METHOD OF APPLICATION OF MICROCURRENT STIMULATION THERAPY, CONSISTING OF A GOGGLE DEVICE AFFIXED TO&ENCIRCLING THE UPPER AND / OR LOWER EYELIDS, AS WELL AS OTHER BODY PARTS,” filed Sep. 15, 2015 by Masko et al.; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 365,838, entitled “APPLIANCE FOR MICRO-CURRENT STIMULATION,” filed July 22, 2016 by Tapp et al.; No. 17 / 415,508, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MICROCURRENT STIMULATION THERAPY,” filed June 17, 2021 by Masko et al. (published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0047866); U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 416,024, entitled “MICROCURRENT-STIMULATION-THERAPY APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed June 18, 2021 by Masko et al. (published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0062634); PCT patent application PCT / US2019 / 063404 (published as WO 2020 / 131329), entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MICROCURRENT STIMULATION THERAPY,” filed November 26, 2019 by Masko et al. PCT application PCT / US2019 / 067627, entitled “MICROCURRENT-STIMULATION-THERAPY APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed December 19, 2019 by Masko et al. (published as WO 2020 / 132337); U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 783,116, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MICROCURRENT STIMULATION THERAPY,” filed December 20, 2018 by Masko et al.; PCT patent application PCT / US2020 / 021267 (published as WO 2021 / 177968), entitled “VISION TESTING AND TREATMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD,” filed March 5, 2020 by Mowery et al.; PCT patent application PCT / US2021 / 031869 (published as WO 2021 / 231496), entitled “ELECTRODE SYSTEM FOR VISION TREATMENT AND METHOD,” filed May 11, 2021 by Duncan et al.; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 025,987, entitled “ELECTRODE SYSTEM FOR VISION TREATMENT AND METHOD,” filed May 15, 2020 by Duncan et al.; and U.S. Patent No. 11,116,973, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A MEDICAL DEVICE,” issued on September 14, 2021 by Masko et al. In relation to each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0003] Technical Field The present invention relates generally to electrical stimulation of the human body, and more particularly to methods and systems for applying electrical stimulation to the eye to treat various ocular conditions, such as retinal diseases including macular degeneration (dry or wet AMD (age-related macular degeneration)), retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic macular edema, retinal tears or detachments, macular holes, and epiretinal membranes. [Background technology]

[0004] There is growing interest in the use of non-invasive electrical stimulation of the eye to treat a variety of conditions. The basis of the therapeutic strategy may involve stimulation of neurons and / or non-neural tissues such as glial and epithelial cells along the visual pathway. The main non-invasive routes of electrical stimulation to patients with the goal of improving vision are transpalpebral, transorbital, and transcorneal. Transpalpebral electrical stimulation uses small surface electrodes placed on the eyelid with a return electrode that may be placed on the occipital, neck or shoulder, temporal, or any other suitable location on the patient that provides a return path for the electrical stimulation.

[0005] Electrical stimulation is usually characterized by a threshold effect, i.e., the current density in the target tissue must be high enough and sustained long enough to activate the specific neuronal or non-neuronal cells involved. The current delivered to the eyelid, or cornea, disperses through the eye, around the eye, and then disperses throughout the head before reconverging at the return electrode. The current density at any point in the eye or head depends on the relative electrical conductivities of the different types of tissue involved, such as bone, fat, ocular media, and nervous tissue. The current density at any point can be estimated by computational modeling, but in practice it is difficult to select a current amplitude at the eyelid or cornea that will reach the desired threshold in the target tissue.

[0006] U.S. Patent No. 5,154,174, entitled "Electrode for electroretinography and method of use" by Marko Hawlina, issued October 13, 1992, is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Patent No. 5,154,174 describes an electrode for electroretinography comprising a plastically deformable, self-supporting, filamentary conductive member having first and second electrically insulating regions between which a portion of the member is exposed as an electrical contact. The member preferably forms an endless loop.

[0007] U.S. Patent No. 5,522,864, entitled "Apparatus and method for ocular treatment," issued June 4, 1996 by Larry B. Wallace et al., is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Patent No. 5,522,864 describes that macular degeneration and other ocular conditions in a subject are treated by electrically contacting the positive pole of a direct current power source with the subject's closed eyelid, electrically contacting the negative pole of the power source with the subject's posterior neck, and passing a constant direct current of 200 μA between the electrodes through the subject for about 10 minutes. The power source can be a portable, battery-powered, constant direct current generator attached to the subject. The subject can be ambulatory during treatment.

[0008] U.S. Patent No. 6,035,236, entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Electrical Microcurrent Stimulation Therapy" issued March 7, 2000 by John B. Jarding et al., is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Patent No. 6,035,236 describes an apparatus for supplying an electrical signal to a body part to provide microcurrent stimulation therapy to the body part. The apparatus preferably comprises a first swept wave or swept frequency signal generator configured to generate a first swept wave signal, and a buffer amplifier circuit configured to receive the first swept wave signal from the first swept wave signal generator and amplify and buffer the swept wave signal to generate a buffered swept wave signal. Additionally, the apparatus preferably includes a current limiting circuit configured to receive the buffered swept wave signal from the buffer amplifier circuit and limit the amount of current supplied to the body part. Finally, the apparatus preferably comprises a probe for applying the swept wave signal to the body part. The apparatus may further include a second signal generator for generating a second signal, which may include either a swept-wave signal or a non-swept-wave signal. The apparatus also includes a signal combining circuit configured to receive the first and second signals from the first and second signal generators and combine the first and second signals into a combined swept-wave signal.

[0009] U.S. Patent No. 6,275,735, entitled "Methods and apparatus for electrical microcurrent stimulation therapy," issued Aug. 14, 2001 by John B. Jarding et al., is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Patent No. 6,275,735 describes a method and apparatus for providing microcurrent stimulation therapy to a body part. In one embodiment, the method allows for digital control of the modulation frequency of the microcurrent signal. The method includes receiving a first digital data word that is used to generate a first frequency associated with the first digital data word, such that a first microcurrent signal of the first frequency is applied to the body part. A second digital data word is received and used to generate a second frequency associated with the second digital data word. A second microcurrent signal of the second frequency is applied to the body part. In another embodiment, the method allows for direct digital synthesis of the microcurrent stimulation signal. The first digital data word is used to generate a first analog voltage that is applied to the body part. The second digital data word is used to generate a second analog voltage that is also applied to the body part, the first analog voltage being different from the second analog voltage. In yet another embodiment, an apparatus for providing microcurrent stimulation therapy includes a digital-to-analog converter, a controller, and a plurality of data words. The controller is coupled to the digital-to-analog converter and provides the digital data words to the digital-to-analog converter to generate an electrical signal for microcurrent stimulation therapy.

[0010] US Patent No. 7,062,319, entitled "Method and arrangement for determining suitable treatment frequency and / or intensity" issued on June 13, 2006 by Jouni Ihme et al., is incorporated herein by reference. Patent No. 7,062,319 describes a method and arrangement for determining a suitable treatment frequency and / or intensity of a treatment signal used in electrical treatment. In this method, a stimulating electrical signal is directed to a subject to generate different response types in the subject at different intensities of the stimulating electrical signal. For at least three different response types, the intensities of the stimulating electrical signal at which the response types were generated are stored. The stored electrical signal intensities for the different response types at at least three different frequencies are compared to reference values, and frequencies and / or signal intensities at which the signal intensities deviate sufficiently from one or more reference values ​​are determined. The method utilizes the frequencies and / or signal intensities found in the process of determining the suitable treatment frequency and / or signal intensities.

[0011] U.S. Patent No. 7,158,834, entitled "Method and apparatus for performing microcurrent stimulation (MSC) therapy," issued on January 2, 2007 by Edward L. Paul, Jr., is incorporated herein by reference. Patent No. 7,158,834 describes a method and apparatus for providing microcurrent stimulation (MSC) therapy. Patent No. 7,158,834 states that it has been determined that the application of a microcurrent signal of a specific frequency to the eye for a specific period of time stabilizes and even improves the symptoms of macular degeneration and other eye diseases.

[0012] U.S. Patent No. 7,326,181, entitled "Nervous tissue stimulation device and method," issued February 5, 2008 by Jefferson J. Katims, is incorporated herein by reference. Patent No. 7,326,181 describes a method for evaluating physiological conduction in the tissue being studied using precisely controlled computer programmable stimuli for neuroselective tissue stimulation that do not leave sufficient voltage or electrical artifacts in the stimulated tissue to interfere with or prevent a monitoring system from recording the physiological response. The computer controls both the waveform, duration and intensity of the stimulation. An output trigger to the neural response recording component controls the timing of its operation. Neuroselective neural tissue response latency and amplitude can be determined. Computer controlled stimulation may also be administered for therapeutic purposes.

[0013] U.S. Patent No. 8,843,209, entitled "Ramping parameter values ​​for electrical stimulation therapy," issued on September 23, 2014 by Paul W. Wacnik et al., is incorporated herein by reference. Patent No. 8,843,209 describes devices, systems, and techniques for ramping up one or more parameter values ​​of electrical stimulation. The implantable medical device can increase or decrease a parameter value, e.g., amplitude or pulse width, over time to reach a target value for the parameter. In one example, the memory can be configured to store a plurality of amplitude ramp schedules. At least one processor can be configured to obtain a stimulation parameter set that at least in part defines an electrical stimulation therapy, select one of the plurality of amplitude ramp schedules based on a signal frequency of the stimulation parameter set, and increase the amplitude of the electrical stimulation therapy during a ramp period defined by the selected amplitude ramp schedule.

[0014] U.S. Patent No. 9,199,080, entitled "Method for treating an eye," issued Dec. 1, 2015 by Florian Gekeler et al., is incorporated herein by reference. According to U.S. Patent No. 9,199,080, in a method for treating at least one eye of a patient in need of such treatment with a pulsed electrical stimulation signal, first individual parameters of the patient are determined, then at least one stimulation parameter of the pulsed electrical stimulation signal is set according to the at least one individual parameter, and then the pulsed electrical stimulation signal is applied to at least one eye.

[0015] U.S. Patent No. 9,724,230, entitled "Dry eye treatment apparatus and methods," issued August 8, 2017 by Paul Badawi, is incorporated herein by reference. Patent No. 9,724,230 generally describes a dry eye treatment apparatus and method that includes a patch or strip applied to the skin of the upper eyelid and / or lower eyelid to deliver heat or other forms of energy, pressure, drugs, moisture, and the like (alone or in combination) to one or more meibomian glands contained under the skin. The one or more treatment strips include one or more strips configured to adhere to an area beneath the skin proximate one or both eyes of the subject such that the one or more strips allow the subject to blink naturally without restriction from the one or more strips. Additionally, the one or more strips may be configured to emit energy to the area beneath the skin, the one or more strips being shaped to follow the location of one or more meibomian glands contained in the area beneath the skin.

[0016] The publication by Takeshi Morimoto et al., "Evaluation of residual retinal function by pupillary constrictions and phosphenes using transcorneal electrical stimulation in patients with retinal degeneration," Graefe's Archives for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Vol. 244, pp. 1283-1292 (2006), is incorporated herein by reference.

[0017] The publication by Takashi Fujikado et al., "Effect of transcorneal electrical stimulation in patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy or traumatic optic neuropathy," Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 50, pp. 266-273 (2006), is incorporated herein by reference.

[0018] The publication by Yousef Farraj et al., "Measuring pupil size and light response through closed eyelids," in Biomedical Optics Express, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 6485-6495 (2021), is incorporated by reference herein.

[0019] There is a need for improved methods and systems for treating ocular conditions using electrical stimulation. Summary of the Invention

[0020] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods and systems for providing ocular electrical stimulation (in some such embodiments, the current used for ocular electrical stimulation takes the form of a low frequency (less than about 1000 Hz) pulse train, with the individual pulses being monophasic (either polarity) or biphasic). As used herein, the "pulse repetition rate" or "pulse rate" of a pulse train is informally referred to as "frequency" and / or "Hz", and references to numerical values ​​of frequency and / or Hz should be understood as values ​​of the number of pulses per second of the pulse train. In some embodiments, the electrical stimulation includes the formation of a pulse train that includes a sequence of sub-trains, with the pulses in each sub-train being of the same type and polarity. In some embodiments, the pulses are current controlled, i.e., the drive circuit is designed to deliver a selected current without regard to circuit impedance, or voltage control, where the current is dependent on the circuit impedance.

[0021] In some embodiments, patient reports of flashes of light are used as an indicator that the electrical stimulation has reached the target retinal tissue. As used herein, a "flash of light" is an impression of light in the eye (e.g., visual flashes) that occurs without light entering the eye, caused by stimulation of the retina (e.g., stimulation of certain cells in the retina, such as bipolar cells). In some embodiments, the effectiveness of treating retinal diseases (e.g., macular degeneration) to restore or maintain vision is integrally related to providing a level of ocular stimulation (e.g., electrical stimulation) that induces the visible appearance of flashes of light when the patient's eyes are closed.

[0022] In some embodiments, the present invention provides an objective means for monitoring the ocular response during treatment so that therapeutic stimulation intensity is achieved and overstimulation is avoided. In some such embodiments, the present invention restores electrical signals in the eye and head regions during electrical stimulation to observe the electrical activity of neurons in the retina, optic nerve, and / or brain in response to electrical stimulation. In some embodiments, the electrical stimulation response occurs in the period following delivery of the stimulation pulse and is a very low level signal embedded in noise. In some embodiments, to extract the electrical stimulation response signal, waveform recordings from multiple consecutive identical pulses are digitally captured and the resulting waveforms are averaged at each time point, so that random noise is cancelled out while the underlying signal is revealed.

[0023] In some embodiments, the invention provides a system for performing non-invasive electrical stimulation of an eye, the system comprising a first electrode placed on the front of the eye either directly on the cornea or on the eyelid, a second return electrode placed from the eye on the occipital or temporal region or on the neck or shoulder, a pulsed current generator that passes a therapeutic current between the first and second electrodes, a third sensing electrode placed on the head along with a corresponding reference electrode, a differential amplifier that measures the potential difference between the third electrode and the reference electrode, and a controller configured to apply electrical stimulation to the eye and measure a subsequent electrical response of the eye.

[0024] In some embodiments, the invention provides a system comprising a first electrode substrate including one or more electrodes on a first electrode substrate configured to apply electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; and a stimulation controller configured to control the electrical stimulation therapy, each of the one or more electrodes operably coupled to the stimulation controller, the stimulation controller setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during a first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, and further configured to increase the current level from the first value during the first treatment session, and receiving an indication that a flash of light is visible in the patient's first eye during the first treatment session, and wherein upon receipt of the indication, the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value.

[0025] In some embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating a cataract, comprising: providing a first electrode substrate, the first electrode substrate including one or more electrodes on the first electrode substrate configured to apply electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; attaching the first electrode substrate to the patient's skin such that the one or more electrodes are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; and attaching a first treatment set to the patient's skin such that the one or more electrodes are on the outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye. and applying electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye during a first treatment session, wherein applying therapy to the first eye during a first treatment session includes setting a current level of the therapy applied to the first eye to a first value, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, increasing the current level from the first value, and receiving an indication that a flash of light is visible in the first eye of the patient, wherein upon receipt of the indication, increasing the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value.

[0026] In some embodiments, the invention provides a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions for causing a suitably programmed control system to execute a method of providing electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the method being executed by the control system on an electrical stimulation system comprising one or more electrodes, the one or more electrodes being on a first electrode substrate, the first electrode substrate being attached to the patient's skin such that the one or more electrodes are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient, and the method comprising: Provided is a non-transitory computer readable medium that includes applying electrical stimulation therapy to an eye, where applying the therapy to a first eye during a first treatment session includes setting a current level of the therapy to a first value, where the first value of the current level is below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, increasing the current level from the first value, and receiving an indication that a flash of light is visible in the first eye of the patient, where upon receiving the indication, increasing the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0027] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an eye stimulation system 101 using an eye stimulation electrode system 150 according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an eye stimulation system 102 using an eye stimulation electrode system 151 according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 1C] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an eye stimulation system 103 according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2A] 2 is a block / flow diagram of an ocular stimulation system and method 201 for electrical stimulation applied to a human eye, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2B] 2 is a block / flow diagram of an ocular stimulation system and method 202 for electrical stimulation applied to a human eye, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 3A] 3 is a graph 301 of electrical signal amplitude over time applied to a patient's eye during an initial sub-session 350 used to determine a signal amplitude that is effective and not too uncomfortable for the patient, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 3B] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system 303 that can vary the amplitude and / or waveform of a signal applied to a patient's eye over time such that the amplitude and / or waveform of the signal is effective and not too uncomfortable for the patient, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 4] 4 is an exemplary electroretinogram (ERG) 401 generated in response to a flash of light. [Diagram 5] 5 is a graph 501 showing the individual components of the visual evoked response (VER). [Figure 6A] FIG. 6 is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 601 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6 is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 602 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 6C] FIG. 6 is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 603 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 6D] FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of an electrical stimulation system 604 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 701 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0028] Although the following detailed description contains many specific details for purposes of illustration, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations and modifications to the following details are within the scope of the present invention. Specific examples are used to illustrate certain embodiments. However, the claimed invention is not intended to be limited to only these examples, but rather includes the full scope of the appended claims. Thus, the following preferred embodiments of the present invention are described without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations on, the claimed invention. Furthermore, the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specification and which show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0029] It is specifically contemplated that the present invention includes embodiments having combinations and subcombinations of the various embodiments and features described herein individually (i.e., rather than reciting every combination of elements, the specification includes descriptions of representative embodiments, contemplates embodiments that include some of the features of one embodiment combined with some of the features of another embodiment, and includes embodiments that include some of the features of one embodiment combined with some of the features of the embodiments described in the patents and published applications incorporated by reference into this application). Additionally, some embodiments include fewer than all of the components described as part of any one of the embodiments described herein.

[0030] The leading digit of a reference number appearing in the figures generally corresponds to the number of the figure in which that component is first introduced, and the same reference number is used throughout to refer to the same component that appears in multiple figures. Signals and connections may be referenced by the same reference number or label, and the actual meaning will be clear from its use in the context of the description.

[0031] Certain marks referred to herein may be common law or registered trademarks of third parties who may or may not be affiliated with the applicant or assignee. The use of these marks is to provide an example enabling disclosure and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter to the material associated with such marks.

[0032] In some embodiments, the invention uses patient-reported visual acuity of flashing light in the eye (or an objectively determined indication of flashing light such as the configurations shown in Figures 6A-7 below) to set electrical stimulation levels for treating retinal disease. In some embodiments, the initial indication of flashing light is a threshold for initiation of a low treatment setting. In some embodiments, the treatment range of the electrical stimulation is increased (i.e., ramped up) by increasing the current (e.g., microamperes) of the electrical stimulation as the patient continues to see the flashing light (in some embodiments, instead of (or in addition to) increasing the stimulation intensity by increasing the current. In other embodiments, the treatment intensity is controlled by controlling the voltage delivered between the stimulation electrodes, and in some such embodiments, the pulse voltage and / or duration of the voltage pulse are incremented until the flashing light threshold is reached). In some embodiments, as the stimulation level delivered to the eye is increased, the threshold at which the flashing light is first seen is associated with the starting point of the stimulation therapy for that, and potentially for subsequent treatment sessions. In some embodiments, the stimulation range for a treatment session is set to begin at the threshold for phosphenes and increase in the session or subsequent sessions to a level up to 9 times the threshold level, measured in microamps. In some embodiments, the threshold level of electrical stimulation and the maximum level of electrical stimulation are both within the range of about 100 to about 1000 microamps.

[0033] In some embodiments, the highest level of stimulation that the patient can tolerate is associated with the highest level of stimulation that occurs when the patient continues to see the flashes but has no discomfort. In some embodiments, the electrical stimulation is ramped up until the patient reports (or is objectively observed) discomfort, and then ramped back to the highest level possible without such discomfort (in some embodiments, the stimulation level is used as an upper limit for treatment in the session). In some embodiments, each subsequent treatment session of electrical stimulation is recalibrated based on the patient's visibility of the flashes and the level of discomfort. In some embodiments, each eye is also calibrated individually within a treatment session, since one eye can tolerate more stimulation than the other eye. In other embodiments, both eyes are calibrated with the same settings to simplify clinical procedures related to electrical stimulation.

[0034] In some embodiments, the present invention combines a regularly repeating monophasic waveform with an overlaid biphasic waveform within the same electrical stimulation treatment session. In some embodiments, the combination of monophasic and biphasic waveforms achieves both cellular reactivation and cellular repair, a dual relationship that neither can achieve alone, and in some embodiments, both cellular reactivation and cellular repair are necessary to restore a patient's vision and halt the progression of ocular diseases such as dry AMD. In some embodiments, the monophasic waveform is used simultaneously with the biphasic waveform in the same electrical stimulation treatment session. In some embodiments, the monophasic waveform is alternated with the biphasic waveform in the same electrical stimulation treatment session. In some such embodiments, the monophasic and biphasic waveforms are alternated within 15 minutes of each other. In some embodiments, the waveforms used in the present invention operate at a pulse repetition rate of about 20 pulses / second to about 100 pulses / second. In some embodiments, each waveform operates at a single pulse repetition rate. As used herein, "pulse repetition rate" is informally referred to herein as frequency and / or Hz.

[0035] FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an ocular stimulation system 101 using an ocular stimulation electrode system 150 according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the ocular stimulation electrode system 150 includes a return electrode system 115 (e.g., as described in PCT Patent Application Publication WO2021 / 231496, incorporated by reference above) and two ocular electrode systems 170A and 170B for the right and left eyes of a patient. In some embodiments, the return electrode system 115 includes a single conductive metal electrode 130 having one or more openings into which one or more snap-type electrical connections 110A and 110B are assembled. In some embodiments, the conductive metal electrode 130 is deposited on an insulating polymer substrate 120. In some embodiments, the return electrode system 115 is placed on the back of the patient's head or neck to provide a pathway for the stimulation signal to flow through the eye from the ocular electrode system 170A and / or 170B to the return electrode system 115. In some embodiments, the electrical connector 192 provides an electrical connection between the controller 190 and the return electrode system 115, while the electrical connectors 191 each provide an electrical connection between the controller 190 and the ocular electrode systems 170A and 170B, respectively. In some embodiments, the controller 190 provides a pulse signal to the connector 192 and the two connectors 191 that provide electrical stimulation through the patient's upper eyelid to provide therapeutic stimulation designed to combat ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In some embodiments, the polarity of the signal is periodically reversed to reduce charge buildup in the patient's tissue. In some embodiments, the magnitude of the signal when reversed is changed (e.g., longer duration or more pulses at lower current magnitudes are used to counteract the charge buildup of shorter duration or fewer number of pulses at higher current magnitudes). In some embodiments, a pulse envelope is applied to amplitude modulate the carrier of shorter pulses at higher frequencies. In some embodiments, the pulse envelope is gradually ramped up to a higher intensity magnitude to avoid unpleasant sensory nerve stimulation.In some embodiments, each ocular electrode subsystem 170A, 170B includes an upper eyelid electrode 173 deposited as a metal layer on a flexible insulating substrate 171, with each electrode having a respective snap-type electrical connector 174 (or other suitable connector). In some embodiments, the connectors 191 each have a corresponding receiver connector for each connector 174.

[0036] In some embodiments, using three separate parts, as in the case of the ocular stimulation electrode system 150, allows for ease of application of the parts as they can be applied one at a time and can easily accommodate different head sizes. In some embodiments, each of the three parts is printed with an individual QR type code (or in other embodiments (not shown) a chip with such encoded serial number information) so that a camera application ("app") (or other suitable software app) on a smartphone or tablet 99 can read the respective QR code to track which electrodes were used on which patient at which date and time for purposes such as tracking treatment (so adjustments can be made in future treatment sessions) and / or patient / insurance billing. In some embodiments, the tablet / PC controller 99 is coupled to the controller 190 via a wired or wireless connection 98.

[0037] 1B is a perspective view of an ocular stimulation system 102 using an ocular stimulation electrode system 151 according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the ocular stimulation system 102 operates in a manner substantially similar to that of the ocular stimulation system 101 described above, except that the ocular stimulation electrode system 151 includes ocular electrode systems 170C and 170D for the patient's right and left eyes, respectively. In some embodiments, each ocular electrode subsystem 170C, 170D includes a lower eyelid electrode 172 and an upper eyelid electrode 173 deposited as a metal layer on a flexible insulating substrate 171, each electrode having a respective snap-type electrical connector 174 (or other suitable connector). In some embodiments, the connectors 191 each have a corresponding receiver connector for each connector 174.

[0038] 1C is a perspective view of an ocular stimulation system 103, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, system 103 is substantially similar to system 101 of FIG. 1A, except that system 103 includes ocular electrode systems 170E and 170F for the patient's right and left eyes, respectively, each including one or more sensors 181 (e.g., electrode sensors that detect electrical signals of nerves in the patient's eyelid skin) and one or more light emitting elements 182 (e.g., light emitting diodes-LEDs).

[0039] 2A is a block diagram / flowchart of an ocular stimulation system and method 201 for electrical stimulation applied to a human eye, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, in block 210, an electrode system (e.g., electrode system 150 of FIG. 1A or electrode system 151 of FIG. 1B, which in some embodiments are part of an overall stimulation system 101 or 102, respectively) is attached to one or more eyes of a patient. In some embodiments, in block 211, electrical stimulation therapy is initiated for at least one of the patient's eyes, and as part of the initiation of treatment, the current level is set to a starting value. In some embodiments, in block 212, the current level is ramped up from the starting value. In some embodiments, at block 213, an indication is received that a patient in the eye being stimulated sees a flash (e.g., in some embodiments, the flash indication is received directly from the patient. In some embodiments, the flash indication is received at controller 190 as a signal transmitted by sensor 181 of FIG. 1C or the system shown in FIGS. 6A-7. In still other embodiments, the presence of a flash is detected by sensor 181 of FIG. 1C, a signal is transmitted from sensor 181 to light emitting element 182, and light is emitted from light emitting element 182 based on the signal from sensor 181). In some embodiments, once the flash indication is received, at block 214, the ramping up of the current level is stopped and the new value of the current level is stored as the stimulation threshold in calibration database 260 (in some embodiments, database 260 is operably coupled to controller 190 and / or tablet / PC 99 of FIG. 1A). In some embodiments, at block 215, the current level is increased from the stimulation threshold. In some embodiments, at block 216, an indication of patient discomfort is received (e.g., in some embodiments, the indication of patient discomfort comes directly from the patient. In some embodiments, the indication of patient discomfort is received at controller 190 as a signal transmitted by sensor 181 of FIG. 1C or the systems shown in FIGS. 6A-7).In yet other embodiments, the presence of patient discomfort is detected by sensor 181 of FIG. 1C, a signal is transmitted from sensor 181 to light emitting element 182, and light is emitted from light emitting element 182 based on the signal from sensor 181). In some embodiments, at block 217, when an indication of patient discomfort is received, the increase in current level is stopped and a new value of the current level is stored in calibration database 260 as the maximum (max) stimulation value. In some embodiments, the stimulation therapy is continued at block 218 at a current level that is less than the maximum stimulation value and greater than or equal to the stimulation threshold.

[0040] FIG. 2B is a block diagram / flow chart of an eye stimulation system and method 202 for electrical stimulation applied to a human eye, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, at block 220, a desired current level of electrical stimulation is determined (e.g., in some embodiments, the desired current level is selected to be greater than or equal to the stimulation threshold level calculated in blocks 211-214 of FIG. 2A and less than the maximum stimulation level calculated in blocks 215-217 of FIG. 2A). In some embodiments, at block 221, one or more stimulation signals having a monophasic waveform at the desired current level are generated. In some embodiments, at block 222, one or more stimulation signals having a biphasic waveform at the desired current level are generated. In some embodiments, at block 223, the stimulation signals are transmitted to the patient's eye. In some embodiments, the monophasic waveform signal is transmitted at a first time and the biphasic waveform signal is transmitted at a second time, and the first time does not overlap with the second time (e.g., in some embodiments, the monophasic waveform signal is temporally separated from the biphasic waveform signal by 15 minutes or less). In some embodiments, the monophasic waveform signal is transmitted at least partially simultaneously with the transmission of the biphasic waveform signal.

[0041] 3A is a graph 301 of electrical signal amplitude over time applied to the patient's eye during an initial sub-session 350 used to determine a signal amplitude that is effective and not too uncomfortable for the patient, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, a stimulation threshold series of pulses 320 is generated having gradually increasing current amplitudes (see pulses 321, 322, and 323, etc.; the thin diagonal lines shown on each pulse (e.g., pulses 321, 322, 323, 331, 332, 333, etc.) do not indicate separate micropulses but are merely the shading of each single pulse) until the controller 190 (see, e.g., FIG. 1A) receives feedback on skin impedance or electrical signals from nerves in the eyelid skin (or electrical signals directly from the cornea, electrical signals from the visual cortex region of the brain, etc.) and / or feedback from an optical sensor monitoring pupil size and / or patient-generated feedback indicating that a flash is visible to the patient. In some embodiments, once this feedback is received, the current amplitude is set as the stimulation threshold level. In some embodiments, the current amplitude is then further increased until the controller 190 receives feedback regarding skin impedance or electrical signals from nerves in the eyelid skin and / or patient-generated feedback (such as a voice command (or involuntary vocalization) or a push button switch signal) indicating patient discomfort (e.g., see pulses 327 above discomfort level 329). In some embodiments, upon determining discomfort level 329, the controller 190 reduces the current and / or voltage of the pulses to a therapeutic level 339 that is better tolerated than the level that causes discomfort. In some embodiments, a series of pulses 330 is then applied, such as therapeutic pulses 331, 332, 333. In some embodiments, a ramp-down series of pulses 330 is applied after the therapeutic series of pulses 340. In some embodiments, the initial sub-session 350 includes a stimulation threshold series of pulses 320, a therapeutic series of pulses 330, and a ramp-down series of pulses 340.

[0042] 3B is a block diagram of a system 303 that can vary the amplitude and / or waveform of a signal applied to a patient's eye over time so that the amplitude and / or waveform of the signal is effective and not too uncomfortable for the patient, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the system 303 comprises a base station 399, a controller 390, a flash drive 396, an electrode 370 (e.g., in some embodiments, electrodes 170A and 170B of FIG. 1A), (optionally) a ground patch (e.g., in some embodiments, return electrode system 115 of FIG. 1A), conductive gel, and cleaning wipes. In some embodiments, the base station 399 is a device such as a laptop personal computer (PC), tablet computer, desktop computer, etc. (e.g., in some embodiments, tablet / PC controller 99 of FIG. 1A) for selecting parameters, monitoring performance, collecting and storing data, and communicating with a controller 390 (e.g., in some embodiments, controller 190 of FIG. 1A). In some embodiments, the controller 390 is a control unit that includes electronics that deliver current to the electrode contacts on the eye. In some embodiments, the electrode contacts are part of a disposable strip, goggles, or individual probes, etc. In some embodiments, the flash drive 396 is a USB "thumb drive" that contains encrypted data and program code to provide a certain number of prepaid patient treatments, with one treatment unit being deducted from the flash drive each time a successful treatment is completed. In some embodiments, the flash drive 396 is a USB "thumb drive" that contains encrypted data and program code to provide a prescription for a particular patient treatment, with one treatment unit being deducted from the flash drive each time a successful treatment is completed. In some embodiments, once all available treatment unit sessions are completed, the flash drive 396 can be discarded and a new prepaid flash drive is used.In other embodiments, the flash drive 396 is also used to collect and record session data and parameters that can be later analyzed to determine the long-term effectiveness of various different treatment variations, so that once all available treatment unit sessions are completed, the flash drive 396 is returned to the analysis facility and a new pre-paid flash drive is sent to the treatment facility in exchange for the data and a fee per treatment session. In some embodiments, the patient identification data is anonymized and encrypted for patient privacy and / or legal requirements while maintaining each session with enough information to analyze what works and what does not. In some embodiments, the electrode 370 includes a first electrode on a first adhesive strip placed on at least one of the upper and lower eyelids of the first eye and a second electrode on a second adhesive strip placed on at least one of the upper and lower eyelids of the second eye. In some embodiments, a kit is provided in which, in addition to the electrodes 370, one or more handheld probe tips, and / or goggles and a flash drive described above, the kit also includes items such as disposable grounding patches, conductive gel and cleaning wipes.

[0043] In some embodiments, the controller 390 includes a microprocessor 361, a power system (e.g., battery, ultracapacitor) 362 that provides power to the remainder of the controller 390, a current source 363 controlled by the microprocessor 361 based on signals from a current and impedance sensor 369, and an electrode sequencer and current balancer 364 that selects which electrode to send an electrical pulse signal to at any given moment as controlled by the microprocessor 361, and these pulses are sent to the electrodes 370 via the electrode connectors 366. In some embodiments, the sequencer and current balancer 364 also controls / generates the pulse envelope associated with the electrical stimulation treatment. In some embodiments, the electrodes 370 also include one or more status LEDs 382 embedded in or on the strip, and the status LEDs 382 are driven by the electrical signal sent via the connectors 366. In other embodiments, one or more status LEDs 382 are disposed within the controller 390 and emit light directly from the controller 390 and / or via optical fibers 371 embedded in or on the strip, or the like, to light emitting points on the electrode strip, which are driven by electrical signals from the microprocessor 361. In some embodiments, the status LEDs 382 provide status and patient feedback functions to communicate to a medical professional and / or the patient that the system is functioning and active. In some embodiments, the system 303 comprises one or more sensors 381 disposed on the patient that detect neural activity from the patient during stimulation and transmit sense signals 383 based on the detected neural activity to the controller 390. In some embodiments, the status LEDs 382 are operably coupled to the sensors 381 and provide an indication that phosphenes are visible to the patient during stimulation and / or that the patient is experiencing discomfort based on the sense signals 383 received by the controller 390.In some embodiments, the system 303 includes a patient feedback input device 375 (e.g., a push button, switch, or other suitable user interface input device) that is operated by the patient to provide a patient-generated feedback signal 376 to the controller 390. In some embodiments, the patient-generated feedback signal 376 indicates that the phosphenes are visible to the patient and / or that the patient is experiencing discomfort (e.g., see pulse 327 above discomfort level 329 in FIG. 3A). In some embodiments, a status LED 382 is operably coupled to the patient feedback input device 375 and configured to emit light based on the received patient-generated feedback signal 376.

[0044] In some embodiments, the wireless communication device 368 (e.g., Bluetooth, NFC, infrared optical communication, etc.) provides one-way or two-way communication to the base station 399. In some embodiments, the base station 399 transmits 391 programming information specific to a particular patient based on a prepaid treatment authorization, for example from a flash drive 396, optionally including authorization based on the fee paid and patient specific treatment control information customized for the particular identified patient being treated in this session based on a treatment regimen prescribed by an ophthalmologist or the like. In some embodiments, session parameters are communicated 392 to the base station 399 (including parameters such as actual number, polarity, sequence and strength of pulses, measured impedance and / or current, indicative patient discomfort, etc.). In some embodiments, the system 303 includes a patient-activatable switch (e.g., on the controller 390 or via a separate handheld switch in wireless or wired communication with the controller 390) that the patient is instructed to press if and when the patient experiences discomfort or concern, and upon activation of the switch immediately shuts off electrical output from the controller 390 or even the entire controller 390, and / or the timing of the patient's activation of the switch is recorded and transmitted in the communication 392 of parameters from the session.Thus, in some embodiments, this feedback from the patient himself can be used to shut down the device completely (for the patient's comfort and peace of mind, as well as to further increase patient safety in case the current source 363 is failing and drawing too much current), then be tied to a specific time of treatment or other embodiment to allow for better design of future therapy sessions, and / or can be used to immediately terminate the session (the microcontroller 361 immediately changes all connections to "off" (or high impedance) to block any further current to the patient, and / or the entire controller 390 is then shut down (i.e., after storing a timestamp of the switch press by the patient) and disconnected from the power source (e.g., battery) 362). In some embodiments, the controller 390 and / or base station 399 include an audio / vibration output unit 372 that provides sounds (beeps, chimes, beeps, etc.) and / or vibrations related to therapy session states, for example to indicate "on / session started", "therapy in progress", "warning regarding insufficient or improper treatment", and "off / session ended".

[0045] In some embodiments, the system 303 is a software driven system that provides programmability of all parameters including frequency, waveform, current level, treatment duration and number of "cycles" around the eye (in some embodiments, if an adhesive strip on a given eye includes multiple electrodes 370, one cycle is the independent activation of each of the individual electrodes that make up the multiple electrodes 370). In some embodiments, these parameters are programmed during manufacture, while in other embodiments, the parameters are programmed on-site by a clinician or company personnel. In some embodiments, modifications to the programming parameters and / or software (e.g., customized by prescription of a treatment protocol provided by a licensed medical professional for a particular identified patient) are stored in a plug-in storage device 396 (such as a USB flash storage device) and the parameters and / or programs are loaded (by the plug-in device 396) into the base station 399 (which is then transmitted 391 (e.g., by wireless or wired connection) to the controller 390 for storage in the memory of the microprocessor 361. In other embodiments, the plug-in storage device 396 is plugged directly into the controller 390 to load and store the parameters and / or programs in the memory of the microprocessor 361 (some such implementations In some embodiments, the base station 399 is omitted, while in other embodiments the base station 399 is retained to provide the technician / medical professional with the status of each session in real time). In some embodiments the base station 399 is used to provide the technician / medical professional with the status of each session of multiple simultaneous patient sessions in real time (e.g., in some embodiments a laptop computer used as the base station 399 is programmed to provide a split screen progress monitor (e.g., the display screen is divided into quadrants, e.g., when up to four patients are being treated simultaneously) for each of multiple treatment sessions of multiple patients). In some embodiments the software may also be modified remotely using a wireless connection to the base station 399.In some embodiments, a prescription for an individual patient treatment session (protocols, parameters, etc. for controlling current amount, pulse duration, inter-pulse interval and how many pulses to deliver, etc.) is created and checked by a licensed professional, and this prescription is downloaded and / or stored in the base station 399 or USB device 396 along with a pre-paid activation code to enable only authorized treatments for a particular patient. In some embodiments, software in the base station 399 and / or software in the controller 390 verifies a match between a particular patient prescription associated with a particular identified patient and the patient identification information of the particular identified patient to verify that the correct prescription is being used for that patient.

[0046] Some embodiments include large memory in the controller 390 and / or base station 399 to capture and record all relevant patient and clinic data, including treatment protocols such as the number of pulses applied to each electrode, the amount of current, and all other relevant parameters involving treatment sessions (including, for example, whether a real or sham treatment session was provided to a particular patient). In some embodiments, the recorded data is stored in a permanent memory portion of a USB storage device 396 (e.g., using a portion of memory that allows only a single write operation that may be followed by many read operations so that the data is permanently stored and available at a later time). In some embodiments, these data are collected remotely and compiled by company and / or clinic personnel. In some embodiments, the data may be compiled and used in research to provide comparisons between patients and clinics. Over time, this data allows the company or analytical facility to optimize designs and clinical protocols, thus improving outcomes.

[0047] Some embodiments provide greater current drive capacity via the current source 363, as well as better current and impedance measurements via the sensor unit 369. This allows the controller 390 to deliver greater, more carefully controlled current levels that overcome any unexpected higher impedance levels. In some embodiments, the system 303 has a regulator (e.g., a current controller) to prevent delivery of more than 350 microamps (μA) to the patient during treatment. In some embodiments, the base station 399 and / or controller 390 may be activated only via a properly coded message from the flash drive 396, or in some embodiments via WI-FI, a genuine encrypted code (e.g., in some embodiments, received from a company website on the internet) that allows the laptop to signal the microstimulation controller 361 to run a treatment session for a particular identified patient. In some embodiments, the controller 390 may be activated via a flash drive 396 plugged into the controller 390, or by any other suitable type of connection (such as a USB cable to the base station 399).

[0048] Some embodiments provide automatic adjustment for impedance changes. As impedance changes from contact to contact and eye to eye during treatment, the control unit 390 automatically adjusts to maintain consistent current levels. This improves performance and outcomes. Treatment is automated to minimize clinician involvement. The system 303 automatically manages the treatment to ensure uniform and reproducible results.

[0049] In some embodiments, the control unit 390 is designed to fit and connect nicely to the ground patch. This eliminates the possibility of losing signals to the left and right contact sets due to patient movement during treatment. The small size of the control unit reduces clutter, improves patient comfort, and increases device consistency and compliance. In some embodiments, the control unit 390 is designed to be tamper-proof (both physically and electronically) and provide encryption for programming and sensed parameters to prevent hacking.

[0050] In some embodiments, the base station 399 communicates with the control unit 390 via a wireless connection that eliminates the need to tether the patient to the base station. This improves compliance and makes setup and therapy sessions easier to manage. In some embodiments, the base station 399 can communicate with multiple control units at once, reducing the number of base stations required and therefore reducing setup time and clinician time to manage multiple patients.

[0051] In some embodiments, multiple levels of protection help ensure that the current delivered to the contacts does not exceed the programmed current. This design ensures that the abstention level of current cannot be achieved even if the output is shorted (zero impedance). In some embodiments, the control unit 390 is powered by a small direct current (DC) button cell battery and is not connected to the base station during treatment, reducing or eliminating the possibility of injury to the patient. In some embodiments, the low cost of the design allows most or all of the system to be disposable. In some embodiments, the base station 399 can communicate with devices such as goggle devices and / or strips that partially or completely surround the upper and lower eyelids and other body parts.

[0052] 6A-7 show various configurations used to monitor a patient's physiological response during electrical stimulation of the eye (e.g., in some embodiments, the configurations of FIGS. 6A-6D are used to observe neural electrical activity in the retina, optic nerve, and / or brain in response to electrical stimulation, and the configuration of FIG. 7 is used to observe pupillary response to electrical stimulation). In some embodiments, one or more of these configurations are used to objectively determine characteristics of the electrical stimulation, such as the level of intensity required to achieve therapeutic electrical stimulation (e.g., in some such embodiments, one or more of the configurations of FIGS. 6A-7 provide objective feedback during stimulation, replacing or complementing the subjective approach of eliciting and receiving feedback directly from the patient). In some embodiments, the upper eyelids of the patient 99 are closed during stimulus / response monitoring. In other embodiments, the eyes are open during stimulus / response monitoring.

[0053] In some embodiments, the invention acquires and processes neural activity signals to generate surrogate markers that are strongly correlated with phosphene occurrence. For example, in some embodiments, the threshold electrical stimulation intensity for phosphene occurrence is frequency dependent, and in some such embodiments, the lowest threshold occurs at or near 20 Hertz (Hz) and steadily increases as the frequency increases or decreases from 20 Hz. The effect of stimulation frequency on evoked potentials (i.e., neural activity generated in response to stimulation) provides useful information that correlates with phosphene occurrence. In some embodiments, a frequency sweep from 1 Hz to 40 Hz is performed, with evoked potentials recorded at each frequency. In some embodiments, specific frequencies within the frequency sweep are selected to best sample the frequency response at about 20 Hz. For example, in some embodiments, the frequency sweep includes frequencies of 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz, 17 Hz, 19 Hz, 20 Hz, 21 Hz, 23 Hz, 25 Hz, 30 Hz, and 40 Hz. In some such embodiments, if a high degree of correlation between evoked potentials and stimulation frequency is obtained at a given stimulation intensity, it is assumed that the phosphene threshold has been achieved at that stimulation intensity.

[0054] Phosphine also depends on other stimulation pulse characteristics, such as whether the pulse is biphasic or monophasic, and whether the corneal or eyelid active electrode is anodal or cathodal. In some embodiments, for biphasic pulses, by definition, the electrode polarity switches between anodal and cathodal, and the occurrence of phosphine depends on whether the leading phase of the biphasic pulse is anodal or cathodal. In either case, in some embodiments, it is important to record the stimulation pulse characteristics and correlate such recording with the occurrence of phosphine. The higher the correlation between phosphine occurrence and the electrical evoked response (i.e., neural activity generated in response to the stimulation) across factors such as frequency, amplitude, and polarity, the higher the confidence that the electrical evoked response is a reliable indicator of successful targeting of retinal structures. For example, in some embodiments, phosphine occurs at a given frequency and phase duration at an intensity level of 200 μA (microamperes) with a biphasic pulse with a leading cathodal phase, but the occurrence of phosphine requires an intensity level of 250 μA when the leading phase is cathodal. In some embodiments, the reliability of electrical evoked potentials as a surrogate for phosphene generation is improved if the corresponding electrical evoked potentials follow similar differential sensitivity between polarities of the leading phase.

[0055] Even though the stimulation currents provided by the present invention are in the microampere range, in some embodiments the stimulation electrodes are small and have high resistance, and therefore the voltage required to drive a stimulation pulse through the skin can reach 10-20 volts (V). In contrast, in some embodiments the evoked potential will be a few microvolts, one millionth of the stimulation pulse. The skin has a capacitance and can therefore accumulate charge over a relatively long period of time, during which time some embodiments can overwhelm the highly sensitive amplifiers provided to restore the evoked potential. In some embodiments the amplifiers will saturate and take a long time to restore, and the resulting amplifier output will be an artifact that has no physiological meaning. Thus, in some embodiments the present invention provides a means to suppress this artifact. In some such embodiments a balanced biphasic stimulation pulse is used to ensure that the net current delivered is zero, which minimizes the charge that accumulates on the skin capacitance. In other such embodiments the input of the amplifier is shorted during and immediately after the stimulation pulse to prevent it from going into saturation mode. In other such embodiments a blanking period of, for example, 5-50 milliseconds (ms) is provided, during which the restored signal is ignored.

[0056] The subject / patient can verbally communicate the perception of phosphenes, and in fact describe their location and other characteristics such as flash, streak, color, etc. In some embodiments, it is useful to correlate these subjective observations with the sensor data. In some embodiments, a microphone is provided to capture audio responses from the subject, along with audio processing software that classifies the response to be recorded when a phosphene is reported and its characteristics. In some such embodiments, the system correlates these reports with stimulus characteristics such as frequency, pulse type, amplitude, pulse phase charge, etc. In this way, the relationship between the occurrence of a particular phosphene type can be correlated with the particular stimulus characteristics of an individual on a particular occasion. In some embodiments, data from the same subject collected on different occasions is compared to the tracking changes, and in some embodiments, data from a population of subjects is pooled for statistical analysis.

[0057] In some embodiments, a hand switch is provided that allows the subject to report the occurrence of a phosphene. In some such embodiments, the stimulation system includes an input to capture the moment the phosphene is reported, thus correlating with the stimulation parameters described above. In some embodiments, multiple keys or buttons are provided to expand the options for recording phosphenes (e.g., in some embodiments, a five-key pattern allows the user to report the phosphene location in the visual field as up, down, left, right, and center).

[0058] In some embodiments, the measurement of electrical potentials at the body surface resulting from electrical activity originating within the body requires at least two electrodes, where the electrical potential is the voltage difference between at least two electrodes, typically time-varying. In some embodiments, a third electrode is used to combat common-mode interference. In some embodiments of a two-sensor system, the two sensor electrodes are positioned in a location that best captures a particular neural response of the visual system. In some embodiments, the interpretation of the electrical signals received by the sensor electrodes depends, at least in part, on the particular location of the sensor electrodes.

[0059] Visual evoked responses (VERs) include electrical activity collected in response to a flash of light or an image presented to the retina, thus providing insight into photoreceptors and signaling in the visual system. In some embodiments, electrical stimulation of the retina as provided by the present invention results in detectable electrical signals in the visual cortex similar to VERs, even when the photoreceptors are not functioning, meaning that electrical stimulation can activate neural cells further downstream in the visual pathway. Thus, in some embodiments, the electrical signals generated in the visual cortex in response to electrical stimulation provide another form of neural activity or electrical evoked response (EER) monitored by the present invention. In some embodiments, for example, the present invention provides a pair of sensor electrodes placed on the scalp over the visual cortex to capture electrical activity in the brain resulting from signals coming from the optic nerve (see, e.g., FIG. 6D). This captured electrical activity provides valuable information about the function of the visual pathway.

[0060] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sensor electrode pair including one electrode on the cornea (or on the eyelid) and a second electrode located, for example, on the temporal region of the temple, to capture electrical potentials generated within the orbit (see, for example, FIGS. 6A-6C). In some such embodiments, the sensor electrode pair provides electroretinogram (ERG) data.

[0061] FIG. 4 is an exemplary electroretinogram (ERG) 401 generated in response to a light flash. The ERG 401 also provides the location within the retinal cells of the individual ERG components. The x-axis of the ERG 401 represents time in milliseconds (e.g., latency from the light flash) and the y-axis represents the amplitude of the ERG in microvolts (μV). As shown in FIG. 4, the a-wave component of the ERG is generated by rod and cone photoreceptors on the outer layers of the retina, while the b-wave component of the ERG originates from the bipolar cells of the retina.

[0062] In some embodiments, the electrical evoked response captured by the present invention includes several peaks or components of either polarity, and in some embodiments, these components have characteristic latencies measured in the millisecond range relative to the stimulus event that elicited them. In some such embodiments, normal ranges for such latencies have been established, and measurements outside these ranges are diagnostic of certain conditions. In some embodiments, the individual components of the electrical evoked response are associated with specific neural structures, so that reduced or delayed peaks indicate defects in these structures. In some embodiments, the individual components are numbered, such as P1, P2, etc. for positive, and N1, N2, etc. for negative. In some embodiments, the individual components are referred to by the letters a, b, c, or by their expected latencies (e.g., P75 for a positive component with a latency of 75 milliseconds). In some embodiments, the individual components of the electrical evoked response provide an index for classifying the electrical evoked response.

[0063] 5 is a graph 501 showing individual components of the visual evoked response (VER). As shown in graph 501, the x-axis represents time in milliseconds and the y-axis represents the amplitude of the VER in microvolts (μV). In some embodiments, the latencies and relative amplitudes of components N2, P2, N3, and P3 of graph 501 correlate with parallel components of the electrical evoked response caused by the electrical stimulation of the present invention.

[0064] In some embodiments, the invention classifies the reconstructed waveform by capturing the electrical evoked response and measuring the amplitude and latency of selected components of the waveform. In some embodiments, the electrical stimulation pulses applied to the eye are increased in intensity until a particular component of the response reaches a particular amplitude or latency threshold. In some such embodiments, the achievement of this threshold is interpreted as successful stimulation of the target tissue within the retina. In some embodiments, signal processing techniques are provided to reconstruct and classify the waveform, typically involving examining the waveform to isolate characteristic components and then measuring their amplitude and time delay relative to the data. For example, in some embodiments, this is done by cross-correlating the reconstructed time domain waveform with a template waveform or by using a matched filter. In some embodiments, frequency domain techniques are used to measure the changes in amplitude and phase of characteristic frequencies. In some embodiments, other pattern recognition and machine learning techniques are used.

[0065] FIG. 6A is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 601 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments of the stimulation system 601, each eye includes an upper eyelid electrode 173 deposited as a metal layer on a flexible insulating substrate 171. In some embodiments, the stimulation system 601 further includes one or more return (ground) electrode systems 115 placed on the back of the neck or head of the patient 99 (or any other suitable ground location on the patient), and one or more stimulation controllers 190 operably coupled to both the return electrode system 115 and the eyelid electrodes 173 via electrical connections 616 and 617, respectively (e.g., in some embodiments, one or more wires, in some embodiments, printed tracks on a substrate that is part of or connects to the substrate 171). In some embodiments, the components of the system 601 for each eye of the patient 99 are controlled by a single treatment controller 190 and are coupled to a single return electrode system 115. In other embodiments, the components of each eye include a respective treatment controller 190 coupled to a corresponding return electrode system 115. In some embodiments, the controller 190 is located locally (e.g., in a shirt pocket or a head-worn elastic band, or in a battery-operated unit carried by the patient 99, such as in / on a cable holder, such as cable holder system 1501 of U.S. Pat. No. 11,116,973, incorporated by reference above), while in other embodiments the controller 190 is attached to or is part of a computer-controlled device, such as a laptop personal computer, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, a smartphone, or the like.

[0066] In some embodiments, the system 601 includes a first sensor electrode 660 and a second sensor (reference) electrode 661 operably coupled to the controller 190 via electrical connections 618 and 619, respectively. In some embodiments, electrical signal data is detected via the first sensor electrode 660 and the reference electrode 661 during electrical stimulation provided by the eyelid electrode 173, and the detected electrical signal data is transmitted to the controller 190, processed therein, and / or further transmitted to a remote computing device. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode 660 includes a gold foil electroretinogram (ERG) electrode (e.g., a gold foil electrode as described in the background art of U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,174, which in some embodiments is incorporated by reference above) inserted (at least partially) behind the lower eyelid such that the first sensor electrode 660 contacts the conjunctiva (in some such embodiments, an exposed portion of the first sensor electrode 660 is adhered to the skin under the eye). In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode 660 comprises a contact lens having an electrode on its outer surface that contacts the subject's inner eyelid or conjunctiva. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode 660 comprises any other suitable ERG electrode configured to contact the conjunctiva, such as those described and shown in the figures of U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,174, incorporated by reference above. As shown in FIG. 6A, the reference electrode 661 is shown on the temple of the patient 99, but in other embodiments, the reference electrode 661 is placed at any location on the patient 99 suitable for combining with the first sensor electrode 660 to detect the desired electrical signal data.

[0067] 6B is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 602 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the system 602 is substantially similar to the system 601, except that the first sensor electrode 660 is replaced with a first sensor electrode 670. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode 670 comprises a Dawson-Trick-Litzkow (DTL) ERG electrode that contacts the cornea with a fine wire 671 (e.g., a fine silver wire). In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode 670 comprises a DTL fine wire electrode or a DTL fiber electrode as described in the background art of U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,174, incorporated by reference above. In some embodiments, during stimulation from the eyelid electrode 173, the upper eyelid closes over the wire 671 of the first sensor electrode 670. 6B, the wire 671 of the first sensor electrode 670 is placed across the center of the cornea, and in some embodiments the wire 671 remains in that position when the upper eyelid closes over the wire 671 during stimulation from the eyelid electrode 173. In other embodiments (not shown), the wire 671 rests on the bottom of the cornea with the upper eyelid closed over the wire 671 during stimulation from the eyelid electrode 173, and in still other embodiments (not shown), the wire 671 slides under the lower eyelid as the upper eyelid closes over the wire 671 during stimulation from the eyelid electrode 173.

[0068] 6C is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 603 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the system 603 is substantially similar to the system 601, except that the first sensor electrode 660 is replaced with a first sensor electrode 680 attached to the lower eyelid of the patient 99. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode 680 is on the same flexible insulating substrate 171 as the upper eyelid electrode 173. In some embodiments, the upper eyelid electrode 173 also functions as a sensing electrode by monitoring the retinal response to the stimulation after the eyelid electrode 173 delivers a stimulation pulse (in some embodiments, after any stimulation artifacts have been suppressed).

[0069] 6D is a schematic side view of an electrical stimulation system 604 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the system 604 is substantially similar to the system 601, except that the first sensor electrode 660 is replaced with a first sensor electrode 690 placed on the occipital scalp of the patient 99 near the visual cortex of the patient's 99 brain (in some such embodiments, the first sensor electrode 690 is placed on the occipital scalp of the patient 99). In some embodiments, the reference electrode 661 is also moved to a location on the occipital scalp of the patient 99 near the visual cortex of the patient's 99 brain, and in other embodiments, the reference electrode 661 is placed at any other suitable location on the patient 99, including the temple, earlobe, mastoid, etc. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode 690 and the reference electrode 661 detect electrical activity generated within the patient's 99 brain (e.g., in the visual cortex of the brain) in response to stimulation provided by the eyelid electrode 173.

[0070] FIG. 7 is a schematic front view of an electrical stimulation system 701 positioned on a patient 99, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the system 701 comprises a pupil measurement device 780 configured to help determine whether the patient sees flashes during electrical stimulation. In some embodiments, the pupil response to the electrical stimulation provided by the present invention correlates with flash occurrence. In some such embodiments, the occurrence of a flash causes the pupil to constrict, as if the flash were an actual light (in some embodiments, the threshold intensity of the electrical stimulation to elicit a pupil response (i.e., pupil constriction) is slightly higher than the intensity that elicits an actual flash, but the pupil response nevertheless provides a reliable indicator of flash). Because the pupil response is a sympathetic reflex (e.g., light directed at one eye results in pupil constriction in both eyes), if a flash is present in the stimulated eye, the non-stimulated eye will also constrict, and thus, in some embodiments, the pupil area of ​​the opposite (non-stimulated) eye, which remains open during stimulation of the stimulated eye, is measured to provide an indication of flash visibility during electrical stimulation.

[0071] In some embodiments, the stimulating eye is closed during stimulation and a direct measurement of the pupil of the stimulating eye is desired, and in some such embodiments, infrared measurements are used to estimate the pupil area through the closed eyelid. Because the retina is a relatively strong source of infrared light and the iris absorbs some of the emitted light, the pupil opening can be assessed by measuring the infrared light emitted by the eye (see, for example, Farraj et al., incorporated by reference above, which describes a means of illuminating the orbit through the temple with an infrared LED and capturing the light emanating from the pupil with an infrared camera). In some embodiments, the present invention provides an improved infrared measurement technique by placing an infrared source on the eyelid and measuring the degree of backscattered radiation.

[0072] In some embodiments, the pupil measurement device 780 includes an infrared sensor device 781 positioned on the eyelid to measure infrared radiation emitted from the pupil. In some such embodiments, it is only necessary to measure the relative constriction of the pupil, and an absolute measurement of pupil area is not necessary. In some embodiments, a threshold of pupil constriction of about 3% or greater is used as an indication that the patient is seeing flashes.

[0073] In some embodiments, the pupil measurement device 780 includes an infrared light emitting diode (IR LED) 782 and an infrared (IR) sensor 781 integrated with the stimulating electrode 173 on the insulating substrate 171. In some embodiments, the IR LED 782 is used to illuminate the eye socket being electrically stimulated. In some embodiments, the amount of backscattered light is continuously monitored within the controller 190. In some embodiments, a stable pupil is indicated by a stable signal from the sensor 781, and when the pupil constricts due to phosphene, the signal from the sensor 781 decreases. In some embodiments, if the pupil response is relatively slow, the signal is low pass filtered to about 2 Hz to reduce noise and still capture low frequency pupil responses. In some embodiments, the electrical stimulation is incremented in steps while the pupil response is monitored, with each step maintained for at least 1 second to allow detection of the pupil response. In some such embodiments, the stimulation level at which a response occurs is considered the phosphene threshold.

[0074] In some embodiments (not shown), an IR camera is positioned in front of the eye and the pupil area is assessed, in some embodiments, a sustained decrease in area of ​​about 3% or more is considered an induced constriction and used as an indication that a flash is visible to the patient.

[0075] In some embodiments, the invention provides a method for administering electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate being configured to position one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; attaching the first electrode substrate to the patient's skin such that the one or more electrodes are on the outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; and during a first treatment session, Provided is a method of applying electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye, where applying the therapy to the first eye during a first treatment session includes setting a current level of the therapy applied to the first eye to a first value, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, increasing the current level from the first value, and receiving a first indication that a flash of light is visible in the first eye of the patient, where upon receipt of the first indication, increasing the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value.

[0076] In some embodiments of the method, receiving the first indication includes eliciting and receiving the first indication from the patient. In some embodiments, receiving the first indication includes providing one or more sensors operably coupled to the first electrode substrate, and detecting, using the one or more sensors, neural electrical signals from the patient's eyelid skin indicative of a flash of light being seen in the patient's first eye. In some embodiments, receiving the first indication includes providing one or more sensors operably coupled to the first electrode substrate, providing a first light-emitting element operably coupled to the sensor, detecting, using the one or more sensors, neural electrical signals from the patient's eyelid skin indicative of a flash of light being seen in the patient's first eye, and emitting light from the first light-emitting element based at least in part on the detected electrical signals. In some embodiments, the second value of the current level is equal to or greater than a stimulation threshold for the first eye.

[0077] In some embodiments of the method, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during the first treatment session further comprises increasing a current level from a second value to a third value, the third value being less than or equal to nine times the second value. In some embodiments, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during the first treatment session further comprises increasing a current level from the second value to a third value, the second value and the third value both being within a range of about 100 microamps to about 1,000 microamps. In some embodiments, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during the first treatment session further comprises increasing the current level from the second value and receiving a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort, the increasing the current level from the second value being stopped at the third value upon receipt of the second indication.

[0078] In some embodiments of the method, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during the first treatment session further includes increasing the current level from a second value, receiving a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort, where upon receiving the second indication, the increasing the current level from the second value is stopped at a third value, and decreasing the current level from the third value to a fourth value that is less than the third value and greater than or equal to the second value. In some embodiments, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during the first treatment session further includes increasing the current level from the second value, and receiving a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort, where upon receiving the second indication, the increasing the current level from the second value is stopped at the third value, where receiving the second indication includes providing one or more sensors operably coupled to the first electrode substrate, and sensing, using the one or more sensors, neural electrical signals from the patient's eyelid skin indicative of the patient's discomfort.

[0079] In some embodiments, the method further includes applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during a second treatment session, where applying the therapy to the first eye during the second treatment session includes setting a current level of the therapy applied to the first eye to a second value; and increasing the current level from the second value to a third value, where the third value is less than or equal to nine times the second value.

[0080] In some embodiments, the method further includes applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during a second treatment session, where applying the therapy during the second session includes setting a current level of the therapy applied to the first eye to a fourth value, the fourth value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye; increasing the current level from the fourth value; receiving a third indication that the patient is seeing flashes in the patient's first eye, where upon receiving the third indication, the increasing of the current level from the fourth value is stopped at a fifth value; and receiving a fourth indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort, where upon receiving the fourth indication, the increasing of the current level from the fifth value is stopped at a sixth value.

[0081] In some embodiments, the method includes providing a second electrode substrate, the second electrode substrate including one or more electrodes on the second electrode substrate configured to apply electrical stimulation therapy to a second eye of the patient, the second eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the second electrode substrate configured to position one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the second eye of the patient; and disposing the one or more electrodes of the second electrode substrate on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the second eye of the patient. and applying electrical stimulation therapy to the second eye during a second treatment session, where applying therapy to the second eye during the second treatment session includes setting a current level of the therapy applied to the second eye to a second value and increasing the current level from the second value to a third value, where the third value is less than or equal to nine times the second value.

[0082] In some embodiments, the method includes providing a second electrode substrate, the second electrode substrate including one or more electrodes on the second electrode substrate configured to apply electrical stimulation therapy to a second eye of a patient, the second eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the second electrode substrate configured to position one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the second eye of the patient; attaching the second electrode substrate to the skin of the patient such that the one or more electrodes of the second electrode substrate are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the second eye of the patient; and performing a first treatment session. and applying electrical stimulation therapy to the second eye during a first treatment session, wherein applying the therapy to the second eye during a first treatment session includes setting a current level of the therapy applied to the second eye to a seventh value, the seventh value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the second eye, increasing the current level from the seventh value, and receiving a fifth indication that a flash of light is visible in the patient's second eye, wherein upon receipt of the fifth indication, increasing the current level from the seventh value is stopped at an eighth value.

[0083] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a first return electrode and attaching the first return electrode to a portion of the patient's neck, and wherein applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during the first treatment session further includes controlling a current between at least one of the one or more electrodes on the first electrode substrate and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the patient's first eye. In some embodiments, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during a first treatment session includes generating a first stimulation signal, the first stimulation signal comprising a monophasic waveform; transmitting the first stimulation signal to the first eye via one or more electrodes on a first electrode substrate; generating a second stimulation signal, the second stimulation signal comprising a biphasic waveform; and transmitting the second stimulation signal to the first eye via the one or more electrodes on the first electrode substrate, wherein transmitting the first stimulation signal is at least partially simultaneous with transmitting the second stimulation signal. In some embodiments, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during a first treatment session includes generating a first stimulation signal, the first stimulation signal comprising a monophasic waveform; transmitting the first stimulation signal to the first eye during a first time period via one or more electrodes on a first electrode substrate; generating a second stimulation signal, the second stimulation signal comprising a biphasic waveform; and transmitting the second stimulation signal to the first eye during a second time period via one or more electrodes on the first electrode substrate, the second time period not overlapping with the first time period.

[0084] In some embodiments of the methods, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during a first treatment session includes generating a first stimulation signal, the first stimulation signal comprising a monophasic waveform; transmitting the first stimulation signal to the first eye during a first time period via one or more electrodes on a first electrode substrate; generating a second stimulation signal, the second stimulation signal comprising a biphasic waveform; and transmitting the second stimulation signal to the first eye during a second time period via the one or more electrodes on the first electrode substrate, the second time period not overlapping with the first time period and the first time period being separated from the second time period by 15 minutes or less.

[0085] In some embodiments of the methods, applying electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye during the first treatment session includes generating a plurality of stimulation signals, the plurality of stimulation signals operating in a frequency range of about 20 to about 100 Hz, and transmitting the plurality of stimulation signals to the first eye via one or more electrodes on a first electrode substrate.

[0086] In some embodiments, the invention provides a system comprising a first electrode substrate including one or more electrodes on a first electrode substrate configured to apply electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; and a stimulation controller configured to control the electrical stimulation therapy, each of the one or more electrodes operably coupled to the stimulation controller, the stimulation controller setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during a first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, and further configured to increase the current level from the first value during the first treatment session, and receiving a first indication that a flash of light is visible in the patient's first eye during the first treatment session, and wherein the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value upon receipt of the first indication.

[0087] In some embodiments of the system, the stimulation controller is further configured to elicit and receive a first indication from the patient. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more sensors operably coupled to the stimulation controller, the one or more sensors configured to detect neural electrical signals from the patient's eyelid skin indicative of the patient's first eye experiencing flashes of light and transmit the detected electrical signals to the stimulation controller to form the first received indication. In some embodiments, the stimulation controller is further configured to increase the current level from a second value during the first treatment session and receive a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort during the first treatment session, and stop increasing the current level from the second value at a third value upon receipt of the second indication, the system further comprises a sensor operably coupled to the stimulation controller, the one or more sensors configured to detect neural electrical signals from the patient's eyelid skin indicative of the patient's discomfort and transmit the detected electrical signals to the stimulation controller to form the second received indication.

[0088] In some embodiments of the system, the stimulation controller is further configured to set a current level of the therapy applied to the first eye during the second treatment session to a second value and to increase the current level from the second value to a third value during the second treatment session, the third value being less than or equal to nine times the second value. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a first return electrode configured to be positioned on a portion of the patient's neck, and the stimulation controller is further configured to control a current between at least one of the one or more electrodes on the first electrode substrate and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the patient's first eye.

[0089] In some embodiments, the invention provides a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions for causing a suitably programmed control system to execute a method of providing electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the method being executed by the control system on an electrical stimulation system comprising one or more electrodes, the one or more electrodes being on a first electrode substrate, the first electrode substrate being attached to the patient's skin such that the one or more electrodes are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye, and the method comprising: Provided is a non-transitory computer-readable medium that includes applying electrical stimulation therapy, where applying the therapy to a first eye during a first treatment session includes setting a current level of the therapy to a first value, where the first value of the current level is below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, increasing the current level from the first value, and receiving an indication that a flash is visible in the first eye of the patient, where upon receiving the first indication, increasing the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value.

[0090] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a system for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the system including a first electrode substrate, the first electrode substrate including one or more stimulating electrodes configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of the patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient, and a plurality of sensor electrodes configured to detect electrical activity from neurons of the patient during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy, the plurality of sensor electrodes including a first sensor electrode configured to generate electrical activity data and a second sensor electrode configured to generate reference electrical activity data. and a first return electrode configured to be placed at a position on the patient providing a return path for an electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulation electrodes, where an electrical current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode. A stimulation controller operably coupled to the one or more stimulation electrodes, the plurality of sensor electrodes, and the first return electrode, the stimulation controller configured to control the electrical current formed between at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode such that the electrical current passes through a retina of a first eye of the patient to deliver an electrical stimulation therapy.

[0091] In some embodiments of the system, the electrical activity detected by the plurality of sensor electrodes comprises electroretinogram (ERG) data. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode comprises a gold foil electrode configured to contact the conjunctiva of the patient's first eye. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode comprises a Dawson-Trick-Litzkow (DTL) electrode configured to contact the cornea of ​​the patient's first eye. In some embodiments, the first sensor electrode is configured to be placed on an outer surface of the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye. In some embodiments, the second sensor electrode is positioned on the patient's temporal region.

[0092] In some embodiments of the system, the stimulation controller is further configured to compare the active electrical activity data generated by the first sensor electrode with reference electrical activity data generated by the second sensor electrode to determine a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy (e.g., in some embodiments, the stimulation controller includes a differential amplifier that detects a difference in voltage between the first sensor electrode and the second sensor electrode). In some embodiments, the stimulation controller is further configured to: set a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during the first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye; set the current level to the first value and increase the current level from the first value during the first treatment session; and compare active electrical activity data generated by the first sensor electrode during the first treatment session to baseline electrical activity data generated by the second sensor electrode to determine a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy during the first treatment session, the characteristic including a first indication that a flash of light is visible in the patient's first eye during the first treatment session, and wherein the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value when the first indication is determined.

[0093] In some embodiments, the system comprises a user interface configured to elicit and receive feedback from the patient during the first treatment session, the stimulation controller being calibrated for determining the first indication based at least in part on the feedback received by the user interface. In some embodiments, the stimulation controller is further configured to increase the current level from a second value during the first treatment session, the characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy including a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort during the first treatment session, and the increase in the current level from the second value is stopped at a third value when the second indication is determined. In some embodiments, the stimulation controller is further configured to set the current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during the first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, increase the current level from the first value during the first treatment session, and elicit and receive a first indication from the patient that flashes are visible to the patient, and the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at the second value when the first indication is received.

[0094] In some embodiments, the system includes a second electrode substrate, the one or more stimulating electrodes on the second electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a second eye of the patient, the second eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the second electrode substrate configured to position one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's second eye, the first return electrode further configured to provide a return path for the electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulating electrodes on the second electrode substrate such that an electrical current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes on the second electrode substrate and the first return electrode, and a stimulation controller operably coupled to the one or more stimulating electrodes on the second electrode substrate, the stimulation controller further configured to control an electrical current formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes on the second electrode substrate and the first return electrode such that an electrical current passes through a retina of the patient's second eye to deliver the electrical stimulation therapy.

[0095] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the method comprising: providing a first electrode substrate, the first electrode substrate including one or more stimulating electrodes on the first electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of the patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid; attaching the first electrode substrate to the patient's skin such that the one or more stimulating electrodes are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; providing a plurality of sensor electrodes including a first sensor electrode and a second sensor electrode; providing a first return electrode; and forming an electrical current between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode. delivering an electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye, where delivering includes controlling an electrical current formed between at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the patient's first eye; and detecting electrical activity from the patient's neural cells using a plurality of sensor electrodes during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye, where detecting the electrical activity includes generating active electrical activity data using the first sensor electrode and generating baseline electrical activity data using the second sensor electrode.

[0096] In some embodiments of the method, detecting electrical activity includes generating electroretinogram (ERG) data. In some embodiments, the method further includes comparing the active electrical activity data from the first sensor electrode to baseline electrical activity data from the second sensor electrode to determine a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy. In some embodiments, the method further includes setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during a first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye; increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session and comparing the active electrical activity data from the first sensor electrode and the baseline electrical activity data from the second sensor electrode during the first treatment session; determining a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy during the first treatment session based at least in part on the comparing, the characteristic including a first indication that flashes are visible in the first eye of the patient during the first treatment session; and ceasing increasing the current level from the first value at a second value based on the first indication.

[0097] In some embodiments, the method further includes eliciting and receiving feedback from the patient during the first treatment session, where determining the first indication is calibrated based at least in part on the received feedback. In some embodiments, the method further includes increasing the current level from a second value during the first treatment session, where the characteristic includes a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort during the first treatment session, and stopping the increasing of the current level from the second value based on the second indication at a third value. In some embodiments, the method further includes placing the first sensor electrode on the patient such that at least a portion of the first sensor electrode contacts the conjunctiva of the patient's first eye. In some embodiments, the method further includes placing the first sensor electrode on the patient such that at least a portion of the first sensor electrode contacts the cornea of ​​the patient's first eye. In some embodiments, the method further includes placing the first sensor electrode on an outer surface of the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye.

[0098] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions for causing a suitably programmed control system to execute a method for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, wherein a first eye has an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the method comprising: a control system on an electrical stimulation system including one or more stimulating electrodes on a first electrode substrate, the one or more stimulating electrodes configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to the first eye of the patient, the first electrode substrate being attached to the skin of the patient such that the one or more stimulating electrodes are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient; a first sensor electrode including a first sensor electrode and a second sensor electrode; and a first retarder configured to be placed at a position on the patient that provides a return path for the electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulating electrodes. and a first return electrode, where an electrical current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode, the method including delivering an electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye, where the delivering includes controlling an electrical current formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode such that the electrical current passes through a retina of the patient's first eye; and detecting electrical activity from the patient's neural cells during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye via a plurality of sensor electrodes, where detecting the electrical activity includes generating active electrical activity data using the first sensor electrode and generating baseline electrical activity data using the second sensor electrode.

[0099] In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer readable medium further includes instructions such that the method further includes setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during a first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye; increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session and comparing active electrical activity data from the first sensor electrode and baseline electrical activity data from the second sensor electrode during the first treatment session; determining a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy during the first treatment session based at least in part on the comparing, the characteristic including a first indication that flashes of light are visible in the patient's first eye during the first treatment session; and ceasing increasing the current level from the first value at a second value based on the first indication.

[0100] In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer readable medium further comprises instructions such that the method further comprises suppressing electrical artifacts associated with the detected electrical activity. In some embodiments, the detected electrical activity comprises a detected waveform, and the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises the method further comprising measuring an amplitude and a latency of a plurality of components of the detected waveform, where controlling the current comprises increasing an intensity of the current until a selected component of the plurality of components of the detected waveform reaches at least one threshold level of the amplitude and latency.

[0101] In some embodiments, the invention provides a system for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the system including a first electrode substrate, the first electrode substrate including one or more stimulating electrodes configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient, a pupil measurement device operably coupled to a controller and configured to measure a pupil opening of the first eye during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy, and a pupil measurement device configured to measure an electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulating electrodes. The system includes: a first return electrode configured to be placed at a position on a patient that provides a return path for a signal, such that an electric current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode; and a stimulation controller operably coupled to the one or more stimulating electrodes, a plurality of sensor electrodes, and the first return electrode, the stimulation controller configured to control an electric current formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode such that the electric current passes through a retina of a first eye of the patient to deliver an electrical stimulation therapy.

[0102] In some embodiments of the system, the stimulation controller is further configured to set a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during the first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold for the first eye, increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session, and determining a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy during the first treatment session based at least in part on the measured opening of a pupil of the first eye, the characteristic including a first indication that flashes are visible in the first eye of the patient during the first treatment session, and the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value upon the first indication being determined. In some embodiments, the pupil measurement device includes an infrared measurement device configured to measure infrared light emitted by the first eye.

[0103] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a system for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the system comprising: a first electrode substrate including one or more stimulating electrodes on the first electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the patient's first eye; a first return electrode operably coupled to the one or more stimulating electrodes; means for controlling an electrical current formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode; and means for detecting a biological response of the patient to the electrical stimulation therapy during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye.

[0104] It should be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Although numerous features and advantages of the various embodiments described herein have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the various embodiments, many other embodiments and modifications to the details will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the above description. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms "including" and "in which" are used as the plain English equivalents of the terms "comprising" and "wherein," respectively. Furthermore, terms such as "first," "second," and "third" are used merely as labels and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

Claims

1. 1. A system for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the system comprising: A first electrode substrate, one or more stimulation electrodes on the first electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of the patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient. a first electrode substrate, a plurality of sensor electrodes configured to detect electrical activity from the patient's neurons during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy, the plurality of sensor electrodes including a first sensor electrode placed at a first selected location on the patient and a second sensor electrode placed at a second selected location on the patient; a first return electrode configured to be placed at a return location on the patient to provide a return path for the electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulation electrodes, such that a current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode; a stimulation controller operably coupled to the one or more stimulation electrodes, the plurality of sensor electrodes, and the first return electrode, the stimulation controller configured to control the current formed between the at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the first eye of the patient to deliver the electrical stimulation therapy, the stimulation controller including a differential amplifier configured to detect a difference in voltage between the first sensor electrode and the second sensor electrode to determine a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy; A system comprising:

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more stimulation electrodes also function as one of the plurality of sensor electrodes.

3. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the first sensor electrode comprises a gold foil electrode configured to contact the conjunctiva of the first eye of the patient.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first sensor electrode comprises a Dawson-Trick-Litzkow (DTL) electrode configured to contact the cornea of ​​the first eye of the patient.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first selected location of the first sensor electrode is the outer surface of the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the second selected location of the second sensor electrode is on a side of the patient's head.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sensor electrodes includes a third sensor electrode configured to reduce common-mode interference.

8. the stimulus controller: setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during a first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold of the first eye; increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session, wherein the characteristics of the electrical stimulation therapy determined by the stimulation controller include a first indication that a flash of light is visible in the first eye of the patient during the first treatment session, and wherein the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value upon determining the first indication. The system of claim 1 , further configured to:

9. a user interface configured to elicit and receive feedback from the patient during the first treatment session, the stimulation controller being calibrated for determining the first instruction based at least in part on the feedback received by the user interface. The system of claim 8 further comprising:

10. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the stimulation controller is further configured to increase the current level from the second value during the first treatment session, and wherein the characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy includes a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort during the first treatment session, and wherein the increase in the current level from the second value is stopped at a third value when the second indication is determined.

11. the stimulus controller: setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during a first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold of the first eye; increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session; eliciting and receiving from the patient a first indication that a phosphene is visible to the patient, wherein upon receiving the first indication, the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value; and The system of claim 1 , further configured to:

12. A second electrode substrate, a second electrode substrate including one or more stimulation electrodes on the second electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a second eye of the patient, the second eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the second electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the second eye of the patient. Furthermore, the first return electrode is further configured to provide a return path for the electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulation electrodes on the second electrode substrate such that a current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes on the second electrode substrate and the first return electrode; the plurality of sensor electrodes includes a third sensor electrode placed at a third selected location on the patient and a fourth sensor electrode placed at a fourth selected location on the patient; the stimulation controller is operably coupled to the one or more stimulation electrodes on the second electrode substrate, the stimulation controller is operably coupled to the third sensor electrode and the fourth sensor electrode; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the stimulation controller is further configured to control the current formed between the at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes on the second electrode substrate and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the second eye of the patient to deliver the electrical stimulation therapy, and the differential amplifier is further configured to detect a voltage difference between the third sensor electrode and the fourth sensor electrode to determine the characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy.

13. 1. A device for use in a method for delivering electrical stimulation therapy, the device comprising: A first electrode substrate, the first electrode substrate comprising: one or more stimulation electrodes on the first electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid; a first electrode substrate, a plurality of sensor electrodes including a first sensor electrode and a second sensor electrode; a first return electrode; Equipped with The method comprises: attaching the first electrode substrate to the patient's skin such that the one or more stimulation electrodes are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient; placing the first sensor electrode at a first selected location on the patient and the second sensor electrode at a second selected location on the patient; placing the first return electrode at a return location on the patient to provide a return path for the electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulation electrodes such that an electrical current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode; delivering the electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye, the delivering including controlling the current formed between the at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the first eye of the patient; detecting electrical activity from neurons of the patient during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye using the plurality of sensor electrodes, wherein detecting the electrical activity includes: detecting a voltage difference between the first sensor electrode and the second sensor electrode to determine a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy. Detecting electrical activity Including, the device.

14. Generating electroretinogram (ERG) data based at least in part on the detected electrical activity. The device of claim 13 further comprising:

15. The device of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of sensor electrodes includes a third sensor electrode configured to reduce common-mode interference.

16. the characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy includes a first indication that flashes of light are visible in the first eye of the patient during a first treatment session, and the method further comprises: setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during the first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold of the first eye; increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session; stopping the increase of the current level from the first value at a second value based on the first instruction; The device of claim 13 further comprising:

17. eliciting and receiving feedback from the patient during the first treatment session, wherein determining the first instructions is calibrated based at least in part on the received feedback; 17. The device of claim 16, further comprising:

18. increasing the current level from the second value during the first treatment session, wherein the characteristic includes a second indication that the patient is experiencing discomfort during the first treatment session; and stopping the increase of the current level from the second value at a third value based on the second instruction; and 17. The device of claim 16, further comprising:

19. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein placing the first sensor electrode on the patient at the first selected location comprises contacting the conjunctiva of the first eye of the patient with at least a portion of the first sensor electrode.

20. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein placing the first sensor electrode on the patient at the first selected location comprises contacting a cornea of ​​the first eye of the patient with at least a portion of the first sensor electrode.

21. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions for causing a suitably programmed control system to execute a method for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a first eye of a patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the method being performed by: an electrical stimulation system including one or more stimulating electrodes on a first electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to the first eye of the patient, the first electrode substrate being attached to the patient's skin such that the one or more stimulating electrodes are on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient; a plurality of sensor electrodes including a first sensor electrode positioned at a first selected location on the patient and a second sensor electrode positioned at a second selected location on the patient; and a first return electrode configured to be positioned at a return location on the patient to provide a return path for the electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulating electrodes, such that a current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the first return electrode; The method comprises: delivering the electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye, the delivering including controlling the current formed between the at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the first eye of the patient; detecting electrical activity from neurons of the patient during the delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy to the first eye via the plurality of sensor electrodes, wherein detecting the electrical activity includes: detecting electrical activity, including detecting a voltage difference between the first sensor electrode and the second sensor electrode to determine a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy; 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising:

22. The characteristics of the electrical stimulation therapy include a first indication that flashes of light are visible in the first eye of the patient during a first treatment session, and the non-transitory computer-readable medium is configured to describe the method, comprising: setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during the first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold of the first eye; increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session; stopping the increase of the current level from the first value at a second value based on the first instruction; 22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 21, further comprising instructions to further comprise:

23. The method comprises: suppressing electrical artifacts associated with the detected electrical activity.

22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 21, further comprising instructions to further comprise:

24. The detected electrical activity includes a detected waveform, and the non-transitory computer-readable medium is configured to perform the method by: measuring amplitudes and latencies of a plurality of components of the detected waveform, wherein controlling the current comprises increasing an intensity of the current until a selected component of the plurality of components of the detected waveform reaches a threshold level of at least one of the amplitude and the latency.

22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 21, further comprising instructions to further comprise:

25. 1. A system for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the system comprising: A first electrode substrate, one or more stimulation electrodes on the first electrode substrate configured to apply an electrical stimulation signal to a first eye of the patient, the first eye having an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid, the first electrode substrate configured to position the one or more electrodes on an outer surface of at least one of the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid of the first eye of the patient. a first electrode substrate, a pupil measurement device operably coupled to a controller and configured to measure a pupil opening of the first eye during delivery of the electrical stimulation therapy; a first return electrode configured to be placed at a return location on the patient to provide a return path for the electrical stimulation signal applied by the one or more stimulation electrodes, such that a current is formed between at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode; a stimulation controller operably coupled to the one or more stimulation electrodes, the plurality of sensor electrodes, and the first return electrode, the stimulation controller configured to control the current formed between the at least one of the one or more stimulation electrodes and the first return electrode such that the current passes through a retina of the first eye of the patient to deliver the electrical stimulation therapy; A system comprising:

26. the stimulus controller: setting a current level of the electrical stimulation therapy to a first value during a first treatment session, the first value of the current level being below a stimulation threshold of the first eye; increasing the current level from the first value during the first treatment session; determining a characteristic of the electrical stimulation therapy during the first treatment session based at least in part on the measured pupil opening of the first eye, the characteristic including a first indication that flashes of light are visible in the first eye of the patient during the first treatment session, and wherein, upon determining the first indication, the increase in the current level from the first value is stopped at a second value; 26. The system of claim 25, further configured to:

27. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the pupil measurement device includes an infrared measurement device configured to measure infrared light emitted by the first eye.

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